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Sabi EM, AlAfaleq NO, Mujamammi AH, Al-Shouli ST, Althafar ZM, Bin Dahman LS, Sumaily KM. Gramine Exerts Cytoprotective Effects and Antioxidant Properties Against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress in HEK 293 Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:3471-3487. [PMID: 37668758 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused due to the perturbations in the oxidant-antioxidant system can damage molecules and cause cellular alteration leading to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. This study was designed and performed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of an alkaloid, gramine on H2O2-induced oxidative stress on HEK 293 cells. Cell viability and morphometric analysis of cells treated with H2O2 and gramine were studied. Oxidative stress and inflammatory and antioxidant enzymes such as ROS, LPO, NO, SOD, GSH, and CAT were analyzed. Furthermore, mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, and COX-2 was also evaluated. H2O2 at concentration > 0.3 mM and gramine at concentration > 80 μg/mL affect the proliferation. Viability and morphometric analysis showed that gramine has protective effects. Treating cells with gramine suppressed oxidative stress and inflammatory enzymes, whereas antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. SOD and CAT mRNA levels were overexpressed and COX-2 mRNA levels were decreased in the treated groups. Gramine possesses effective antioxidant potential and can regulate oxidative stress and damages associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essa M Sabi
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nouf O AlAfaleq
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Mujamammi
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samia T Al-Shouli
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad M Althafar
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi S Bin Dahman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, 50511, Yemen
| | - Khalid M Sumaily
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
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Dao L, Liu H, Xiu R, Yao T, Tong R, Xu L. Gramine improves sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction by binding to NF-κB p105 and inhibiting its ubiquitination. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 125:155325. [PMID: 38295663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis and its associated heart failure are among the leading causes of death. Gramine, a natural indole alkaloid, can be extracted from a wide variety of raw plants, and it exhibits therapeutic potential in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. However, the effect of gramine on inflammatory cardiomyopathy, particularly sepsis-induced myocardial injury, remains an unexplored area. PURPOSE To determine the role of gramine in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction and explore its underlying mechanism. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In mice, sepsis was established by intraperitoneally injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg). Subsequently, the effects of gramine administration (50 or 100 mg/kg) on LPS-triggered cardiac dysfunction in mice were investigated. For in vitro studies, isolated primary cardiomyocytes were used to assess the effect of gramine (25 or 50 µM) on LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammation. Additionally, molecular docking, co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination analyzes were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Gramine visibly ameliorated sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, inflammatory response, and mortality in vivo. Moreover, it significantly alleviated LPS-induced apoptotic and inflammatory responses in vitro. Furthermore, target prediction for gramine using the SuperPred website indicated that the nuclear factor NF-κB p105 subunit was one of the molecules ranked in priority order with a high model accuracy and a high probability score. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that gramine effectively docked to the death domain of NF-κB p105. Mechanistic studies revealed that gramine suppressed the processing of NF-κB p105 to p50 by inhibiting NF-κB p105 ubiquitination. Additionally, the protective effect of gramine on cardiac injury was almost abolished by overexpressing NF-κB p105. CONCLUSION Gramine is a promising bioactive small molecule for treating sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction, which acts by docking to NF-κB p105 and inhibiting NF-κB p105 ubiquitination, thus preventing its processing to NF-κB p50. Therefore, gramine holds potential as a clinical drug for treating myocardial depression during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Dao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Hengdao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Ruizhen Xiu
- Department of Radiology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianbao Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renyang Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongtinan Road, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Longwei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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Sabi EM, AlAfaleq NO, Mujamammi AH, Al-Shouli ST, Althafar ZM, Bin Dahman LS, Sumaily KM. Gramine Exerts Cytoprotective Effects and Antioxidant Properties Against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in HEK 293 Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
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Zhang J, Jia Q, Li N, Gu L, Dan W, Dai J. Recent Developments of Gramine: Chemistry and Biological Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:5695. [PMID: 37570664 PMCID: PMC10419902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural alkaloid gramine has attracted significant attention in both academic and industrial circles because of its potential and diverse biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities; application in therapy for Alzheimer's disease; serotonin-receptor-related activity; insecticidal activity; and application as an algicide. In this review, we focus on the research advances that have been made for gramine-based molecules since their discovery, providing key information on their extraction and separation, chemical synthesis and diverse biological activities. Data regarding their mechanisms of action are also presented. This comprehensive and critical review will serve as a guide for developing more drug candidates based on gramine skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyue Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qitao Jia
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Na Li
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Liqiang Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China;
| | - Wenjia Dan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Jiangkun Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (J.Z.); (Q.J.)
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Leite Dias S, Garibay-Hernández A, Brendel FL, Gabriel Chavez B, Brückner E, Mock HP, Franke J, D’Auria JC. A New Fluorescence Detection Method for Tryptophan- and Tyrosine-Derived Allelopathic Compounds in Barley and Lupin. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1930. [PMID: 37653847 PMCID: PMC10222917 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the most widely cultivated crops for feedstock and beer production, whereas lupins (Lupinus spp.) are grown as fodder and their seeds are a source of protein. Both species produce the allelopathic alkaloids gramine and hordenine. These plant-specialized metabolites may be of economic interest for crop protection, depending on their tissue distribution. However, in high concentrations they pose a health risk to humans and animals that feed on them. This study was carried out to develop and validate a new method for monitoring these alkaloids and their related metabolites using fluorescence detection. Separation was performed on an HSS T3 column using slightly acidified water-acetonitrile eluents. Calibration plots expressed linearity over the range 0.09-100 pmol/µL for gramine. The accuracy and precision ranged from 97.8 to 123.4%, <7% RSD. The method was successfully applied in a study of the natural range of abundance of gramine, hordenine and their related metabolites, AMI, tryptophan and tyramine, in 22 barley accessions and 10 lupin species. This method provides accurate and highly sensitive chromatographic separation and detection of tryptophan- and tyrosine-derived allelochemicals and is an accessible alternative to LC-MS techniques for routine screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Leite Dias
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Adriana Garibay-Hernández
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Fabian Leon Brendel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Benjamin Gabriel Chavez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Elena Brückner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - John Charles D’Auria
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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6
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Ishikawa E, Kanai S, Sue M. Detection of a novel intramolecular rearrangement during gramine biosynthesis in barley using stable isotope-labeled tryptophan. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101439. [PMID: 36843643 PMCID: PMC9950820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants accumulate various secondary metabolites, and the biosynthetic reactions responsible for their scaffold construction are the key steps that characterize their structural categories. Gramine, an indole alkaloid, is a defensive secondary metabolite biosynthesized in barley (Hordeum vulgare) from tryptophan (Trp) via aminomethylindole (AMI). While the two sequential N-methylation steps following the formation of AMI have already been characterized both genetically and enzymatically, the step preceding AMI formation, which includes the Trp side chain-shortening, has not yet been revealed. To gain further insight into these biosynthetic reactions, barley seedlings were fed Trp labeled with stable isotopes (13C and 15N) at various positions, and the isotope incorporation into gramine was analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Significant increases in the abundance of isotopic gramine were detected in experimental sets in which Trp was labeled at either the indole ring, the β-carbon, or the amino group, whereas the isotopolog composition was not affected by α-carbon-labeled Trp. Although absorbed Trp presumably undergoes transamination in plants, this reaction did not seem to be related to gramine productivity. The data indicated that AMI directly inherited the amino group from Trp, while the α-carbon was removed, suggesting that the Trp-AMI conversion includes a novel intramolecular rearrangement reaction. The results of this study provide novel insights into scaffold formation in plant secondary-metabolite synthesis.
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7
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Maver M, Escudero-Martinez C, Abbott J, Morris J, Hedley PE, Mimmo T, Bulgarelli D. Applications of the indole-alkaloid gramine modulate the assembly of individual members of the barley rhizosphere microbiota. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12498. [PMID: 34900424 PMCID: PMC8614190 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities proliferating at the root-soil interface, collectively referred to as the rhizosphere microbiota, represent an untapped beneficial resource for plant growth, development and health. Integral to a rational manipulation of the microbiota for sustainable agriculture is the identification of the molecular determinants of these communities. In plants, biosynthesis of allelochemicals is centre stage in defining inter-organismal relationships in the environment. Intriguingly, this process has been moulded by domestication and breeding selection. The indole-alkaloid gramine, whose occurrence in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widespread among wild genotypes but has been counter selected in several modern varieties, is a paradigmatic example of this phenomenon. This prompted us to investigate how exogenous applications of gramine impacted on the rhizosphere microbiota of two, gramine-free, elite barley varieties grown in a reference agricultural soil. High throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that applications of gramine interfere with the proliferation of a subset of soil microbes with a relatively broad phylogenetic assignment. Strikingly, growth of these bacteria appeared to be rescued by barley plants in a genotype- and dosage-independent manner. In parallel, we discovered that host recruitment cues can interfere with the impact of gramine application in a host genotype-dependent manner. Interestingly, this latter effect displayed a bias for members of the phyla Proteobacteria. These initial observations indicate that gramine can act as a determinant of the prokaryotic communities inhabiting the root-soil interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maver
- Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - James Abbott
- Data Analysis Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Pete E Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Davide Bulgarelli
- Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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8
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Lu X, Lu F, Yu J, Xue X, Jiang H, Jiang L, Yang Y. Gramine promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury via ameliorating microglia activation. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7980-7992. [PMID: 34382745 PMCID: PMC8358888 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a large number of studies have reported that neuroinflammation aggravates the occurrence of secondary injury after spinal cord injury. Gramine (GM), a natural indole alkaloid, possesses various pharmacological properties; however, the anti-inflammation property remains unclear. In our study, Gramine was investigated in vitro and in vivo to explore the neuroprotection effects. In vitro experiment, our results suggest that Gramine treatment can inhibit release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Moreover, Gramine prevented apoptosis of PC12 cells which was caused by activated HAPI microglia, and the inflammatory secretion ability of microglia was inhibited by Gramine through NF-κB pathway. The in vivo experiment is that 80 mg/kg Gramine was injected orthotopically to rats after spinal cord injury (SCI). Behavioural and histological analyses demonstrated that Gramine treatment may alleviate microglia activation and then boost recovery of motor function after SCI. Overall, our research has demonstrated that Gramine exerts suppressed microglia activation and promotes motor functional recovery after SCI through NF-κB pathway, which may put forward the prospect of clinical treatment of inflammation-related central nervous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolang Lu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Fengfeng Lu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Jiachen Yu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Xinghe Xue
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Hongyi Jiang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Liting Jiang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
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9
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Alegria Terrazas R, Balbirnie-Cumming K, Morris J, Hedley PE, Russell J, Paterson E, Baggs EM, Fridman E, Bulgarelli D. A footprint of plant eco-geographic adaptation on the composition of the barley rhizosphere bacterial microbiota. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12916. [PMID: 32737353 PMCID: PMC7395104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota thriving in the rhizosphere, the thin layer of soil surrounding plant roots, plays a critical role in plant’s adaptation to the environment. Domestication and breeding selection have progressively differentiated the microbiota of modern crops from the ones of their wild ancestors. However, the impact of eco-geographical constraints faced by domesticated plants and crop wild relatives on recruitment and maintenance of the rhizosphere microbiota remains to be fully elucidated. Here we performed a comparative 16S rRNA gene survey of the rhizosphere of 4 domesticated and 20 wild barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes grown in an agricultural soil under controlled environmental conditions. We demonstrated the enrichment of individual bacteria mirrored the distinct eco-geographical constraints faced by their host plants. Unexpectedly, Elite varieties exerted a stronger genotype effect on the rhizosphere microbiota when compared with wild barley genotypes adapted to desert environments with a preferential enrichment for members of Actinobacteria. Finally, in wild barley genotypes, we discovered a limited, but significant, correlation between microbiota diversity and host genomic diversity. Our results revealed a footprint of the host’s adaptation to the environment on the assembly of the bacteria thriving at the root–soil interface. In the tested conditions, this recruitment cue layered atop of the distinct evolutionary trajectories of wild and domesticated plants and, at least in part, is encoded by the barley genome. This knowledge will be critical to design experimental approaches aimed at elucidating the recruitment cues of the barley microbiota across a range of soil types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Pete E Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Joanne Russell
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Eric Paterson
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Baggs
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Eyal Fridman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Davide Bulgarelli
- Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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10
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Maver M, Miras-Moreno B, Lucini L, Trevisan M, Pii Y, Cesco S, Mimmo T. New insights in the allelopathic traits of different barley genotypes: Middle Eastern and Tibetan wild-relative accessions vs. cultivated modern barley. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231976. [PMID: 32324789 PMCID: PMC7179892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The two alkaloids gramine and hordenine have been known for playing a role in the allelopathic ability in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). These allelochemicals can be both found in leaves and roots in some barley cultivars whereas in others one seems to exclude the other. In this study eighteen accessions of barley from the Middle-East area, one accession from Tibet and the modern spring cultivar Barke, already used as parental donor in a nested associated mapping (NAM) population, were screened for their gramine, hordenine and N-methyltyramine (the direct precursor of hordenine) content in leaves, roots and exudates. Moreover, the toxicity of the three allelochemicals on root growth inhibition on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was evaluated. Results of this study showed the preferential production of gramine and hordenine in leaves and roots, respectively, in the nineteen barley accessions. On the other hand, in the modern barley cultivar Barke, the highest content of hordenine in roots and the general lack of gramine suggests a favored biosynthesis of the former. Gramine was not detected in the root exudates. In additions, different metabolomic profiles were observed in wild relatives compared to modern barley genotypes. The results also showed the phytotoxic effects of the three compounds on root growth of lettuce seedlings, with a reduction in root length and an increase of root surface area and diameter. In conclusion, this study highlighted the impact of the domestication effects on the production and distribution of the two allelopathic alkaloids gramine and hordenine in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maver
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Youry Pii
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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11
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Lebecque S, Crowet JM, Lins L, Delory BM, du Jardin P, Fauconnier ML, Deleu M. Interaction between the barley allelochemical compounds gramine and hordenine and artificial lipid bilayers mimicking the plant plasma membrane. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9784. [PMID: 29955111 PMCID: PMC6023908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Some plants affect the development of neighbouring plants by releasing secondary metabolites into their environment. This phenomenon is known as allelopathy and is a potential tool for weed management within the framework of sustainable agriculture. While many studies have investigated the mode of action of various allelochemicals (molecules emitted by allelopathic plants), little attention has been paid to their initial contact with the plant plasma membrane (PPM). In this paper, this key step is explored for two alkaloids, gramine and hordenine, that are allelochemicals from barley. Using in vitro bioassays, we first showed that gramine has a greater toxicity than hordenine towards a weed commonly found in northern countries (Matricaria recutita L.). Then, isothermal titration calorimetry was used to show that these alkaloids spontaneously interact with lipid bilayers that mimic the PPM. The greater impact of gramine on the thermotropic behaviour of lipids compared to hordenine was established by means of infrared spectroscopy. Finally, the molecular mechanisms of these interactions were explored with molecular dynamics simulations. The good correlation between phytotoxicity and the ability to disturb lipid bilayers is discussed. In this study, biophysical tools were used for the first time to investigate the interactions of allelochemicals with artificial PPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lebecque
- TERRA-AgricultureIsLife, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Crowet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Benjamin M Delory
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Patrick du Jardin
- Laboratory of Plant Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- General and Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.
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Ramu A, Kathiresan S, Ramadoss H, Nallu A, Kaliyan R, Azamuthu T. Gramine attenuates EGFR-mediated inflammation and cell proliferation in oral carcinogenesis via regulation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:523-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Ube N, Nishizaka M, Ichiyanagi T, Ueno K, Taketa S, Ishihara A. Evolutionary changes in defensive specialized metabolism in the genus Hordeum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 141:1-10. [PMID: 28535420 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed defensive specialized metabolites over the course of evolution. In the genus Hordeum, which includes the important cereal crop barley, specialized metabolites such as hordatines, benzoxazinones, and gramine have been identified. Hordeum species are classified into four clades, H, Xu, Xa, and I. The presence or absence of defensive specialized metabolites was analyzed in representative Hordeum species that included all of the four clades. In the H clade, Hordeum vulgare accumulated hordatines but not benzoxazinones, whereas H. bulbosum accumulated neither compound. Some accessions in the H clade accumulated gramine. Species in the clades I and Xa accumulated benzoxazinones without hordatines. In H. murinum, a Xu clade species, neither hordatines nor benzoxazinones were detected. Two hitherto undescribed compounds were found to commonly accumulate in H. bulbosum in the H clade and H. murinum in the Xu clade. On the basis of spectroscopic analyses, they were identified as dehydrodimers of feruloylagmatine and were designated murinamides A and B. Radical coupling reactions with feruloylagmatine as a substrate by peroxidase afforded murinamides A and B. These compounds showed antifungal activities against Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium asiaticum, indicating their defensive roles. Because hordatines are also dehydrodimers of hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) of agmatine, both the H and Xu clade species are considered to accumulate the same class of compounds. Thus, when the H/Xu clades split from the I/Xa clades during evolution, the defensive metabolites shifted from benzoxazinones to dehydrodimers of agmatine HCAAs plus gramine in the H/Xu clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ube
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Miho Nishizaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | | | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Shin Taketa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.
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Tomberlin JK, Crippen TL, Wu G, Griffin AS, Wood TK, Kilner RM. Indole: An evolutionarily conserved influencer of behavior across kingdoms. Bioessays 2016; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; College Station TX USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | | | - Thomas K. Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
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Kokubo Y, Nishizaka M, Ube N, Yabuta Y, Tebayashi SI, Ueno K, Taketa S, Ishihara A. Distribution of the tryptophan pathway-derived defensive secondary metabolites gramine and benzoxazinones in Poaceae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 81:431-440. [PMID: 27854190 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1256758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Poaceae is a large taxonomic group consisting of approximately 12,000 species and is classified into 12 subfamilies. Gramine and benzoxazinones (Bxs), which are biosynthesized from the tryptophan pathway, are well-known defensive secondary metabolites in the Poaceae. We analyzed the presence or absence of garamine and Bxs in 64 species in the Poaceae by LC-MS/MS. We found that Hordeum brachyantherum and Hakonechloa macra accumulated gramine, but the presence of gramine was limited to small groups of species. We also detected Bxs in four species in the Pooideae and six species in the Panicoideae. In particular, four species in the Paniceae tribe in Panicoideae accumulaed Bxs, indicating that this tribe is a center of the Bx distribution. Bxs were absent in the subfamilies other than Pooideae and Panicoideae. These findings provide an overview of biased distribution of gramine and Bxs in Poaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kokubo
- a Faculty of Agriculture , Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Miho Nishizaka
- a Faculty of Agriculture , Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Naoki Ube
- a Faculty of Agriculture , Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Yukinori Yabuta
- a Faculty of Agriculture , Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | | | - Kotomi Ueno
- a Faculty of Agriculture , Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Shin Taketa
- c Institute of Plant Science and Resources , Okayama University , Kurashiki , Japan
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Knoch E, Motawie MS, Olsen CE, Møller BL, Lyngkjaer MF. Biosynthesis of the leucine derived α-, β- and γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:247-256. [PMID: 27337134 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produces five leucine-derived hydroxynitrile glucosides (HNGs), of which only epiheterodendrin is a cyanogenic glucoside. The four non-cyanogenic HNGs are the β-HNG epidermin and the γ-HNGs osmaronin, dihydroosmaronin and sutherlandin. By analyzing 247 spring barley lines including landraces and old and modern cultivars, we demonstrated that the HNG level varies notably between lines whereas the overall ratio between the compounds is constant. Based on sequence similarity to the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genes involved in dhurrin biosynthesis, we identified a gene cluster on barley chromosome 1 putatively harboring genes that encode enzymes in HNG biosynthesis. Candidate genes were functionally characterized by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Five multifunctional P450s, including two CYP79 family enzymes and three CYP71 family enzymes, and a single UDP-glucosyltransferase were found to catalyze the reactions required for biosynthesis of all five barley HNGs. Two of the CYP71 enzymes needed to be co-expressed for the last hydroxylation step in sutherlandin synthesis to proceed. This observation, together with the constant ratio between the different HNGs, suggested that HNG synthesis in barley is organized within a single multi-enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knoch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawie
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen V, 1799, Denmark
| | - Michael Foged Lyngkjaer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Synthesis and characterization of imprinted sorbent for separation of gramine from bovine serum albumin. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 65:400-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Servillo L, Giovane A, Casale R, D'Onofrio N, Ferrari G, Cautela D, Balestrieri ML, Castaldo D. Serotonin 5-O-β-Glucoside and Its N-Methylated Forms in Citrus Genus Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4220-4227. [PMID: 25893818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrus genus is characterized by a specific presence of indole metabolites deriving from the N-methylation of tryptamine and its hydroxylated form, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), which are likely involved in plant defense mechanisms. In this study, we identified for the first time the occurrence in Citrus plants of serotonin 5-O-β-glucoside and all its N-methylated derivatives, that is, N-methylserotonin 5-O-β-glucoside, N,N-dimethylserotonin (bufotenine) 5-O-β-glucoside, and N,N,N-trimethylserotonin (bufotenidine) 5-O-β-glucoside. The identification of the glucosylated compounds was based on mass spectrometric studies, hydrolysis by glucosidase, and in some cases, comparison to authentic compounds. Beside leaves, the distribution of the glucosylated forms and their aglycones in some Citrus species was evaluated in flavedo, albedo, juice, and seeds. The simultaneous presence of serotonin and its N-methylated derivatives, together with the corresponding glucosylated forms, is consistent with the occurrence of a metabolic pathway, specific for Citrus, aimed at potentiating the defensive response to biotic stress through the optimization of the production and use of the most toxic of such metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Servillo
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Giovane
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosario Casale
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nunzia D'Onofrio
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ferrari
- ‡Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e ProdAL scarl, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Domenico Cautela
- §Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei derivati dagli Agrumi (SSEA), Azienda Speciale della Camera di Commercio di Reggio Calabria, Via Tommaso Campanella 12, 89127 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Castaldo
- §Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei derivati dagli Agrumi (SSEA), Azienda Speciale della Camera di Commercio di Reggio Calabria, Via Tommaso Campanella 12, 89127 Reggio Calabria, Italy
- #Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (MiSE), Via Molise 2, 00187 Roma, Italy
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Schreiber KJ, Nasmith CG, Allard G, Singh J, Subramaniam R, Desveaux D. Found in translation: high-throughput chemical screening in Arabidopsis thaliana identifies small molecules that reduce Fusarium head blight disease in wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:640-8. [PMID: 21303209 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-10-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous economic impact of cereal crop pathogens such as the fungus Fusarium graminearum, the development of strategies for enhanced crop protection is hampered by complex host genetics and difficulties in performing high-throughput analyses. To bypass these challenges, we have developed an assay in which the interaction between F. graminearum and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is monitored in liquid media in 96-well plates. In this assay, fungal infection is associated with the development of dark lesion-like spots on the cotyledons of Arabidopsis seedlings by 4 days postinoculation. These symptoms can be alleviated by the application of known defense-activating small molecules and in previously described resistant host genetic backgrounds. Based on this infection phenotype, we conducted a small-scale chemical screen to identify small molecules that protect Arabidopsis seedlings from infection by F. graminearum. We identified sulfamethoxazole and the indole alkaloid gramine as compounds with strong protective activity in the liquid assay. Remarkably, these two chemicals also significantly reduced the severity of F. graminearum infection in wheat. As such, the Arabidopsis-based liquid assay represents a biologically relevant surrogate system for high-throughput studies of agriculturally important plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Schreiber
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Kirsten S, Siersleben S, Knogge W. A GFP-based assay to quantify the impact of effectors on the ex planta development of the slowly growing barley pathogen Rhynchosporium commune. Mycologia 2011; 103:1019-27. [PMID: 21498556 DOI: 10.3852/10-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A growth assay was established for the barley pathogen Rhynchosporium commune with EGFP-tagged fungal mutants. This assay was used to study the effect of four antibiotics (hygromycin B, nourseothricin, kanamycin, phleomycin) and a herbicide (phosphinothricin) on fungal development. Fitting the growth curves to the modified Gompertz model allowed calculating growth parameters, such as lag periods of fungal colony formation and mycelial growth rates as well as EC(50) values. Except kanamycin all compounds were efficient inhibitors so that the corresponding resistance-conferring genes can be used as markers for selection of fungal transformation-based mutants. In addition the assay was used to quantify the inhibitory activity of a barley secondary metabolite, the indole alkaloid gramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kirsten
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Germany
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Spies A, Korzun V, Bayles R, Rajaraman J, Himmelbach A, Hedley PE, Schweizer P. Allele mining in barley genetic resources reveals genes of race-non-specific powdery mildew resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:113. [PMID: 22629270 PMCID: PMC3355509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Race-non-specific, or quantitative, pathogen resistance is of high importance to plant breeders due to its expected durability. However, it is usually controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) and therefore difficult to handle in practice. Knowing the genes that underlie race-non-specific resistance (NR) would allow its exploitation in a more targeted manner. Here, we performed an association-genetic study in a customized worldwide collection of spring barley accessions for candidate genes of race-NR to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) and combined data with results from QTL mapping as well as functional-genomics approaches. This led to the identification of 11 associated genes with converging evidence for an important role in race-NR in the presence of the Mlo gene for basal susceptibility. Outstanding in this respect was the gene encoding the transcription factor WRKY2. The results suggest that unlocking plant genetic resources and integrating functional-genomic with genetic approaches can accelerate the discovery of genes underlying race-NR in barley and other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Spies
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | | | | | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
- *Correspondence: Patrick Schweizer, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany. e-mail:
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Zellerhoff N, Himmelbach A, Dong W, Bieri S, Schaffrath U, Schweizer P. Nonhost resistance of barley to different fungal pathogens is associated with largely distinct, quantitative transcriptional responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:2053-66. [PMID: 20172964 PMCID: PMC2850024 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.151829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance protects plants against attack by the vast majority of potential pathogens, including phytopathogenic fungi. Despite its high biological importance, the molecular architecture of nonhost resistance has remained largely unexplored. Here, we describe the transcriptional responses of one particular genotype of barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare 'Ingrid') to three different pairs of adapted (host) and nonadapted (nonhost) isolates of fungal pathogens, which belong to the genera Blumeria (powdery mildew), Puccinia (rust), and Magnaporthe (blast). Nonhost resistance against each of these pathogens was associated with changes in transcript abundance of distinct sets of nonhost-specific genes, although general (not nonhost-associated) transcriptional responses to the different pathogens overlapped considerably. The powdery mildew- and blast-induced differences in transcript abundance between host and nonhost interactions were significantly correlated with differences between a near-isogenic pair of barley lines that carry either the Mlo wild-type allele or the mutated mlo5 allele, which mediates basal resistance to powdery mildew. Moreover, during the interactions of barley with the different host or nonhost pathogens, similar patterns of overrepresented and underrepresented functional categories of genes were found. The results suggest that nonhost resistance and basal host defense of barley are functionally related and that nonhost resistance to different fungal pathogens is associated with more robust regulation of complex but largely nonoverlapping sets of pathogen-responsive genes involved in similar metabolic or signaling pathways.
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Ishihara A, Hashimoto Y, Miyagawa H, Wakasa K. Induction of serotonin accumulation by feeding of rice striped stem borer in rice leaves. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:714-6. [PMID: 19704837 PMCID: PMC2634568 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.9.6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp)-related secondary metabolism has been implicated in the defense against pathogen infection and insect feeding in various gramineous species. Recently, we also reported that rice plant accumulated serotonin and tryptamine as well as their amide compounds coupled with phenolic acids in response to the infection by fungal pathogen. These compounds were likely to play an important role in the formation of physical barrier to the invading pathogens. To extend our study to elucidate the defensive role of Trp-derived secondary metabolism in gramineous plants, we examined in this study whether it is activated in response to herbivore attack as well. Third leaves of rice plant were fed on by third instar larvae of rice striped stem borer for 24 h or 48 h. The analysis of four Trp-derived metabolites including tryptamine, serotonin feruloyltryptamine (FerTry) and p-coumaroylserotonin (CouSer) by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry revealed that their contents clearly increased in response to the larvae feeding. The respective amounts of tryptamine, serotonin, FerTry and CouSer in the larvae-fed leaves were 12-, 3.5-, 33- and 140-fold larger than those in control leaves 48 h after the start of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishihara
- Division of Applied Life Sciences; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
- CREST; Plant Function and Their Control; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
- CREST; Plant Function and Their Control; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Miyagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
- CREST; Plant Function and Their Control; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyo Wakasa
- CREST; Plant Function and Their Control; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Agriculture; Tokyo University of Agriculture; Atsugi, Japan
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Larsson KAE, Zetterlund I, Delp G, Jonsson LMV. N-Methyltransferase involved in gramine biosynthesis in barley: cloning and characterization. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:2002-8. [PMID: 16930646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The indole alkaloid gramine occurs in leaves of certain barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars but not in others. A gene sequence in barley that earlier was characterized as a jasmonate-induced O-methyltransferase (MT) (EC 2.1.1.6, GenBank accession U54767) was here found to be absent in some barley cultivars and breeding lines that all lacked gramine. The cDNA was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein purified. The purified recombinant protein methylated two substrates in the pathway to gramine: 3-aminomethylindole (AMI) and N-methyl-3-aminomethylindole (MAMI) at a high rate, with Km-values of 77 microM and 184 microM, respectively. In contrast, the protein did not exhibit any detectable methylation with the earlier suggested substrate for O-methylation, caffeic acid. A number of cultivars and breeding lines of barley were analyzed for presence of the U54767 gene sequence and MT protein and the enzyme activity in vitro with MAMI or caffeic acid as substrates. The results showed a clear relationship between the presence of the MT gene, the MT protein and N-methyltransferase activity, and confirmed the identification of the gene as coding for an N-methyltransferase (NMT, EC 2.1.1) and being involved in gramine biosynthesis.
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25
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Grün S, Frey M, Gierl A. Evolution of the indole alkaloid biosynthesis in the genus Hordeum: distribution of gramine and DIBOA and isolation of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis genes from Hordeum lechleri. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1264-72. [PMID: 15907959 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two indole alkaloids with defense related functions are synthesized in the genus Hordeum of the Triticeae. Gramine (3(dimethyl-amino-methyl)-indole) is found in H. spontaneum and in some varieties of H. vulgare, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA) is detected in H. roshevitzii, H. brachyantherum, H. flexuosum, H. lechleri. Biosynthesis of DIBOA and of gramine was found to be mutually exclusive in wild Hordeum species, indicating that there was selection against simultaneous expression of both pathways during evolution. The full set of genes required for DIBOA biosynthesis in H.lechleri was isolated and the respective enzyme functions were analyzed by heterologous expression. The cytochrome P450 genes Bx2-Bx5 demonstrate a monophyletic origin for H. lechleri, Triticum aestivum and Zea mays. HlBx2-HlBx5 share highest homology to the orthologous genes of T. aestivum. In contrast, the branch point enzyme of the DIBOA pathway, the indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase BX1, might have evolved independently in H. lechleri. In all Hordeum species that synthesize DIBOA, DNA sequences homologous to Bx genes are found. In contrast, these sequences are not detectable in the genomes of H. vulgare and H. spontaneum that do not synthesize benzoxazinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Grün
- Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85746 Neuherberg, Germany
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Lu H, Gorman E, McKnight TD. Molecular characterization of two anthranilate synthase alpha subunit genes in Camptotheca acuminata. PLANTA 2005; 221:352-60. [PMID: 15645305 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The potent anticancer and antiviral compound camptothecin (CPT) is a monoterpene indole alkaloid produced by Camptotheca acuminata. In order to investigate the biosynthetic pathway of CPT, we studied the early indole pathway, a junction between primary and secondary metabolism, which generates tryptophan for both protein synthesis and indole alkaloid production. We cloned and characterized the alpha subunit of anthranilate synthase (ASA) from Camptotheca (designated CaASA), catalyzing the first committed reaction of the indole pathway. CaASA is encoded by a highly conserved gene family in Camptotheca. The two CaASA genes are differentially regulated. The level of CaASA2 is constitutively low in Camptotheca and was found mainly in the reproductive tissues in transgenic tobacco plants carrying the CaASA2 promoter and beta-glucuronidase gene fusion. CaASA1 was detected to varying degrees in all Camptotheca organs examined and transiently induced to a higher level during seedling development. The spatial and developmental regulation of CaASA1 paralleled that of the previously characterized Camptotheca gene encoding the beta subunit of tryptophan synthase as well as the accumulation of CPT. These data suggest that CaASA1, rather than CaASA2, is responsible for synthesizing precursors for CPT biosynthesis in Camptotheca and that the early indole pathway and CPT biosynthesis are coordinately regulated.
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MESH Headings
- Anthranilate Synthase/genetics
- Anthranilate Synthase/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Camptotheca/enzymology
- Camptotheca/genetics
- Camptotheca/growth & development
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Shoots/enzymology
- Plant Shoots/genetics
- Plant Shoots/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Seeds/enzymology
- Seeds/genetics
- Seeds/growth & development
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Nicotiana/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Erman Biology Center, The University of Chicago, 1103 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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