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Inazu M, Nemoto T, Omata Y, Suzuki S, Ono S, Kanno Y, Seo M, Oikawa A, Masuda S. Complete Loss of RelA and SpoT Homologs in Arabidopsis Reveals the Importance of the Plastidial Stringent Response in the Interplay between Chloroplast Metabolism and Plant Defense Response. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:631-643. [PMID: 37925598 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The highly phosphorylated nucleotide, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), functions as a secondary messenger in bacteria and chloroplasts. The accumulation of ppGpp alters plastidial gene expression and metabolism, which are required for proper photosynthetic regulation and robust plant growth. However, because four plastid-localized ppGpp synthases/hydrolases function redundantly, the impact of the loss of ppGpp-dependent stringent response on plant physiology remains unclear. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking all four ppGpp synthases/hydrolases and characterized its phenotype. The mutant showed over 20-fold less ppGpp levels than the wild type under normal growth conditions and exhibited leaf chlorosis and increased expression of defense-related genes as well as salicylic acid and jasmonate levels upon transition to nitrogen-starvation conditions. These results demonstrate that proper levels of ppGpp in plastids are required for controlling not only plastid metabolism but also phytohormone signaling, which is essential for plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Inazu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Takanari Nemoto
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Yuto Omata
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sae Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sumire Ono
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
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2
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Soria S, Carreón-Rodríguez OE, de Anda R, Flores N, Escalante A, Bolívar F. Transcriptional and Metabolic Response of a Strain of Escherichia coli PTS - to a Perturbation of the Energetic Level by Modification of [ATP]/[ADP] Ratio. BIOTECH 2024; 13:10. [PMID: 38651490 PMCID: PMC11036233 DOI: 10.3390/biotech13020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratio is crucial for Escherichia coli's cellular functions, impacting transport, phosphorylation, signaling, and stress responses. Overexpression of F1-ATPase genes in E. coli increases glucose consumption, lowers energy levels, and triggers transcriptional responses in central carbon metabolism genes, particularly glycolytic ones, enhancing carbon flux. In this contribution, we report the impact of the perturbation of the energetic level in a PTS- mutant of E. coli by modifying the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio by uncoupling the cytoplasmic activity of the F1 subunit of the ATP synthase. The disruption of [ATP]/[ADP] ratio in the evolved strain of E. coli PB12 (PTS-) was achieved by the expression of the atpAGD operon encoding the soluble portion of ATP synthase F1-ATPase (strain PB12AGD+). The analysis of the physiological and metabolic response of the PTS- strain to the ATP disruption was determined using RT-qPCR of 96 genes involved in glucose and acetate transport, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), TCA cycle and glyoxylate shunt, several anaplerotic, respiratory chain, and fermentative pathways genes, sigma factors, and global regulators. The apt mutant exhibited reduced growth despite increased glucose transport due to decreased energy levels. It heightened stress response capabilities under glucose-induced energetic starvation, suggesting that the carbon flux from glycolysis is distributed toward the pentose phosphate and the Entner-Duodoroff pathway with the concomitant. Increase acetate transport, production, and utilization in response to the reduction in the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio. Upregulation of several genes encoding the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate shunt as several respiratory genes indicates increased respiratory capabilities, coupled possibly with increased availability of electron donor compounds from the TCA cycle, as this mutant increased respiratory capability by 240% more than in the PB12. The reduction in the intracellular concentration of cAMP in the atp mutant resulted in a reduced number of upregulated genes compared to PB12, suggesting that the mutant remains a robust genetic background despite the severe disruption in its energetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Soria
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (S.S.); (O.E.C.-R.); (R.d.A.); (N.F.)
- Laboratorio de Soluciones Biotecnológicas (LasoBiotc), Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ofelia E. Carreón-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (S.S.); (O.E.C.-R.); (R.d.A.); (N.F.)
| | - Ramón de Anda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (S.S.); (O.E.C.-R.); (R.d.A.); (N.F.)
| | - Noemí Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (S.S.); (O.E.C.-R.); (R.d.A.); (N.F.)
| | - Adelfo Escalante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (S.S.); (O.E.C.-R.); (R.d.A.); (N.F.)
| | - Francisco Bolívar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (S.S.); (O.E.C.-R.); (R.d.A.); (N.F.)
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Turkan S, Kulasek M, Zienkiewicz A, Mierek-Adamska A, Skrzypek E, Warchoł M, Szydłowska-Czerniak A, Bartoli J, Field B, Dąbrowska GB. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is a new player in Brassica napus L. seed development. Food Chem 2024; 436:137648. [PMID: 37852071 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed oil, constituting 12% of global vegetable oil production, is susceptible to quality degradation due to stress-induced incomplete seed degreening, fatty acid oxidation, or poor nutrient accumulation. We hypothesise that the hyperphosphorylated nucleotide alarmone ppGpp (guanosine tetraphosphate), acts as a pivotal regulator of these processes, given its established roles in nutrient management, degreening, and ROS regulation in leaves. Using qPCR, UHPLC-MS/MS, and biochemical methods, our study delves into the impact of ppGpp on seed nutritional value. We observed a positive correlation between ppGpp levels and desiccation, and a negative correlation with photosynthetic pigment levels. Trends in antioxidant activity suggest that ppGpp may negatively influence peroxidases, which are safeguarding against chlorophyll decomposition. Notably, despite increasing ppGpp levels, sugars, proteins and oils appear unaffected. This newfound role of ppGpp in seed development suggests it regulates the endogenous antioxidant system during degreening and desiccation, preserving nutritional quality. Further validation through mutant-based research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Turkan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Milena Kulasek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Edyta Skrzypek
- Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marzena Warchoł
- Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Julia Bartoli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, UMR7255, IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Ben Field
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Grażyna B Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Corti F, Festa M, Stein F, Stevanato P, Siroka J, Navazio L, Vothknecht UC, Alboresi A, Novák O, Formentin E, Szabò I. Comparative analysis of wild-type and chloroplast MCU-deficient plants reveals multiple consequences of chloroplast calcium handling under drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1228060. [PMID: 37692417 PMCID: PMC10485843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Chloroplast calcium homeostasis plays an important role in modulating the response of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses. One of the greatest challenges is to understand how chloroplast calcium-permeable pathways and sensors are regulated in a concerted manner to translate specific information into a calcium signature and to elucidate the downstream effects of specific chloroplast calcium dynamics. One of the six homologs of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) was found to be located in chloroplasts in the leaves and to crucially contribute to drought- and oxidative stress-triggered uptake of calcium into this organelle. Methods In the present study we integrated comparative proteomic analysis with biochemical, genetic, cellular, ionomic and hormone analysis in order to gain an insight into how chloroplast calcium channels are integrated into signaling circuits under watered condition and under drought stress. Results Altogether, our results indicate for the first time a link between chloroplast calcium channels and hormone levels, showing an enhanced ABA level in the cmcu mutant already in well-watered condition. Furthermore, we show that the lack of cMCU results in an upregulation of the calcium sensor CAS and of enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis, which are also involved in retrograde signaling upon drought stress, in two independent KO lines generated in Col-0 and Col-4 ecotypes. Conclusions These observations point to chloroplasts as important signaling hubs linked to their calcium dynamics. Our results obtained in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana are discussed also in light of our limited knowledge regarding organellar calcium signaling in crops and raise the possibility of an involvement of such signaling in response to drought stress also in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Stein
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Jitka Siroka
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Qiu D, Lange E, Haas TM, Prucker I, Masuda S, Wang YL, Felix G, Schaaf G, Jessen HJ. Bacterial Pathogen Infection Triggers Magic Spot Nucleotide Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplasts through Specific RelA/SpoT Homologues. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37437195 PMCID: PMC10375528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Magic spot nucleotides (p)ppGpp are important signaling molecules in bacteria and plants. In the latter, RelA-SpoT homologue (RSH) enzymes are responsible for (p)ppGpp turnover. Profiling of (p)ppGpp is more difficult in plants than in bacteria due to lower concentrations and more severe matrix effects. Here, we report that capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) can be deployed to study (p)ppGpp abundance and identity in Arabidopsis thaliana. This goal is achieved by combining a titanium dioxide extraction protocol and pre-spiking with chemically synthesized stable isotope-labeled internal reference compounds. The high sensitivity and separation efficiency of CE-MS enables monitoring of changes in (p)ppGpp levels in A. thaliana upon infection with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PstDC3000). We observed a significant increase of ppGpp post infection that is also stimulated by the flagellin peptide flg22 only. This increase depends on functional flg22 receptor FLS2 and its interacting kinase BAK1 indicating that pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor-mediated signaling controls ppGpp levels. Transcript analyses showed an upregulation of RSH2 upon flg22 treatment and both RSH2 and RSH3 after PstDC3000 infection. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in RSH2 and RSH3 activity display no ppGpp accumulation upon infection and flg22 treatment, supporting the involvement of these synthases in PAMP-triggered innate immune responses to pathogens within the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Lange
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas M Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Prucker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yan L Wang
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Turkan S, Mierek-Adamska A, Kulasek M, Konieczna WB, Dąbrowska GB. New seed coating containing Trichoderma viride with anti-pathogenic properties. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15392. [PMID: 37283892 PMCID: PMC10239620 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To ensure food security in the face of climate change and the growing world population, multi-pronged measures should be taken. One promising approach uses plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF), such as Trichoderma, to reduce the usage of agrochemicals and increase plant yield, stress tolerance, and nutritional value. However, large-scale applications of PGPF have been hampered by several constraints, and, consequently, usage on a large scale is still limited. Seed coating, a process that consists of covering seeds with low quantities of exogenous materials, is gaining attention as an efficient and feasible delivery system for PGPF. Methods We have designed a new seed coating composed of chitin, methylcellulose, and Trichoderma viride spores and assessed its effect on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth and development. For this purpose, we analyzed the antifungal activity of T. viride against common canola pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, and Colletotrichum sp.). Moreover, the effect of seed coating on germination ratio and seedling growth was evaluated. To verify the effect of seed coating on plant metabolism, we determined superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression of the stress-related RSH (RelA/SpoT homologs). Results Our results showed that the T. viride strains used for seed coating significantly restricted the growth of all three pathogens, especially F. culmorum, for which the growth was inhibited by over 40%. Additionally, the new seed coating did not negatively affect the ability of the seeds to complete germination, increased seedling growth, and did not induce the plant stress response. To summarize, we have successfully developed a cost-effective and environmentally responsible seed coating, which will also be easy to exploit on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Turkan
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Milena Kulasek
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Wiktoria B. Konieczna
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Grażyna B. Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Protein-Ligand Interactions in Scarcity: The Stringent Response from Bacteria to Metazoa, and the Unanswered Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043999. [PMID: 36835415 PMCID: PMC9965611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The stringent response, originally identified in Escherichia coli as a signal that leads to reprogramming of gene expression under starvation or nutrient deprivation, is now recognized as ubiquitous in all bacteria, and also as part of a broader survival strategy in diverse, other stress conditions. Much of our insight into this phenomenon derives from the role of hyperphosphorylated guanosine derivatives (pppGpp, ppGpp, pGpp; guanosine penta-, tetra- and tri-phosphate, respectively) that are synthesized on starvation cues and act as messengers or alarmones. These molecules, collectively referred to here as (p)ppGpp, orchestrate a complex network of biochemical steps that eventually lead to the repression of stable RNA synthesis, growth, and cell division, while promoting amino acid biosynthesis, survival, persistence, and virulence. In this analytical review, we summarize the mechanism of the major signaling pathways in the stringent response, consisting of the synthesis of the (p)ppGpp, their interaction with RNA polymerase, and diverse factors of macromolecular biosynthesis, leading to differential inhibition and activation of specific promoters. We also briefly touch upon the recently reported stringent-like response in a few eukaryotes, which is a very disparate mechanism involving MESH1 (Metazoan SpoT Homolog 1), a cytosolic NADPH phosphatase. Lastly, using ppGpp as an example, we speculate on possible pathways of simultaneous evolution of alarmones and their multiple targets.
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Mehrez M, Romand S, Field B. New perspectives on the molecular mechanisms of stress signalling by the nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), an emerging regulator of photosynthesis in plants and algae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1086-1099. [PMID: 36349398 PMCID: PMC10107265 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate (together (p)ppGpp) are found in a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms where they are associated with stress signalling. In this review, we will discuss recent research highlighting the role of (p)ppGpp signalling as a conserved regulator of photosynthetic activity in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and the latest discoveries that open up new perspectives on the emerging roles of (p)ppGpp in acclimation to environmental stress. We explore how rapid advances in the study of (p)ppGpp signalling in prokaryotes are now revealing large gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of signalling by (p)ppGpp and related nucleotides in plants and algae. Filling in these gaps is likely to lead to the discovery of conserved as well as new plant- and algal-specific (p)ppGpp signalling mechanisms that will offer new insights into the taming of the chloroplast and the regulation of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mehrez
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Tunis El Manar2092TunisTunisia
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
| | - Ben Field
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
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Antoszewski M, Mierek-Adamska A, Dąbrowska GB. The Importance of Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture-A Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:1100. [PMID: 36422239 PMCID: PMC9694901 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of climate change, progressive degradation of the environment, including agricultural land negatively affecting plant growth and development, endangers plant productivity. Seeking efficient and sustainable agricultural techniques to replace agricultural chemicals is one of the most important challenges nowadays. The use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms is among the most promising approaches; however, molecular mechanisms underneath plant-microbe interactions are still poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the knowledge on plant-microbe interactions, highlighting the role of microbial and plant proteins and metabolites in the formation of symbiotic relationships. This review covers rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbiomes, the role of root exudates in plant-microorganism interactions, the functioning of the plant's immune system during the plant-microorganism interactions. We also emphasized the possible role of the stringent response and the evolutionarily conserved mechanism during the established interaction between plants and microorganisms. As a case study, we discussed fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. Our review aims to summarize the existing knowledge about plant-microorganism interactions and to highlight molecular pathways that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Harchouni S, England S, Vieu J, Romand S, Aouane A, Citerne S, Legeret B, Alric J, Li-Beisson Y, Menand B, Field B. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) accumulation inhibits chloroplast gene expression and promotes super grana formation in the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:86-98. [PMID: 35715975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate (or (p)ppGpp) are implicated in the regulation of chloroplast function in plants. (p)ppGpp signalling is best understood in the model vascular plant Arabidopsis thaliana in which it acts to regulate plastid gene expression to influence photosynthesis, plant development and immunity. However, little information is known about the conservation or diversity of (p)ppGpp signalling in other land plants. We studied the function of ppGpp in the moss Physcomitrium (previously Physcomitrella) patens using an inducible system for triggering ppGpp accumulation. We used this approach to investigate the effects of ppGpp on chloroplast function, photosynthesis and growth. We demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation causes a dramatic drop in photosynthetic capacity by inhibiting chloroplast gene expression. This was accompanied by the unexpected reorganisation of the thylakoid system into super grana. Surprisingly, these changes did not affect gametophore growth, suggesting that bryophytes and vascular plants may have different tolerances to defects in photosynthesis. Our findings point to the existence of both highly conserved and more specific targets of (p)ppGpp signalling in the land plants that may reflect different growth strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seddik Harchouni
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Samantha England
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Vieu
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Aicha Aouane
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille (IBDM), 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Bertrand Legeret
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Jean Alric
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, 13108, France
| | - Benoît Menand
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Field
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009, Marseille, France
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11
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Jan M, Liu Z, Rochaix JD, Sun X. Retrograde and anterograde signaling in the crosstalk between chloroplast and nucleus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:980237. [PMID: 36119624 PMCID: PMC9478734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic activity are closely coordinated through signaling chains from the nucleus to chloroplast, referred to as anterograde signaling, and from chloroplast to the nucleus, named retrograde signaling. The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor and communicates with other cell compartments during its biogenesis and in response to stress, notably with the nucleus through retrograde signaling to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and growth. Although several components involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-derived retrograde signals and in the regulation of the responsive nuclear genes have been identified, the plastid retrograde signaling network is still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways, and on potential plastid signaling molecules. We also discuss the retrograde signaling-dependent regulation of nuclear gene expression within the frame of a multilayered network of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Jan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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12
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Ito K, Ito D, Goto M, Suzuki S, Masuda S, Iba K, Kusumi K. Regulation of ppGpp Synthesis and Its Impact on Chloroplast Biogenesis during Early Leaf Development in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:919-931. [PMID: 35428891 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is known as an alarmone that mediates bacterial stress responses. In plants, ppGpp is synthesized in chloroplasts from GTP and ATP and functions as a regulator of chloroplast gene expression to affect photosynthesis and plant growth. This observation indicates that ppGpp metabolism is closely related to chloroplast function, but the regulation of ppGpp and its role in chloroplast differentiation are not well understood. In rice, ppGpp directly inhibits plastidial guanylate kinase (GKpm), a key enzyme in GTP biosynthesis. GKpm is highly expressed during early leaf development in rice, and the GKpm-deficient mutant, virescent-2 (v2), develops chloroplast-deficient chlorotic leaves under low-temperature conditions. To examine the relationship between GTP synthesis and ppGpp homeostasis, we generated transgenic rice plants over-expressing RSH3, a protein known to act as a ppGpp synthase. When RSH3 was overexpressed in v2, the leaf chlorosis was more severe. Although the RSH3 overexpression in the wild type caused no visible effects, pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer measurements indicated that photosynthetic rates were reduced in this line. This finding implies that the regulation of ppGpp synthesis in rice is involved in the maintenance of the GTP pool required to regulate plastid gene expression during early chloroplast biogenesis. We further investigated changes in the expressions of RelA/SpoT Homolog (RSH) genes encoding ppGpp synthases and hydrolases during the same period. Comparing the expression of these genes with the cellular ppGpp content suggests that the basal ppGpp level is determined by the antagonistic action of multiple RSH enzymatic activities during early leaf development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Doshun Ito
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Mina Goto
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sae Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kensuke Kusumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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13
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Krupinska K, Desel C, Frank S, Hensel G. WHIRLIES Are Multifunctional DNA-Binding Proteins With Impact on Plant Development and Stress Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:880423. [PMID: 35528945 PMCID: PMC9070903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.880423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
WHIRLIES are plant-specific proteins binding to DNA in plastids, mitochondria, and nucleus. They have been identified as significant components of nucleoids in the organelles where they regulate the structure of the nucleoids and diverse DNA-associated processes. WHIRLIES also fulfil roles in the nucleus by interacting with telomers and various transcription factors, among them members of the WRKY family. While most plants have two WHIRLY proteins, additional WHIRLY proteins evolved by gene duplication in some dicot families. All WHIRLY proteins share a conserved WHIRLY domain responsible for ssDNA binding. Structural analyses revealed that WHIRLY proteins form tetramers and higher-order complexes upon binding to DNA. An outstanding feature is the parallel localization of WHIRLY proteins in two or three cell compartments. Because they translocate from organelles to the nucleus, WHIRLY proteins are excellent candidates for transducing signals between organelles and nucleus to allow for coordinated activities of the different genomes. Developmental cues and environmental factors control the expression of WHIRLY genes. Mutants and plants with a reduced abundance of WHIRLY proteins gave insight into their multiple functionalities. In chloroplasts, a reduction of the WHIRLY level leads to changes in replication, transcription, RNA processing, and DNA repair. Furthermore, chloroplast development, ribosome formation, and photosynthesis are impaired in monocots. In mitochondria, a low level of WHIRLIES coincides with a reduced number of cristae and a low rate of respiration. The WHIRLY proteins are involved in the plants' resistance toward abiotic and biotic stress. Plants with low levels of WHIRLIES show reduced responsiveness toward diverse environmental factors, such as light and drought. Consequently, because such plants are impaired in acclimation, they accumulate reactive oxygen species under stress conditions. In contrast, several plant species overexpressing WHIRLIES were shown to have a higher resistance toward stress and pathogen attacks. By their multiple interactions with organelle proteins and nuclear transcription factors maybe a comma can be inserted here? and their participation in organelle-nucleus communication, WHIRLY proteins are proposed to serve plant development and stress resistance by coordinating processes at different levels. It is proposed that the multifunctionality of WHIRLY proteins is linked to the plasticity of land plants that develop and function in a continuously changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Desel
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susann Frank
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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14
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Romand S, Abdelkefi H, Lecampion C, Belaroussi M, Dussenne M, Ksas B, Citerne S, Caius J, D'Alessandro S, Fakhfakh H, Caffarri S, Havaux M, Field B. A guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) mediated brake on photosynthesis is required for acclimation to nitrogen limitation in Arabidopsis. eLife 2022; 11:e75041. [PMID: 35156611 PMCID: PMC8887892 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate (together referred to as ppGpp) are hyperphosphorylated nucleotides found in bacteria and the chloroplasts of plants and algae. In plants and algae artificial ppGpp accumulation can inhibit chloroplast gene expression, and influence photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, growth, and immunity. However, it is so far unknown whether ppGpp is required for abiotic stress acclimation in plants. Here, we demonstrate that ppGpp biosynthesis is necessary for acclimation to nitrogen starvation in Arabidopsis. We show that ppGpp is required for remodeling the photosynthetic electron transport chain to downregulate photosynthetic activity and for protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ppGpp is required for coupling chloroplastic and nuclear gene expression during nitrogen starvation. Altogether, our work indicates that ppGpp is a pivotal regulator of chloroplast activity for stress acclimation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Romand
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | - Hela Abdelkefi
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyTunisTunisia
| | - Cécile Lecampion
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Melanie Dussenne
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | - Brigitte Ksas
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, SAVE TeamSaint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRAE Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Université Paris-SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Jose Caius
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2)OrsayFrance
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2)OrsayFrance
| | | | - Hatem Fakhfakh
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyTunisTunisia
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of BizerteBizerteTunisia
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
| | - Michel Havaux
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, SAVE TeamSaint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Ben Field
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP TeamMarseilleFrance
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15
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Goto M, Oikawa A, Masuda S. Metabolic changes contributing to large biomass production in the Arabidopsis ppGpp-accumulating mutant under nitrogen deficiency. PLANTA 2022; 255:48. [PMID: 35079894 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ppGpp-overproducing mutant indicates a larger biomass than wild type by modulated amino-acid metabolism under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The regulatory nucleotide, guanosine 3', 5'-bis(pyrophosphate; ppGpp)-originally identified in Escherichia coli-controls gene expression and enzyme activities in the bacteria and plastids of plant cells. We recently reported that the ppGpp over-producing mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana had a larger shoot weight than wild type (WT), especially under nutrient-deficient conditions. However, the mechanisms behind the influence of ppGpp on plant growth and biomass remain elusive. To understand the impact of the ppGpp accumulation on plant growth, we characterized metabolic changes in the ppGpp-overproducing mutant upon transition from nitrogen-rich to nitrogen-limiting concentrations. We found that the fresh weight of the mutant was significantly larger than WT when the total nitrogen source (KNO3 and NH4NO3) concentration was below 0.9 mM. When the nitrogen content in the medium decreased, aromatic and branched-chain amino acids increased in WT due to accelerated protein degradation and/or attenuated protein synthesis. These amino-acid levels in the ppGpp over-accumulating mutant decreased upon nitrogen deficiency. The results suggest that the ppGpp-overaccumulation affects amino-acid and protein homeostasis and facilitates growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Goto
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
- Present Address: Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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16
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He J, Rössner N, Hoang MTT, Alejandro S, Peiter E. Transport, functions, and interaction of calcium and manganese in plant organellar compartments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1940-1972. [PMID: 35235665 PMCID: PMC8890496 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) and manganese (Mn2+) are essential elements for plants and have similar ionic radii and binding coordination. They are assigned specific functions within organelles, but share many transport mechanisms to cross organellar membranes. Despite their points of interaction, those elements are usually investigated and reviewed separately. This review takes them out of this isolation. It highlights our current mechanistic understanding and points to open questions of their functions, their transport, and their interplay in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vesicular compartments (Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, pre-vacuolar compartment), vacuoles, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Complex processes demanding these cations, such as Mn2+-dependent glycosylation or systemic Ca2+ signaling, are covered in some detail if they have not been reviewed recently or if recent findings add to current models. The function of Ca2+ as signaling agent released from organelles into the cytosol and within the organelles themselves is a recurrent theme of this review, again keeping the interference by Mn2+ in mind. The involvement of organellar channels [e.g. glutamate receptor-likes (GLR), cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGC), mitochondrial conductivity units (MCU), and two-pore channel1 (TPC1)], transporters (e.g. natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP), Ca2+ exchangers (CAX), metal tolerance proteins (MTP), and bivalent cation transporters (BICAT)], and pumps [autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACA) and ER Ca2+-ATPases (ECA)] in the import and export of organellar Ca2+ and Mn2+ is scrutinized, whereby current controversial issues are pointed out. Mechanisms in animals and yeast are taken into account where they may provide a blueprint for processes in plants, in particular, with respect to tunable molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ versus Mn2+ selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Rössner
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Minh T T Hoang
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Author for communication:
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17
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In Silico Study of the RSH ( RelA/ SpoT Homologs) Gene Family and Expression Analysis in Response to PGPR Bacteria and Salinity in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910666. [PMID: 34639007 PMCID: PMC8509286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among several mechanisms involved in the plant stress response, synthesis of guanosine tetra and pentaphosphates (alarmones), homologous to the bacterial stringent response, is of crucial importance. Plant alarmones affect, among others, photosynthetic activity, metabolite accumulation, and nutrient remobilization, and thus regulate plant growth and development. The plant RSH (RelA/SpoT homolog) genes, that encode synthetases and/or hydrolases of alarmones, have been characterized in a limited number of plant species, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Ipomoea nil. Here, we used dry-to-wet laboratory research approaches to characterize RSH family genes in the polyploid plant Brassica napus. There are 12 RSH genes in the genome of rapeseed that belong to four types of RSH genes: 6 RSH1, 2 RSH2, 3 RSH3, and 1 CRSH. BnRSH genes contain 13-24 introns in RSH1, 2-6 introns in RSH2, 1-6 introns in RSH3, and 2-3 introns in the CRSH genes. In the promoter regions of the RSH genes, we showed the presence of regulatory elements of the response to light, plant hormones, plant development, and abiotic and biotic stresses. The wet-lab analysis showed that expression of BnRSH genes is generally not significantly affected by salt stress, but that the presence of PGPR bacteria, mostly of Serratia sp., increased the expression of BnRSH significantly. The obtained results show that BnRSH genes are differently affected by biotic and abiotic factors, which indicates their different functions in plants.
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18
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Petrova O, Parfirova O, Gogolev Y, Gorshkov V. Stringent Response in Bacteria and Plants with Infection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1811-1817. [PMID: 34296953 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0510-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stringent response (SR), a primary stress reaction in bacteria and plant chloroplasts, is a molecular switch that provides operational stress-induced reprogramming of transcription under conditions of abiotic and biotic stress. Because the infection is a stressful situation for both partners (the host plant and the pathogen), we analyzed the expression of bacterial and plastid SR-related genes during plant-microbial interaction. In the phytopathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum, SpoT-dependent SR was induced after contact with potato or tobacco plants. In plants, two different scenarios of molecular events developed under bacterial infection. Plastid SR was not induced in the host plant potato Solanum tuberosum, which co-evolved with the pathogen for a long time. In this case, the salicylic acid defense pathway was activated and plants were more resistant to bacterial infection. SR was activated in the tobacco Nicotiana tabacum (experimental host) along with activation of jasmonic acid-related genes, resulting in plant death. These results are important to more fully understand the evolutionary interactions between plants and symbionts/pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Parfirova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russian Federation
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19
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Avilan L, Lebrun R, Puppo C, Citerne S, Cuiné S, Li‐Beisson Y, Menand B, Field B, Gontero B. ppGpp influences protein protection, growth and photosynthesis in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1517-1532. [PMID: 33595847 PMCID: PMC8252717 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts retain elements of a bacterial stress response pathway that is mediated by the signalling nucleotides guanosine penta- and tetraphosphate ((p)ppGpp). In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis, ppGpp acts as a potent regulator of plastid gene expression and influences photosynthesis, plant growth and development. However, little is known about ppGpp metabolism or its evolution in other photosynthetic eukaryotes. Here, we studied the function of ppGpp in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum using transgenic lines containing an inducible system for ppGpp accumulation. We used these lines to investigate the effects of ppGpp on growth, photosynthesis, lipid metabolism and protein expression. We demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation reduces photosynthetic capacity and promotes a quiescent-like state with reduced proliferation and ageing. Strikingly, using nontargeted proteomics, we discovered that ppGpp accumulation also leads to the coordinated upregulation of a protein protection response in multiple cellular compartments. Our findings highlight the importance of ppGpp as a fundamental regulator of chloroplast function across different domains of life, and lead to new questions about the molecular mechanisms and roles of (p)ppGpp signalling in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Avilan
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
- Centre for Enzyme InnovationSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Biological and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthPO1 2DYUK
| | - Regine Lebrun
- Plate‐forme ProtéomiqueMarseille Protéomique (MaP)IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
| | - Carine Puppo
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersailles78000France
| | - Stephane Cuiné
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMCEA CadaracheAix‐Marseille UnivSaint‐Paul‐lez Durance13108France
| | - Yonghua Li‐Beisson
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMCEA CadaracheAix‐Marseille UnivSaint‐Paul‐lez Durance13108France
| | - Benoît Menand
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMAix‐Marseille UnivMarseille13009France
| | - Ben Field
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMAix‐Marseille UnivMarseille13009France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
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20
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Ito D, Kawamura H, Oikawa A, Ihara Y, Shibata T, Nakamura N, Asano T, Kawabata SI, Suzuki T, Masuda S. ppGpp functions as an alarmone in metazoa. Commun Biol 2020; 3:671. [PMID: 33188280 PMCID: PMC7666150 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanosine 3′,5′-bis(pyrophosphate) (ppGpp) functions as a second messenger in bacteria to adjust their physiology in response to environmental changes. In recent years, the ppGpp-specific hydrolase, metazoan SpoT homolog-1 (Mesh1), was shown to have important roles for growth under nutrient deficiency in Drosophila melanogaster. Curiously, however, ppGpp has never been detected in animal cells, and therefore the physiological relevance of this molecule, if any, in metazoans has not been established. Here, we report the detection of ppGpp in Drosophila and human cells and demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation induces metabolic changes, cell death, and eventually lethality in Drosophila. Our results provide the evidence of the existence and function of the ppGpp-dependent stringent response in animals. Ito et al. succeed in detecting guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) in measurable levels in metazoan, specifically in Drosophila. They further demonstrate that the ppGpp-specific hydrolase, metazoan SpoT homolog-1 (Mesh1), is necessary, at least in certain conditions, to maintain low ppGpp levels, hence providing insights into the role of Mesh1 as a ppGpp hydrolase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doshun Ito
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hinata Kawamura
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Ihara
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshio Shibata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Asano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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