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Das A, Jana G, Sing S, Basu A. Insights into the interaction and inhibitory action of palmatine on lysozyme fibrillogenesis: Spectroscopic and computational studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131703. [PMID: 38643915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Interaction under amyloidogenic condition between naturally occurring protoberberine alkaloid palmatine and hen egg white lysozyme was executed by adopting spectrofluorometric and theoretical molecular docking and dynamic simulation analysis. In spetrofluorometric method, different types of experiments were performed to explore the overall mode and mechanism of interaction. Intrinsic fluorescence quenching of lysozyme (Trp residues) by palmatine showed effective binding interaction and also yielded different binding parameters like binding constant, quenching constant and number of binding sites. Synchronous fluorescence quenching and 3D fluorescence map revealed that palmatine was able to change the microenvironment of the interacting site. Fluorescence life time measurements strongly suggested that this interaction was basically static in nature. Molecular docking result matched with fluorimetric experimental data. Efficient drug like interaction of palmatine with lysozyme at low pH and high salt concentration prompted us to analyze its antifibrillation potential. Different assays and microscopic techniques were employed for detailed analysis of lysozyme amyloidosis.Thioflavin T(ThT) assay, Congo Red (CR) assay, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) assay, Nile Red (NR) assay, anisotropy and intrinsic fluorescence measurements confirmed that palmatine successfully retarded and reduced lysozyme fibrillation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) further reiterated the excellent antiamyloidogenic potency of palmatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Das
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, India
| | - Gouranga Jana
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, India
| | - Shukdeb Sing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, India
| | - Anirban Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, India.
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2
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Pavani P, Kumar K, Rani A, Venkatesu P, Lee MJ. The influence of sodium phosphate buffer on the stability of various proteins: Insights into protein-buffer interactions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Attri P, Kaushik NK, Kaushik N, Hammerschmid D, Privat-Maldonado A, De Backer J, Shiratani M, Choi EH, Bogaerts A. Plasma treatment causes structural modifications in lysozyme, and increases cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1724-1736. [PMID: 34051258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial and mammalian proteins, such as lysozyme, are gaining increasing interest as anticancer drugs. This study aims to modify the lysozyme structure using cold atmospheric plasma to boost its cancer cell killing effect. We investigated the structure at acidic and neutral pH using various experimental techniques (circular dichroism, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry) and molecular dynamics simulations. The controlled structural modification of lysozyme at neutral pH enhances its activity, while the activity was lost at acidic pH at the same treatment conditions. Indeed, a larger number of amino acids were oxidized at acidic pH after plasma treatment, which results in a greater distortion of the lysozyme structure, whereas only limited structural changes were observed in lysozyme after plasma treatment at neutral pH. We found that the plasma-treated lysozyme significantly induced apoptosis to the cancer cells. Our results reveal that plasma-treated lysozyme could have potential as a new cancer cell killing drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Attri
- Center of Plasma Nano-interface Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Dietmar Hammerschmid
- Research Group PPES, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Joey De Backer
- Research Group PPES, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Masaharu Shiratani
- Center of Plasma Nano-interface Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Behera K, Wani FA, Bhat AR, Juneja S, Banjare MK, Pandey S, Patel R. Behavior of lysozyme within ionic liquid-in-water microemulsions. J Mol Liq 2021; 326:115350. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
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5
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Behera K, Wani FA, Bhat AR, Juneja S, Banjare MK, Pandey S, Patel R. Behavior of lysozyme within ionic liquid-in-water microemulsions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Kabir A, Jash C, Payghan PV, Ghoshal N, Kumar GS. Polyamines and its analogue modulates amyloid fibrillation in lysozyme: A comparative investigation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129557. [PMID: 32045632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamines can induce protein aggregation that can be related to the physiology of the cellular function. Polyamines have been implicated in protein aggregation which may lead to neuropathic and non neuropathic amyloidosis. SCOPE OF REVIEW Change in the level of polyamine concentration has been associated with ageing and neurodegeneration such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease. Lysozyme aggregation in the presence of polyamines leads to non neuropathic amyloidosis. Polyamine analogues can suppress or inhibit protein aggregation suggesting their efficacy against amyloidogenic protein aggregates. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In this study we report the comparative interactions of lysozyme with the polyamine analogue, 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine in comparison with the biogenic polyamines through spectroscopy, calorimetry, imaging and docking techniques. The findings revealed that the affinity of binding varied as spermidine > 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine > spermine. The biogenic polyamines accelerated the rate of fibrillation significantly, whereas the analogue inhibited the rate of fibrillation to a considerable extent. The polyamines bind near the catalytic diad residues viz. Glu35 and Asp52, and in close proximity of Trp62 residue. However, the analogue showed dual nature of interaction where its alkyl amine region bind in same way as the biogenic polyamines bind to the catalytic site, while the naphthyl group makes hydrophobic contacts with Trp62 and Trp63, thereby suggesting its direct influence on fibrillation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study, thus, potentiates, the development of a polyamine analogue that can perform as an effective inhibitor targeted towards aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kabir
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Chandrima Jash
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Pavan V Payghan
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Nanda Ghoshal
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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7
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Kumari M, Singh UK, Beg I, Alanazi AM, Khan AA, Patel R. Effect of cations and anions of ionic liquids on the stability and activity of lysozyme: Concentration and temperature effect. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Basu A, Suresh Kumar G. Binding and Inhibitory Effect of the Dyes Amaranth and Tartrazine on Amyloid Fibrillation in Lysozyme. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1222-1239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b10465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Basu
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Basu A, Suresh Kumar G. Interaction and inhibitory influence of the azo dye carmoisine on lysozyme amyloid fibrillogenesis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00207f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The azo dye carmoisine has a significant inhibitory effect on fibrillogenesis in lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Basu
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
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Exploration of electrostatic interaction in the hydrophobic pocket of lysozyme: Importance of ligand-induced perturbation of the secondary structure on the mode of binding of exogenous ligand and possible consequences. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:253-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Millan S, Satish L, Kesh S, Chaudhary YS, Sahoo H. Interaction of Lysozyme with Rhodamine B: A combined analysis of spectroscopic & molecular docking. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:248-257. [PMID: 27390893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of Rhodamine B (RB) with Lysozyme (Lys) was investigated by different optical spectroscopic techniques such as absorption, fluorescence, and circular-dichroism (CD), along with molecular docking studies. The fluorescence results (including steady-state and time-resolved mode) revealed that the addition of RB effectively causes strong quenching of intrinsic fluorescence in Lysozyme and mostly, by the static quenching mechanism. Different binding and thermodynamic parameters were calculated at different temperatures and the binding constant value was found to be 2963.54Lmol(-1) at 25°C. The average distance (r0) was found to be 3.31nm according to Förster's theory of non-radiative energy transfer between Lysozyme and RB. The conformational change in Lysozyme during interaction with RB was confirmed from absorbance, synchronous fluorescence, and circular dichroism measurements. Finally, molecular docking studies were done to confirm that the dye binds with Lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabera Millan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Lakkoji Satish
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Sandeep Kesh
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Yatendra S Chaudhary
- Colloids and Materials Chemistry Department, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Harekrushna Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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12
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Jash C, Payghan PV, Ghoshal N, Suresh Kumar G. Binding of the Iminium and Alkanolamine Forms of Sanguinarine to Lysozyme: Spectroscopic Analysis, Thermodynamics, and Molecular Modeling Studies. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13077-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5068704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Jash
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division and ‡Structural Biology
and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Pavan V. Payghan
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division and ‡Structural Biology
and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Nanda Ghoshal
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division and ‡Structural Biology
and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division and ‡Structural Biology
and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
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13
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Jash C, Kumar GS. Binding of alkaloids berberine, palmatine and coralyne to lysozyme: a combined structural and thermodynamic study. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46053c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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14
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Wang G, Wang L, Tang W, Hao X, Wang Y, Lu Y. Binding of Quercetin to Lysozyme as Probed by Spectroscopic Analysis and Molecular Simulation. J Fluoresc 2011; 21:1879-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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The interaction of bovine milk caseins with the detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate. II. The effect of detergent binding on spectral properties of caseins. J DAIRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900013315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe dissociation of casein aggregates by the detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) gave rise to difference spectra and these spectra were characteristic for each of the different types of casein. Increase in absorption by the chromophore groups, tyrosine and tryptophan, when αs1- and β-casein aggregates were dissociated indicated binding of the detergent at regions of the molecule containing these residues. A decrease in absorption when κ-casein was dissociated indicated that the tyrosine and tryptophan residues were not in the region of the molecule to which the detergent was bound and that in the κ-casein aggregate these residues were in a more hydrophobic environment. Peaks on the difference spectra were obtained at 280 and 288 nm for αs1-casein and 284 and 291 nm for β-casein and troughs at 278 and 286 nm for κ-casein. The difference spectrum reached a maximum value when the αsl- and β-casein aggregates were dissociated and the further binding of SDS did not alter this value. The large negative change in the difference spectrum of κ-casein did not occur until after most of the aggregates were dissociated and did not reach a maximum until binding with SDS was complete. The value obtained for ΔOD was found to be temperature-dependent for β-casein-SDS interaction, but not for αs1- and κ-casein. Changes in spectra were also observed when αs1- and κ-casein interacted to form aggregates. The data obtained confirmed the importance of hydrophobic binding in casein aggregate formation and indicated the possible involvement of tyrosine and tryptophan residues in this binding.
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16
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Hiromi K. Recent developments in the stopped-flow method for the study of fast reactions. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 26:137-64. [PMID: 6446646 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110461.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Abstract
I have pursued research on lysozymes for 42 years. During that time, I made Several new findings, some of them by chance. My enjoyment of the following areas is reviewed: the story of tryptophan; protease digestion mechanisms; peptide mapping with RP-HPLC; gene engineering; renaturation of protein; catalytic residues; fluctuation and function; stabilization; folding; antigenecity; tolerance; and various lysozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Imoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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18
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Willis MS, Klassen LW, Tuma DJ, Sorrell MF, Thiele GM. Adduction of soluble proteins with malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) induces antibody production and enhances T-cell proliferation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002. [PMID: 11821659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alcohol metabolites malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde can combine to form stable adducts (MAA) which are found in the livers of humans and rats after significant alcohol ingestion. While adducted proteins induce antibody responses in the absence of adjuvants, the mechanisms by which these responses occur are unknown. Thus, it was the purpose of these studies to investigate how MAA modification stimulates antibody and T-cell responses in the absence of adjuvants. METHODS Hen egg lysozyme (HEL) was modified with increasing levels of MAA and was used as an immunogen, and antibody and T-cell responses were determined. The role of scavenger receptors in the immunogenicity of MAA-adducted proteins was also investigated. RESULTS Maximum antibody response was induced after immunization with 1.8 nM MAA/nM HEL, and was primarily an IgG1 response to HEL as determined by inhibition ELISAs. T-cell proliferative responses after immunization with HEL-MAA were solely to HEL. Immunization with a scavenger receptor ligand in conjunction with HEL-MAA increased the predominant IgG1 response and sharply decreased the IgG2a response by approximately 50%. Binding of HEL-MAA by splenocytes was determined by flow cytometry to be approximately 15% greater than HEL alone, showing a doubling of the geometric mean fluorescence. Also, most of the cells that bound HEL-MAA were class II positive, indicating that antigen-presenting cells can bind the MAA-adducted HEL, and potentially initiate immune responses. CONCLUSIONS MAA modification of proteins induces antibody and T-cell proliferative responses in vivo. Initial studies suggest that these responses may be mediated by scavenger receptors that recognize MAA-adducted proteins. This suggests a mechanism by which proteins modified with oxidative products associated with chronic ethanol consumption may alter immune responses that may play an active role in the development and/or progression of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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19
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Adduction of Soluble Proteins with Malondialdehyde-Acetaldehyde (MAA) Induces Antibody Production and Enhances T-Cell Proliferation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00000374-200201000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Williams DC, Rule GS, Poljak RJ, Benjamin DC. Reduction in the amide hydrogen exchange rates of an anti-lysozyme Fv fragment due to formation of the Fv-lysozyme complex. J Mol Biol 1997; 270:751-62. [PMID: 9245602 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Fv fragment of the monoclonal antibody D1.3 was expressed in bacteria. Standard triple resonance techniques were used to obtain the NMR resonance assignments for 211 out of 215 backbone 15N/NH atoms for D1.3 Fv. Using these assignments, hydrogen exchange rates are measured for 82 amide hydrogen atoms in D1.3 Fv free and bound to hen egg-white lysozyme. Upon binding to antigen, exchange rates are decreased for residues throughout the Fv. Many of these residues are located remote from the site of interaction with the antigen. These changes are larger than previously observed for the antigen portion of the complex. Evidently, the beta-sheet structure of the Fv propagates the effects of binding more efficiently than the antigen. These effects are compared between the three different polypeptide chains that make up the complex. These data suggest that reduced dynamics are a general feature of antibody binding to antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Williams
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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21
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Abstract
As the most extensively investigated model protein, the protein engineering of lysozyme is described. By utilizing modifications made possible by chemical or gene engineering methods, we can get a better understanding of protein behaviour and we can also improve their properties. The results of the protein engineering of lysozyme are described, which give some ideas for a better understanding of the physiological function of proteins, their stabilization, and how to engineer a novel protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Lian C, Le H, Montez B, Patterson J, Harrell S, Laws D, Matsumura I, Pearson J, Oldfield E. Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of fluorophenylalanine- and fluorotryptophan-labeled avian egg white lysozymes. Biochemistry 1994; 33:5238-45. [PMID: 8172898 DOI: 10.1021/bi00183a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the 470-MHz (11.7 T) 19F solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 2-, 3-, and 4-fluorophenylalanine incorporated into the egg white lysozymes (EC 3.2.1.17) of chicken, pheasant, and duck, as well as spectra of 4-fluorotryptophan incorporated into chicken, California valley quail, and Bob White quail and 5- and 6-fluorotryptophan-labeled chicken lysozyme. The 19F solution NMR spectrum of [4-F]Phe hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) consists of three sharp resonances, which span a total chemical shift range of 4.8 ppm (at p2H = 6.1). For [3-F]Phe HEWL, the chemical shift range is much smaller, 1.0 ppm (at p2H = 5.9), due presumably to the occurrence of fast phenyl ring flips about the C beta-C gamma bond axis. For [2-F]Phe HEWL, six resonances are observed, spanning a chemical shift range of 7.4 ppm (at p2H = 5.8), due to slow C beta-C gamma ring flips, i.e., both ring-flip isomers appear to be "frozen in" because of steric hindrance. Rotation of the [2-F]Phe residues remains slow up to 55 degrees C (p2H = 4.7). With the [F]Trp-labeled proteins, we find a maximal 14.6-ppm shielding range for [4-F]Trp HEWL but only a 2.8- and 2.4-ppm range for [5- and 6-F]Trp HEWL, respectively, due presumably to increased solvent exposure in the latter cases. Guanidinium chloride denaturation causes loss of essentially all chemical shift nonequivalence, as does thermal denaturation. Spectra recorded as a function of pH show relatively small chemical shift changes (< 1.4 ppm) over the pH range of approximately 1.2-7.8.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801
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23
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Functional and structural role of a tryptophan generally observed in protein-carbohydrate interaction. TRP-62 of hen egg white lysozyme. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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24
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May JM, Qu ZC, Beechem JM. Tryptic digestion of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter: effects on ligand binding and tryptophan fluorescence. Biochemistry 1993; 32:9524-31. [PMID: 8373759 DOI: 10.1021/bi00088a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The conformation of the human erythrocyte glucose transport protein has been shown to determine its susceptibility to enzymatic cleavage on a large cytoplasmic loop. We took the converse approach and investigated the effects of tryptic digestion on the conformational structure of this protein. Exhaustive tryptic digestion of protein-depleted erythrocyte ghosts decreased the affinity of the residual transporter for cytochalasin B by 3-fold but did not affect the total number of binding sites. Tryptic digestion also increased the affinity of the residual transporter for D-glucose and inward-binding sugar phenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside but decreased that for the outward-binding 4,6-O-ethylidene glucose. These results suggest that tryptic cleavage stabilized the remaining transporter in an inward-facing conformation, but one with decreased affinity for cytochalasin B. The steady-state fluorescence emission scan of the purified reconstituted glucose transport protein was unaffected by tryptic digestion. Addition of increasing concentrations of potassium iodide resulted in linear Stern-Volmer plots, which were also unaffected by prior tryptic digestion. The tryptophan oxidant N-bromosuccinimide was investigated to provide a more sensitive measure of tryptophan environment. This agent irreversibly inhibited 3-O-methylglucose transport in intact erythrocytes and cytochalasin B binding in protein-depleted ghosts, with a half-maximal effect observed for each activity at about 0.3-0.4 nM. Treatment of purified glucose transport protein with N-bromosuccinimide resulted in a time-dependent quench of tryptophan fluorescence, which was resolved into two components by nonlinear regression using global analysis. Tryptic digestion retarded the rate of oxidation of the more slowly reacting class of tryptophans. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J M May
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2230
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25
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Kumagai I, Maenaka K, Sunada F, Takeda S, Miura K. Effects of subsite alterations on substrate-binding mode in the active site of hen egg-white lysozyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 212:151-6. [PMID: 8444153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The subsite structures in the active site of hen egg-white lysozyme were altered by site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of Trp62, which is involved in apolar interaction with a sugar ring, and Asp101, which is hydrogen bonded to the same sugar ring in subsite B, led to a shift of the oligosaccharide-binding mode in the active-site cleft. Consequently, the double-mutant lysozyme (Trp62His, Asp101Gly) exhibited a drastic change of substrate-binding without any significant loss of enzymic activity. Conversion of Asn37, which is postulated to be involved in interaction with a sugar ring in subsite F, had a reverse effect on substrate binding. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of mutant lysozymes, in which Trp62 was replaced with Phe or His, suggested that these replacements not only altered the structure of the amino acid chain at position 62 of the lysozyme, but also induced local structural changes around the residue at position 62.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kumagai
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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26
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Muraki M, Harata K, Jigami Y. Dissection of the functional role of structural elements of tyrosine-63 in the catalytic action of human lysozyme. Biochemistry 1992; 31:9212-9. [PMID: 1390708 DOI: 10.1021/bi00153a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of tyrosine-63 in the catalytic action of human lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) has been probed by site-directed mutagenesis. In order to identify the role of Tyr63 in the interaction with substrate, both the three-dimensional structures and the enzymatic functions of the mutants, in which Tyr63 was converted to phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine, or alanine, have been characterized in comparison with those of the wild-type enzyme. X-ray crystallographical analysis of the mutant enzyme at not less than 1.77-A resolution indicated no remarkable change in tertiary structure except the side chain of 63rd residue. The conversion of Tyr63 to Phe or Trp did not change the enzymatic properties against the noncharged substrate (or substrate analogs) largely, while the conversion to Leu or Ala markedly reduced the catalytic activity to a few percent of wild-type enzyme. Kinetic analysis using p-nitrophenyl penta-N-acetyl-beta-(1----4)-chitopentaoside (PNP-(GlcNAc)5) as a substrate revealed that the reduction of activity should mainly be attributed to the reduction of affinity between enzyme and substrate. The apparent contribution of the phenolic hydroxyl group and the phenol group in the side chain of Tyr63 was estimated to 0.4 +/- 0.4 and 2.5 +/- 0.8 kcal mol-1, respectively. The result suggested that the direct contact between the planar side-chain group of Tyr63 and the sugar residue at subsite B is a major determinant of binding specificity toward a electrostatically neutral substrate in the catalytic action of human lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muraki
- Biological Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, Ibaraki, Japan
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27
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Kumagai I, Sunada F, Takeda S, Miura K. Redesign of the substrate-binding site of hen egg white lysozyme based on the molecular evolution of C-type lysozymes. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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28
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Yamazaki M, Ohnishi T, Ichikawa Y. Selective chemical modification of amino acid residues in the flavin adenine dinucleotide binding site of NADPH-ferredoxin reductase. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:223-8. [PMID: 1733787 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. An apo-NADPH-ferredoxin reductase was prepared from holo-NADPH-ferredoxin reductase (EC 1.18.1.2) from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. 2. Amino acid residues of the apo-reductase were modified selectively, to identify the FAD-binding site of the reductase, with chemical reagents such as diethylpyrocarbonate, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), tetranitromethane, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, p-nitrophenylglyoxal, diisopropylfluorophosphate and N-bromosuccinimide. The binding of FAD to the apo-reductase was measured as quenching of the fluorescence of FAD caused by the binding between apo-reductase and FAD. The quenching was blocked when the apo-reductase was modified with diethylpyrocarbonate and restored on the addition of hydroxylamine. 3. The blocking of the quenching occurred in a competitive manner as to FAD in the presence of diethylpyrocarbonate. However, when the apo-reductase was modified with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), the blocking of the quenching occurred in a non-competitive manner. 4. These results suggested that a histidyl residue of the apo-reductase is essential for the binding of FAD to the reductase. This was confirmed by amino acid sequencing of the modified apo-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa Medical School, Japan
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29
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Kaneko S, Ichiba T, Hirano N, Hachimori A. Modification of a single tryptophan of the inorganic pyrophosphatase from thermophilic bacterium PS-3: possible involvement in its substrate binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1077:281-4. [PMID: 1851440 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) on the activity of the inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPiase) from thermophilic bacterium PS-3 was studied. The enzyme was almost completely inactivated on chemical modification with NBS, depending upon the concentration of NBS. The presence of a complex of Mg2+ and a substrate analogue, imidodiphosphate (PNP), provided extensive protection against the inactivation, whereas Mg2+ or PNP alone showed no protective effect. Amino acid analysis of the NBS-modified enzyme after hydrolysis with 6 M HCl indicated no change in the amino acid composition. However, the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) bands around 293 nm due to the tryptophan residue and the optical density at 280 nm, decreased concomitantly with modification by NBS. These results strongly suggested that the tryptophan residue at position 143, which is the only tryptophan residue per subunit in the thermophilic PPiase (Ichiba, T., Takenaka, O., Samejima, T. and Hachimori, A. (1990) J. Biochem. 108, 572-578), might be involved in the active site or be located in the vicinity of the active site. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum in the far ultraviolet region showed no significant alteration during the modification, indicating that the polypeptide chain backbone of the enzyme remained unaltered. However, the modification considerably altered the CD bands in, the near ultraviolet region, indicating that a conformational change occurred in the vicinity of the active site in the enzyme molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaneko
- Institute of High Polymer Research, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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30
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Toda H, Sakiyama F, Yoh M, Honda T, Miwatani T. Tryptophan 65 is essential for hemolytic activity of the thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Toxicon 1991; 29:837-44. [PMID: 1926183 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(91)90220-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of modification of aromatic and ionizable amino acid residues on the hemolytic activity of a thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus was examined. Tryptophan 65, one of the two tryptophan residues per subunit, was specifically modified with N-bromosuccinimide, resulting in complete loss of hemolytic activity. However, neither nitration with tetranitromethane of one of the nine tyrosine residues nor Nlm-ethoxyformylation of two of the four histidine residues caused any change in hemolytic activity. The hemolysin was fully active upon amidation of two reactive carboxyl group. On the other hand, acetylation of amino groups and the modification of one of the three arginine residues with 1,2-cyclohexanedione resulted in a partial loss of the hemolytic activity. The results suggest that Trp65 is essential for the hemolytic activity of V. parahaemolyticus hemolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Toda
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan
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31
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Ohnishi M, Kawagishi T, Hiromi K. Stopped-flow chemical modification with N-bromosuccinimide: a good probe for changes in the microenvironment of the Trp 62 residue of chicken egg white lysozyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 272:46-51. [PMID: 2735767 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The stopped-flow chemical modification with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) of Trp 62 of hen (chicken) egg white lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) was found to depend greatly on pH: it was not observed at pH's above 7, but it was observed at pH's lower than 6. In addition, at pH's between 6 and 7 the NBS modification showed a delta epsilon pH profile similar to a "titration curve," giving a pK (congruent to 6.5) nearly equal to the pK (congruent to 6.2) of a catalytic residue, Glu 35. The stopped-flow chemical (NBS) modification of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester, a model compound of Trp 62, does not depend on pH at the pH's examined, approximately 3.5-8.5. These experimental results suggest that a change in the state of Trp 62 at Subsite C is induced by protonation-deprotonation of an ionizable residue, which could be Glu 35 (catalytic site), indicating that stopped-flow NBS modification is a good probe for detection of changes in the micorenvironment around the tryptophan residue(s) of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohnishi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Kyoto, Japan
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32
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33
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Muraki M, Morikawa M, Jigami Y, Tanaka H. The roles of conserved aromatic amino-acid residues in the active site of human lysozyme: a site-specific mutagenesis study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 916:66-75. [PMID: 3663686 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(87)90211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to probe the roles of Tyr-63, Trp-64 and Trp-109 in the active site of human lysozyme (peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17), six human lysozymes containing a mutation, Tyr-63 to Leu, Trp-64 to Phe or Tyr, Trp-109 to Phe or Tyr, and Glu-35 to Asp, were newly synthesized and their immunological and enzymatical activities were examined in comparison with the native enzyme. Enzymatic characterization indicated: (i) that the existences of an aromatic residue at position 63 and a tryptophan residue at position 64 are essential for the effective hydrolysis of glycol chitin substrate, but not for the lysis of bacterial substrate; (ii) that the conversion of Trp-109 to Phe or Tyr reduces the maximal velocity of the lytic reaction to 25% of the wild-type enzyme; however, the apparent affinity constant is not affected. Further, the difference between the activity against the charged substrate and that against the non-charged substrate was discussed from a viewpoint of the electrostatic interaction between enzyme and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muraki
- National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, Yatabe, Ibaraki, Japan
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34
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Clarke AJ, Yaguchi M. Difference spectrophotometric study on the interaction of cellulase from Schizophyllum commune with substrate and inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(86)90247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Yamada H, Fukumura T, Ito Y, Imoto T. Chitin-coated Celite as an affinity adsorbent for high-performance liquid chromatography of lysozyme. Anal Biochem 1985; 146:71-4. [PMID: 2986484 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of chitin-coated Celite as an affinity adsorbent for high-performance liquid chromatography of lysozymes and its application to separation of N-bromosuccinimide-oxidized lysozymes are described. By pH gradient elution, two diastereomers of oxindolealanine-62-lysozyme, delta 1-acetoxytryptophan-62-lysozyme (intermediate product in the reaction in acetate buffer), and native lysozyme were all separated within 40 min.
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36
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Abstract
A fluorescence polarization (FP) technique was applied to the assay of lysozyme activity in human urine. In this assay system, reaction between enzyme and fluorescein-labelled substrate produced a decrease in the fluorescein polarization (P) value. Enzyme activity and rate of decrease of P value exhibited a hyperbolic proportionality between 0.01 mg/L and 10.0 mg/L of lysozyme concentration. The method was compared with a turbidimetric method and the results were comparable with each other. Urinary lysozyme activity in patients with various renal diseases whose renal function had deteriorated was 1.04 +/- 2.55 mg/L (mean +/- S.D.), whereas that of normal controls was 0.13 +/- 0.14 mg/L.
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37
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Datta G, Gurnani S. Involvement of tryptophan residues of lysozyme in its binding with cytosine arabinoside. Biochem Pharmacol 1984; 33:3125-9. [PMID: 6487363 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(84)90067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine-1-beta-D-arabinofuronaside, an antileukemic drug and hen egg white lysozyme (E.C. 3.2.1.17) form a 1:1 complex with Ka 1.2 X 10(4) M-1 at low drug concentrations. However, association was cooperative in nature at high concentrations with values of Ka = 1.8 X 10(4) M-1 and N = 2. Involvement of tryptophan in the drug protein complex was evident from fluorescence quenching and from the association of the drug with free tryptophan with a Ka = 1.5 X 10(4) M-1. Modification of tryptophan 108 reduced the binding by 89% suggesting a major role for this residue in the binding process. Oxidation of tryptophan 62 and acetylation of lysine residues also decreased the affinity of the drug to the protein by 55 and 66% respectively. Binding improved with increase in temperature and positive values for change in enthalpy and entropy were obtained. Ara-C inhibited lysozyme activity noncompetitively.
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38
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Ohno N, Suzuki I, Miyazaki T, Yadomae T. Requirement of anionic groups for the mitogenicity of a fungal mitogen, vesiculogen. Microbiol Immunol 1984; 28:821-30. [PMID: 6333576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1984.tb00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Active site(s) of a B-cell mitogen, vesiculogen, was investigated by means of chemical and enzymic modifications. Vesiculogen is a non-dialyzable fraction of a hot water extract from a fungus, Peziza vesiculosa (Yadomae et al, Microbiol. Immunol. 23, 997 (1979], and was composed of protein (approximately 60%), carbohydrate (approximately 30%), and a small amount of amino sugar, uronic acid, phosphate, and lipid. The mitogenicity was not affected by periodate oxidation, N-acylation, defatting treatment, destruction of the three dimensional structure, protease digestion, nuclease digestion, N-bromosuccinimide treatment, and beta-mercaptoethanol treatment. However, the mitogenicity was decreased by a modification of carboxyl groups, such as 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylamino propyl)-carbodiimide or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide treatment. Vesiculogen contains a large amount of acidic amino acids. These results suggest that the mitogenicity of vesiculogen is due to the presence of anionic groups, such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and that the mitogenic substance is a novel, heat stable polyanionic B-cell activator obtained from Ascomycotina.
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39
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Vasstrand EN, Jensen HB. Antibacterial properties of human lysozyme toward Fusobacterium nucleatum Fev1. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH 1984; 92:109-19. [PMID: 6585918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1984.tb00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human lysozyme in physiologic concentrations (17-50 micrograms/ml) had apparently no effects on growth rate and viability of exponentially growing Fusobacterium nucleatum Fev1 cells, but cells in the stationary phase were affected. When grown in the presence of active lysozyme about 70% of the cells in late exponential phase (24-h culture) were able to form colonies, compared to about 100% in the control culture. About 24 h later the colony forming abilities were about 5% and 20%, respectively. Addition of lysozyme to suspensions of cells taken from any growth phase did not lead to any significant decrease in turbidity, that is, no more than 10% decrease at 650 nm. Control cells treated with acridine orange fluoresced with a uniform bright orange color, while the lysozyme treated stationary phase cells fluoresced more faintly. Intracellular granules were more preponderant in the latter cells. When incubated with the hydrophobic probe 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS), lysozyme exposed cells gave approximately 20% higher fluorescence intensity than the control cells. Changes in the ultrastructure of the lysozyme treated cells were best studied in the transmission electron microscope using ultrathin sectioned preparations. The peptidoglycan layer became disorganized and apparently dissolved and the ordered structure of the cell wall had disappeared in zones. The cells, however, still retained their form, and only a few per cent had lost their cellular content. This explains why the turbidity of the solution did not change significantly.
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40
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El-Nimr Atef E, Hardee GE, Perrin JH. Studies on Sulfamethazine - Lysozyme Interactions by Fluorescence Quenching. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1984. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048409038292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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41
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Ohnishi M, Taniguchi M, Hiromi K. Kinetic discrimination of tryptophan residues of glucoamylase from Rhizopus niveus by fast chemical modification with N-bromosuccinimide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Hiromi K, Ohnishi M, Tanaka A. Subsite structure and ligand binding mechanism of glucoamylase. Mol Cell Biochem 1983; 51:79-95. [PMID: 6406831 DOI: 10.1007/bf00215589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. The basic concept and outline of the subsite theory were described, which correlates quantitatively the subsite structure (the arrangement of subsite affinities) to the action pattern of amylases in a unified manner. 2. The subsite structures of several amylases including glucoamylase were summarized. 3. In parallel with the theoretical prediction obtained therefrom, the binding subsites of glucose, gluconolactone and linear substrates to Rhizopus glucoamylase were investigated experimentally, by using steady-state inhibition kinetics, difference absorption spectrophotometry, and fluorometric titration. 4. From several lines of evidence, it was concluded that gluconolactone, a transition state analogue, is bound at Subsite 1 (nonreducing end side) where a tryptophan residue is located. 5. The stopped-flow kinetic studies have revealed that all the ligand bindings studied consist of two-step mechanism in which a bimolecular association between the enzyme and a ligand to form a loosely bound complex (EL) followed by the unimolecular isomerization process in which EL converts to the final firmly bound EL complex. For substrates the EL may be the productive complex and the fluorescence of the tryptophan located at Subsite 1 is quenched in their isomerization process, most probably a relocation of ligand to occupy this subsite.
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43
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Redfield C, Poulsen FM, Dobson CM. Complete assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum of the aromatic residues of lysozyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 128:527-31. [PMID: 7151794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Assignment of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of the 59 non-exchangeable protons of the 13 aromatic amino acid residues of lysozyme has been completed using a combination of selective spin decoupling and nuclear Overhauser experiments. The experimental chemical shift data were used to simulate the aromatic region of the NMR spectrum at 300 MHz and at 470 MHz. Excellent agreement with the experimental spectra was obtained and the simulations permitted more accurate chemical shift values and resonance linewidths to be obtained. The current set of assignments is compared with those of the assignments made previously. Evidence for the motional behaviour of the aromatic amino acid side chains is presented.
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44
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Blake CC, Cassels R, Dobson CM, Poulsen FM, Williams RJ, Wilson KS. Structure and binding properties of hen lysozyme modified at tryptophan 62. J Mol Biol 1981; 147:73-95. [PMID: 7265240 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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45
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El-Nimr A, Hardee GE, Perrin JH. A fluorimetric investigation of the binding of drugs to lysozyme. J Pharm Pharmacol 1981; 33:117-8. [PMID: 6111594 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb13728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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46
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Rao MV, Atreyi M, Rajeswari MR. Fluorescence spectra of lysozyme excited at 305 NM in presence of urea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1981; 17:205-10. [PMID: 7228498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1981.tb01983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan 108 of hen egg white lysozyme was selectively excited at 305 nm and fluorescence spectra were recorded as a function of pH (2-9) and concentration of urea (0-8 M). Urea at low concentrations (1-4 M) quenches markedly the Trp 108 fluorescence around pH 7; the gamma max, however, remained unaltered. The fluorescence quenching by urea is most likely due to local conformational changes around Trp 108 in active site region of the enzyme. Substantial unfolding of the enzyme, however, was brought about by 4 M urea below pH 3, and by 7 M urea at pH 10.3, as indicated by a marked red shift in the gamma max of the fluorescence emission.
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47
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Sartin J, Hugli T, Liao T. Reactivity of the tryptophan residues in bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease with N-bromosuccinimide. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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48
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Shrake A, Rupley JA. Oxindolealanine-62 lysozyme: equilibrium, calorimetric, and kinetic studies of the reaction with N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides. Biochemistry 1980; 19:4044-51. [PMID: 7407080 DOI: 10.1021/bi00558a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxindolealanine-62 lysozyme, formed by reaction with N-bromosuccinimide and purified by using affinity chromatography, was examined in its binding of homologous oligosaccharides of N-acetylglucosamine and in its catalysis of hydrolysis and of transglycosylation of the hexasaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine. Equilibrium binding constants were determined by changes in absorbance or fluorescence associated with ligand binding. Enthalpies of binding were measured calorimetrically. The pattern of variation of delta Go and delta Ho of binding with ligand chain length and pH was different for oxindolealanine-62 lysozyme compared with native lysozyme. These results indicate that the interactions of the ABC region of the active site with substrates are substantially altered by Trp-62 oxidation, more than expected for loss only of the Trp-62 interactions. The partitioning of the glycosyl enzyme intermediate between reaction with a saccharide acceptor (transglycosylation) and reaction with water is unaffected by oxidation of Trp-62. Similarly, the pattern of cleavage of the hexasaccharide, predominantly to tetra- and disaccharide, is unaffected by oxidation of Trp-62. The 2000-fold slower rate of catalytic reaction (relative to free enzyme and substrate) apparently reflects a sterically hindered fit of the substrate into the active site of the modified enzyme and not a special catalytic importance of Trp-62. The geometry of the transition state for oligosaccharide hydrolysis is inferred to be the same for native and oxidized enzymes.
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49
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Peterman BF, Laidler KJ. Study of reactivity of tryptophan residues in serum albumins and lysozyme by N-bromosuccinamide fluorescence quenching. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 199:158-64. [PMID: 7188848 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Schmidt H, Bieker L. Raman spectra of chemically modified lysozyme. Oxindole derivatives. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 195:205-10. [PMID: 475385 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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