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Xu L, Zhao H, Wang J, Wang X, Jia X, Wang L, Xu Z, Li R, Jiang K, Chen Z, Luo J, Xie X, Yi K. AIM1-dependent high basal salicylic acid accumulation modulates stomatal aperture in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1420-1430. [PMID: 36843251 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The basal levels of salicylic acid (SA) vary dramatically among plant species. In the shoot, for example, rice contains almost 100 times higher SA levels than Arabidopsis. Despite its high basal levels, neither the biosynthetic pathway nor the biological functions of SA are well understood in rice. Combining with metabolite analysis, physiological, and genetic approaches, we found that the synthesis of basal SA in rice shoot is dependent on OsAIM1, which encodes a beta-oxidation enzyme in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) pathway. Compromised SA accumulation in the Osaim1 mutant led to a lower shoot temperature than wild-type plants. However, this shoot temperature defect resulted from increased transpiration due to elevated steady-state stomatal aperture in the mutant. Furthermore, the high basal SA level is required for sustained expression of OsWRKY45 to modulate the steady-state stomatal aperture and shoot temperature in rice. Taken together, these results provide the direct genetic evidence for the critical role of the PAL pathway in the biosynthesis of high basal level SA in rice, which plays an important role in the regulation of steady-state stomatal aperture to promote fitness under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junbin Wang
- International Joint Center for the Mechanismic Dissection and Genetic Improvement of Crop Stress Tolerance, College of Agriculture & Resources and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
- College of Basic Sciences, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xianqing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- International Joint Center for the Mechanismic Dissection and Genetic Improvement of Crop Stress Tolerance, College of Agriculture & Resources and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Keke Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Kotera Y, Komori H, Tasaki K, Takagi K, Imano S, Katou S. The Peroxisomal β-Oxidative Pathway and Benzyl Alcohol O-Benzoyltransferase HSR201 Cooperatively Contribute to the Biosynthesis of Salicylic Acid. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023:pcad034. [PMID: 37098219 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) regulates plant defense responses against pathogens. Previous studies have suggested that SA is mainly produced from trans-cinnamic acid (CA) in tobacco, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. SA synthesis is activated by wounding in tobacco plants in which the expression of WIPK and SIPK, two mitogen-activated protein kinases, is suppressed. Using this phenomenon, we previously revealed that HSR201 encoding benzyl alcohol O-benzoyltransferase is required for pathogen signal-induced SA synthesis. In this study, we further analyzed the transcriptomes of wounded WIPK/SIPK-suppressed plants and found that the expression of NtCNL, NtCHD and NtKAT1, homologous to cinnamate-coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD) and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT), respectively, is associated with SA biosynthesis. CNL, CHD and KAT constitute a β-oxidative pathway in the peroxisomes and produce benzoyl-CoA, a precursor of benzenoid compounds in petunia flowers. Subcellular localization analysis showed that NtCNL, NtCHD and NtKAT1 localize in the peroxisomes. Recombinant NtCNL catalyzed the formation of CoA esters of CA, whereas recombinant NtCHD and NtKAT1 proteins converted cinnamoyl-CoA to benzoyl-CoA, a substrate of HSR201. Virus-induced gene silencing of any one of NtCNL, NtCHD and NtKAT1 homologs compromised SA accumulation induced by a pathogen-derived elicitor in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Transient overexpression of NtCNL in N. benthamiana leaves resulted in SA accumulation, which was enhanced by co-expression of HSR201, although overexpression of HSR201 alone did not cause SA accumulation. These results suggested that the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway and HSR201 cooperatively contribute to SA biosynthesis in tobacco and N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kotera
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Komori
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kumiko Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Sayaka Imano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Shinpei Katou
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Singh A, Roychoudhury A. Salicylic acid-mediated alleviation of fluoride toxicity in rice by restricting fluoride bioaccumulation and strengthening the osmolyte, antioxidant and glyoxalase systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25024-25036. [PMID: 34075496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the manuscript was to demonstrate the efficacy of salicylic acid (SA) in abrogating the fluoride-induced oxidative damages in the susceptible rice cultivar, MTU1010. Prolonged exposure of seedlings to sodium fluoride (25 mg L-1) severely impaired growth and overall physiological parameters like germination percentage, biomass and root and shoot length and incited the formation of hydrogen peroxide that enhanced electrolyte leakage, formation of cytotoxic products like malondialdehyde and methylglyoxal and lipoxygenase activity. Exogenous application of SA (0.5 mM) enhanced the endogenous level of SA that restored the chlorophyll content and catalase activity and further escalated the activity of other enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase), formation of non-enzymatic antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, ascorbate and reduced glutathione) and osmolytes (proline, amino acids and glycine betaine) that cumulatively maintained the integrity of membrane structure and homeostatic balance of the cells by scavenging the accumulated hydrogen peroxide. SA-mediated formation of proline and flavonoids was linked with the enhanced activity of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Fluoride stress enhanced the activity of enzymes like glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II which were further aggravated in the seedlings upon treatment with SA, effectively detoxifying the methylglyoxal formed during stress. Overall, the manuscript depicts the pivotal role played by exogenous SA in ameliorating the effects of fluoride-induced damages in the seedlings and proves its potentiality as a protective chemical against fluoride stress when applied exogenously in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India.
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Takagi K, Tasaki K, Komori H, Katou S. Hypersensitivity-Related Genes HSR201 and HSR203J Are Regulated by Calmodulin-Binding Protein 60-Type Transcription Factors and Required for Pathogen Signal-Induced Salicylic Acid Synthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1008-1022. [PMID: 35671166 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in plant resistance to pathogens. In Arabidopsis, the isochorismate synthase pathway mainly contributes to pathogen-induced SA synthesis, and the expression of SA synthesis genes is activated by two calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein 60 (CBP60)-type transcription factors, CBP60g and SARD1. In tobacco, the mechanisms underlying SA synthesis remain largely unknown. SA production is induced by wounding in tobacco plants in which the expression of two stress-related mitogen-activated protein kinases is suppressed. Using this phenomenon, we identified genes whose expression is associated with SA synthesis. One of the genes, NtCBP60g, showed 23% amino acid sequence identity with CBP60g. Transient overexpression of NtCBP60g as well as NtSARD1, a tobacco homolog of SARD1, induced SA accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. NtCBP60g and NtSARD1 bound CaM, and CaM enhanced SA accumulation induced by NtCBP60g and NtSARD1. Conversely, mutations in NtCBP60g and NtSARD1 that abolished CaM binding reduced their ability to induce SA. Expression profiling and promoter analysis identified two hypersensitivity-related genes, HSR201 and HSR203J as the targets of NtCBP60g and NtSARD1. Virus-induced gene silencing of both NtCBP60g and NtSARD1 homologs compromised SA accumulation and the expression of HSR201 and HSR203J homologs, which were induced by a pathogen-derived elicitor in N. benthamiana leaves. Moreover, elicitor-induced SA accumulation was compromised by silencing of the HSR201 homolog and the HSR203J homolog. These results suggested that HSR201 and HSR203J are regulated by NtCBP60g and NtSARD1 and are required for elicitor-induced SA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, 399-4598 Japan
| | - Kosuke Tasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, 399-4598 Japan
| | - Hirotomo Komori
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, 399-4598 Japan
| | - Shinpei Katou
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, 399-4598 Japan
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Marchica A, Cotrozzi L, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Pellegrini E. Antioxidants and Phytohormones Act in Coordination to Regulate Sage Response to Long Term Ozone Exposure. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070904. [PMID: 35406884 PMCID: PMC9002621 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants and phytohormones are hallmarks of abiotic stress responses in plants. Although it is known that they can offer cell protection or accelerate programmed cell death (PCD) depending on the level of stress, the involvement of these metabolites in stress acclimation is still not fully elucidated. Here, we showed the role of antioxidants and phytohormones in Salvia officinalis tolerance to long-term ozone (O3) exposure (120 ppb for 36 days, 5 h day-1). Salicylic acid (SA) content was increased under O3 throughout the whole experiment (+150%, as average compared with control), being required to maintain the cellular redox state and potentiate defense responses. This accumulation was induced before the production of ethylene (ET), suggesting that ET was controlled by SA during O3 exposure to modulate the magnitude of chlorosis formation and the cell redox balance (by regulating ascorbate and glutathione levels). The synthesis and/or regeneration of these antioxidants did not protect membranes from lipid peroxidation, as demonstrated by the accumulation of malondialdehyde (+23% as average). However, these processes of lipid oxidation did not include the synthesis of the membrane breakdown products, as confirmed by the unchanged values of jasmonic acid, thus indicating that this compound was not involved in the regulation of PCD strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marchica
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2210563
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Chen H, Bullock DA, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. To Fight or to Grow: The Balancing Role of Ethylene in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010033. [PMID: 35009037 PMCID: PMC8747122 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants often live in adverse environmental conditions and are exposed to various stresses, such as heat, cold, heavy metals, salt, radiation, poor lighting, nutrient deficiency, drought, or flooding. To adapt to unfavorable environments, plants have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms that serve to balance the trade-off between abiotic stress responses and growth. These mechanisms enable plants to continue to develop and reproduce even under adverse conditions. Ethylene, as a key growth regulator, is leveraged by plants to mitigate the negative effects of some of these stresses on plant development and growth. By cooperating with other hormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroids (BR), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and cytokinin (CK), ethylene triggers defense and survival mechanisms thereby coordinating plant growth and development in response to abiotic stresses. This review describes the crosstalk between ethylene and other plant hormones in tipping the balance between plant growth and abiotic stress responses.
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Hasan MM, Rahman MA, Skalicky M, Alabdallah NM, Waseem M, Jahan MS, Ahammed GJ, El-Mogy MM, El-Yazied AA, Ibrahim MFM, Fang XW. Ozone Induced Stomatal Regulations, MAPK and Phytohormone Signaling in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126304. [PMID: 34208343 PMCID: PMC8231235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a gaseous environmental pollutant that can enter leaves through stomatal pores and cause damage to foliage. It can induce oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that can actively participate in stomatal closing or opening in plants. A number of phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) are involved in stomatal regulation in plants. The effects of ozone on these phytohormones’ ability to regulate the guard cells of stomata have been little studied, however, and the goal of this paper is to explore and understand the effects of ozone on stomatal regulation through guard cell signaling by phytohormones. In this review, we updated the existing knowledge by considering several physiological mechanisms related to stomatal regulation after response to ozone. The collected information should deepen our understanding of the molecular pathways associated with response to ozone stress, in particular, how it influences stomatal regulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and phytohormone signaling. After summarizing the findings and noting the gaps in the literature, we present some ideas for future research on ozone stress in plants
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahadi Hasan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (M.M.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Md. Atikur Rahman
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea;
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Nadiyah M. Alabdallah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 383, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (M.M.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Mohammad Shah Jahan
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China;
| | - Mohamed M. El-Mogy
- Vegetable Crop Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Abou El-Yazied
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed F. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Xiang-Wen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (M.M.H.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Wohl J, Petersen M. Phenolic metabolism in the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis: 4-coumarate CoA ligase and 4-hydroxybenzoate CoA ligase. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1129-1141. [PMID: 32405654 PMCID: PMC7419483 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
4-Coumarate coenzyme A ligase and 4-hydroxybenzoate coenzyme A ligase from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis expressed in E. coli were characterized on biochemical and molecular levels and showed interesting substrate specificities. Acyl-activating enzymes are associated with the biosynthesis or degradation of various metabolic products such as lipids, amino acids, sugars, and natural compounds. In this work, cDNA sequences encoding 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and 4-hydroxybenzoate coenzyme A ligase (4HBCL) were amplified from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis. The coding sequences were expressed in E. coli and purified by Ni-chelate chromatography. The CoA ligases exhibited different substrate specificities. 4CL catalyzed the activation of 4-coumaric acid, 3-coumaric acid, 2-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, isoferulic acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid but lacked activities towards sinapic acid and benzoic acids. In contrast, 4HBCL preferred 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and benzoic acid, but also accepted other benzoic acid derivatives except salicylic acid and 3-aminosalicylic acid. Furthermore, 4HBCL also activated isoferulic acid, cinnamic acid, 2-coumaric acid, 3-coumaric acid, 4-coumaric acid and caffeic acid, but lacked affinity for ferulic acid and sinapic acid. These substrate specificities could be related to the phenolic compounds identified in Anthoceros agrestis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wohl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie Und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie Und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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Zeng L, Wang X, Tan H, Liao Y, Xu P, Kang M, Dong F, Yang Z. Alternative Pathway to the Formation of trans-Cinnamic Acid Derived from l-Phenylalanine in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Plants and Other Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3415-3424. [PMID: 32078319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
trans-Cinnamic acid (CA) is a precursor of many phenylpropanoid compounds, including catechins and aroma compounds, in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves and is derived from l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) deamination. We have discovered an alternative CA formation pathway from l-Phe via phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and phenyllactic acid (PAA) in tea leaves through stable isotope-labeled precursor tracing and enzyme reaction evidence. Both PPA reductase genes (CsPPARs) involved in the PPA-to-PAA pathway were isolated from tea leaves and functionally characterized in vitro and in vivo. CsPPAR1 and CsPPAR2 transformed PPA into PAA and were both localized in the leaf cell cytoplasm. Rosa hybrida flowers (economic crop flower), Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. fruits (economic crop fruit), and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves (leaf model plant) also contained this alternative CA formation pathway, suggesting that it occurred in most plants, regardless of different tissues and species. These results improve our understanding of CA biosynthesis in tea plants and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, 321 Longdongbei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510520, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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Bigot S, Buges J, Gilly L, Jacques C, Le Boulch P, Berger M, Delcros P, Domergue JB, Koehl A, Ley-Ngardigal B, Tran Van Canh L, Couée I. Pivotal roles of environmental sensing and signaling mechanisms in plant responses to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5573-5589. [PMID: 30155993 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change reshapes the physiology and development of organisms through phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic modifications, and genetic adaptation. Under evolutionary pressures of the sessile lifestyle, plants possess efficient systems of phenotypic plasticity and acclimation to environmental conditions. Molecular analysis, especially through omics approaches, of these primary lines of environmental adjustment in the context of climate change has revealed the underlying biochemical and physiological mechanisms, thus characterizing the links between phenotypic plasticity and climate change responses. The efficiency of adaptive plasticity under climate change indeed depends on the realization of such biochemical and physiological mechanisms, but the importance of sensing and signaling mechanisms that can integrate perception of environmental cues and transduction into physiological responses is often overlooked. Recent progress opens the possibility of considering plant phenotypic plasticity and responses to climate change through the perspective of environmental sensing and signaling. This review aims to analyze present knowledge on plant sensing and signaling mechanisms and discuss how their structural and functional characteristics lead to resilience or hypersensitivity under conditions of climate change. Plant cells are endowed with arrays of environmental and stress sensors and with internal signals that act as molecular integrators of the multiple constraints of climate change, thus giving rise to potential mechanisms of climate change sensing. Moreover, mechanisms of stress-related information propagation lead to stress memory and acquired stress tolerance that could withstand different scenarios of modifications of stress frequency and intensity. However, optimal functioning of existing sensors, optimal integration of additive constraints and signals, or memory processes can be hampered by conflicting interferences between novel combinations and novel changes in intensity and duration of climate change-related factors. Analysis of these contrasted situations emphasizes the need for future research on the diversity and robustness of plant signaling mechanisms under climate change conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Bigot
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Julie Buges
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR 6553, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Lauriane Gilly
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Jacques
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Pauline Le Boulch
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Berger
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Pauline Delcros
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Domergue
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Astrid Koehl
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Béra Ley-Ngardigal
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Loup Tran Van Canh
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR 6553, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Ivan Couée
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR 6553, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Yokoo S, Inoue S, Suzuki N, Amakawa N, Matsui H, Nakagami H, Takahashi A, Arai R, Katou S. Comparative analysis of plant isochorismate synthases reveals structural mechanisms underlying their distinct biochemical properties. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171457. [PMID: 29436485 PMCID: PMC5843753 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Isochorismate synthase (ICS) converts chorismate into isochorismate, a precursor of primary and secondary metabolites including salicylic acid (SA). SA plays important roles in responses to stress conditions in plants. Many studies have suggested that the function of plant ICSs is regulated at the transcriptional level. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the expression of AtICS1 is induced by stress conditions in parallel with SA synthesis, and AtICS1 is required for SA synthesis. In contrast, the expression of NtICS is not induced when SA synthesis is activated in tobacco, and it is unlikely to be involved in SA synthesis. Studies on the biochemical properties of plant ICSs are limited, compared with those on transcriptional regulation. We analyzed the biochemical properties of four plant ICSs: AtICS1, NtICS, NbICS from Nicotiana benthamiana, and OsICS from rice. Multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed that their primary structures were well conserved, and predicted key residues for ICS activity were almost completely conserved. However, AtICS1 showed much higher activity than the other ICSs when expressed in Escherichia coli and N. benthamiana leaves. Moreover, the levels of AtICS1 protein expression in N. benthamiana leaves were higher than the other ICSs. Construction and analysis of chimeras between AtICS1 and OsICS revealed that the putative chloroplast transit peptides (TPs) significantly affected the levels of protein accumulation in N. benthamiana leaves. Chimeric and point-mutation analyses revealed that Thr531, Ser537, and Ile550 of AtICS1 are essential for its high activity. These distinct biochemical properties of plant ICSs may suggest different roles in their respective plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yokoo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Seiya Inoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Nana Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Naho Amakawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Arai
- Research Center for Fungal and Microbial Dynamism, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Shinpei Katou
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Khan TA, Fariduddin Q, Yusuf M. Low-temperature stress: is phytohormones application a remedy? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:21574-21590. [PMID: 28831664 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the various abiotic stresses, low temperature is one of the major environmental constraints that limit the plant development and crop productivity. Plants are able to adapt to low-temperature stress through the changes in membrane composition and activation of reactive oxygen scavenging systems. The genetic pathway induced due to temperature downshift is based on C-repeat-binding factors (CBF) which activate promoters through the C-repeat (CRT) cis-element. Calcium entry is a major signalling event occurring immediately after a downshift in temperature. The increase in the level of cytosolic calcium activates many enzymes, such as phospholipases and calcium dependent-protein kinases. MAP-kinase module has been shown to be involved in the cold response. Ultimately, the activation of these signalling pathways leads to changes in the transcriptome. Several phytohormones, such as abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, auxin, salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, cytokinins and jasmonic acid, have been shown to play key roles in regulating the plant development under low-temperature stress. These phytohormones modulate important events involved in tolerance to low-temperature stress in plants. Better understanding of these events and genes controlling these could open new strategies for improving tolerance mediated by phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Alam Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Mohammad Yusuf
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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13
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Salicylic acid signalling: new insights and prospects at a quarter-century milestone. Essays Biochem 2016; 58:101-13. [PMID: 26374890 DOI: 10.1042/bse0580101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays an essential role in the regulation of diverse biological processes throughout the entire lifespan of the plant. Twenty-five years ago, SA first emerged as an endogenous signal capable of inducing plant defence responses both at the site of infection and in the systemic tissue of the plant. Since then, SA-mediated signalling pathways have been extensively characterized and dissected using genetic and biochemical approaches. Current research is largely focused on the identification of novel SA downstream signalling genes, in order to understand their precise contributions to the phytohormonal cross-talk and signalling network. This will subsequently help us to identify novel targets that are important for plant health, and contribute to advances in modern agriculture. In this chapter we highlight recent advances in the field of SA biosynthesis and the discovery of candidates for systemic mobile signals. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying SA perception. In addition, we review the novel SA signalling components that expand the scope of SA functions beyond plant immunity to include plant growth and development, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, DNA repair and homologous recombination. Finally, we shed light on the roles of SA in epigenetically controlled transgenerational immune memory that has long-term benefits for plants.
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14
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Cheng F, Lu J, Gao M, Shi K, Kong Q, Huang Y, Bie Z. Redox Signaling and CBF-Responsive Pathway Are Involved in Salicylic Acid-Improved Photosynthesis and Growth under Chilling Stress in Watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1519. [PMID: 27777580 PMCID: PMC5056192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses. This study investigated the potential role of SA in alleviating the adverse effects of chilling stress on photosynthesis and growth in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Chilling stress induced the simultaneous accumulation of free and conjugated SA in watermelon plants, and the chilling-induced SA production was attributed to the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway. Applying SA at moderate concentrations induced chilling tolerance, whereas inhibition of SA biosynthesis by L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) increased the photooxidation of PS II under chilling stress in watermelon, resulting in reduced photosynthesis and growth. Chilling induced a transient increase in the ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione and reduced ascorbate to dehydroascorbate. Then, the expression of antioxidant genes was upregulated, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. Furthermore, SA-induced chilling tolerance was associated with cellular glutathione and ascorbate homeostasis, which served as redox signals to regulate antioxidant metabolism under chilling stress. AOPP treatment stimulated the chilling-induced expression of cold-responsive genes, particularly via C-repeat binding factors CBF3 and CBF4. These results confirm the synergistic role of SA signaling and the CBF-dependent responsive pathway during chilling stress in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Junyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhilong Bie,
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15
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Cheng F, Lu J, Gao M, Shi K, Kong Q, Huang Y, Bie Z. Redox Signaling and CBF-Responsive Pathway Are Involved in Salicylic Acid-Improved Photosynthesis and Growth under Chilling Stress in Watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27777580 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses. This study investigated the potential role of SA in alleviating the adverse effects of chilling stress on photosynthesis and growth in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Chilling stress induced the simultaneous accumulation of free and conjugated SA in watermelon plants, and the chilling-induced SA production was attributed to the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway. Applying SA at moderate concentrations induced chilling tolerance, whereas inhibition of SA biosynthesis by L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) increased the photooxidation of PS II under chilling stress in watermelon, resulting in reduced photosynthesis and growth. Chilling induced a transient increase in the ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione and reduced ascorbate to dehydroascorbate. Then, the expression of antioxidant genes was upregulated, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. Furthermore, SA-induced chilling tolerance was associated with cellular glutathione and ascorbate homeostasis, which served as redox signals to regulate antioxidant metabolism under chilling stress. AOPP treatment stimulated the chilling-induced expression of cold-responsive genes, particularly via C-repeat binding factors CBF3 and CBF4. These results confirm the synergistic role of SA signaling and the CBF-dependent responsive pathway during chilling stress in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Junyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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16
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Karim A, Jiang Y, Guo L, Ling Z, Ye S, Duan Y, Li C, Luo K. Isolation and characterization of a subgroup IIa WRKY transcription factor PtrWRKY40 from Populus trichocarpa. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1129-39. [PMID: 26423133 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a defense-related key signaling molecule involved in plant immunity. In this study, a subgroup IIa WRKY gene PtrWRKY40 was isolated from Populus trichocarpa, which displayed amino acid sequence similar to Arabidopsis AtWRKY40, AtWRKY18 and AtWRKY60. PtrWRKY40 transcripts accumulated significantly in response to SA, methyl jasmonate and hemibiotrophic fungus Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. Overexpression of PtrWRKY40 in transgenic poplar conferred higher susceptibility to D. gregaria infection. This susceptibility was coupled with reduced expression of SA-associated genes (PR1.1, PR2.1, PR5.9, CPR5 and SID2) and jasmonic acid (JA)-related gene JAZ8. Decreased accumulation of endogenous SA was observed in transgenic lines overexpressing PtrWRKY40 when compared with wild-type plants. However, constitutive expression of PtrWRKY40 in Arabidopsis thaliana displayed resistance to necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, and the expression of JA-defense-related genes such as PDF1.2, VSP2 and PR3 was remarkably increased in transgenic plants upon infection with fugal pathogens. Together, our findings indicate that PtrWRKY40 plays a negative role in resistance to hemibiotrophic fungi in poplar but functions as a positive regulator of resistance toward the necrotrophic fungi in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Karim
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuanzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhengyi Ling
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shenglong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanjiao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810008 Xining, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810008 Xining, China
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17
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Lv F, Zhou J, Zeng L, Xing D. β-cyclocitral upregulates salicylic acid signalling to enhance excess light acclimation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4719-32. [PMID: 25998906 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
β-cyclocitral (β-CC), a volatile oxidized derivative of β-carotene, can upregulate the expression of defence genes to enhance excess light (EL) acclimation. However, the signalling cascades underlying this process remain unclear. In this study, salicylic acid (SA) is involved in alleviating damage to promote β-CC-enhanced EL acclimation. In early stages of EL illumination, β-CC pretreatment induced SA accumulation and impeded reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the chloroplast. A comparative analysis of two SA synthesis pathways in Arabidopsis revealed that SA concentration mainly increased via the isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1)-mediated isochorismate pathway, which depended on essential regulative function of enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1). Further results showed that, in the process of β-CC-enhanced EL acclimation, nuclear localization of nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) was regulated by SA accumulation and NPR1 induced subsequent transcriptional reprogramming of gluthathione-S-transferase 5 (GST5) and GST13 implicated in detoxification. In summary, β-CC-induced SA synthesis contributes to EL acclimation response by decreasing ROS production in the chloroplast, promoting nuclear localization of NPR1, and upregulating GST transcriptional expression. This process is a possible molecular regulative mechanism of β-CC-enhanced EL acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lv
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lizhang Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Khan MIR, Fatma M, Per TS, Anjum NA, Khan NA. Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:462. [PMID: 26175738 PMCID: PMC4485163 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses (such as metals/metalloids, salinity, ozone, UV-B radiation, extreme temperatures, and drought) are among the most challenging threats to agricultural system and economic yield of crop plants. These stresses (in isolation and/or combination) induce numerous adverse effects in plants, impair biochemical/physiological and molecular processes, and eventually cause severe reductions in plant growth, development and overall productivity. Phytohormones have been recognized as a strong tool for sustainably alleviating adverse effects of abiotic stresses in crop plants. In particular, the significance of salicylic acid (SA) has been increasingly recognized in improved plant abiotic stress-tolerance via SA-mediated control of major plant-metabolic processes. However, the basic biochemical/physiological and molecular mechanisms that potentially underpin SA-induced plant-tolerance to major abiotic stresses remain least discussed. Based on recent reports, this paper: (a) overviews historical background and biosynthesis of SA under both optimal and stressful environments in plants; (b) critically appraises the role of SA in plants exposed to major abiotic stresses;
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| | - Tasir S. Per
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| | - Naser A. Anjum
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
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Herrera-Vásquez A, Carvallo L, Blanco F, Tobar M, Villarroel-Candia E, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Salinas P, Holuigue L. Transcriptional Control of Glutaredoxin GRXC9 Expression by a Salicylic Acid-Dependent and NPR1-Independent Pathway in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2015; 33:624-637. [PMID: 26696694 PMCID: PMC4677692 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-014-0782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a key hormone that mediates gene transcriptional reprogramming in the context of the defense response to stress. GRXC9, coding for a CC-type glutaredoxin from Arabidopsis, is an SA-responsive gene induced early and transiently by an NPR1-independent pathway. Here, we address the mechanism involved in this SA-dependent pathway, using GRXC9 as a model gene. We first established that GRXC9 expression is induced by UVB exposure through this pathway, validating its activation in a physiological stress condition. GRXC9 promoter analyses indicate that SA controls gene transcription through two activating sequence-1 (as-1)-like elements located in its proximal region. TGA2 and TGA3, but not TGA1, are constitutively bound to this promoter region. Accordingly, the transient recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the GRXC9 promoter, as well as the transient accumulation of gene transcripts detected in SA-treated WT plants, was abolished in a knockout mutant for the TGA class II factors. We conclude that constitutive binding of TGA2 is essential for controlling GRXC9 expression, while binding of TGA3 in a lesser extent contributes to this regulation. Finally, overexpression of GRXC9 indicates that the GRXC9 protein negatively controls its own gene expression, forming part of the complex bound to the as-1-containing promoter region. These findings are integrated in a model that explains how SA controls transcription of GRXC9 in the context of the defense response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Carvallo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariola Tobar
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Villarroel-Candia
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Salinas
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Holuigue
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Miura K, Tada Y. Regulation of water, salinity, and cold stress responses by salicylic acid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:4. [PMID: 24478784 PMCID: PMC3899523 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound. SA plays an important role in the regulation of plant growth, development, ripening, and defense responses. The role of SA in the plant-pathogen relationship has been extensively investigated. In addition to defense responses, SA plays an important role in the response to abiotic stresses, including drought, low temperature, and salinity stresses. It has been suggested that SA has great agronomic potential to improve the stress tolerance of agriculturally important crops. However, the utility of SA is dependent on the concentration of the applied SA, the mode of application, and the state of the plants (e.g., developmental stage and acclimation). Generally, low concentrations of applied SA alleviate the sensitivity to abiotic stresses, and high concentrations of applied induce high levels of oxidative stress, leading to a decreased tolerance to abiotic stresses. In this article, the effects of SA on the water stress responses and regulation of stomatal closure are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Miura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kenji* Miura, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan e-mail:
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa UniversityKagawa, Japan
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Drzewiecka K, Borowiak K, Bandurska H, Golinski P. Salicylic acid - a potential biomarker of tobacco Bel-W3 cell death developed as a response to ground level ozone under ambient conditions. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63:231-49. [PMID: 22695522 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid content and benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase (BA2H) activity were investigated in tobacco Bel-W3 and Bel-B leaves after exposure to tropospheric ozone in the conditions of ambient air. Plants were exposed in accordance with a standard methodology for ozone biomonitoring, in a three-year experiment. Free salicylic acid (SA), conjugated with glucose (SAG), and as a product of the BA2H activity was quantified with HPLC. In order to evaluate ozone injuries of leaves, an open source image analysis software was employed. Plants exposure to ambient ozone resulted in enhanced BA2H activity and intensified salicylic acid biosynthesis in leaves of Bel-W3 cultivar showing visible ozone injuries. The BA2H activity significantly correlated with SAG for ozone-exposed Bel-W3 plants. Both injuries and salicylic acid biosynthesis rate depended on the growth phase of leaves and nearly linear correlation between SA content and injuries was found for particular leaves of Bel-W3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Drzewiecka
- Chemistry Department, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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Yukihiro M, Hiramatsu T, Bouteau F, Kadono T, Kawano T. Peroxyacetyl nitrate-induced oxidative and calcium signaling events leading to cell death in ozone-sensitive tobacco cell-line. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:113-20. [PMID: 22301977 PMCID: PMC3357350 DOI: 10.4161/psb.7.1.18376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It has long been concerned that some secondary air pollutants such as smog components, ozone (O3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), are highly phytotoxic even at low concentrations. Compared with the biology of O3, we largely lack the information on the toxicity model for PAN at the cellular signaling levels. Here, we studied the cell-damaging impact of PAN using suspension culture of smog-sensitive tobacco variety (Bel-W3). The cells were exposed to freshly synthesized PAN and the induced cell death was assessed under microscope after staining with Evans blue. Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PAN toxicity was suggested by PAN-dependently increased intracellular H2O2 and also by the cell-protective effects of ROS scavengers and related inhibitors. Calcium chelator also lowered the level of PAN-induced cell death, indicating that Ca2+ is also involved. Using a transgenic cell line expressing aequorin, an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration responsive to the pulse of PAN, but sensitive to Ca2+ channel blockers, was recorded, indicating that Ca2+ channels are activated by PAN or PAN-derived signals. Above data show some similarity between the signaling mechanisms responsive to O3 and PAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yukihiro
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Bioengineering, Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuya Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Bioengineering, Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Francois Bouteau
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Bioengineering, Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratoire d’Electrophysiologie des Membranes; Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Orsay, France
| | - Takashi Kadono
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Bioengineering, Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratoire d’Electrophysiologie des Membranes; Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Orsay, France
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Bioengineering, Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratoire d’Electrophysiologie des Membranes; Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Orsay, France
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Dempsey DA, Vlot AC, Wildermuth MC, Klessig DF. Salicylic Acid biosynthesis and metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0156. [PMID: 22303280 PMCID: PMC3268552 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) has been shown to regulate various aspects of growth and development; it also serves as a critical signal for activating disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species. This review surveys the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of this critical plant hormone. While a complete biosynthetic route has yet to be established, stressed Arabidopsis appear to synthesize SA primarily via an isochorismate-utilizing pathway in the chloroplast. A distinct pathway utilizing phenylalanine as the substrate also may contribute to SA accumulation, although to a much lesser extent. Once synthesized, free SA levels can be regulated by a variety of chemical modifications. Many of these modifications inactivate SA; however, some confer novel properties that may aid in long distance SA transport or the activation of stress responses complementary to those induced by free SA. In addition, a number of factors that directly or indirectly regulate the expression of SA biosynthetic genes or that influence the rate of SA catabolism have been identified. An integrated model, encompassing current knowledge of SA metabolism in Arabidopsis, as well as the influence other plant hormones exert on SA metabolism, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary C. Wildermuth
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 221 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102
- Address correspondence to and
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Address correspondence to and
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Shibata Y, Kawakita K, Takemoto D. Age-related resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana against hemibiotrophic pathogen Phytophthora infestans requires both ethylene- and salicylic acid-mediated signaling pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1130-42. [PMID: 20687803 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-9-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the agent of late blight disease of potato, is a hemibiotrophic pathogen with biotrophic action during early infection and necrotrophic in the later stage of colonization. Mature Nicotiana benthamiana was resistant to P. infestans, whereas relatively young plants were susceptible to this pathogen. Young plants became resistant following a pretreatment with acibenzolar-S-methyl, a functional analog of salicylic acid (SA), indicating that susceptibility of young plants is due to a lack of induction of SA signaling. Further analysis with virus-induced gene silencing indicated that NbICS1 and NbEIN2, the genes for SA biosynthesis and ethylene (ET) signaling, respectively, are required for the resistance of mature N. benthamiana against P. infestans. Furthermore, these genes are required for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by treatment of the INF1 elicitor. In NbICS1-silenced plants, cell death induced by either INF1 or necrosis-inducing protein NPP1.1 was significantly accelerated. Expression of genes for phytoalexin (capsidiol) biosynthesis, NbEAS and NbEAH, were regulated by ET, and gene silencing of either of them compromised resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans. Together, these results suggest that resistance of N. benthamiana against hemibiotrophic P. infestans requires both SA-regulated appropriate induction of cell death and ET-induced production of phytoalexin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shibata
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Brechenmacher L, Lei Z, Libault M, Findley S, Sugawara M, Sadowsky MJ, Sumner LW, Stacey G. Soybean metabolites regulated in root hairs in response to the symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1808-22. [PMID: 20534735 PMCID: PMC2923908 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.157800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation of soybean (Glycine max) root hairs by the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a complex process coordinated by the mutual exchange of diffusible signal molecules. A metabolomic study was performed to identify small molecules produced in roots and root hairs during the rhizobial infection process. Metabolites extracted from roots and root hairs mock inoculated or inoculated with B. japonicum were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry. These combined approaches identified 2,610 metabolites in root hairs. Of these, 166 were significantly regulated in response to B. japonicum inoculation, including various (iso)flavonoids, amino acids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and various carbohydrates. Trehalose was among the most strongly induced metabolites produced following inoculation. Subsequent metabolomic analyses of root hairs inoculated with a B. japonicum mutant defective in the trehalose synthase, trehalose 6-phosphate synthase, and maltooligosyltrehalose synthase genes showed that the trehalose detected in the inoculated root hairs was primarily of bacterial origin. Since trehalose is generally considered an osmoprotectant, these data suggest that B. japonicum likely experiences osmotic stress during the infection process, either on the root hair surface or within the infection thread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary Stacey
- National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Division of Plant Sciences (L.B., M.L., S.F., G.S.), and Center for Sustainable Energy, Division of Biochemistry (G.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (Z.L., L.W.S.); Department of Soil, Water, and Climate (M.S., M.J.S.) and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, BioTechnology Institute (M.J.S.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Maeda H, Shasany AK, Schnepp J, Orlova I, Taguchi G, Cooper BR, Rhodes D, Pichersky E, Dudareva N. RNAi suppression of Arogenate Dehydratase1 reveals that phenylalanine is synthesized predominantly via the arogenate pathway in petunia petals. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:832-49. [PMID: 20215586 PMCID: PMC2861463 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.073247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
l-Phe, a protein building block and precursor of numerous phenolic compounds, is synthesized from prephenate via an arogenate and/or phenylpyruvate route in which arogenate dehydratase (ADT) or prephenate dehydratase, respectively, plays a key role. Here, we used Petunia hybrida flowers, which are rich in Phe-derived volatiles, to determine the biosynthetic routes involved in Phe formation in planta. Of the three identified petunia ADTs, expression of ADT1 was the highest in petunia petals and positively correlated with endogenous Phe levels throughout flower development. ADT1 showed strict substrate specificity toward arogenate, although with the lowest catalytic efficiency among the three ADTs. ADT1 suppression via RNA interference in petunia petals significantly reduced ADT activity, levels of Phe, and downstream phenylpropanoid/benzenoid volatiles. Unexpectedly, arogenate levels were unaltered, while shikimate and Trp levels were decreased in transgenic petals. Stable isotope labeling experiments showed that ADT1 suppression led to downregulation of carbon flux toward shikimic acid. However, an exogenous supply of shikimate bypassed this negative regulation and resulted in elevated arogenate accumulation. Feeding with shikimate also led to prephenate and phenylpyruvate accumulation and a partial recovery of the reduced Phe level in transgenic petals, suggesting that the phenylpyruvate route can also operate in planta. These results provide genetic evidence that Phe is synthesized predominantly via arogenate in petunia petals and uncover a novel posttranscriptional regulation of the shikimate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Ajit K Shasany
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, India
| | - Jennifer Schnepp
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Irina Orlova
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Goro Taguchi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Bruce R. Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Metabolite Profiling Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - David Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Nitric oxide: promoter or suppressor of programmed cell death? Protein Cell 2010; 1:133-42. [PMID: 21203983 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gaseous free radical that predominantly functions as a messenger and effector molecule. It affects a variety of physiological processes, including programmed cell death (PCD) through cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent and - independent pathways. In this field, dominant discoveries are the diverse apoptosis networks in mammalian cells, which involve signals primarily via death receptors (extrinsic pathway) or the mitochondria (intrinsic pathway) that recruit caspases as effector molecules. In plants, PCD shares some similarities with animal cells, but NO is involved in PCD induction via interacting with pathways of phytohormones. NO has both promoting and suppressing effects on cell death, depending on a variety of factors, such as cell type, cellular redox status, and the flux and dose of local NO. In this article, we focus on how NO regulates the apoptotic signal cascade through protein S-nitrosylation and review the recent progress on mechanisms of PCD in both mammalian and plant cells.
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Alternative splicing and gene duplication differentially shaped the regulation of isochorismate synthase in Populus and Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:22020-5. [PMID: 19996170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906869106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isochorismate synthase (ICS) converts chorismate to isochorismate for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone, an essential cofactor for photosynthetic electron transport. ICS is also required for salicylic acid (SA) synthesis during Arabidopsis defense. In several other species, including Populus, SA is derived primarily from the phenylpropanoid pathway. We therefore sought to investigate ICS regulation in Populus to learn the extent of ICS involvement in SA synthesis and defense. Arabidopsis harbors duplicated AtICS genes that differ in their exon-intron structure, basal expression, and stress inducibility. In contrast, we found a single ICS gene in Populus and six other sequenced plant genomes, pointing to the AtICS duplication as a lineage-specific event. The Populus ICS encodes a functional plastidic enzyme, and was not responsive to stresses that stimulated phenylpropanoid accumulation. Populus ICS underwent extensive alternative splicing that was rare for the duplicated AtICSs. Sequencing of 184 RT-PCR Populus clones revealed 37 alternative splice variants, with normal transcripts representing approximately 50% of the population. When expressed in Arabidopsis, Populus ICS again underwent alternative splicing, but did not produce normal transcripts to complement AtICS1 function. The splice-site sequences of Populus ICS are unusual, suggesting a causal link between junction sequence, alternative splicing, and ICS function. We propose that gene duplication and alternative splicing of ICS evolved independently in Arabidopsis and Populus in accordance with their distinct defense strategies. AtICS1 represents a divergent isoform for inducible SA synthesis during defense. Populus ICS primarily functions in phylloquinone biosynthesis, a process that can be sustained at low ICS transcript levels.
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Long MC, Nagegowda DA, Kaminaga Y, Ho KK, Kish CM, Schnepp J, Sherman D, Weiner H, Rhodes D, Dudareva N. Involvement of snapdragon benzaldehyde dehydrogenase in benzoic acid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:256-65. [PMID: 19292760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid (BA) is an important building block in a wide spectrum of compounds varying from primary metabolites to secondary products. Benzoic acid biosynthesis from L-phenylalanine requires shortening of the propyl side chain by two carbons, which can occur via a beta-oxidative pathway or a non-beta-oxidative pathway, with benzaldehyde as a key intermediate. The non-beta-oxidative route requires benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (BALDH) to convert benzaldehyde to BA. Using a functional genomic approach, we identified an Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) BALDH, which exhibits 40% identity to bacterial BALDH. Transcript profiling, biochemical characterization of the purified recombinant protein, molecular homology modeling, in vivo stable isotope labeling, and transient expression in petunia flowers reveal that BALDH is capable of oxidizing benzaldehyde to BA in vivo. GFP localization and immunogold labeling studies show that this biochemical step occurs in the mitochondria, raising a question about the role of subcellular compartmentalization in BA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Long
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Yoshida S, Tamaoki M, Ioki M, Ogawa D, Sato Y, Aono M, Kubo A, Saji S, Saji H, Satoh S, Nakajima N. Ethylene and salicylic acid control glutathione biosynthesis in ozone-exposed Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 136:284-98. [PMID: 19453511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone produces reactive oxygen species and induces the synthesis of phytohormones, including ethylene and salicylic acid. These phytohormones act as signal molecules that enhance cell death in response to ozone exposure. However, some studies have shown that ethylene and salicylic acid can instead decrease the magnitude of ozone-induced cell death. Therefore, we studied the defensive roles of ethylene and salicylic acid against ozone. Unlike the wild-type, Col-0, Arabidopsis mutants deficient in ethylene signaling (ein2) or salicylic acid biosynthesis (sid2) generated high levels of superoxide and exhibited visible leaf injury, indicating that ethylene and salicylic acid can reduce ozone damage. Macroarray analysis suggested that the ethylene and salicylic acid defects influenced glutathione (GSH) metabolism. Increases in the reduced form of GSH occurred in Col-0 6 h after ozone exposure, but little GSH was detected in ein2 and sid2 mutants, suggesting that GSH levels were affected by ethylene or salicylic acid signaling. We performed gene expression analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction using genes involved in GSH metabolism. Induction of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1), glutathione synthetase (GSH2), and glutathione reductase 1 (GR1) expression occurred normally in Col-0, but at much lower levels in ein2 and sid2. Enzymatic activities of GSH1 and GSH2 in ein2 and sid2 were significantly lower than in Col-0. Moreover, ozone-induced leaf damage observed in ein2 and sid2 was mitigated by artificial elevation of GSH content. Our results suggest that ethylene and salicylic acid protect against ozone-induced leaf injury by increasing de novo biosynthesis of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Yoshida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Pasqualini S, Meier S, Gehring C, Madeo L, Fornaciari M, Romano B, Ederli L. Ozone and nitric oxide induce cGMP-dependent and -independent transcription of defence genes in tobacco. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:860-870. [PMID: 19140946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we analyse the temporal signatures of ozone (O3)-induced hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) and the role of the second messenger guanosine3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in transcriptional changes of genes diagnostic for biotic and abiotic stress responses. Within 90 min O3 induced H2O2 and NO peaks and we demonstrate that NO donors cause rapid H2O2 accumulation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf. Ozone also causes highly significant, late (> 2 h) and sustained cGMP increases, suggesting that the second messenger may not be required in all early (< 2 h) responses to O3,but is essential and sufficient for the induction of some O3-dependent pathways.This hypothesis was tested resolving the time course of O3-induced transcript accumulation of alternative oxidase (AOX1a), glutathione peroxidase (GPX),aminocyclopropancarboxylic acid synthase (ACS2) that is critical for the synthesis of ethylene, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PALa) and the pathogenesis-related protein PR1a.The data show that early O3 and NO caused transcriptional activation of the scavenger encoding proteins AOX1a, GPX and the induction of ethylene production through ACS2 are cGMP independent. By contrast, the early response of PALa and the late response of PR1a show critical dependence on cGMP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Laura Madeo
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, I-06121 Italy
| | - Marco Fornaciari
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, I-06121 Italy
| | - Bruno Romano
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, I-06121 Italy
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, I-06121 Italy
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Bidart-Bouzat MG, Imeh-Nathaniel A. Global change effects on plant chemical defenses against insect herbivores. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:1339-54. [PMID: 19017122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, on plant secondary chemistry. These secondary metabolites are well-known for their role in plant defense against insect herbivory. Global change effects on secondary chemicals appear to be plant species-specific and dependent on the chemical type. Even though plant chemical responses induced by these factors are highly variable, there seems to be some specificity in the response to different environmental stressors. For example, even though the production of phenolic compounds is enhanced by both elevated CO2 and UV light levels, the latter appears to primarily increase the concentrations of flavonoids. Likewise, specific phenolic metabolites seem to be induced by O3 but not by other factors, and an increase in volatile organic compounds has been particularly detected under elevated temperature. More information is needed regarding how global change factors influence inducibility of plant chemical defenses as well as how their indirect and direct effects impact insect performance and behavior, herbivory rates and pathogen attack. This knowledge is crucial to better understand how plants and their associated natural enemies will be affected in future changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Bidart-Bouzat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, USA.
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Yaeno T, Iba K. BAH1/NLA, a RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase, regulates the accumulation of salicylic acid and immune responses to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:1032-41. [PMID: 18753285 PMCID: PMC2556844 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.124529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a primary factor responsible for exerting diverse immune responses in plants and is synthesized in response to attack by a wide range of pathogens. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) sid2 mutant is defective in a SA biosynthetic pathway involving ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1) and consequently contains reduced levels of SA. However, the sid2 mutant as well as ICS-suppressed tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) still accumulate a small but significant level of SA. These observations along with previous studies suggest that SA might also be synthesized by another pathway involving benzoic acid (BA). Here we isolated a benzoic acid hypersensitive1-Dominant (bah1-D) mutant that excessively accumulated SA after application of BA from activation-tagged lines. This mutant also accumulated higher levels of SA after inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Analysis of the bah1-D sid2 double mutant suggested that the bah1-D mutation caused both ICS1-dependent and -independent accumulation. In addition, the bah1-D mutant showed SA-dependent localized cell death in response to P. syringae pv tomato DC3000. The T-DNA insertional mutation that caused the bah1-D phenotypes resulted in the suppression of expression of the NLA gene, which encodes a RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase. These results suggest that BAH1/NLA plays crucial roles in the ubiquitination-mediated regulation of immune responses, including BA- and pathogen-induced SA accumulation, and control of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yaeno
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tamaoki M. The role of phytohormone signaling in ozone-induced cell death in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:166-74. [PMID: 19513211 PMCID: PMC2634110 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.3.5538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is the main photochemical oxidant that causes leaf damage in many plant species, and can thereby significantly decrease the productivity of crops and forests. When ozone is incorporated into plants, it produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide. These ROS induce the synthesis of several plant hormones, such as ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. These phytohormones are required for plant growth, development, and defense responses, and regulate the extent of leaf injury in ozone-fumigated plants. Recently, responses to ozone have been studied using genetically modified plants and mutants with altered hormone levels or signaling pathways. These researches have clarified the roles of phytohormones and the complexity of their signaling pathways. The present paper reviews the biosynthesis of the phytohormones ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid, their roles in plant responses to ozone, and multiple interactions between these phytohormones in ozone-exposed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tamaoki
- Environmental Biology Division; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba; Ibaraki, Japan
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Catinot J, Buchala A, Abou-Mansour E, Métraux JP. Salicylic acid production in response to biotic and abiotic stress depends on isochorismate in Nicotiana benthamiana. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:473-8. [PMID: 18201575 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signal involved in the activation of defence responses against abiotic and biotic stress. In tobacco, benzoic acid or glucosyl benzoate were proposed to be precursors of SA. This is in sharp contrast with studies in Arabidopsis thaliana, where SA derives from isochorismate. We have determined the importance of isochorismate for SA biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana using virus-induced gene silencing of the isochorismate synthase (ICS) gene. Plants with silenced ICS expression do not accumulate SA after exposure to UV or to pathogen stress. Plants with silenced ICS expression also exhibit strongly decreased levels of phylloquinone, a product of isochorismate. Our data provide evidence for an isochorismate-derived synthesis of SA in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Catinot
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Ogawa D, Nakajima N, Tamaoki M, Aono M, Kubo A, Kamada H, Saji H. The isochorismate pathway is negatively regulated by salicylic acid signaling in O3-exposed Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2007; 226:1277-85. [PMID: 17588170 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3), a major photochemical oxidant, causes leaf injury in plants. Plants synthesize salicylic acid (SA), which is reported to greatly affect O3 sensitivity. However, the mechanism of SA biosynthesis under O3 exposure remains unclear. Plants synthesize SA either by a pathway involving phenylalanine as a substrate or another involving isochorismate. To clarify how SA is produced in O3-exposed Arabidopsis, we examined the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and isochorismate synthase (ICS), which are components of the phenylalanine and isochorismate pathways, respectively. Exposure of Arabidopsis to O3 enhanced the accumulation of SA and the increase of ICS activity but did not affect PAL activity. In sid2 mutants, which have a defect in ICS1, the level of SA and the activity of ICS did not increase in response to O3 exposure. These results suggest that SA is mainly synthesized from isochorismate in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, the level of ICS1 expression and the activity of ICS during O3 exposure elevated in plants deficient for SA signaling (npr1 and eds5 mutants and NahG transgenics). Treatment of plants with SA also suppressed the enhancement of ICS1 expression by O3. These results suggest that SA synthesis is negatively regulated by SA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ogawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Kang GZ, Wang ZX, Xia KF, Sun GC. Protection of ultrastructure in chilling-stressed banana leaves by salicylic acid. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2007; 8:277-82. [PMID: 17444604 PMCID: PMC1838828 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2007.b0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chilling tolerance of salicylic acid (SA) in banana seedlings (Musa acuminata cv., Williams 8818) was investigated by changes in ultrastructure in this study. METHODS Light and electron microscope observation. RESULTS Pretreatment with 0.5 mmol/L SA under normal growth conditions (30/22 degrees C) by foliar spray and root irrigation resulted in many changes in ultrastructure of banana cells, such as cells separation from palisade parenchymas, the appearance of crevices in cell walls, the swelling of grana and stromal thylakoids, and a reduction in the number of starch granules. These results implied that SA treatment at 30/22 degrees C could be a type of stress. During 3 d of exposure to 7 degrees C chilling stress under low light, however, cell ultrastructure of SA-pretreated banana seedlings showed less deterioration than those of control seedlings (distilled water-pretreated). CONCLUSION SA could provide some protection for cell structure of chilling-stressed banana seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-zhang Kang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zheng-xun Wang
- Department of Biology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
- †E-mail:
| | - Kuai-fei Xia
- College of Life Science, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gu-chou Sun
- South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Kadono T, Yamaguchi Y, Furuichi T, Hirono M, Garrec JP, Kawano T. Ozone-induced cell death mediated with oxidative and calcium signaling pathways in tobacco bel-w3 and bel-B cell suspension cultures. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2006; 1:312-22. [PMID: 19517002 PMCID: PMC2634246 DOI: 10.4161/psb.1.6.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O(3))-induced cell death in two suspension-cultured cell lines of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) derived from Bel-W3 (hyper-sensitive to O(3)) and Bel-B (highly tolerant to O(3)) varieties were studied. By exposing the newly prepared cell lines to the pulse of ozonized air, we could reproduce the conditions demonstrating the difference in O(3) sensitivity as observed in their original plants, depending on the exposure time. Since O(3)-induced acute cell death was observed in the dark, the requirement for photochemical reactions could be eliminated. Addition of several ROS scavengers and chelators inhibited the cell death induced by O(3), indicating that singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radical and redox-active metals such as Fe(2+) play central roles in O(3)-induced acute damages to the cells. As expected, we observed the generation of (1)O(2) and H(2)O(2) in the O(3)-treated cells using chemiluminescent probes. On the other hand, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and some SOD mimics showed no inhibitory effect. Thiols added as antioxidants unexpectedly behaved as prooxidants drastically enhancing the O(3)-induced cell death. It is noteworthy that some ROS scavengers effectively rescued the cells from dying even treated after the pulse of O(3) exposure, confirming the post-ozone progress of ROS-dependent cell death mechanism. Since one of the key differences between Bel-B and Bel-W3 was suggested to be the capacity for ROS detoxification by catalase, the endogenous catalase activities were compared in vivo in two cell lines. As expected, catalase activity in Bel-B cells was ca. 7-fold greater than that in Bel-W3 cells. Interestingly, Ca(2+) chelators added prior to (not after) the pulse of O(3) effectively inhibited the induction of cell death. In addition, increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration sensitive to Ca(2+) chelators, ion channel blockers, and ROS scavengers were observed in the transgenic Bel-W3 cells expressing aequorin, suggesting the action of Ca(2+) as a secondary messenger initiating the oxidative cell death. The O(3)-induced calcium response in Bel-W3 cells was much greater than Bel-B cells. Based on the results, possible pathways for O(3)-dependent generation of the lethal level of ROS and corresponding signaling mechanism for induction of cell death were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kadono
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamaguchi
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuichi
- Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya, Japan
| | - Manabu Hirono
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Tomonori Kawano
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
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