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Jurgilevich A, Käyhkö J, Räsänen A, Pörsti S, Lagström H, Käyhkö J, Juhola S. Factors influencing vulnerability to climate change-related health impacts in cities - A conceptual framework. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107837. [PMID: 36921561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will have adverse impacts on human health, which are amplified in cities. For these impacts, there are direct, indirect, and deferred pathways. The first category is well-studied, while indirect and deferred impacts are not well-understood. Moreover, the factors moderating the impacts have received little attention, although understanding these factors is critical for adaptation. We developed a conceptual framework that shows the pathways of climate impacts on human health, focusing specifically on the factors of urban environment moderating the emergence and severity of these health impacts. Based on the framework and literature review, we illustrate the mechanisms of direct, indirect, and deferred health impact occurrence and the factors that exacerbate or alleviate the severity of these impacts, thus presenting valuable insights for anticipatory adaptation. We conclude that an integrated systemic approach to preventing health risks from climate change can provide co-benefits for adaptation and address multiple health risks. Such an approach should be mainstreamed horizontally to all sectors of urban planning and should account for the spatiotemporal aspects of policy and planning decisions and city complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina Käyhkö
- University of Helsinki, Environment and Ecosystems Research Programme, Finland
| | | | | | - Hanna Lagström
- University of Turku, Centre for Population Health Research and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jukka Käyhkö
- University of Turku, Department of Geography and Geology, Finland
| | - Sirkku Juhola
- University of Helsinki, Environment and Ecosystems Research Programme, Finland
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2
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Byun G, Choi Y, Kim S, Lee JT. Long-term exposure to ambient ozone and mortality in a population-based cohort of South Korea: Considering for an alternative exposure time metric. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120300. [PMID: 36181930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the health effects of long-term ozone exposure remain limited with mixed results. One potential source of this inconsistency is the difference in exposure time metrics. This study aimed to investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient ozone and mortality in South Korea, using different exposure metrics. We also examined whether heterogeneity between previous studies was due to the different exposure metrics. The study population comprised 179,806 participants from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (2002-2015) residing in seven major cities in South Korea. Several ozone exposure metrics (year-round 24-h, year-round 8-h, warm-season 24-h, and warm-season 8-h) were calculated. Time-varying Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association between ozone and all-cause and cause-specific mortalities. Random-effect meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis were performed to pool the effect estimates of previous studies and examine whether the exposure metric can explain the between-study heterogeneity. The hazard ratios (HRs) per 10 ppb increment in year-round 24-h ozone for all-cause (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.07-1.29) and circulatory (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.25-1.84) mortality were higher than those of the other metrics. Year-round 8-h ozone exhibited the largest association with respiratory mortality (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.04-1.96). A meta-analysis of 29 previous studies and the present study showed the largest HR for all-cause mortality from studies using year-round 8-h exposure (HR, 1.014; 95% CI, 0.994-1.033). The exposure metric was significantly associated with effect estimates in the multivariable meta-regression model. In conclusion, in the population-based cohort in South Korea, we found positive associations between several long-term ozone exposure metrics and mortality. The different ozone exposure metrics exhibited heterogeneous effect estimates. A year-round 24-h average ozone metric also could be considered an alternative long-term standard for ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Byun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsoo Choi
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; School of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Gonzalez A, Boies A, Swanson J, Kittelson D. Measuring the Air Quality Using Low-Cost Air Sensors in a Parking Garage at University of Minnesota, USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15223. [PMID: 36429940 PMCID: PMC9690026 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of air pollutants in underground parking garages has been found to be higher compared to ambient air. Vehicle emissions from cold starts are the main sources of air pollution in underground parking garages. Eight days of measurements, using low-cost air sensors, were conducted at one underground parking garage at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. The CO, NO, NO2, and PM2.5 daily average concentrations in the parking garage were measured to be higher, by up to more than an order of magnitude, compared to the ambient concentration. There is positive correlation between exit traffic flow and the air concentrations in the parking garage for lung deposited surface area (LDSA), CO2, NO, and CO. Fuel specific emission factors were calculated for CO, NO, and NOx. Ranging from 25 to 28 g/kgfuel for CO, from 1.3 to 1.7 g/kgfuel for NO, and from 2.1 to 2.7 g/kgfuel for NOx. Regulated emissions were also calculated for CO and NOx with values of 2.4 to 2.9 and 0.19 to 0.25 g/mile, respectively. These emissions are about 50% higher than the 2017 U.S. emission standards for CO and nearly an order magnitude higher for NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gonzalez
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Adam Boies
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Jacob Swanson
- Department of Integrated Engineering, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, USA
| | - David Kittelson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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He X, Zhai S, Liu X, Liang L, Song G, Song H, Kong Y. Interactive short-term effects of meteorological factors and air pollution on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68103-68117. [PMID: 35532824 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A substantial number of studies have demonstrated the association between air pollution and adverse health effects. However, few studies have explored the potential interactive effects between meteorological factors and air pollution. This study attempted to evaluate the interactive effects between meteorological factors (temperature and relative humidity) and air pollution ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Next, the high-risk population susceptible to air pollution was identified. We collected daily counts of CVD hospitalizations, air pollution, and weather data in Nanning from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2015. Generalized additive models (GAMs) with interaction terms were adopted to estimate the interactive effects of air pollution and meteorological factors on CVD after controlling for seasonality, day of the week, and public holidays. On low-temperature days, an increase of [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] was associated with increases of 4.31% (2.39%, 6.26%) at lag 2; 2.74% (1.65%, 3.84%) at lag 0-2; and 0.13% (0.02%, 0.23%) at lag 0-3 in CVD hospitalizations, respectively. During low relative humidity days, a [Formula: see text] increment of lag 0-3 exposure was associated with increases of 3.43% (4.61%, 2.67%) and 0.10% (0.04%, 0.15%) for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. On high relative humidity days, an increase of [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] was associated with an increase of 5.86% (1.82%, 10.07%) at lag 0-2 in CVD hospitalizations. Moreover, elderly (≥ 65 years) and female patients were vulnerable to the effects of air pollution. There were interactive effects between air pollutants and meteorological factors on CVD hospitalizations. The risk that [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] posed to CVD hospitalizations could be significantly enhanced by low temperatures. For [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], CVD hospitalization risk increased in low relative humidity. The effects of [Formula: see text] were enhanced at high relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin He
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Shiyan Zhai
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Community Health Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lizhong Liang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Genxin Song
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Hongquan Song
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Yunfeng Kong
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
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Luo Z, Wang Y, Lv Z, He T, Zhao J, Wang Y, Gao F, Zhang Z, Liu H. Impacts of vehicle emission on air quality and human health in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152655. [PMID: 34954164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growing of vehicle population aggravates air pollution and threatens human health. In this study, based on the refined whole-process vehicle emission inventory considering volatile organic compounds (VOCs) evaporation emission, the CAMx model was applied to comprehensively quantify the impacts of the vehicle sector on the annual and seasonal concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 in China. Also, the health risks caused by long-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3 were evaluated. The model results showed that vehicle emission was an important source of severe O3 pollution in summer, with a contribution of more than 30% in most parts of China, but not an important source of serious PM2.5 pollution in winter, with a contribution of less than 20% in heavily polluted regions in China. Compared to tailpipe emission, vehicle VOCs evaporation emission led to increases of 25% and 47% to sectoral contribution to PM2.5 and O3. Health risk assessment results showed that attributable deaths caused by long-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3 were 975,029 and 46,043 in 2018, to which vehicle emission contributed approximately 12.5% and 22.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Luo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaofeng Lv
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tingkun He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junchao Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongyue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhining Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Abstract
An accelerating global energy demand, paired with the harmful environmental effects of fossil fuels, has triggered the search for alternative, renewable energy sources. Biofuels are arguably a potential renewable energy source in the transportation industry as they can be used within current infrastructures and require less technological advances than other renewable alternatives, such as electric vehicles and nuclear power. The literature suggests biofuels can negatively impact food security and production; however, this is dependent on the type of feedstock used in biofuel production. Advanced biofuels, derived from inedible biomass, are heavily favoured but require further research and development to reach their full commercial potential. Replacing fossil fuels by biofuels can substantially reduce particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, but simultaneously increase emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), resulting in debates concerning the way biofuels should be implemented. The potential biofuel blends (FT-SPK, HEFA-SPK, ATJ-SPK and HFS-SIP) and their use as an alternative to kerosene-type fuels in the aviation industry have also been assessed. Although these fuels are currently more costly than conventional aviation fuels, possible reduction in production costs has been reported as a potential solution. A preliminary study shows that i-butanol emissions (1.8 Tg/year) as a biofuel can increase ozone levels by up to 6% in the upper troposphere, highlighting a potential climate impact. However, a larger number of studies will be needed to assess the practicalities and associated cost of using the biofuel in existing vehicles, particularly in terms of identifying any modifications to existing engine infrastructure, the impact of biofuel emissions, and their chemistry on the climate and human health, to fully determine their suitability as a potential renewable energy source.
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7
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Tahery N, Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Shahriyari HA, Jalali S, Mohammadi MJ. Estimation of PM 10 pollutant and its effect on total mortality (TM), hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases (HACD), and respiratory disease (HARD) outcome. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22123-22130. [PMID: 33411285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dust storms not only affect the quality of life but also pose a serious health and social problem. The main source dust events include central and west Asia, the Taklimakan desert, and Middle East, carrying out high volume of particulate matter, which increased the level of PM10 as representative of dust storm. The purpose of this study was to investigate the number of mortality (TM), hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases (HACD) and respiratory diseases (HARD) among the people of Bishkek and Ahvaz. Data validation was performed using the WHO criteria. The average time PM10 in outdoor air was calculated, and its health effects were obtained by entering its annual data and population at risk, baseline incidence (BI), and relative risk index (RR) for IHD outcomes. In our study, AirQ software was used. The number of excess cases in Bishkek and Ahvaz for total mortality and cardiovascular mortality was 63 and 758 and 35 and 478 persons while for HARD and HACD was 84 and 2054 and 33 and 560 persons, respectively. The survey requires the need to enact and enforce permissible PM10 levels/standards due to dust storms to reduce the health effect on humans by relevant environmental authorities both at federal and state levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorollah Tahery
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | | | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Jalali
- School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health AND Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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8
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Jones SH, Hosse FPR, Yang X, Donaldson DJ. Loss of NO(g) to painted surfaces and its re-emission with indoor illumination. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:566-573. [PMID: 32920844 PMCID: PMC7983918 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous surface reactions play a key role in the chemistry of the indoor environment because of the large indoor surface-to-volume ratio. The presence of photocatalytic material in indoor paints may allow photochemical reactions to occur at wavelengths of light that are present indoors. One such potential reaction is the heterogeneous photooxidation of NO to HONO. NO(g) is commonly found indoors, originating from combustion sources, ventilation and infiltration of outdoor air. We studied the interaction of NO(g) with painted surfaces illuminated with indoor fluorescent and incandescent lighting. There is a loss of NO(g) to painted surfaces in the dark at both 0 and 50% RH. At 50% RH, there is a re-release of some of that NO(g) under illumination. The same behavior is observed for illumination of different colored paints. This is in contrast to what is seen with TiO2 as the substrate, where photoenhanced uptake of NO(g) and formation of NO2 (g) are observed. We hypothesize that the loss of NO(g) is due to adsorption and diffusion into the paint. The re-release of NO under illumination is thought to be due to photooxidation of NO to HONO on the painted surface at higher relative humidities and subsequent HONO photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoying Yang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - D. James Donaldson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of Physical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
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9
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Abstract
Air pollutants pose a serious worldwide health hazard, causing respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Pollutants perturb the autonomic nervous system, whose function is critical to cardiopulmonary homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that pollutants can stimulate defensive sensory nerves within the cardiopulmonary system, thus providing a possible mechanism for pollutant-induced autonomic dysfunction. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved would likely improve the management and treatment of pollution-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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10
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Sicard P, Khaniabadi YO, Perez S, Gualtieri M, De Marco A. Effect of O 3, PM 10 and PM 2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in cities of France, Iran and Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32645-32665. [PMID: 31576506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At present, both tropospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matters (PM) are among the most threatening air pollutants for human health in cities. The air pollution effects over public health include increased risk of hospital admissions and mortality for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases even when air pollutant concentrations are below European and international standards. The aim of this study was to (i) estimate the burden of mortality and morbidity for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to PM2.5, PM10 and O3 in nine selected cities in France, Iran and Italy in 2015 and 2016 and to (ii) compare estimated burdens at current O3 and PM levels with pre-industrial levels. The selected Mediterranean cities are among the most affected by the air pollution in Europe, in particular by rising O3 while the selected Iranian cities rank as the most polluted by PM in the world. The software AirQ+ was used to estimate the short-term health effects, in terms of mortality and morbidity by using in situ air quality data, city-specific relative risk values and baseline incidence. Compared to pre-industrial levels, long-term exposures to ambient PM2.5, PM10 and O3 have substantially contributed to mortality and hospital admissions in selected cities: about 8200 deaths for non-accidental causes, 2400 deaths for cardiovascular diseases, 540 deaths for respiratory diseases, 220 deaths for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases as well as 18,800 hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and 3400 for respiratory diseases were reported in 2015. The study supports the need of city-specific epidemiological data and urgent strategies to mitigate the health burden of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sandra Perez
- University Côte d'Azur, UMR 7300 ESPACE, Nice, France
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT, Rome, Italy
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11
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Barry V, Klein M, Winquist A, Chang HH, Mulholland JA, Talbott EO, Rager JR, Tolbert PE, Sarnat SE. Characterization of the concentration-response curve for ambient ozone and acute respiratory morbidity in 5 US cities. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:267-277. [PMID: 29915241 PMCID: PMC6301150 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although short-term exposure to ambient ozone (O3) can cause poor respiratory health outcomes, the shape of the concentration-response (C-R) between O3 and respiratory morbidity has not been widely investigated. We estimated the effect of daily O3 on emergency department (ED) visits for selected respiratory outcomes in 5 US cities under various model assumptions and assessed model fit. Population-weighted average 8-h maximum O3 concentrations were estimated in each city. Individual-level data on ED visits were obtained from hospitals or hospital associations. Poisson log-linear models were used to estimate city-specific associations between the daily number of respiratory ED visits and 3-day moving average O3 levels controlling for long-term trends and meteorology. Linear, linear-threshold, quadratic, cubic, categorical, and cubic spline O3 C-R models were considered. Using linear C-R models, O3 was significantly and positively associated with respiratory ED visits in each city with rate ratios of 1.02-1.07 per 25 ppb. Models suggested that O3-ED C-R shapes were linear until O3 concentrations of roughly 60 ppb at which point risk continued to increase linearly in some cities for certain outcomes while risk flattened in others. Assessing C-R shape is necessary to identify the most appropriate form of the exposure for each given study setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn Barry
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mitchel Klein
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrea Winquist
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evelyn O Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Judith R Rager
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paige E Tolbert
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Quiros DC, Smith JD, Ham WA, Robertson WH, Huai T, Ayala A, Hu S. Deriving fuel-based emission factor thresholds to interpret heavy-duty vehicle roadside plume measurements. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:969-987. [PMID: 29652244 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1460637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Remote sensing devices have been used for decades to measure gaseous emissions from individual vehicles at the roadside. Systems have also been developed that entrain diluted exhaust and can also measure particulate matter (PM) emissions. In 2015, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) reported that 8% of in-field diesel particulate filters (DPF) on heavy-duty (HD) vehicles were malfunctioning and emitted about 70% of total diesel PM emissions from the DPF-equipped fleet. A new high-emitter problem in the heavy-duty vehicle fleet had emerged. Roadside exhaust plume measurements reflect a snapshot of real-world operation, typically lasting several seconds. In order to relate roadside plume measurements to laboratory emission tests, we analyzed carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), and PM emissions collected from four HD vehicles during several driving cycles on a chassis dynamometer. We examined the fuel-based emission factors corresponding to possible exceedances of emission standards as a function of vehicle power. Our analysis suggests that a typical HD vehicle will exceed the model year (MY) 2010 emission standards (of 0.2 g NOX/bhp-hr and 0.01 g PM/bhp-hr) by three times when fuel-based emission factors are 9.3 g NOX/kg fuel and 0.11 g PM/kg using the roadside plume measurement approach. Reported limits correspond to 99% confidence levels, which were calculated using the detection uncertainty of emissions analyzers, accuracy of vehicle power calculations, and actual emissions variability of fixed operational parameters. The PM threshold was determined for acceleration events between 0.47 and 1.4 mph/sec only, and the NOX threshold was derived from measurements where after-treatment temperature was above 200°C. Anticipating a growing interest in real-world driving emissions, widespread implementation of roadside exhaust plume measurements as a compliment to in-use vehicle programs may benefit from expanding this analysis to a larger sample of in-use HD vehicles. IMPLICATIONS Regulatory agencies, civil society, and the public at large have a growing interest in vehicle emission compliance in the real world. Leveraging roadside plume measurements to identify vehicles with malfunctioning emission control systems is emerging as a viable new and useful method to assess in-use performance. This work proposes fuel-based emission factor thresholds for PM and NOx that signify exceedances of emission standards on a work-specific basis by analyzing real-time emissions in the laboratory. These thresholds could be used to prescreen vehicles before roadside enforcement inspection or other inquiry, enhance and further develop emission inventories, and potentially develop new requirements for heavy-duty inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs, including but not limited to identifying vehicles for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Quiros
- a California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Jeremy D Smith
- a California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Walter A Ham
- a California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | | | - Tao Huai
- a California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Alberto Ayala
- a California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | - Shaohua Hu
- a California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , CA , USA
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13
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Li D, Wang JB, Zhang ZY, Shen P, Zheng PW, Jin MJ, Lu HC, Lin HB, Chen K. Association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and daily mortality: a time-series study in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16135-16143. [PMID: 29594907 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies were conducted to evaluate health effects of acute exposure to PM2.5 and daily mortality in Asian countries due to lack of large-scale PM2.5 monitoring data. We conducted a time-series study to examine the associations of short-term exposure to four common air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2) and daily mortality in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. We used generalized addictive model (GAM) to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of these four air pollutants with daily mortality. The study included 9365 people in the 2-year study period from 2014 to 2015. SO2 were significantly associated with risk of NAD, RD, and CD mortality with RRs of 1.034 (95% CI 1.004, 1.064), 1.067 (95% CI 1.010, 1.127), and 1.049 (95% CI 1.001, 1.098), respectively.PM2.5 and PM10 were significantly associated with risk of death from NAD mortality in warm season. Similar associations were observed for PM10 (RR = 1.056, 95% CI 1.004, 1.111) and risk of CD mortality. The study provides further evidence that short-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 are associated with increased risk of daily mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, NO. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Bing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, NO. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- John Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
| | - Peng Shen
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Pei-Wen Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, NO. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming-Juan Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, NO. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huai-Chu Lu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Hong-Bo Lin
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China.
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, NO. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Khaniabadi YO, Daryanoosh M, Sicard P, Takdastan A, Hopke PK, Esmaeili S, De Marco A, Rashidi R. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases related to outdoor PM 10, O 3, SO 2, and NO 2 in a heavily polluted megacity of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17726-17734. [PMID: 29671231 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to quantify, by an approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the daily hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) related to exposure to particulate matter (PM10) and oxidants such as ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a heavily polluted city in Iran. For the health impact assessment, in terms of COPD, the current published relative risk (RR) and baseline incidence (BI) values, suggested by the WHO, and the 1-h O3 concentrations and daily PM10, NO2, and SO2 concentrations were compiled. The results showed that 5.9, 4.1, 1.2, and 1.9% of the COPD daily hospitalizations in 2011 and 6.6, 1.9, 2.3, and 2.1% in 2012 were attributed to PM10, O3, SO2, and NO2 concentrations exceeding 10 μg/m3, respectively. This study indicates that air quality and the high air pollutant levels have an effect on COPD morbidity. Air pollution is associated with visits to emergency services and hospital admissions. A lower relative risk can be achieved if some stringent control strategies for reducing air pollutants or emission precursors are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Daryanoosh
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Center of Hendijan, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Afshin Takdastan
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14619, USA
| | - Shirin Esmaeili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Rajab Rashidi
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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15
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Sun Q, Wang W, Chen C, Ban J, Xu D, Zhu P, He MZ, Li T. Acute effect of multiple ozone metrics on mortality by season in 34 Chinese counties in 2013-2015. J Intern Med 2018; 283:481-488. [PMID: 29247470 PMCID: PMC6764438 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous multicentre studies have estimated the association between ozone exposure and mortality, there are currently no nationally representative multicentre studies of the ozone-mortality relationship in China. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect on total (nonaccidental) and cause-specific mortality of short-term exposure to ambient ozone, and examine different exposure metrics. METHODS The effects of short-term exposure to ozone were analysed using various metrics (daily 1-h maximum, daily 8-h maximum and daily average) on total (nonaccidental) and cause-specific (circulatory and respiratory) mortality from 2013 to 2015 in 34 counties in 10 cities across China. We used distributed lag nonlinear models for estimating county-specific relative risk of mortality and combined the county-specific relative rates by conducting a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS In all-year analyses, a 10 μg m-3 increase in daily average, daily 1-h maximum and daily 8-h maximum ozone at lag02 corresponded to an increase of 0.6% (95% CI: 0.33, 0.88), 0.26% (95% CI: 0.12, 0.39) and 0.37% (95% CI: 0.2, 0.55) in total (nonaccidental) mortality, 0.66% (95% CI: 0.28, 1.04), 0.31% (95% CI: 0.11, 0.51) and 0.39% (95% CI: 0.16, 0.62) in circulatory mortality, and 0.57% (95% CI: -0.09, 1.23), 0.11% (95% CI: -0.22, 0.44) and 0.22% (95% CI: -0.28, 0.72) in respiratory mortality, respectively. These estimates had a different seasonal pattern by cause of death. In general, the seasonal patterns were consistent with the times of year when ozone concentrations are highest. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in China, the acute effects of ozone are more closely related to daily average exposure than any other metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Sun
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - W Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C Chen
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Ban
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D Xu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - P Zhu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - M Z He
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Momtazan M, Geravandi S, Rastegarimehr B, Valipour A, Ranjbarzadeh A, Yari AR, Dobaradaran S, Bostan H, Farhadi M, Darabi F, Omidi Khaniabadi Y, Mohammadi MJ. An investigation of particulate matter and relevant cardiovascular risks in Abadan and Khorramshahr in 2014–2016. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1463266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ahmad Reza Yari
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Majid Farhadi
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Schwartz
- 1 Department of Environmental Health Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Han M, Ji X, Li G, Sang N. NO 2 inhalation enhances asthma susceptibility in a rat model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27843-27854. [PMID: 28986735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major air pollutant. Epidemiologic studies have found that NO2 exposure is associated with an increased risk of asthma. Nevertheless, the potential molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of NO2 inhalation on the occurrence of allergic airway inflammation and its underlying mechanisms. Firstly, male Wistar rats were exposed to 2 and 5 mg/m3 NO2 (28 days, 5 h/day). The results showed that NO2 exposure could induce pulmonary inflammatory response, mucus formation, and Th1/Th2 imbalance in the lung of normal rats, resulting in allergic asthma-like features. Secondly, male Wistar rats were exposed to 5 mg/m3 NO2 (42 days, 5 h/day), sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA), challenged with aerosolized OVA, and characterized in asthma models. Results showed that NO2 exposure aggravated lung inflammation in the OVA-sensitized rats, accompanied by the increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus hypersecretion, and collagen deposition. Furthermore, NO2 exposure promoted the increase in the expression of mucin gene (MUC5AC) and pro-inflammatory factors [interleukin (IL)-1β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and IL-6] as well as serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) production. Taken together, we established that NO2 exposure promotes allergic airway inflammation and increases the asthma susceptibility. The underlying mechanisms involve the promotion of activation of interleukin-4/signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (IL-4/STAT6) pathway [IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) α, janus kinase (JAK) 1, JAK 3, and STAT6] and related transcription factor [T cell-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (Lck), extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)]. In particular, the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cell differentiation [IL-4, interferon (IFN)-γ, GATA-binding protein-3 (GATA-3), and T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet)] plays a pivotal role in NO2-induced inflammatory responses. These findings may provide a better understanding of mechanism of NO2-associated respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Han
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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19
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Daryanoosh M, Goudarzi G, Rashidi R, Keishams F, Hopke PK, Mohammadi MJ, Nourmoradi H, Sicard P, Takdastan A, Vosoughi M, Veysi M, Kianizadeh M, Omidi Khaniabadi Y. Risk of morbidity attributed to ambient PM10 in the western cities of Iran. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1370602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Daryanoosh
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Health Center of Hendijan, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Rajab Rashidi
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Fariba Keishams
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Philip K. Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | | | - Heshmatollah Nourmoradi
- Biotechnology and Medical Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Afshin Takdastan
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Vosoughi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Veysi
- Industrial Relation Office, Deputy of Research Affair, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Kianizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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20
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Khaniabadi YO, Fanelli R, De Marco A, Daryanoosh SM, Kloog I, Hopke PK, Conti GO, Ferrante M, Mohammadi MJ, Babaei AA, Basiri H, Goudarzi G. Hospital admissions in Iran for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to the Middle Eastern Dust storms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16860-16868. [PMID: 28573562 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the possible effects of airborne particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) from the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) events on human health in Khorramabad (Iran) in terms of estimated hospital admissions (morbidity) for cardiovascular diseases (HACD) and for respiratory diseases (HARD) during the period of 2015 to 2016. The AirQ program developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) was used to estimate the potential health impacts to daily PM10 exposures. The numbers of excess cases for cardiovascular/respiratory morbidity were 20/51, 72/185, and 20/53 on normal, dusty, and MED event days, respectively. The highest number of hospital admissions was estimated for PM10 concentrations in the range of 40 to 49 μg/m3, i.e, lower than the daily (50 μg/m3) limit value established by WHO. The results also showed that 4.7% (95% CI 3.2-6.7%) and 4.2% (95% CI 2.6-5.8%) of HARD and HACD, respectively, were attributed to PM10 concentrations above 10 μg/m3. The study demonstrates a significant impact of air pollution on people, which is manifested primarily as respiratory and cardiovascular problems. To reduce these effects, several immediate actions should be taken by the local authorities to control the impacts of dust storms on residents' health, e.g., developing a green beltway along the Iran-Iraq border and management of water such as irrigation of dry areas that would be effective as mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability, ENEA, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Landmark Center Room 415, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hassan Basiri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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21
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Khaniabadi YO, Daryanoosh SM, Hopke PK, Ferrante M, De Marco A, Sicard P, Oliveri Conti G, Goudarzi G, Basiri H, Mohammadi MJ, Keishams F. Acute myocardial infarction and COPD attributed to ambient SO2 in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:683-687. [PMID: 28477578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are important diseases worldwide. Inhalation is the major route of short-term exposure to air sulfur dioxide (SO2) that negatively affect human health. The objective of this study was to estimate the health effects of short-term exposure to SO2 in Khorramabad, Iran using the AirQ software developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Daily mean SO2 concentrations were used as the estimates of human short-term exposure and allow calculation of the attributable excess relative risk of an acute MI and hospital admissions due to COPD (HACOPD). The annual mean SO2 concentration in Khorramabad was 51.33µg/m3. Based on the relative risk (RR) and baseline incidence (BI) approach of WHO, an increased risk of 2.7% (95% CI: 1.1-4.2%) of acute MI and 2.0% (95% CI: 0-4.6%) of HACOPD, respectively, were attributed to a 10µg/m3 SO2 increase. Since the geographic, demographic, and climatic characteristics are different from the areas in which the risk relationships were developed and not evaluated here, further investigations will be needed to fully quantify other health impacts of SO2. A decreased risk for MIs and COPD attributable to SO2 could be achieved if mitigation strategies and measures are implemented to reduce the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14619, USA
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health. University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Lungotevere Thaon de Revel, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health. University of Catania, Italy
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hassan Basiri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Fariba Keishams
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Sun J, Barnes AJ, He D, Wang M, Wang J. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide and Respiratory Disease in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E646. [PMID: 28621760 PMCID: PMC5486332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess the quantitative effects of short-term exposure of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on respiratory disease (RD) mortality and RD hospital admission in China through systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A total of 29 publications were finally selected from searches in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang databases. Generic inverse variance method was used to pool effect estimates. Pooled estimates were used to represent the increased risk of RD mortality and RD hospital admission per 10 μg/m³ increase in NO₂ concentration. Results: Positive correlations were found between short-term NO₂ exposure and RD in China. RD mortality and RD hospital admission respectively increased by 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1%, 1.7%) and 1.0% (95% CI: 0.5%, 1.5%) per 10 μg/m³ increase in NO₂ concentration. Differences were observed across geographic regions of China. The risk of RD mortality due to NO₂ was higher in the southern region (1.7%) than in the north (0.7%). Conclusions: Evidence was found that short-term exposure to NO₂ was associated with an increased risk of RD mortality and RD hospital admission in China and these risks were more pronounced in the southern regions of the country, due in part to a larger proportion of elderly persons with increased susceptibility to NO₂ in the population compared with the north.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Sun
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, National Health and Family Planning Commission of People's Republic of China (NHFPC), Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Andrew J Barnes
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 E Main St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Dongyang He
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, National Health and Family Planning Commission of People's Republic of China (NHFPC), Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, National Health and Family Planning Commission of People's Republic of China (NHFPC), Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, National Health and Family Planning Commission of People's Republic of China (NHFPC), Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
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23
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Goudarzi G, Daryanoosh SM, Godini H, Hopke PK, Sicard P, De Marco A, Rad HD, Harbizadeh A, Jahedi F, Mohammadi MJ, Savari J, Sadeghi S, Kaabi Z, Omidi Khaniabadi Y. Health risk assessment of exposure to the Middle-Eastern Dust storms in the Iranian megacity of Kermanshah. Public Health 2017; 148:109-116. [PMID: 28475960 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effects of particulate matter (PM), equal or less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), from the Middle-Eastern Dust events on public health in the megacity of Kermanshah (Iran). STUDY DESIGN This study used epidemiological modeling and monitored ambient air quality data to estimate the potential PM10 impacts on public health. METHODS The AirQ2.2.3 model was used to calculate mortality and morbidity attributed to PM10 as representative of dust events. Using Visual Basic for Applications, the programming language of Excel software, hourly PM10 concentrations obtained from the local agency were processed to prepare input files for the AirQ2.2.3 model. RESULTS Using baseline incidence, defined by the World Health Organization, the number of estimated excess cases for respiratory mortality, hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, for respiratory diseases, and for cardiovascular diseases were 37, 39, 476, and 184 persons, respectively, from 21st March, 2014 to 20th March, 2015. Furthermore, 92% of mortality and morbidity cases occurred in days with PM10 concentrations lower than 150 μg/m3. The highest percentage of person-days occurred for daily concentrations range of 100-109 μg/m3, causing the maximum health end-points among the citizens of Kermanshah. CONCLUSIONS Calculating the number of cumulative excess cases for mortality or morbidity attributed to PM10 provides a good tool for decision and policy-makers in the field of health care to compensate their shortcomings particularly at hospital and healthcare centers for combating dust storms. To diminish these effects, several immediate actions should be managed in the governmental scale to control dust such as spreading mulch and planting new species that are compatible to arid area.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - S M Daryanoosh
- Health Center of Hendijan, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - H Godini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - P K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14619, USA
| | - P Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - A De Marco
- Department of Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability, SSPT-MET-INAT, ENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - H D Rad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - A Harbizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - F Jahedi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - J Savari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - S Sadeghi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Z Kaabi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Y Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Khaniabadi YO, Goudarzi G, Daryanoosh SM, Borgini A, Tittarelli A, De Marco A. Exposure to PM 10, NO 2, and O 3 and impacts on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2781-2789. [PMID: 27837472 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is emerging as a risk factor for human health like cancer and other health outcomes in developing countries, especially Iran where air pollutant concentrations are elevated. Additionally, some of the crucial environmental problems are caused by air pollution. Nevertheless, the data on health effects of air pollution are limited. The main objective of this study was to assess the health impacts attributed to particulate matter less than 10 μg/m3 (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) in Kermanshah City (Iran). The diurnal averages of PM10 and NO2 levels and 1-h averages of O3 concentrations were applied to assess the cardiovascular mortality due to exposure to these pollutants during the years 2014 and 2015. The excess number of cardiovascular mortality was estimated by relative risk (RR) and baseline incidence (BI) defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). The excess in mortality risk for cardiovascular diseases is of 188 premature deaths related to PM10, 33 related to NO2, and 83 related to O3, respectively. The results indicate that a 10-μg/m3 change in PM10, NO2, and O3 generates a relative risk of 1.066, 1.012, and 1.020, respectively. The excess of relative risk is of 6.6, 1.2, and 2.0%, respectively. Immediate policies and actions are needed to reduce the various sources of these pollutants from transport and energy manufacture facilities in Kermanshah.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Alessandro Borgini
- Cancer Registry and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Tittarelli
- Cancer Registry and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability, SSPT-MET-INAT, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
In epidemiology, time-series regression models are specially suitable for evaluating short-term effects of time-varying exposures to pollution. To summarize findings from different studies on different cities, the techniques of designed meta-analyses have been employed. In this context, city-specific findings are summarized by an ‘effect size’ measured on a common scale. Such effects are then pooled together on a second hierarchy of analysis. The objective of this article is to exploit exploratory analysis of city-specific time series. In fact, when dealing with many sources of data, that is, many cities, an exploratory analysis becomes almost unaffordable. Our idea is to explore the time series by fitting complete dynamic regression models. These models are easier to fit than models usually employed and allow implementation of very fast automated model selection algorithms. The idea is to highlight the common features across cities through this analysis, which might then be used to design the meta-analysis. The proposal is illustrated by analysing data on the relationship between daily nonaccidental deaths and air pollution in the 20 US largest cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Chiogna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, Università di Padova,
Italy,
| | - Carlo Gaetan
- Dipartimento di Statistica, Università Ca’ Foscari,
Venezia, Italy
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Cárdaba Arranz M, Muñoz Moreno MF, Armentia Medina A, Alonso Capitán M, Carreras Vaquer F, Almaraz Gómez A. Health impact assessment of air pollution in Valladolid, Spain. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005999. [PMID: 25326212 PMCID: PMC4202014 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the attributable and targeted avoidable deaths (ADs; TADs) of outdoor air pollution by ambient particulate matter (PM10), PM2.5 and O3 according to specific WHO methodology. DESIGN Health impact assessment. SETTING City of Valladolid, Spain (around 300 000 residents). DATA SOURCES Demographics; mortality; pollutant concentrations collected 1999-2008. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Attributable fractions; ADs and TADs per year for 1999-2008. RESULTS Higher TADs estimates (shown here) were obtained when assuming as 'target' concentrations WHO Air Quality Guidelines instead of Directive 2008/50/EC. ADs are considered relative to pollutant background levels. All-cause mortality associated to PM10 (all ages): 52 ADs (95% CI 39 to 64); 31 TADs (95% CI 24 to 39).All-cause mortality associated to PM10 (<5 years): 0 ADs (95% CI 0 to 1); 0 TADs (95% CI 0 to 1). All-cause mortality associated to PM2.5 (>30 years): 326 ADs (95% CI 217 to 422); 231 TADs (95% CI 153 to 301). Cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality associated to PM2.5 (>30 years): Cardiopulmonary: 186 ADs (95% CI 74 to 280); 94 TADs (95% CI 36 to 148). Lung cancer : 51 ADs (95% CI 21 to 73); 27 TADs (95% CI 10 to 41).All-cause, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality associated to O3 (all ages): All-cause: 52ADs (95% CI 25 to 77) ; 31 TADs (95% CI 15 to 45). Respiratory: 5ADs (95% CI -2 to 13) ; 3 TADs (95% CI -1 to 8). Cardiovascular: 30 ADs (95% CI 8 to 51) ; 17 TADs (95% CI 5 to 30). Negative estimates which should be read as zero were obtained when pollutant concentrations were below counterfactuals or assumed risk coefficients were below one. CONCLUSIONS Our estimates suggest a not negligible negative impact on mortality of outdoor air pollution. The implementation of WHO methodology provides critical information to distinguish an improvement range in air pollution control.
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RSM based optimization of chemical and enzymatic transesterification of palm oil: biodiesel production and assessment of exhaust emission levels. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:526105. [PMID: 25162053 PMCID: PMC4138735 DOI: 10.1155/2014/526105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current study presents RSM based optimized production of biodiesel from palm oil using chemical and enzymatic transesterification. The emission behavior of biodiesel and its blends, namely, POB-5, POB-20, POB-40, POB-50, POB-80, and POB-100 was examined using diesel engine (equipped with tube well). Optimized palm oil fatty acid methyl esters (POFAMEs) yields were depicted to be 47.6 ± 1.5, 92.7 ± 2.5, and 95.4 ± 2.0% for chemical transesterification catalyzed by NaOH, KOH, and NaOCH3, respectively, whereas for enzymatic transesterification reactions catalyzed by NOVOZYME-435 and A. n. lipase optimized biodiesel yields were 94.2 ± 3.1 and 62.8 ± 2.4%, respectively. Distinct decrease in particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels was experienced in exhaust emissions from engine operating on biodiesel blends POB-5, POB-20, POB-40, POB-50, POB-80, and POB-100 comparative to conventional petroleum diesel. Percentage change in CO and PM emissions for different biodiesel blends ranged from −2.1 to −68.7% and −6.2 to −58.4%, respectively, relative to conventional diesel, whereas an irregular trend was observed for NOx emissions. Only POB-5 and POB-20 showed notable reductions, whereas all other blends (POB-40 to POB-100) showed slight increase in NOx emission levels from 2.6 to 5.5% comparative to petroleum diesel.
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Bell ML, Zanobetti A, Dominici F. Who is more affected by ozone pollution? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:15-28. [PMID: 24872350 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is associated with adverse health; however, less is known about vulnerable/sensitive populations, which we refer to as sensitive populations. We systematically reviewed epidemiologic evidence (1988-2013) regarding sensitivity to mortality or hospital admission from short-term ozone exposure. We performed meta-analysis for overall associations by age and sex; assessed publication bias; and qualitatively assessed sensitivity to socioeconomic indicators, race/ethnicity, and air conditioning. The search identified 2,091 unique papers, with 167 meeting inclusion criteria (73 on mortality and 96 on hospitalizations and emergency department visits, including 2 examining both mortality and hospitalizations). The strongest evidence for ozone sensitivity was for age. Per 10-parts per billion increase in daily 8-hour ozone concentration, mortality risk for younger persons, at 0.60% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40, 0.80), was statistically lower than that for older persons, at 1.27% (95% CI: 0.76, 1.78). Findings adjusted for publication bias were similar. Limited/suggestive evidence was found for higher associations among women; mortality risks were 0.39% (95% CI: -0.22, 1.00) higher than those for men. We identified strong evidence for higher associations with unemployment or lower occupational status and weak evidence of sensitivity for racial/ethnic minorities and persons with low education, in poverty, or without central air conditioning. Findings show that some populations, especially the elderly, are particularly sensitive to short-term ozone exposure.
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Kravchenko J, Akushevich I, Abernethy AP, Holman S, Ross WG, Lyerly HK. Long-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air quality. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:613-27. [PMID: 25018627 PMCID: PMC4075234 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s59995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The respiratory tract is a major target of exposure to air pollutants, and respiratory diseases are associated with both short- and long-term exposures. We hypothesized that improved air quality in North Carolina was associated with reduced rates of death from respiratory diseases in local populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the trends of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia mortality and changes of the levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) using monthly data measurements from air-monitoring stations in North Carolina in 1993-2010. The log-linear model was used to evaluate associations between air-pollutant levels and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 of population) calculated for 5-year age-groups and for standard 2000 North Carolina population. The studied associations were adjusted by age group-specific smoking prevalence and seasonal fluctuations of disease-specific respiratory deaths. RESULTS Decline in emphysema deaths was associated with decreasing levels of SO2 and CO in the air, decline in asthma deaths-with lower SO2, CO, and PM10 levels, and decline in pneumonia deaths-with lower levels of SO2. Sensitivity analyses were performed to study potential effects of the change from International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 to ICD-10 codes, the effects of air pollutants on mortality during summer and winter, the impact of approach when only the underlying causes of deaths were used, and when mortality and air-quality data were analyzed on the county level. In each case, the results of sensitivity analyses demonstrated stability. The importance of analysis of pneumonia as an underlying cause of death was also highlighted. CONCLUSION Significant associations were observed between decreasing death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and decreases in levels of ambient air pollutants in North Carolina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Akushevich
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy P Abernethy
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheila Holman
- Division of Air Quality, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - William G Ross
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profiling in Africa: Environmental Pollutants are not on the Agenda. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 14:193-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Williams ML, Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Kelly FJ. Associations between daily mortality in London and combined oxidant capacity, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2014; 7:407-414. [PMID: 25431629 PMCID: PMC4239710 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-014-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Both nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) are powerful oxidants in ambient air that are intimately linked through atmospheric chemistry and which continuously interchange over very short timescales. Based upon atmospheric chemistry alone, there is a strong, a priori, reason for considering O3 and NO2 together in epidemiological studies, rather than either of the two pollutants separately in single-pollutant models. This paper compares two approaches to this, using Ox, defined as O3 + NO2, as a single metric and also using O3 and NO2 together in two-pollutant models. We hypothesised that the magnitude of the association between Ox and daily mortality would be greater than for NO2 and O3 individually. Using collocated hourly measurements for O3 and NO2 in London, from 2000 to 2005, we carried out a time series analysis of daily mortality. We investigated O3, NO2 and Ox individually in single-pollutant Poisson regression models and NO2 and O3 jointly in two-pollutant models in both all-year and season-specific analyses. We observed larger associations for mean 24-h concentrations of Ox (1.30 % increase in mortality per 10 ppb) than for O3 (0.87 %) and NO2 (0 %) individually. However, when analysed jointly in two-pollutant models, associations for O3 (1.54 %) and NO2 (1.07 %) were comparable to the Ox association. Season-specific analyses broadly followed this pattern irrespective of whether the Ox concentrations were driven by O3 production (summer) or depletion (winter). This novel approach in air pollution epidemiology captures the simultaneous impact of both oxidants whilst avoiding many of the statistical issues associated with two-pollutant models and potentially simplifies health impact calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Williams
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Kings College London, Room 4.129 Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - R. W. Atkinson
- Public Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - H. R. Anderson
- Public Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Kings College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - F. J. Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Kings College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
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Logue JM, Klepeis NE, Lobscheid AB, Singer BC. Pollutant exposures from natural gas cooking burners: a simulation-based assessment for Southern California. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:43-50. [PMID: 24192135 PMCID: PMC3888569 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residential natural gas cooking burners (NGCBs) can emit substantial quantities of pollutants, and they are typically used without venting range hoods. OBJECTIVE We quantified pollutant concentrations and occupant exposures resulting from NGCB use in California homes. METHODS A mass-balance model was applied to estimate time-dependent pollutant concentrations throughout homes in Southern California and the exposure concentrations experienced by individual occupants. We estimated nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations for 1 week each in summer and winter for a representative sample of Southern California homes. The model simulated pollutant emissions from NGCBs as well as NO2 and CO entry from outdoors, dilution throughout the home, and removal by ventilation and deposition. Residence characteristics and outdoor concentrations of NO2 and CO were obtained from available databases. We inferred ventilation rates, occupancy patterns, and burner use from household characteristics. We also explored proximity to the burner(s) and the benefits of using venting range hoods. Replicate model executions using independently generated sets of stochastic variable values yielded estimated pollutant concentration distributions with geometric means varying by <10%. RESULTS The simulation model estimated that-in homes using NGCBs without coincident use of venting range hoods-62%, 9%, and 53% of occupants are routinely exposed to NO2, CO, and HCHO levels that exceed acute health-based standards and guidelines. NGCB use increased the sample median of the highest simulated 1-hr indoor concentrations by 100, 3,000, and 20 ppb for NO2, CO, and HCHO, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Reducing pollutant exposures from NGCBs should be a public health priority. Simulation results suggest that regular use of even moderately effective venting range hoods would dramatically reduce the percentage of homes in which concentrations exceed health-based standards.
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Ng CFS, Ueda K, Nitta H, Takeuchi A. Seasonal variation in the acute effects of ozone on premature mortality among elderly Japanese. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:8767-8776. [PMID: 23604788 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a multicity time-series study using monitoring data to assess seasonal patterns of short-term ozone-mortality association among elderly aged 65 years and over in Japan. Daily exposure to ambient ozone was computed using hourly measurements of photochemical oxidants available at multiple monitoring stations in each city. Effects of ozone on daily all-cause non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality were estimated using distributed lag linear models, controlling for confounding by temporal, day of the week, temperature, and flu epidemics. City-level effect estimates were combined using inverse variance meta-analysis. In spring and autumn, a 10-ppbv increase of daily maximum 8-h average ozone concentration in the previous 3 days was associated with 0.69 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.27-1.10), 1.07 % (0.34-1.82), and 1.77 % (0.78-2.77) increases in daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. Forward displacement of respiratory mortality was large during the cold season despite lower ozone concentration. Results were generally independent of fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Findings suggest significant mortality effects of short-term ozone exposure among the elderly during the moderate season. Those with underlying respiratory diseases were susceptible, even during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fook Sheng Ng
- Environmental Epidemiology Section, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
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Hutchinson EJ, Pearson PJG. Vehicle exhaust catalysts in Great Britain: an environmental and economic analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/037174505x45522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Tao Y, Huang W, Huang X, Zhong L, Lu SE, Li Y, Dai L, Zhang Y, Zhu T. Estimated acute effects of ambient ozone and nitrogen dioxide on mortality in the Pearl River Delta of southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:393-8. [PMID: 22157208 PMCID: PMC3295344 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Epidemiologic studies have attributed adverse health effects to air pollution; however, controversy remains regarding the relationship between ambient oxidants [ozone (O₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)] and mortality, especially in Asia. We conducted a four-city time-series study to investigate acute effects of O₃ and NO₂ in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of southern China, using data from 2006 through 2008. METHODS We used generalized linear models with Poisson regression incorporating natural spline functions to analyze acute mortality in association with O₃ and NO₂, with PM₁₀ (particulate matter ≤ 10 μm in diameter) included as a major confounder. Effect estimates were determined for individual cities and for the four cities as a whole. We stratified the analysis according to high- and low- exposure periods for O₃. RESULTS We found consistent positive associations between ambient oxidants and daily mortality across the PRD cities. Overall, 10-μg/m³ increases in average O₃ and NO₂ concentrations over the previous 2 days were associated with 0.81% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63%, 1.00%] and 1.95% (95% CI: 1.62%, 2.29%) increases in total mortality, respectively, with stronger estimated effects for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. After adjusting for PM₁₀, estimated effects of O₃ on total and cardiovascular mortality were stronger for exposure during high-exposure months (September through November), whereas respiratory mortality was associated with O₃ exposure during nonpeak exposure months only. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest significant acute mortality effects of O₃ and NO₂ in the PRD and strengthen the rationale for further limiting the ambient pollution levels in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebin Tao
- SKJ Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Di Ciaula A. Emergency visits and hospital admissions in aged people living close to a gas-fired power plant. Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:e53-8. [PMID: 22284257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combustion of natural gas for energy generation produces less pollutants than coke/oil. However, little is known about the short-term effect of pollution generated by gas-fired power plants on the health of elderly people. METHODS During three months, daily emergency visits/hospital admissions of subjects living within 3 km from a gas-fueled power plant were counted and related to ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and particulate matter of median aerometric diameter <10 μm (PM10). A generalized additive model served to correlate visits/hospital admissions to pollutants, controlling for meteorological confounders. RESULTS Mean air concentrations of PM10 and NO(2) were higher after-than before the start of operation of the plant, with the highest concentrations recorded within 1 km. Although pollutants were below the limits set by the European legislation, in elderly people there was a positive correlation between the number of emergency visits and daily air concentrations of PM10 and NO(2), as measured at 1 and 3 km from the plant. In subjects aged 70 years or more, the number of hospital admissions was positively correlated with PM10 levels measured within 3 km from the power plant, whereas in older subjects (≥80 year) it was also significantly linked with the lowest air concentration of PM10 (measured at 6 km from the plant). DISCUSSION Combustion of natural gas for energy generation produces a rise in air concentration of PM10 and NO(2) close to the plant, with a concentration-dependent increment of daily emergency visits and hospital admissions in elderly people, and with an age-dependent susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Section of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Bisceglie, Via Bovio, 70057 Bisceglie (BAT), Italy.
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Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Ozone and survival in four cohorts with potentially predisposing diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:836-41. [PMID: 21700916 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201102-0227oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Time series studies have reported associations between ozone and daily deaths. Only one cohort study has reported the effect of long-term exposures on deaths, and little is known about effects of chronic ozone exposure on survival in susceptible populations. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether ozone was associated with survival in four cohorts of persons with specific diseases in 105 United States cities, treating ozone as a time varying exposure. METHODS We used Medicare data (1985–2006), and constructed cohorts of persons hospitalized with chronic conditions that might predispose to ozone effects: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Yearly warm-season average ozone was merged to the individual follow-up in each city. We applied Cox proportional hazard model for each cohort within each city, adjusting for individual risk factors, temperature, and city-specific long-term trends. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found significant associations with a hazard ratio for mortality of 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–1.08) per 5-ppb increase in summer average ozone for persons with congestive heart failure; of 1.09 (95% CI, 1.06–1.12) with myocardial infarction; of 1.07 (95% CI, 1.04–1.09) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and of 1.07 (95% CI, 1.05–1.10) for diabetics.We also found that the effect varied by region, but that this was mostly explained by mean temperature, which is likely a surrogate of air conditioning use, and hence exposure. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that follows persons with specific chronic conditions, and shows that long-term ozone exposure is associated with increased risk of death in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Chiusolo M, Cadum E, Stafoggia M, Galassi C, Berti G, Faustini A, Bisanti L, Vigotti MA, Dessì MP, Cernigliaro A, Mallone S, Pacelli B, Minerba S, Simonato L, Forastiere F. Short-Term Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide on Mortality and Susceptibility Factors in 10 Italian Cities: The EpiAir Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1233-8. [PMID: 21586369 PMCID: PMC3230391 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown an association between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and mortality. In Italy, the EpiAir multicentric study, "Air Pollution and Health: Epidemiological Surveillance and Primary Prevention," investigated short-term health effects of air pollution, including NO2. OBJECTIVES To study the individual susceptibility, we evaluated the association between NO2 and cause-specific mortality, investigating individual sociodemographic features and chronic/acute medical conditions as potential effect modifiers. METHODS We considered 276,205 natural deaths of persons > 35 years of age, resident in 10 Italian cities, and deceased between 2001 and 2005. We chose a time-stratified case-crossover analysis to evaluate the short-term effects of NO2 on natural, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality. For each subject, we collected information on sociodemographic features and hospital admissions in the previous 2 years. Fixed monitors provided daily concentrations of NO2, particulate matter ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and ozone (O3). RESULTS We found statistically significant associations with a 10-μg/m3 increase of NO2 for natural mortality [2.09% for lag 0-5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.96-3.24], for cardiac mortality (2.63% for lag 0-5; 95% CI, 1.53-3.75), and for respiratory mortality (3.48% for lag 1-5; 95% CI, 0.75-6.29). These associations were independent from those of PM10 and O3. Stronger associations were estimated for subjects with at least one hospital admission in the 2 previous years and for subjects with three or more specific chronic conditions. Some cardiovascular conditions (i.e., ischemic heart disease, pulmonary circulation impairment, heart conduction disorders, heart failure) and diabetes appeared to confer a strong susceptibility to air pollution. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest significant and likely independent effects of NO2 on natural, cardiac, and respiratory mortality, particularly among subjects with specific cardiovascular preexisting chronic conditions and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Chiusolo
- Environmental Epidemiological Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Piedmont, Turin, Italy
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Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-Afonso J, Rodríguez S, Juárez-Prera RA, Arroyo-Ucar E, Jiménez-Sosa A, González Y, Abreu-González P, Avanzas P. Comparative Study of Ambient Air Particles in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure and Acute Coronary Syndrome. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE CARDIOLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2011; 64:661-666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-Afonso J, Rodríguez S, Juárez-Prera RA, Arroyo-Ucar E, Jiménez-Sosa A, González Y, Abreu-González P, Avanzas P. Comparative study of ambient air particles in patients hospitalized for heart failure and acute coronary syndrome. Rev Esp Cardiol 2011; 64:661-6. [PMID: 21652134 DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Currently air pollution is considered as an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to study the concentrations of particulate matter in ambient air and analyze their relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in patients admitted to a cardiology department of a tertiary hospital with the diagnosis of heart failure or acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS We analyzed 3950 consecutive patients admitted with the diagnosis of heart failure or ACS. We determined the average concentrations of different sizes of particulate matter (<10, <2.5, and <1 μm and ultrafine particles) from 1 day or up to 7 days prior to admission (1 to 7 days lag time). RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in mean concentrations of particulate matter <10, <2.5 and <1 μm in size in both populations. When comparing the concentrations of ultrafine particles of patients admitted due to heart failure and acute coronary syndrome, it was observed that the former had a tendency to have higher values (19 845.35 ± 8 806.49 vs 16 854.97 ± 8005.54 cm⁻³, P <.001). The multivariate analysis showed that ultrafine particles are a risk factor for admission for heart failure, after controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors (odds ratio=1.4; confidence interval 95%, from 1.15 to 1.66 P=.02). CONCLUSIONS In our study population, compared with patients with ACS, exposure to ultrafine particles is a precipitating factor for admission for heart failure.
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López-Villarrubia E, Ballester F, Iñiguez C, Peral N. Air pollution and mortality in the Canary Islands: a time-series analysis. Environ Health 2010; 9:8. [PMID: 20152037 PMCID: PMC2843667 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The island factor of the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, along with their proximity to Africa and their meteorology, create a particular setting that influences the air quality of these cities and provides researchers an opportunity to analyze the acute effects of air-pollutants on daily mortality. METHODS From 2000 to 2004, the relationship between daily changes in PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, and ozone levels and daily total mortality and mortality due to respiratory and heart diseases were assessed using Generalized Additive Poisson models controlled for potential confounders. The lag effect (up to five days) as well as the concurrent and previous day averages and distributed lag models were all estimated. Single and two pollutant models were also constructed. RESULTS Daily levels of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 were found to be associated with an increase in respiratory mortality in Santa Cruz de Tenerife and with increased heart disease mortality in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, thus indicating an association between daily ozone levels and mortality from heart diseases. The effects spread over five successive days. SO2 was the only air pollutant significantly related with total mortality (lag 0). CONCLUSIONS There is a short-term association between current exposure levels to air pollution and mortality (total as well as that due specifically to heart and respiratory diseases) in both cities. Risk coefficients were higher for respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, showing a delayed effect over several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena López-Villarrubia
- Dirección General de Salud Pública. Gobierno de Canarias, Alfonso XIII, 4. 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- CIBER en epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- Valencian School of Studies for Health-EVES c/Joan de Garay, 21; 46017 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Public Health Research (CSISP), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Iñiguez
- Valencian School of Studies for Health-EVES c/Joan de Garay, 21; 46017 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Public Health Research (CSISP), Valencia, Spain
| | - Nieves Peral
- Dirección General de Salud Pública. Gobierno de Canarias, Alfonso XIII, 4. 35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Valencian School of Studies for Health-EVES c/Joan de Garay, 21; 46017 Valencia, Spain
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Effets à court terme de la pollution atmosphérique sur la mortalité. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Srebot V, Gianicolo EAL, Rainaldi G, Trivella MG, Sicari R. Ozone and cardiovascular injury. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2009; 7:30. [PMID: 19552797 PMCID: PMC2706799 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-7-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is increasingly recognized as an important and modifiable determinant of cardiovascular diseases in urban communities. The potential detrimental effects are both acute and chronic having a strong impact on morbidity and mortality. The acute exposure to pollutants has been linked to adverse cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, heart failure and life-threatening arrhythmias. The long-terms effects are related to the lifetime risk of death from cardiac causes. The WHO estimates that air pollution is responsible for 3 million premature deaths each year. The evidence supporting these data is very strong nonetheless, epidemiologic and observational data have the main limitation of imprecise measurements. Moreover, the lack of clinical experimental models makes it difficult to demonstrate the individual risk. The other limitation is related to the lack of a clear mechanism explaining the effects of pollution on cardiovascular mortality. In the present review we will explore the epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence of the effects of ozone on cardiovascular diseases. The pathophysiologic consequences of air pollutant exposures have been extensively investigated in pulmonary systems, and it is clear that some of the major components of air pollution (e.g. ozone and particulate matter) can initiate and exacerbate lung disease in humans [1]. It is possible that pulmonary oxidant stress mediated by particulate matter and/or ozone (O3) exposure can result in downstream perturbations in the cardiovasculature, as the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems are intricately associated, and it is well documented that specific environmental toxins (such as tobacco smoke [2]) introduced through the lungs can initiate and/or accelerate cardiovascular disease development. Indeed, several epidemiologic studies have proved that there is an association between PM and O3 and the increased incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [3]. Most of the evidence comes from studies of ambient particles concentrations. However, in Europe and elsewhere, the air pollution profile has gradually changed toward a more pronounced photochemical component. Ozone is one of the most toxic components of the photochemical air pollution mixture. Indeed, the biological basis for these observations has not been elucidated. In the present review, the role of ozone as chemical molecule will be firstly considered. Secondly, pathogenetic mechanisms connecting the atmospheric ozone level and cardiovascular pathology will be examined. Thirdly, the literature relating hospitalization frequency, morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular causes and ozone concentration will be studied. The correlation between ozone level and occurrence of acute myocardial infarction will be eventually discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Srebot
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain subgroups in the general population, such as persons with existing cardiovascular or respiratory disease, may be more likely to experience adverse health effects from air pollution. METHODS In this European multicenter study, 25,006 myocardial infarction (MI) survivors in 5 cities were recruited from 1992 to 2002 via registers, and daily mortality was followed for 6 to 12 years in relation to ambient particulate and gaseous air pollution exposure. Daily air pollution levels were obtained from central monitor sites, and particle number concentrations were measured in 2001 and estimated retrospectively based on measured pollutants and meteorology. City-specific effect estimates from time-series analyses with Poisson regression were pooled over all 5 cities. RESULTS Particle number concentrations and PM10 averaged over 2 days (lag 0-1) were associated with increased total nontrauma mortality for patients of age 35 to 74 (5.6% [95% confidence interval, 2.8%-8.5%] per 10,000/cm and 5.1% [1.6%-9.3%] per 10 microg/m, respectively). For longer averaging times (5 and 15 days), carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide were also associated with mortality. There were no clear associations with ozone or sulfur dioxide. CONCLUSION Exposure to traffic-related air pollution was associated with daily mortality in MI survivors. Point estimates suggest a stronger effect of air pollution in MI survivors than among the general population.
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Crainiceanu CM, Dominici F, Parmigiani G. Adjustment uncertainty in effect estimation. Biometrika 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/biomet/asn015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Is there adaptation in the ozone mortality relationship: a multi-city case-crossover analysis. Environ Health 2008; 7:22. [PMID: 18513427 PMCID: PMC2429903 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone has been associated with daily mortality, mainly in the summer period. Despite the ample literature on adaptation of inflammatory and pulmonary responses to ozone, and the link, in cohort studies, between lung function and mortality risk there has been little done to date to examine the question of adaptation in the acute mortality risk associated with ambient ozone. METHODS We applied a case-crossover design in 48 US cities to examine the ozone effect by season, by month and by age groups, particularly focusing on whether there was an adaptation effect. RESULTS We found that the same day ozone effect was highest in summer with a 0.5% (95% CI: 0.38, 0.62) increase in total mortality for 10 ppb increase in 8-hr ozone, whilst the effect decrease to null in autumn and winter. We found higher effects in the months May- July with a 0.46% (95% CI: 0.24, 0.68) increase in total mortality for 10 ppb increase in ozone in June, and a 0.65% (95% CI: 0.47, 0.82) increase in mortality during July. The effect decreased in August and became null in September. We found similar effects from the age group 51-60 up to age 80 and a lower effect in 80 years and older. CONCLUSION The mortality effects of ozone appear diminished later in the ozone season, reaching the null effect previously reported in winter by September. More work should address this issue and examine the biological mechanism of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Exposure Epidemiology and Risk Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Exposure Epidemiology and Risk Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Min KB, Min JY, Cho SI, Paek D. The relationship between air pollutants and heart-rate variability among community residents in Korea. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:435-44. [PMID: 18302051 DOI: 10.1080/08958370801903834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution, both particulate and gaseous, is known to cause adverse health effects and is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. With a growing recognition in the importance of the autonomic nervous system in air pollution, we examined the effects of air pollutants, namely, particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric dioxide (NO2), on cardiac autonomic function by measuring heart-rate variability (HRV) among community residents. This study was conducted at Taein Island, located off the southern coast of South Korea; 1349 subjects (596 males and 753 females) were included in this analysis. Subjects responded to the interview about general characteristics and an HRV examination was conducted. Exposure data were collected from the Environmental Management Corporation during the same period of HRV measurement. Linear regression analyses were carried out to evaluate the association over 72 h, and the parameters of HRV indices were presented as the percentage change. The exposures to PM(10), SO(2), and NO2 were associated with reduced HRV indices, and significant decreases in the standard deviation of the normal to normal interval (SDNN) and low frequency (LF) domain effect, and the effect was largely continued until 12 h. Our results suggest that air pollutants stimulate the autonomic nervous system and provoke an imbalance in cardiac autonomic control. Thus, these subclinical effects may lead to pathological consequences, particularly in high-risk patients and susceptible subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Bok Min
- School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chen B, Kan H. Air pollution and population health: a global challenge. Environ Health Prev Med 2008. [PMID: 19568887 DOI: 10.1007/s12199‐007‐0018‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
"Air pollution and population health" is one of the most important environmental and public health issues. Economic development, urbanization, energy consumption, transportation/motorization, and rapid population growth are major driving forces of air pollution in large cities, especially in megacities. Air pollution levels in developed countries have been decreasing dramatically in recent decades. However, in developing countries and in countries in transition, air pollution levels are still at relatively high levels, though the levels have been gradually decreasing or have remained stable during rapid economic development. In recent years, several hundred epidemiological studies have emerged showing adverse health effects associated with short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants. Time-series studies conducted in Asian cities also showed similar health effects on mortality associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and ozone (O(3)) to those explored in Europe and North America. The World Health Organization (WHO) published the "WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs), Global Update" in 2006. These updated AQGs provide much stricter guidelines for PM, NO(2), SO(2) and O(3). Considering that current air pollution levels are much higher than the WHO-recommended AQGs, interim targets for these four air pollutants are also recommended for member states, especially for developing countries in setting their country-specific air quality standards. In conclusion, ambient air pollution is a health hazard. It is more important in Asian developing countries within the context of pollution level and population density. Improving air quality has substantial, measurable and important public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingheng Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, China.
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Air pollution and population health: a global challenge. Environ Health Prev Med 2008; 13:94-101. [PMID: 19568887 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-007-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
"Air pollution and population health" is one of the most important environmental and public health issues. Economic development, urbanization, energy consumption, transportation/motorization, and rapid population growth are major driving forces of air pollution in large cities, especially in megacities. Air pollution levels in developed countries have been decreasing dramatically in recent decades. However, in developing countries and in countries in transition, air pollution levels are still at relatively high levels, though the levels have been gradually decreasing or have remained stable during rapid economic development. In recent years, several hundred epidemiological studies have emerged showing adverse health effects associated with short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants. Time-series studies conducted in Asian cities also showed similar health effects on mortality associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and ozone (O(3)) to those explored in Europe and North America. The World Health Organization (WHO) published the "WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs), Global Update" in 2006. These updated AQGs provide much stricter guidelines for PM, NO(2), SO(2) and O(3). Considering that current air pollution levels are much higher than the WHO-recommended AQGs, interim targets for these four air pollutants are also recommended for member states, especially for developing countries in setting their country-specific air quality standards. In conclusion, ambient air pollution is a health hazard. It is more important in Asian developing countries within the context of pollution level and population density. Improving air quality has substantial, measurable and important public health benefits.
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