1
|
Guan R, Hu S, Li X, An S, Miao X, Li H. A TIL-Type Serine Protease Inhibitor Involved in Humoral Immune Response of Asian Corn Borer Ostrinia furnaculis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900129. [PMID: 35651613 PMCID: PMC9149172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the application value of insect endogenous protease and its inhibitor genes in pest control, we analyzed in detail the transcriptome sequence of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. We obtained 12 protease genes and 11 protease inhibitor genes, and comprehensively analyzed of their spatiotemporal expression by qRT-PCR. In which, a previous unstudied serine protease inhibitor gene attracted our attention. It belongs to the canonical serine proteinase inhibitor family, a trypsin inhibitor-like cysteine-rich domain (TIL)-type protease inhibitor, but its TIL domain lacks two cysteine residues, and it was named as ACB-TIL. Its expression level is relatively very low in the absence of pathogen stimulation, and can be up-regulated expression induced by Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), virus (BmNPV), and dsRNA (dsEGFP), but cannot be induced by fungus spores (Metarrhizium anisopliae). Prokaryotic expressed ACB-TIL protein can significantly inhibit the melanization in vitro. Injecting this protein into insect body can inhibit the production of antimicrobial peptides of attacin, lebocin and gloverin. Inhibition of ACB-TIL by RNAi can cause the responses of other immune-, protease- and inhibitor-related genes. ACB-TIL is primarily involved in Asian corn borer humoral immunity in responses to Gram-negative bacteria and viruses. This gene can be a potential target for pest control since this will mainly affect insect immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Guan
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoru Hu
- Biobank of Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiheng An
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuexia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Haichao Li
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The composition of insect hemolymph can change depending on many factors, e.g. access to nutrients, stress conditions, and current needs of the insect. In this chapter, insect immune-related polypeptides, which can be permanently or occasionally present in the hemolymph, are described. Their division into peptides or low-molecular weight proteins is not always determined by the length or secondary structure of a given molecule but also depends on the mode of action in insect immunity and, therefore, it is rather arbitrary. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with their role in immunity, modes of action, and classification are presented in the chapter, followed by a short description of some examples: cecropins, moricins, defensins, proline- and glycine-rich peptides. Further, we will describe selected immune-related proteins that may participate in immune recognition, may possess direct antimicrobial properties, or can be involved in the modulation of insect immunity by both abiotic and biotic factors. We briefly cover Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs), Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules (Dscam), Hemolin, Lipophorins, Lysozyme, Insect Metalloproteinase Inhibitor (IMPI), and Heat Shock Proteins. The reader will obtain a partial picture presenting molecules participating in one of the most efficient immune strategies found in the animal world, which allow insects to inhabit all ecological land niches in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Y, Wang Y, Li X, Peprah FA, Wang X, Liu H, Lin F, Gu J, Yu F, Shi H. Applying microarray-based technique to study and analyze silkworm (Bombyx mori) transcriptomic response to long-term high iron diet. Genomics 2018; 111:1504-1513. [PMID: 30391296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the biological processes affected by long-term iron supplementation, newly hatched silkworms were exposed to high iron mulberry diet (10 and 100 ppm) and its effect on silkworm transcriptom was determined. The results showed that the silkworm was responsive to iron by increasing iron concentration and ferritin levels in the hemolymph and by regulating the expression of many other genes. A total of 523 and 326 differentially expressed genes were identified in 10 and 100 ppm Fe group compared to the control, respectively. Of these genes, 249 were shared between in both the 10 ppm and 100 ppm Fe group, including 152 up-regulated and 97 down-regulated genes. These shared genes included 19 known Fe regulated, 24 immune-related, 12 serine proteases and serine proteases homologs, 41 cuticular and cuticle genes. Ten genes (carboxypeptidases A, serine protease homologs 85, fibrohexamerin/P25, transferrin, sex-specific storage-protein 2, fungal protease inhibitor F, insect intestinal mucin, peptidoglycan recognition protein B, cuticle protein CPH45, unknown gene) were involved in the regulation of iron overload responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Frank Addai Peprah
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, PR China
| | - Jie Gu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Feng Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Taniguchi M, Atiwetin P, Hirai T, Itoh M, Harada S, Hara S, Kamei K. Interaction of Subtilisin BPN′ and Recombinant Fungal Protease Inhibitor F from Silkworm with Substituted P1Site Residues. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:1262-4. [PMID: 16717433 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fungal protease inhibitor F (FPI-F) from silkworm inhibits subtilisin and fungal proteases. FPI-F mutants P(1) residues of which, Thr(29), were replaced with Glu, Phe, Gly, Leu, Met, and Arg, were prepared. The inhibitory activities of mutated FPI-F against subtilisin and other mammalian proteases indicated that FPI-F might be a specific inhibitor toward subtilisin-type protease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao P, Dong Z, Duan J, Wang G, Wang L, Li Y, Xiang Z, Xia Q. Genome-wide identification and immune response analysis of serine protease inhibitor genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31168. [PMID: 22348050 PMCID: PMC3278429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most insect species, a variety of serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) have been found in multiple tissues, including integument, gonad, salivary gland, and hemolymph, and are required for preventing unwanted proteolysis. These SPIs belong to different families and have distinct inhibitory mechanisms. Herein, we predicted and characterized potential SPI genes based on the genome sequences of silkworm, Bombyx mori. As a result, a total of eighty SPI genes were identified in B. mori. These SPI genes contain 10 kinds of SPI domains, including serpin, Kunitz_BPTI, Kazal, TIL, amfpi, Bowman-Birk, Antistasin, WAP, Pacifastin, and alpha-macroglobulin. Sixty-three SPIs contain single SPI domain while the others have at least two inhibitor units. Some SPIs also contain non-inhibitor domains for protein-protein interactions, including EGF, ADAM_spacer, spondin_N, reeler, TSP_1 and other modules. Microarray analysis showed that fourteen SPI genes from lineage-specific TIL family and Group F of serpin family had enriched expression in the silk gland. The roles of SPIs in resisting pathogens were investigated in silkworms when they were infected by four pathogens. Microarray and qRT-PCR experiments revealed obvious up-regulation of 8, 4, 3 and 3 SPI genes after infection with Escherichia coli, Bacillus bombysepticus, Beauveria bassiana or B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), respectively. On the contrary, 4, 11, 7 and 9 SPI genes were down-regulated after infection with E. coli, B. bombysepticus, B. bassiana or BmNPV, respectively. These results suggested that these SPI genes may be involved in resistance to pathogenic microorganisms. These findings may provide valuable information for further clarifying the roles of SPIs in the development, immune defence, and efficient synthesis of silk gland protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Horita S, Ishibashi J, Nagata K, Miyakawa T, Yamakawa M, Tanokura M. Isolation, cDNA cloning, and structure-based functional characterization of oryctin, a hemolymph protein from the coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, as a novel serine protease inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:30150-8. [PMID: 20630859 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.124735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated oryctin, a 66-residue peptide, from the hemolymph of the coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros and cloned its cDNA. Oryctin is dissimilar to any other known peptides in amino acid sequence, and its function has been unknown. To reveal that function, we determined the solution structure of recombinant (13)C,(15)N-labeled oryctin by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. Oryctin exhibits a fold similar to that of Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors but has a unique additional C-terminal α-helix. We performed protease inhibition assays of oryctin against several bacterial and eukaryotic proteases. Oryctin does inhibit the following serine proteases: α-chymotrypsin, endopeptidase K, subtilisin Carlsberg, and leukocyte elastase, with K(i) values of 3.9 × 10(-10) m, 6.2 × 10(-10) m, 1.4 × 10(-9) m, and 1.2 × 10(-8) m, respectively. Although the target molecule of oryctin in the beetle hemolymph remains obscure, our results showed that oryctin is a novel single domain Kazal-type inhibitor and could play a key role in protecting against bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Horita
- From the Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roy S, Aravind P, Madhurantakam C, Ghosh AK, Sankaranarayanan R, Das AK. Crystal structure of a fungal protease inhibitor from Antheraea mylitta. J Struct Biol 2009; 166:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Wojtaszek J, Kolaczkowska A, Kowalska J, Nowak K, Wilusz T. LTCI, a novel chymotrypsin inhibitor of the potato I family from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Purification, cDNA cloning, and expression. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 143:465-72. [PMID: 16469515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel chymotrypsin inhibitor of the potato I protease inhibitor family from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris was purified. The inhibitor, named LTCI, was isolated by methanol extraction, affinity chromatography on immobilized methylchymotrypsin, and ion exchange chromatography followed by RP-HPLC. The 7076 Da inhibitor consists of a single polypeptide chain of 64-amino-acid residues without disulfide bridges. LTCI is the first of the potato I protease inhibitors with Tyr in position P1 of the reactive site. cDNA analysis revealed that LTCI is produced as a 86-amino-acid precursor with a 22-amino-acid secretory signal peptide. RT-PCR analysis demonstrates that LTCI mRNA is expressed in body wall, intestine, and coelomocytes. The recombinant LTCI was produced in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with intein and chitin binding domain using IMPACT-CN system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wojtaszek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rawlings ND, Tolle DP, Barrett AJ. Evolutionary families of peptidase inhibitors. Biochem J 2004; 378:705-16. [PMID: 14705960 PMCID: PMC1224039 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteins that inhibit peptidases are of great importance in medicine and biotechnology, but there has never been a comprehensive system of classification for them. Some of the terminology currently in use is potentially confusing. In the hope of facilitating the exchange, storage and retrieval of information about this important group of proteins, we now describe a system wherein the inhibitor units of the peptidase inhibitors are assigned to 48 families on the basis of similarities detectable at the level of amino acid sequence. Then, on the basis of three-dimensional structures, 31 of the families are assigned to 26 clans. A simple system of nomenclature is introduced for reference to each clan, family and inhibitor. We briefly discuss the specificities and mechanisms of the interactions of the inhibitors in the various families with their target enzymes. The system of families and clans of inhibitors described has been implemented in the MEROPS peptidase database (http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/), and this will provide a mechanism for updating it as new information becomes available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Rawlings
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boigegrain RA, Pugnière M, Paroutaud P, Castro B, Brehélin M. Low molecular weight serine protease inhibitors from insects are proteins with highly conserved sequences. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 30:145-152. [PMID: 10696590 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(99)00109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A low molecular weight protease inhibitor peptide found in ovaries of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (SGPI-2), was purified from plasma of the same locust and sequenced. It was named SGCI. It was found active towards chymotrypsin and human leukocyte elastase. SGCI was synthesized using a solid-phase procedure and the sequence of its reactive site for chymotrypsin was determined. Compared with an inhibitor purified earlier from another locust species, the total sequence of SGCI showed 88% identity. In particular, the sequence of the reactive site of these inhibitors was identical. Our search for a closely related peptide in an insect species far removed from locusts, the lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis, was unfruitful but a different chymotrypsin inhibitor, belonging to the Kazal family, was found whose mass is greater than that of SGCI (20 vs 3.6 kDa). Its N-terminal sequence shares 80% identity with that of a chymotrypsin inhibitor purified earlier from the haemolymph of another lepidopteran. Conservation of the amino acid sequence in the reactive site seems to be an exception among protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Boigegrain
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Comparée, INRA-CNRS, UMR 5087, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yamakawa M, Tanaka H. Immune proteins and their gene expression in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 23:281-289. [PMID: 10426422 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Several self-defense proteins have been isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori and their amino acid sequences determined. These proteins include novel antibacterial proteins designated lebocin and moricin, and a novel lectin designated hemocytin, an insect homologue of mammalian von Willebrand factor. Antibacterial mechanisms of lebocin and moricin have been analyzed and their ability to form ion channels in bacterial membranes play an important role in defense against bacterial infection. cDNAs and genes encoding these proteins have been cloned to examine their induction mechanisms upon bacterial infection. Regulatory motifs such as the kappaB-like and GATA sequence have been identified in the B. mori antibacterial proteins. On the other hand, hemocytin gene expression was confirmed to occur upon bacterial infection and before pupation under naive conditions, suggesting that hemocytin plays an important role in both immunity and metamorphosis. Moreover, this review also describes the releasing mechanisms of a bacterial cell wall component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from intact bacteria, clearance of LPS from B. mori hemolymph and a possible signal transduction pathway for antibacterial protein gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yamakawa
- Laboratory of Biological Defense, National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kanost MR. Serine proteinase inhibitors in arthropod immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 23:291-301. [PMID: 10426423 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod hemolymph contains proteins with serine proteinase inhibitory activity. These inhibitors may exist in plasma or in hemocyte granules. Serine proteinase inhibitors from the Kazal, Kunitz, alpha-macroglobulin, and serpin families have been identified in arthropod hemolymph and have been characterized biochemically. Two new families of low molecular weight serine proteinase inhibitors have recently been discovered: one in silkworms (the Bombyx family) and another in locusts and a crayfish. The serine proteinase inhibitors in arthropod hemolymph are likely to function in protecting their hosts from infection by pathogens or parasites. Some may inhibit fungal or bacterial proteinases. Others probably have roles in regulating endogenous proteinases involved in coagulation, prophenol oxidase activation, or cytokine activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vilcinskas A, Götz P. Parasitic Fungi and their Interactions with the Insect Immune System. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|