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Srivastava A, Thapa S, Chakdar H, Babele PK, Shukla P. Cyanobacterial myxoxanthophylls: biotechnological interventions and biological implications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:63-77. [PMID: 36137567 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria safeguard their photosynthetic machinery from oxidative damage caused by adverse environmental factors such as high-intensity light. Together with many photoprotective compounds, they contain myxoxanthophylls, a rare group of glycosidic carotenoids containing a high number of conjugated double bonds. These carotenoids have been shown to: have strong photoprotective effects, contribute to the integrity of the thylakoid membrane, and upregulate in cyanobacteria under a variety of stress conditions. However, their metabolic potential has not been fully utilized in the stress biology of cyanobacteria and the pharmaceutical industry due to a lack of mechanistic understanding and their insufficient biosynthesis. This review summarizes current knowledge on: biological function, genetic regulation, biotechnological production, and pharmaceutical potential of myxoxanthophyll, with a focus on strain engineering and parameter optimization strategies for increasing their cellular content. The summarized knowledge can be utilized in cyanobacterial metabolic engineering to improve the stress tolerance of useful strains and enhance the commercial-scale synthesis of myxoxanthophyll for pharmaceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States of America
| | - Shobit Thapa
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, India
| | - Hillol Chakdar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, India
| | | | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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2
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Mapelli-Brahm P, Gómez-Villegas P, Gonda ML, León-Vaz A, León R, Mildenberger J, Rebours C, Saravia V, Vero S, Vila E, Meléndez-Martínez AJ. Microalgae, Seaweeds and Aquatic Bacteria, Archaea, and Yeasts: Sources of Carotenoids with Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Health-Promoting Actions in the Sustainability Era. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:340. [PMID: 37367666 DOI: 10.3390/md21060340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are a large group of health-promoting compounds used in many industrial sectors, such as foods, feeds, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and colorants. Considering the global population growth and environmental challenges, it is essential to find new sustainable sources of carotenoids beyond those obtained from agriculture. This review focuses on the potential use of marine archaea, bacteria, algae, and yeast as biological factories of carotenoids. A wide variety of carotenoids, including novel ones, were identified in these organisms. The role of carotenoids in marine organisms and their potential health-promoting actions have also been discussed. Marine organisms have a great capacity to synthesize a wide variety of carotenoids, which can be obtained in a renewable manner without depleting natural resources. Thus, it is concluded that they represent a key sustainable source of carotenoids that could help Europe achieve its Green Deal and Recovery Plan. Additionally, the lack of standards, clinical studies, and toxicity analysis reduces the use of marine organisms as sources of traditional and novel carotenoids. Therefore, further research on the processing of marine organisms, the biosynthetic pathways, extraction procedures, and examination of their content is needed to increase carotenoid productivity, document their safety, and decrease costs for their industrial implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mapelli-Brahm
- Food Colour and Quality Laboratory, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Gómez-Villegas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence and REMSMA, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Mariana Lourdes Gonda
- Área Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Antonio León-Vaz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence and REMSMA, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Rosa León
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence and REMSMA, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | | | | | - Verónica Saravia
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay
| | - Silvana Vero
- Área Microbiología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Eugenia Vila
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay
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3
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The effect of solvent on the optical properties of myxoxanthophyll from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Prospects of cyanobacterial pigment production: biotechnological potential and optimization strategies. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Maswanna T, Maneeruttanarungroj C. Identification of major carotenoids from green alga Tetraspora sp. CU2551: partial purification and characterization of lutein, canthaxanthin, neochrome, and β-carotene. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:129. [PMID: 35689122 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The green algae Tetraspora sp. CU2551 was previously identified as a strain with high potential for biohydrogen production; however, its algal biomass characteristics changed from green to reddish orange within 43 days of biohydrogen production. The crude pigments were extracted, partially purified, and characterized by chemical determination. The present study focused on elucidating the carotenoid composition of the selected green alga Tetraspora sp. CU2551. The pigment extract was partially purified and fractionated using thin layer chromatography, and yielded two major and two minor carotenoid bands. The fractions were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) before being identified and confirmed using Liquid Chromatograph-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). The spectral data of these fractions revealed four sub-fractions of interest that were lutein, canthaxanthin, neochrome, and β-carotene, which had percentages in the crude extracts of 30.57%, 25.47%, 7.89%, and 0.71%, respectively. Lutein and canthaxanthin were found to be the major carotenoid pigments present. Our findings in this present study are the first reporting of Tetraspora sp. CU2551 as a potential alternate source for carotenoid pigment production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaporn Maswanna
- Scientific Instruments Center, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Cherdsak Maneeruttanarungroj
- Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand. .,Bioenergy Research Unit and Department of Biology, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
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Palmer JS, Lawton LA, Kindt R, Edwards C. Rapid analytical methods for the microalgal and cyanobacterial biorefinery: Application on strains of industrial importance. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1156. [PMID: 33650795 PMCID: PMC7917028 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To realize the potential of microalgae in the biorefinery context, exploitation of multiple products is necessary for profitability and bioproduct valorization. Appropriate analytical tools are required for growth optimization, culture monitoring, and quality control purposes, with safe, low-tech, and low-cost solutions favorable. Rapid, high-throughput, and user-friendly methodologies were devised for (a) determination of phycobiliproteins, chlorophylls, carotenoids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids and (b) qualitative and quantitative carotenoid profiling using UPLC-PDA-MSE . The complementary methods were applied on 11 commercially important microalgal strains including prasinophytes, haptophytes, and cyanobacteria, highlighting the suitability of some strains for coproduct exploitation and the method utility for research and industrial biotechnology applications. The UPLC method allowed separation of 41 different carotenoid compounds in <15 min. Simple techniques are described for further quantification and comparison of pigment profiles, allowing for easy strain selection and optimization for pigment production, with suitability for biotechnological or biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Palmer
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK.,ScotBio, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, UK
| | - Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
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Norena-Caro DA, Zuniga C, Pete AJ, Saemundsson SA, Donaldson MR, Adams AJ, Dooley KM, Zengler K, Benton MG. Analysis of the cyanobacterial amino acid metabolism with a precise genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of Anabaena sp. UTEX 2576. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Aviles FA, Kyndt JA. Cellulosimicrobium fucosivorans sp. nov., isolated from San Elijo Lagoon, contains a fucose metabolic pathway linked to carotenoid production. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4525-4538. [PMID: 34148152 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulosimicrobium strain SE3T was isolated from the San Elijo coastal lagoon near San Diego. A whole genome-based phylogenetic comparison shows great heterogeneity within the Cellulosimicrobium genus. Based on average nucleotide identity, whole genome-based comparison, and the presence of a unique L-fucose metabolic pathway, strain SE3T was shown to belong to a novel species within the genus, together with five other strains. The name Cellulosimicrobium fucosivorans sp. nov. is proposed, with strain SE3T as the type strain. The strain encodes a unique alpha-L-fucosidase and the L-fucose metabolic pathway is homologous to the one recently described in Campylobacter jejuni. C. fucosivorans is able to grow on L-fucose, and interestingly, the biosynthesis of the yellow carotenoid is dependent on the presence of L-fucose in the media. The ability to metabolize fucose and the linked production of carotenoids are expected to provide C. fucosivorans with a competitive advantage in the sunny coastal lagoon area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola A Aviles
- College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, 1000 Galvin Rd. S., Bellevue, NE, 68005, USA
| | - John A Kyndt
- College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, 1000 Galvin Rd. S., Bellevue, NE, 68005, USA.
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Abstract
Covering: up to mid-2020 Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products. Found in all domains of life, there are over 80 000 known compounds. The majority of characterized terpenoids, which include some of the most well known, pharmaceutically relevant, and commercially valuable natural products, are produced by plants and fungi. Comparatively, terpenoids of bacterial origin are rare. This is counter-intuitive to the fact that recent microbial genomics revealed that almost all bacteria have the biosynthetic potential to create the C5 building blocks necessary for terpenoid biosynthesis. In this review, we catalogue terpenoids produced by bacteria. We collected 1062 natural products, consisting of both primary and secondary metabolites, and classified them into two major families and 55 distinct subfamilies. To highlight the structural and chemical space of bacterial terpenoids, we discuss their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Although the bacterial terpenome is relatively small, it presents a fascinating dichotomy for future research. Similarities between bacterial and non-bacterial terpenoids and their biosynthetic pathways provides alternative model systems for detailed characterization while the abundance of novel skeletons, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivies presents new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Tyler A Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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10
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Xanthophyll carotenoids stabilise the association of cyanobacterial chlorophyll synthase with the LHC-like protein HliD. Biochem J 2021; 477:4021-4036. [PMID: 32990304 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll synthase (ChlG) catalyses a terminal reaction in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, attachment of phytol or geranylgeraniol to the C17 propionate of chlorophyllide. Cyanobacterial ChlG forms a stable complex with high light-inducible protein D (HliD), a small single-helix protein homologous to the third transmembrane helix of plant light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). The ChlG-HliD assembly binds chlorophyll, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll and associates with the YidC insertase, most likely to facilitate incorporation of chlorophyll into translated photosystem apoproteins. HliD independently coordinates chlorophyll and β-carotene but the role of the xanthophylls, which appear to be exclusive to the core ChlG-HliD assembly, is unclear. Here we generated mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 lacking specific combinations of carotenoids or HliD in a background with FLAG- or His-tagged ChlG. Immunoprecipitation experiments and analysis of isolated membranes demonstrate that the absence of zeaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll significantly weakens the interaction between HliD and ChlG. ChlG alone does not bind carotenoids and accumulation of the chlorophyllide substrate in the absence of xanthophylls indicates that activity/stability of the 'naked' enzyme is perturbed. In contrast, the interaction of HliD with a second partner, the photosystem II assembly factor Ycf39, is preserved in the absence of xanthophylls. We propose that xanthophylls are required for the stable association of ChlG and HliD, acting as a 'molecular glue' at the lateral transmembrane interface between these proteins; roles for zeaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll in ChlG-HliD complexation are discussed, as well as the possible presence of similar complexes between LHC-like proteins and chlorophyll biosynthesis enzymes in plants.
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11
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Nitrogen Sources and Iron Availability Affect Pigment Biosynthesis and Nutrient Consumption in Anabaena sp. UTEX 2576. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020431. [PMID: 33669780 PMCID: PMC7922959 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabaena sp. UTEX 2576 metabolizes multiple nitrogen (N) sources and is deemed a biotechnological platform for chemical production. Cyanobacteria have been identified as prolific producers of biofertilizers, biopolymers, biofuels, and other bioactive compounds. Here, we analyze the effect of different N-sources and Fe availability on the bioproduction of phycobiliproteins and β-carotene. We characterize nutrient demand in modified BG11 media, including data on CO2 fixation rates, N-source consumption, and mineral utilization (e.g., phosphorus (P), and 11 metallic elements). Results suggest that non-diazotrophic cultures grow up to 60% faster than diazotrophic cells, resulting in 20% higher CO2-fixation rates. While the production of β-carotene was maximum in medium with NaNO3, Fe starvation increased the cellular abundance of C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin by at least 22%. Compared to cells metabolizing NaNO3 and N2, cultures adapted to urea media increased their P, calcium and manganese demands by at least 72%, 97% and 76%, respectively. Variations on pigmentation and nutrient uptake were attributed to changes in phycocyanobilin biosynthesis, light-induced oxidation of carotenoids, and urea-promoted peroxidation. This work presents insights into developing optimal Anabaena culture for efficient operations of bioproduction and wastewater bioremediation with cyanobacteria.
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Khan T, Dominguez-Martin MA, Šímová I, Fuciman M, Kerfeld CA, Polívka T. Excited-State Properties of Canthaxanthin in Cyanobacterial Carotenoid-Binding Proteins HCP2 and HCP3. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4896-4905. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Khan
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Agustina Dominguez-Martin
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ivana Šímová
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Fuciman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Cheryl A. Kerfeld
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tomáš Polívka
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Takaichi S, Okoshi A, Otomo S, Misumi M, Sonoike K, Harada J. Direct injection of pigment-protein complexes and membrane fragments suspended in water from phototrophs to C 18 HPLC. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:101-107. [PMID: 32198677 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We discovered that pigments including carotenoids and (bacterio)chlorophylls in pigment-protein complexes, membrane fragments, and chlorosomes suspended in water could be injected directly into C18 HPLC and analyzed without any other treatments. We applied this method to LH1-RC and chromatophores of purple bacteria, chlorosomes of green sulfur bacteria, thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria, and PSII and thylakoid membranes of spinach. HPLC elution profiles and pigment composition were the same as those of the conventional extraction method. The principle of this method might be that samples are first trapped on top of column, followed by the immediate extraction of the pigments with the HPLC eluent and their separation using the C18 column, as usual. In the conventional extraction method, pigments are first extracted with organic solvents, followed by evaporation of the solvents. The dried pigments are then dissolved in organic solvents and injected into C18 HPLC after filtration. The advantages of this method include the preventions of pigment isomerization and oxidation and the possibility of injecting all samples. Its drawbacks include the accumulation of denatured proteins at the top of column, causing increased HPLC pressure. The use of a guard column might solve this problem. Many factors, such as samples, column, and HPLC systems, may affect this method. Nevertheless, we think that some samples can be analyzed using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.
| | - Akira Okoshi
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Seiu Otomo
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Masahiro Misumi
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kintake Sonoike
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Jiro Harada
- Department of Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
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Llewellyn CA, Airs RL, Farnham G, Greig C. Synthesis, Regulation and Degradation of Carotenoids Under Low Level UV-B Radiation in the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 6912. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:163. [PMID: 32117174 PMCID: PMC7029182 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids in cyanobacteria play an important role in protecting against and in repairing damage against low level UV-B radiation. Here we use transcriptomics and metabolomic HPLC pigment analysis to compare carotenoid pathway regulation in the filamentous cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 6912 exposed to white light and to white light supplemented with low level UV-B. Under UV-B changes in carotenoid transcription regulation were found associated with carotenogenesis (carotenoid synthesis), photoprotection and carotenoid cleavage. Transcriptional regulation was reflected in corresponding pigment signatures. All carotenogenesis pathway genes from geranylgeranyl-diphosphate to lycopene were upregulated. There were significant increases in expression of gene homologs (crtW, crtR, cruF, and cruG) associated with routes to ketolation to produce significant increases in echinenone and canthaxanthin concentrations. There were gene homologs for four β-carotene-ketolases (crtO and crtW) present but only one crtW was upregulated. Putative genes encoding enzymes (CruF, CrtR, and CruG) for the conversion of γ-carotene to myxol 2'-methylpentoside were upregulated. The hydroxylation pathway to nostaxanthin via zeaxanthin and caloxanthin (gene homologs for CrtR and CrtG) were not upregulated, reflected in the unchanged corresponding pigment concentrations in zeaxanthin, caloxanthin and nostaxanthin, Transcripts for the non-photochemical quenching related Orange-Carotenoid-Protein (OCP) and associated Fluoresence-Recovery-Protein (FRP) associated with photoprotection were upregulated, and one carotenoid binding Helical-Carotenoid-Protein (HCP) gene homolog was downregulated. Multiple copies of genes encoding putative apocarotenoid related carotenoid oxygenases responsible for carotenoid cleavage were identified, including an upregulated apo-β-carotenal-oxygenase gene homologous to a retinal producing enzyme. Our study provides holistic insight into the photoregulatory processes that modulate the synthesis, photoprotection and cleavage of carotenoids in cyanobacterial cells exposed to low level UV-B. This is important to understanding how regulation of metabolism responds to a changing environment and how metabolism can be modulated for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A. Llewellyn
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth L. Airs
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Farnham
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Greig
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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15
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Kłodawska K, Bujas A, Turos-Cabal M, Żbik P, Fu P, Malec P. Effect of growth temperature on biosynthesis and accumulation of carotenoids in cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under diazotrophic conditions. Microbiol Res 2019; 226:34-40. [PMID: 31284942 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid composition has been studied in mesophilic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120 grown photoautotrophically, under diazotrophic conditions at four different temperatures (15 °C, 23 °C, 30 °C and 37 °C). The relative accumulation of chlorophyll, carotenoids and proteins was the highest at temperature of 23 °C. At a suboptimal temperature (15 °C) β-carotene was the dominant carotenoid compound, whereas the increase in temperature caused ketocarotenoids (echinenone, canthaxanthin, keto-myxoxanthophyll) to accumulate. A significant increase in the accumulation of phytoene synthase (CrtB) transcript was observed at both extreme growth temperatures (15 °C and 37 °C). The relative amount of β-carotene ketolase (CrtW) transcript directly corresponded to the accumulation of its product (keto-myxoxanthophyll) with a maximum at 30 °C and a profound decrease at 37 °C, whereas the transcription level of β-carotene ketolase (CrtO) was significantly decreased only at a suboptimal temperature (15 °C). These results show that temperature affects the functioning of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in Anabaena cells under photoautotrophic growth. Specifically, the balance between β-carotene and ketocarotenoids is altered according to temperature conditions. The transcriptional regulation of genes encoding enzymes active both at the early (CrtB) and the final steps (CrtO, CrtW) of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway may participate in the acclimation mechanism of cyanobacteria to low and high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Kłodawska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Bujas
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Turos-Cabal
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Żbik
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pengcheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228 China
| | - Przemysław Malec
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Yang YW, Yin YC, Li ZK, Huang D, Shang JL, Chen M, Qiu BS. Orange and red carotenoid proteins are involved in the adaptation of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme to desiccation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 140:103-113. [PMID: 30826949 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable drought-resistance of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme (N. flagelliforme) has attracted attention for many years. In this study, we purified a group of red proteins that accumulate in dried field samples of N. flagelliforme. These red proteins contain canthaxanthin as the bound chromophore. Native-PAGE analysis revealed that the purified red proteins resolved into six visible red bands and were composed of four helical carotenoid proteins (HCPs), HCP1, HCP2, HCP3, and HCP6 (homologs to the N-terminal domain of the orange carotenoid protein (OCP)). Seven genes encode homologs of the OCP in the genome of N. flagelliforme: two full-length ocp genes (ocpx1 and ocpx2), four N-terminal domain hcp genes (hcp1, hcp2, hcp3, and hcp6), and one C-terminal domain ccp gene. The expression levels of hcp1, hcp2, and hcp6 were highly dependent on the water status of field N. flagelliforme samples, being downregulated during rehydration and upregulated during subsequent dehydration. Transcripts of ocpx2 were dominant in the dried field samples, which we confirmed by detecting the presence of OCPx2-derived peptides in the purified red proteins. The results shed light on the relationship between carotenoid-binding proteins and the desiccation resistance of terrestrial cyanobacteria, and the physiological functions of carotenoid-binding protein complexes in relation to desiccation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Yang
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Chao Yin
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Huang
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Long Shang
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Bao-Sheng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Nekvapil F, Brezeştean I, Tomšić S, Müller C, Chiş V, Cintă Pinzaru S. Microsphere packages of carotenoids: intact sea urchin eggs tracked by Raman spectroscopy tools. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1933-1944. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The native carotenoid content and distribution in intact, freshly released eggs of sea urchin P. lividus are described using resonance Raman spectroscopy; NIR-Raman revealed the additional molecular carotenoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Nekvapil
- Biomolecular Physics Department
- Babeş-Bolyai University
- Cluj-Napoca
- Romania
- Physics of Nanostructured Systems Department
| | - Ioana Brezeştean
- Biomolecular Physics Department
- Babeş-Bolyai University
- Cluj-Napoca
- Romania
- Molecular and Biomolecular Physics Department
| | - Sanja Tomšić
- Department of Aquaculture
- University of Dubrovnik
- 20 000 Dubrovnik
- Croatia
| | - Csilla Müller
- Biomolecular Physics Department
- Babeş-Bolyai University
- Cluj-Napoca
- Romania
- Mass Spectrometry
| | - Vasile Chiş
- Biomolecular Physics Department
- Babeş-Bolyai University
- Cluj-Napoca
- Romania
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18
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Will SE, Henke P, Boedeker C, Huang S, Brinkmann H, Rohde M, Jarek M, Friedl T, Seufert S, Schumacher M, Overmann J, Neumann-Schaal M, Petersen J. Day and Night: Metabolic Profiles and Evolutionary Relationships of Six Axenic Non-Marine Cyanobacteria. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:270-294. [PMID: 30590650 PMCID: PMC6349668 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are dominant primary producers of various ecosystems and they colonize marine as well as freshwater and terrestrial habitats. On the basis of their oxygenic photosynthesis they are known to synthesize a high number of secondary metabolites, which makes them promising for biotechnological applications. State-of-the-art sequencing and analytical techniques and the availability of several axenic strains offer new opportunities for the understanding of the hidden metabolic potential of cyanobacteria beyond those of single model organisms. Here, we report comprehensive genomic and metabolic analyses of five non-marine cyanobacteria, that is, Nostoc sp. DSM 107007, Anabaena variabilis DSM 107003, Calothrix desertica DSM 106972, Chroococcidiopsis cubana DSM 107010, Chlorogloeopsis sp. PCC 6912, and the reference strain Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Five strains that are prevalently belonging to the order Nostocales represent the phylogenetic depth of clade B1, a morphologically highly diverse sister lineage of clade B2 that includes strain PCC 6803. Genome sequencing, light and scanning electron microscopy revealed the characteristics and axenicity of the analyzed strains. Phylogenetic comparisons showed the limits of the 16S rRNA gene for the classification of cyanobacteria, but documented the applicability of a multilocus sequence alignment analysis based on 43 conserved protein markers. The analysis of metabolites of the core carbon metabolism showed parts of highly conserved metabolic pathways as well as lineage specific pathways such as the glyoxylate shunt, which was acquired by cyanobacteria at least twice via horizontal gene transfer. Major metabolic changes were observed when we compared alterations between day and night samples. Furthermore, our results showed metabolic potential of cyanobacteria beyond Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as model organism and may encourage the cyanobacterial community to broaden their research to related organisms with higher metabolic activity in the desired pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Eva Will
- Nachwuchsgruppe Bakterielle Metabolomik, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Henke
- Abteilung Mikrobielle Ökologie und Diversität, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Boedeker
- Abteilung Mikrobielle Ökologie und Diversität, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sixing Huang
- Abteilung Mikrobielle Ökologie und Diversität, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henner Brinkmann
- Abteilung Protisten und Cyanobakterien, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Jarek
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedl
- Sammlung von Algenkulturen der Universität Göttingen (SAG), Germany
| | - Steph Seufert
- Abteilung Protisten und Cyanobakterien, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Schumacher
- Abteilung Protisten und Cyanobakterien, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Abteilung Mikrobielle Ökologie und Diversität, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Meina Neumann-Schaal
- Nachwuchsgruppe Bakterielle Metabolomik, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörn Petersen
- Abteilung Protisten und Cyanobakterien, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Yamano Y, Masumoto M, Takaichi S, Wada A. Total synthesis of myxol and deoxymyxol stereoisomers and their application to determining the absolute configurations of the natural products. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Jaja-Chimedza A, Sanchez K, Gantar M, Gibbs P, Schmale M, Berry JP. Carotenoid glycosides from cyanobacteria are teratogenic in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:478-489. [PMID: 28189893 PMCID: PMC5835316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenicity of cyanobacteria is widely associated with production of several well-described toxins that pose recognized threats to human and ecosystem health as part of both freshwater eutrophication, and episodic blooms in freshwater and coastal habitats. However, a preponderance of evidence indicates contribution of additional bioactive, and potentially toxic, metabolites. In the present study, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo was used as a model of vertebrate development to identify, and subsequently isolate and characterize, teratogenic metabolites from two representative strains of C. raciborskii. Using this approach, three chemically related carotenoids - and specifically the xanthophyll glycosides, myxol 2'-glycoside (1), 4-ketomyxol 2'-glycoside (2) and 4-hydroxymyxol 2'-glycoside (3) - which are, otherwise, well known pigment molecules from cyanobacteria were isolated as potently teratogenic compounds. Carotenoids are recognized "pro-retinoids" with retinoic acid, as a metabolic product of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, established as both key mediator of embryo development and, consequently, a potent teratogen. Accordingly, a comparative toxicological study of chemically diverse carotenoids, as well as apocarotenoids and retinoids, was undertaken. Based on this, a working model of the developmental toxicity of carotenoids as pro-retinoids is proposed, and the teratogenicity of these widespread metabolites is discussed in relation to possible impacts on aquatic vertebrate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Kristel Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Miroslav Gantar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Patrick Gibbs
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Michael Schmale
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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21
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Sugiyama K, Ebisawa M, Yamada M, Nagashima Y, Suzuki H, Maoka T, Takaichi S. Functional Lycopene Cyclase (CruA) in Cyanobacterium, Arthrospira platensis NIES-39, and its Role in Carotenoid Synthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:831-838. [PMID: 28371918 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The genus Arthrospira is filamentous, non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that is commercially important. We identified the molecular structures of carotenoids in Arthrospira platensis NIES-39. The major carotenoid identified was β-carotene. In addition, the hydroxyl derivatives of β-cryptoxanthin and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin were also found to be present. The carotenoid glycosides were identified as (3R,2'S)-myxol 2'-methylpentoside and oscillol 2,2'-dimethylpentoside. The methylpentoside moiety was a mixture of fucoside and chinovoside in an approximate ratio of 1 : 4. Trace amounts of the ketocarotenoid 3'-hydroxyechinenone were also found. Three types of lycopene cyclases have been functionally confirmed in carotenogenesis organisms. In cyanobacteria, the functional lycopene cyclases (CrtL, CruA and CruP) have only been found in four species. In this study, we found that CruA exhibited lycopene cyclase activity in transformed Escherichia coli, which contains lycopene, but CruP exhibited no lycopene cyclase activity and crtL was absent. This is the third cyanobacterial species in which CruA activity has been confirmed. Neurosporene was not a substrate of CruA in E. coli, whereas lycopene cyclases of CrtY (bacteria), CrtL (plants) and CrtYB (fungi) have been reported to convert neurosporene to 7,8-dihydro-β-carotene. β-Carotene hydroxylase (CrtR) was found to convert β-carotene to zeaxanthin in transformed E. coli, which contains β-carotene. Among the β-carotene hydroxylases, bacterial CrtZ and eukaryotic CrtR and BCH have similarities, whereas cyanobacterial CrtR appears to belong to another clade. Based on the identification of the carotenoids and the completion of the entire nucleotide sequence of the A. platensis NIES-39 genome, we propose a biosynthetic pathway for the carotenoids as well as the corresponding genes and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masashi Ebisawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masaharu Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Xiong W, Shen G, Bryant DA. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 CruA (sll0147) encodes lycopene cyclase and requires bound chlorophyll a for activity. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 131:267-280. [PMID: 27743323 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the model cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, encodes two paralogs of CruA-type lycopene cyclases, SynPCC7002_A2153 and SynPCC7002_A0043, which are denoted cruA and cruP, respectively. Unlike the wild-type strain, a cruA deletion mutant is light-sensitive, grows slowly, and accumulates lycopene, γ-carotene, and 1-OH-lycopene; however, this strain still produces β-carotene and other carotenoids derived from it. Expression of cruA from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (cruA 6803) in Escherichia coli strains that synthesize either lycopene or γ-carotene did not lead to the synthesis of either γ-carotene or β-carotene, respectively. However, expression of this orthologous cruA 6803 gene (sll0147) in the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 cruA deletion mutant produced strains with phenotypic properties identical to the wild type. CruA6803 was purified from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 by affinity chromatography, and the purified protein was pale yellow-green due to the presence of bound chlorophyll (Chl) a and β-carotene. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the partly purified protein in the presence of lithium dodecylsulfate at 4 °C confirmed that the protein was yellow-green in color. When purified CruA6803 was assayed in vitro with either lycopene or γ-carotene as substrate, β-carotene was synthesized. These data establish that CruA6803 is a lycopene cyclase and that it requires a bound Chl a molecule for activity. Possible binding sites for Chl a and the potential regulatory role of the Chl a in coordination of Chl and carotenoid biosynthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Gaozhong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
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23
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Srivastava A, Brilisauer K, Rai AK, Ballal A, Forchhammer K, Tripathi AK. Down-Regulation of the Alternative Sigma Factor SigJ Confers a Photoprotective Phenotype to Anabaena PCC 7120. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:287-297. [PMID: 27837096 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative sigma factors belonging to Group 3 are thought to play an important role in the adaptation of cyanobacteria to environmental challenges by altering expression of genes needed for coping with such stresses. In this study, the role of an alternative sigma factor, SigJ, was analyzed in the filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 by knocking down the expression of the sigJ gene (alr0277) employing an antisense RNA-mediated approach. In the absence of any stress, the knock-down (KD0277) or the wild-type strain both grew similarly. Upon exposure to high-intensity light, KD0277 showed substantially reduced bleaching of its pigments, higher photosynthetic activity and consequently better survival than the wild type. KD0277 also showed an enhanced accumulation of two carotenoids, which were identified as myxoxanthophyll and keto-myxoxanthophyll. Further, KD0277 was more tolerant to ammonium-triggered photodamage than the wild type. Moreover, PSII was better protected against photodamage in KD0277 than in the wild type. Down-regulation of sigJ in Anabaena PCC 7120, however, reduced its ability to cope with desiccation. This study demonstrates that down-regulation of the sigJ gene in Anabaena PCC 7120 differentially affects its ability to tolerate two environmentally relevant stresses, i.e. high-intensity light and desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Srivastava
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Klaus Brilisauer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ashutosh K Rai
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anand Ballal
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Karl Forchhammer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anil K Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Sandmann G, Mautz J, Breitenbach J. Control of light-dependent keto carotenoid biosynthesis in Nostoc 7120 by the transcription factor NtcA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 71:303-311. [PMID: 27564697 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2016-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In Nostoc PCC 7120, two different ketolases, CrtW and CrtO are involved in the formation of keto carotenoids from β-carotene. In contrast to other cyanobacteria, CrtW catalyzes the formation of monoketo echinenone whereas CrtO is the only enzyme for the synthesis of diketo canthaxanthin. This is the major photo protective carotenoid in this cyanobacterium. Under high-light conditions, basic canthaxanthin formation was transcriptionally up-regulated. Upon transfer to high light, the transcript levels of all investigated carotenogenic genes including those coding for phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and both ketolases were increased. These transcription changes proceeded via binding of the transcription factor NtcA to the promoter regions of the carotenogenic genes. The binding was absolutely dependent on the presence of reductants and oxo-glutarate. Light-stimulated transcript formation was inhibited by DCMU. Therefore, photosynthetic electron transport is proposed as the sensor for high-light and a changing redox state as a signal for NtcA binding.
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25
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Kosourov S, Murukesan G, Jokela J, Allahverdiyeva Y. Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Calothrix sp. 336/3: Composition of Carotenoids on Full Medium, During Diazotrophic Growth and After Long-Term H2 Photoproduction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2269-2282. [PMID: 27519311 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoid composition of the filamentous heterocystous N2-fixing cyanobacterium Calothrix sp. 336/3 was investigated under three conditions: in full medium (non-diazotrophic growth); in the absence of combined nitrogen (diazotrophic growth); and after long-term H2 photoproduction (diazotrophic medium and absence of nitrogen in the atmosphere). Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and its ΔhupL mutant with disrupted uptake hydrogenase were used as reference strains. Analysis of identified carotenoids and enzymes involved in carotenogenesis showed the presence of three distinct biosynthetic pathways in Calothrix sp. 336/3. The first one is directed towards biosynthesis of myxoxanthophylls, such as myxol 2'-methylpentoside and 2-hydroxymyxol 2'-methylpentoside. The second pathway results in production of hydroxylated carotenoids, such as zeaxanthin, caloxanthin and nostoxanthin, and the last pathway is responsible for biosynthesis of echinenone and hydroxylated forms of ketocarotenoids, such as 3'-hydroxyechinenone and adonixanthin. We found that carotenogenesis in filamentous heterocystous cyanobacteria varies depending on the nitrogen status of the cultures, with significant accumulation of echinenone during diazotrophic growth at the expense of β-carotene. Under the severe N deficiency and high CO2 supply, which leads to efficient H2 photoproduction, cyanobacteria degrade echinenone and β-carotene, and accumulate glycosylated and hydroxylated carotenoids, such as myxol (or ketomyxol) 2'-methylpentosides, 3'-hydroxyechinenone and zeaxanthin. We suggest that the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus in Calothrix sp. 336/3 cells under N deficiency and high carbon conditions, which also appeared as the partial recovery of the pigment composition by the end of the long-term (∼1 month) H2 photoproduction process, might be mediated by a high content of hydroxycarotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kosourov
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Gayathri Murukesan
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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26
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Onishi A, Aikawa S, Kondo A, Akimoto S. Energy transfer in Anabaena variabilis filaments under nitrogen depletion, studied by time-resolved fluorescence. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 125:191-199. [PMID: 25596847 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some filamentous cyanobacteria (including Anabaena) differentiate into heterocysts under nitrogen-depleted conditions. During differentiation, the phycobiliproteins and photosystem II in the heterocysts are gradually degraded. Nitrogen depletion induces changes in the pigment composition of both vegetative cells and heterocysts, which affect the excitation energy transfer processes. To investigate the changes in excitation energy transfer processes of Anabaena variabilis filaments grown in standard medium (BG11) and a nitrogen-free medium (BG110), we measured their steady-state absorption spectra, steady-state fluorescence spectra, and time-resolved fluorescence spectra (TRFS) at 77 K. TRFS were measured with a picosecond time-correlated single photon counting system. The pigment compositions of the filaments grown in BG110 changed throughout the growth period; the relative phycocyanin levels monotonically decreased, whereas the relative carotenoid (Car) levels decreased and then recovered to their initial value (at day 0), with formation of lower-energy Cars. Nitrogen starvation also altered the fluorescence kinetics of PSI; the fluorescence maximum of TRFS immediately after excitation occurred at 735, 740, and 730 nm after 4, 8, and 15 days growth in BG110, respectively. Based on these results, we discuss the excitation energy transfer dynamics of A. variabilis filaments under the nitrogen-depleted condition throughout the growth period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Onishi
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Subcellular Localization of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130904. [PMID: 26083372 PMCID: PMC4470828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis pathway of carotenoids in cyanobacteria is partly described. However, the subcellular localization of individual steps is so far unknown. Carotenoid analysis of different membrane subfractions in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 shows that “light” plasma membranes have a high carotenoid/protein ratio, when compared to “heavier” plasma membranes or thylakoids. The localization of CrtQ and CrtO, two well-defined carotenoid synthesis pathway enzymes in Synechocystis, was studied by epitope tagging and western blots. Both enzymes are locally more abundant in plasma membranes than in thylakoids, implying that the plasma membrane has higher synthesis rates of β-carotene precursor molecules and echinenone.
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28
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Ten LN, Chae SM, Yoo SA. Composition of Carotenoids from Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. BD47 Biomass, Feedstock for Biodiesel Production. Chem Nat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-015-1347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Complete biosynthetic pathway of the C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin from lycopene in the extremely halophilic archaeon Haloarcula japonica. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:1614-23. [PMID: 25712483 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02523-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Haloarcula japonica, an extremely halophilic archaeon that requires high concentrations of NaCl for growth, accumulates the C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin (BR). By homology analysis, a gene cluster, including c0507, c0506, and c0505, was found and predicted to be involved in the synthesis of bacterioruberin. To elucidate the function of the encoded enzymes, we constructed Ha. japonica mutants of these genes and analyzed carotenoids produced by the mutants. Our research showed that c0507, c0506, and c0505 encoded a carotenoid 3,4-desaturase (CrtD), a bifunctional lycopene elongase and 1,2-hydratase (LyeJ), and a C50 carotenoid 2",3"-hydratase (CruF), respectively. The above three carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes catalyze the reactions that convert lycopene to bacterioruberin in Ha. japonica. This is the first identification of functional CrtD and CruF in archaea and elucidation of the complete biosynthetic pathway of bacterioruberin from lycopene. IMPORTANCE Haloarcula japonica, an extremely halophilic archaeon, accumulates the C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin (BR). In this study, we have identified three BR biosynthetic enzymes and have elucidated their functions. Among them, two enzymes were found in an archaeon for the first time. Our results revealed the biosynthetic pathway responsible for production of BR in Ha. japonica and provide a basis for investigating carotenoid biosynthetic pathways in other extremely halophilic archaea. Elucidation of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Ha. japonica may also prove useful for producing the C50 carotenoid BR efficiently by employing genetically modified haloarchaeal strains.
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Takatani N, Nishida K, Sawabe T, Maoka T, Miyashita K, Hosokawa M. Identification of a novel carotenoid, 2′-isopentenylsaproxanthin, by Jejuia pallidilutea strain 11shimoA1 and its increased production under alkaline condition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6633-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Domonkos I, Kis M, Gombos Z, Ughy B. Carotenoids, versatile components of oxygenic photosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:539-61. [PMID: 23896007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids (CARs) are a group of pigments that perform several important physiological functions in all kingdoms of living organisms. CARs serve as protective agents, which are essential structural components of photosynthetic complexes and membranes, and they play an important role in the light harvesting mechanism of photosynthesizing plants and cyanobacteria. The protection against reactive oxygen species, realized by quenching of singlet oxygen and the excited states of photosensitizing molecules, as well as by the scavenging of free radicals, is one of the main biological functions of CARs. X-ray crystallographic localization of CARs revealed that they are present at functionally and structurally important sites of both the PSI and PSII reaction centers. Characterization of a CAR-less cyanobacterial mutant revealed that while the absence of CARs prevents the formation of PSII complexes, it does not abolish the assembly and function of PSI. CAR molecules assist in the formation of protein subunits of the photosynthetic complexes by gluing together their protein components. In addition to their aforementioned indispensable functions, CARs have a substantial role in the formation and maintenance of proper cellular architecture, and potentially also in the protection of the translational machinery under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Breitenbach J, Bruns M, Sandmann G. Contribution of two ζ-carotene desaturases to the poly-cis desaturation pathway in the cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 7120. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:491-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schöpf L, Mautz J, Sandmann G. Multiple ketolases involved in light regulation of canthaxanthin biosynthesis in Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102. PLANTA 2013; 237:1279-1285. [PMID: 23361890 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the genome of Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102, three functional β-carotene ketolase genes exist, one of the crtO and two of the crtW type. They were all expressed and their corresponding enzymes were functional inserting 4-keto groups into β-carotene as shown by functional pathway complementation in Escherichia coli. They all synthesized canthaxanthin but with different efficiencies. Canthaxanthin is the photoprotective carotenoid of N. punctiforme PCC 73102. Under high-light stress, its synthesis was enhanced. This was caused by up-regulation of the transcripts of two genes in combination. The first crtB-encoding phytoene synthase is the gate way enzyme of carotenogenesis resulting in an increased inflow into the pathway. The second was the ketolase gene crtW148 which in high light takes over β-carotene conversion into canthaxanthin from the other ketolases. The other ketolases were down-regulated under high-light conditions. CrtW148 was also exclusively responsible for the last step in 4-keto-myxoxanthophyll synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Schöpf
- Biosynthesis Group, Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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Characterization of carotenogenesis genes in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Methods Mol Biol 2012. [PMID: 22623311 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-879-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce many kinds of carotenoids for light harvesting and light protection in photosynthesis. To elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (also known as Nostoc sp. PCC 7120), we have produced gene-disruption mutants lacking selected proposed carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes. Here we describe the construction of mutants by triparental mating. A cargo plasmid, bearing a target gene interrupted by an antibiotic-resistant cassette, is transformed to E. coli donor containing a helper plasmid, and is introduced into Anabaena cells by conjugation. Double-reciprocal recombination replaces the target genes in Anabaena genome with mutated ones on the plasmid. Carotenoids in the selected double recombinants are identified using high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Arima H, Horiguchi N, Takaichi S, Kofuji R, Ishida KI, Wada K, Sakamoto T. Molecular genetic and chemotaxonomic characterization of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune and its neighboring species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 79:34-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Arima
- Division of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa; Japan
| | - Noriomi Horiguchi
- Division of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa; Japan
| | | | - Rumiko Kofuji
- Division of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa; Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Ishida
- Division of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa; Japan
| | - Keishiro Wada
- Division of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa; Japan
| | - Toshio Sakamoto
- Division of Biological Sciences; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa; Japan
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Misawa N. Carotenoid β-ring hydroxylase and ketolase from marine bacteria-promiscuous enzymes for synthesizing functional xanthophylls. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:757-771. [PMID: 21673887 PMCID: PMC3111180 DOI: 10.3390/md9050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine bacteria belonging to genera Paracoccus and Brevundimonas of the α-Proteobacteria class can produce C40-type dicyclic carotenoids containing two β-end groups (β rings) that are modified with keto and hydroxyl groups. These bacteria produce astaxanthin, adonixanthin, and their derivatives, which are ketolated by carotenoid β-ring 4(4′)-ketolase (4(4′)-oxygenase; CrtW) and hydroxylated by carotenoid β-ring 3(3′)-hydroxylase (CrtZ). In addition, the genus Brevundimonas possesses a gene for carotenoid β-ring 2(2′)-hydroxylase (CrtG). This review focuses on these carotenoid β-ring-modifying enzymes that are promiscuous for carotenoid substrates, and pathway engineering for the production of xanthophylls (oxygen-containing carotenoids) in Escherichia coli, using these enzyme genes. Such pathway engineering researches are performed towards efficient production not only of commercially important xanthophylls such as astaxanthin, but also of xanthophylls minor in nature (e.g., β-ring(s)-2(2′)-hydroxylated carotenoids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
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El-Sheekh MM, Mahmoud YAG, Abo-Shady AM, Hamza W. Efficacy of Rhodotorula glutinis and Spirulina platensis carotenoids in immunopotentiation of mice infected with Candida albicans SC5314 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 35. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:61-7. [PMID: 20336506 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of the immune response leading to protection against bacterial and fungal infections was shown using different schedules of immunization with microbial pigments and a polysaccharide. The group of mice given carotenoids of Rhodotorula glutinis (preparation I) and polysaccharide of Spitulina platensis (IV) survived for 2 weeks after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. The groups of mice given carotenoids (I), polysaccharide (IV), I+IV and with the crude phycocyanin of S. platensis (III)+IV survived for 2 weeks after Candida albicans infection. All other groups recorded a maximum level of mortality reaching 2 mice per group either after immunization or post-infection. Adding the carotenoids, phycocyanin and polysaccharides to food as additives might therefore enhance the human immune response against microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
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Takaichi S, Maoka T, Takasaki K, Hanada S. Carotenoids of Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (Gemmatimonadetes): identification of a novel carotenoid, deoxyoscillol 2-rhamnoside, and proposed biosynthetic pathway of oscillol 2,2′-dirhamnoside. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:757-763. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.034249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemmatimonas aurantiaca strain T-27T is an orange-coloured, Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic, polyphosphate-accumulating bacterium belonging to a recently proposed phylum, Gemmatimonadetes. We purified its pigments and identified them as carotenoids and their glycoside derivatives using spectral data. The major carotenoid was (2S,2′S)-oscillol 2,2′-di-(α-l-rhamnoside), and the minor carotenoids were (2S)-deoxyoscillol 2-(α-l-rhamnoside) and didemethylspirilloxanthin. Deoxyoscillol2-rhamnoside is a novel carotenoid. Oscillol 2,2′-diglycosides have hitherto only been reported in a limited number of cyanobacteria, and this is believed to be the first finding of such carotenoids in another bacterial phylum. Based on the identification of the carotenoids and the completion of the entire nucleotide sequence, we propose a biosynthetic pathway for the carotenoids and the corresponding genes and enzymes. We propose the involvement of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (CrtE), phytoene synthase (CrtB) and phytoene desaturase (CrtI) for lycopene synthesis; and of carotenoid1,2-hydratase (CruF) and carotenoid 2-O-rhamnosyltransferase (CruG) for oscillol 2,2′-dirhamnoside synthesis. Further, isopentenyl pyrophosphate could be synthesized by a non-mevalonate pathway (DXP pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kosugi-cho2, Nakahara, Kawasaki 211-0063, Japan
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takasaki
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hanada
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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Unique Carotenoids in the Terrestrial Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune NIES-24: 2-Hydroxymyxol 2′-Fucoside, Nostoxanthin and Canthaxanthin. Curr Microbiol 2009; 59:413-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Rählert N, Fraser PD, Sandmann G. AcrtA-related gene fromFlavobacteriumP99-3 encodes a novel carotenoid 2-hydroxylase involved in myxol biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1605-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The biosynthetic pathway for myxol-2' fucoside (myxoxanthophyll) in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:3292-300. [PMID: 19304845 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00050-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 produces a variety of carotenoids, which comprise predominantly dicylic beta-carotene and two dicyclic xanthophylls, zeaxanthin and synechoxanthin. However, this cyanobacterium also produces a monocyclic myxoxanthophyll, which was identified as myxol-2' fucoside. Compared to the carotenoid glycosides produced by diverse microorganisms, cyanobacterial myxoxanthophyll and closely related compounds are unusual because they are glycosylated on the 2'-OH rather than on the 1'-OH position of the psi end of the molecule. In this study, the genes encoding two enzymes that modify the psi end of myxoxanthophyll in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 were identified. Mutational and biochemical studies showed that open reading frame SynPCC7002_A2032, renamed cruF, encodes a 1',2'-hydroxylase [corrected] and that open reading frame SynPCC7002_A2031, renamed cruG, encodes a 2'-O-glycosyltransferase. The enzymatic activity of CruF was verified by chemical characterization of the carotenoid products synthesized when cruF was expressed in a lycopene-producing strain of Escherichia coli. Database searches showed that homologs of cruF and cruG occur in the genomes of all sequenced cyanobacterial strains that are known to produce myxol or the acylic xanthophyll oscillaxanthin. The genomes of many other bacteria that produce hydroxylated carotenoids but do not contain crtC homologs also contain cruF orthologs. Based upon observable intermediates, a complete biosynthetic pathway for myxoxanthophyll is proposed. This study expands the suite of enzymes available for metabolic engineering of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways for biotechnological applications.
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Makino T, Harada H, Ikenaga H, Matsuda S, Takaichi S, Shindo K, Sandmann G, Ogata T, Misawa N. Characterization of cyanobacterial carotenoid ketolase CrtW and hydroxylase CrtR by complementation analysis in Escherichia coli. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:1867-1878. [PMID: 18987067 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The pathway from beta-carotene to astaxanthin is a crucial step in the synthesis of astaxanthin, a red antioxidative ketocarotenoid that confers beneficial effects on human health. Two enzymes, a beta-carotene ketolase (carotenoid 4,4'-oxygenase) and a beta-carotene hydroxylase (carotenoid 3,3'-hydroxylase), are involved in this pathway. Cyanobacteria are known to utilize the carotenoid ketolase CrtW and/or CrtO, and the carotenoid hydroxylase CrtR. Here, we compared the catalytic functions of CrtW ketolases, which originated from Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421, Anabaena (also known as Nostoc) sp. PCC 7120 and Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102, and CrtR from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 by complementation analysis using recombinant Escherichia coli cells that synthesized various carotenoid substrates. The results demonstrated that the CrtW proteins derived from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 as well as N. punctiforme PCC 73102 (CrtW148) can convert not only beta-carotene but also zeaxanthin into their 4,4'-ketolated products, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, respectively. In contrast, the Anabaena CrtR enzymes were very poor in accepting either beta-carotene or canthaxanthin as substrates. By comparison, the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 CrtR converted beta-carotene into zeaxanthin efficiently. We could assign the catalytic functions of the gene products involved in ketocarotenoid biosynthetic pathways in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and N. punctiforme PCC 73102, based on the present and previous findings. This explains why these cyanobacteria cannot produce astaxanthin and why only Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 can produce zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Makino
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Sanriku-cho, Ofunato, 022-0101 Japan
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Iwai M, Maoka T, Ikeuchi M, Takaichi S. 2,2'-beta-hydroxylase (CrtG) is involved in carotenogenesis of both nostoxanthin and 2-hydroxymyxol 2'-fucoside in Thermosynechococcus elongatus strain BP-1. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:1678-87. [PMID: 18794175 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We identified the molecular structures, including the stereochemistry, of all carotenoids in Thermosynechococcus elongatus strain BP-1. The major carotenoid was beta-carotene, and its hydroxyl derivatives of (3R)-beta-cryptoxanthin, (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin, (2R,3R,3'R)-caloxanthin and (2R,3R,2'R,3'R)-nostoxanthin were also identified. The myxol glycosides were identified as (3R,2'S)-myxol 2'-fucoside and (2R,3R,2'S)-2-hydroxymyxol 2'-fucoside. 2-Hydroxymyxol 2'-fucoside is a novel carotenoid, and similar carotenoids of 4-hydroxymyxol glycosides were previously named aphanizophyll. Ketocarotenoids, such as echinenone and 4-ketomyxol, which are unique carotenoids in cyanobacteria, were absent, and genes coding for both beta-carotene ketolases, crtO and crtW, were absent in the genome. From a homology search, the Tlr1917 amino acid sequence was found to be 41% identical to 2,2'- beta-hydroxylase (CrtG) from Brevundimonas sp. SD212, which produces nostoxanthin from zeaxanthin. In the crtG disruptant mutant, 2-hydroxymyxol 2'-fucoside, caloxanthin and nostoxanthin were absent, and the levels of both myxol 2'-fucoside and zeaxanthin were higher. Therefore, the gene has a CrtG function for both myxol to 2-hydroxymyxol and zeaxanthin to nostoxanthin. This is the first functional identification of CrtG in cyanobacteria. We also investigated the distribution of crtG-like genes, and 2-hydroxymyxol and/or nostoxanthin, in cyanobacteria. Based on the identification of the carotenoids and the completion of the entire nucleotide sequence of the genome in T. elongatus, we propose a biosynthetic pathway of the carotenoids and the corresponding genes and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Iwai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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Schlüter L, Lutnæs BF, Liaaen-Jensen S, Garde K, Kaas H, Jameson I, Blackburn S. Correlation of the content of hepatotoxin nodularin and glycosidic carotenoids, 4-ketomyxol-2′-fucoside and novel 1′-O-methyl-4-ketomyxol-2′-fucoside, in 20 strains of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Substrate specificities and availability of fucosyltransferase and beta-carotene hydroxylase for myxol 2'-fucoside synthesis in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 compared with Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:6726-33. [PMID: 18708496 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01881-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids, especially myxol 2'-glycosides, in cyanobacteria, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 (also known as Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120) and Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 deletion mutants lacking selected proposed carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes and GDP-fucose synthase (WcaG), which is required for myxol 2'-fucoside production, were analyzed. The carotenoids in these mutants were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography, field desorption mass spectrometry, and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance. The wcaG (all4826) deletion mutant of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 produced myxol 2'-rhamnoside and 4-ketomyxol 2'-rhamnoside as polar carotenoids instead of the myxol 2'-fucoside and 4-ketomyxol 2'-fucoside produced by the wild type. Deletion of the corresponding gene in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (sll1213; 79% amino acid sequence identity with the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 gene product) produced free myxol instead of the myxol 2'-dimethyl-fucoside produced by the wild type. Free myxol might correspond to the unknown component observed previously in the same mutant (H. E. Mohamed, A. M. L. van de Meene, R. W. Roberson, and W. F. J. Vermaas, J. Bacteriol. 187:6883-6892, 2005). These results indicate that in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, but not in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, rhamnose can be substituted for fucose in myxol glycoside. The beta-carotene hydroxylase orthologue (CrtR, Alr4009) of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 catalyzed the transformation of deoxymyxol and deoxymyxol 2'-fucoside to myxol and myxol 2'-fucoside, respectively, but not the beta-carotene-to-zeaxanthin reaction, whereas CrtR from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 catalyzed both reactions. Thus, the substrate specificities or substrate availabilities of both fucosyltransferase and CrtR were different in these species. The biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 are discussed.
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Maresca JA, Graham JE, Bryant DA. The biochemical basis for structural diversity in the carotenoids of chlorophototrophic bacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 97:121-40. [PMID: 18535920 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing work has led to the identification of most of the biochemical steps in carotenoid biosynthesis in chlorophototrophic bacteria. In carotenogenesis, a relatively small number of modifications leads to a great diversity of carotenoid structures. This review examines the individual steps in the pathway, discusses how each contributes to structural diversity among carotenoids, and summarizes recent progress in elucidating the biosynthetic pathways for carotenoids in chlorophototrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Maresca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Scherzinger D, Al-Babili S. In vitro characterization of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 reveals a novel cleavage pattern, cytosolic localization and induction by highlight. Mol Microbiol 2008; 69:231-44. [PMID: 18485074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoid oxygenases catalyse the cleavage of C-C double bonds forming apocarotenoids, a diverse group of compounds, including retinoids and the precursors of some phytohormones. Some apocarotenoids, like beta-ionone (C(13)), are ecologically important volatiles released by plants and cyanobacteria. In this work, we elucidated the activity of the Nostoccarotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (NosCCD, previously named NSC1) using synthetic and cyanobacterial substrates. NosCCD converted bicyclic and monocyclic xanthophylls, including myxoxanthophylls, glycosylated carotenoids that are essential for thylakoid and cell wall structure. The products identified revealed two different cleavage patterns. The first is observed with bicyclic xanthophylls and is identical with that of plant orthologues, while the second is novel and occurs upon cleavage of monocyclic substrates at the C9-C10 and C7'-C8' double bonds. These properties enable the enzyme to produce a plenitude of different C(10) and C(13) apocarotenoids. Expression analyses indicated a role of NosCCD in response to highlight stress. Western blot analyses of Nostoc cells revealed NosCCD as a soluble enzyme in the cytosol, which also accomodates NosCCD substrates. Incubation of the corresponding fraction with synthetic substrates revealed the activity of the native enzyme and confirmed its induction by highlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scherzinger
- Institute for Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, Freiburg, Germany
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48
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Maresca JA, Graham JE, Wu M, Eisen JA, Bryant DA. Identification of a fourth family of lycopene cyclases in photosynthetic bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11784-9. [PMID: 17606904 PMCID: PMC1905924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702984104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fourth and large family of lycopene cyclases was identified in photosynthetic prokaryotes. The first member of this family, encoded by the cruA gene of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum, was identified in a complementation assay with a lycopene-producing strain of Escherichia coli. Orthologs of cruA are found in all available green sulfur bacterial genomes and in all cyanobacterial genomes that lack genes encoding CrtL- or CrtY-type lycopene cyclases. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 has two homologs of CruA, denoted CruA and CruP, and both were shown to have lycopene cyclase activity. Although all characterized lycopene cyclases in plants are CrtL-type proteins, genes orthologous to cruP also occur in plant genomes. The CruA- and CruP-type carotenoid cyclases are members of the FixC dehydrogenase superfamily and are distantly related to CrtL- and CrtY-type lycopene cyclases. Identification of these cyclases fills a major gap in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathways of green sulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Maresca
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and
| | - Joel E. Graham
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and
| | - Martin Wu
- The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), Rockville, MD 20850
| | | | - Donald A. Bryant
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, S-235 Frear Building, University Park, PA 16802. E-mail:
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Takaichi S, Maoka T, Akimoto N, Khan ST, Harayama S. Major carotenoid isolated from Paracoccus schoinia NBRC 100637T is adonixanthin diglucoside. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:1823-5. [PMID: 17190471 DOI: 10.1021/np060365i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a novel major carotenoid glycoside (nearly 80% of total carotenoids) from a newly isolated bacterium, Paracoccus schoinia NBRC 100637T, was determined to be adonixanthin diglucoside using spectral data. By contrast, carotenoid diglycosides are rare and are usually minor carotenoids in nature. The minor carotenoids in this bacterium included astaxanthin diglucoside, zeaxanthin diglucoside, canthaxanthin, echinenone, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, and beta-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takaichi
- Biological Laboratory, Nippon Medical School, Kosugi-cho 2, Nakahara, Kawasaki 211-0063, Japan.
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50
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Maresca JA, Bryant DA. Two genes encoding new carotenoid-modifying enzymes in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:6217-23. [PMID: 16923888 PMCID: PMC1595356 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00766-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum produces chlorobactene as its primary carotenoid. Small amounts of chlorobactene are hydroxylated by the enzyme CrtC and then glucosylated and acylated to produce chlorobactene glucoside laurate. The genes encoding the enzymes responsible for these modifications of chlorobactene, CT1987, and CT0967, have been identified by comparative genomics, and these genes were insertionally inactivated in C. tepidum to verify their predicted function. The gene encoding chlorobactene glucosyltransferase (CT1987) has been named cruC, and the gene encoding chlorobactene lauroyltransferase (CT0967) has been named cruD. Homologs of these genes are found in the genomes of all sequenced green sulfur bacteria and filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs as well as in the genomes of several nonphotosynthetic bacteria that produce similarly modified carotenoids. The other bacteria in which these genes are found are not closely related to green sulfur bacteria or to one another. This suggests that the ability to synthesize modified carotenoids has been a frequently transferred trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Maresca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, S-235 Frear Building, PA 16802, USA
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