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Pucker B, Selmar D. Biochemistry and Molecular Basis of Intracellular Flavonoid Transport in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070963. [PMID: 35406945 PMCID: PMC9002769 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a biochemically diverse group of specialized metabolites in plants that are derived from phenylalanine. While the biosynthesis of the flavonoid aglycone is highly conserved across species and well characterized, numerous species-specific decoration steps and their relevance remained largely unexplored. The flavonoid biosynthesis takes place at the cytosolic side of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), but accumulation of various flavonoids was observed in the central vacuole. A universal explanation for the subcellular transport of flavonoids has eluded researchers for decades. Current knowledge suggests that a glutathione S-transferase-like protein (ligandin) protects anthocyanins and potentially proanthocyanidin precursors during the transport to the central vacuole. ABCC transporters and to a lower extend MATE transporters sequester anthocyanins into the vacuole. Glycosides of specific proanthocyanidin precursors are sequestered through MATE transporters. A P-ATPase in the tonoplast and potentially other proteins generate the proton gradient that is required for the MATE-mediated antiport. Vesicle-mediated transport of flavonoids from the ER to the vacuole is considered as an alternative or additional route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boas Pucker
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dirk Selmar
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
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2
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OsARF11 Promotes Growth, Meristem, Seed, and Vein Formation during Rice Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084089. [PMID: 33920962 PMCID: PMC8071273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin acts as a mediator providing positional instructions in a range of developmental processes. Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana L. show that auxin acts in large part via activation of Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) that in turn regulate the expression of downstream genes. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) gene OsARF11 is of interest because of its expression in developing rice organs and its high sequence similarity with MONOPTEROS/ARF5, a gene with prominent roles in A. thaliana development. We have assessed the phenotype of homozygous insertion mutants in the OsARF11 gene and found that in relation to wildtype, osarf11 seedlings produced fewer and shorter roots as well as shorter and less wide leaves. Leaves developed fewer veins and larger areoles. Mature osarf11 plants had a reduced root system, fewer branches per panicle, fewer grains per panicle and fewer filled seeds. Mutants had a reduced sensitivity to auxin-mediated callus formation and inhibition of root elongation, and phenylboronic acid (PBA)-mediated inhibition of vein formation. Taken together, our results implicate OsARF11 in auxin-mediated growth of multiple organs and leaf veins. OsARF11 also appears to play a central role in the formation of lateral root, panicle branch, and grain meristems.
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Shirakawa M, Hara-Nishimura I. Specialized Vacuoles of Myrosin Cells: Chemical Defense Strategy in Brassicales Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1309-1316. [PMID: 29897512 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant vacuoles display many versatile functions. Vacuoles in vegetative tissues are generally involved in protein degradation, and are called lytic vacuoles. However, vegetative vacuoles in specialized cells can accumulate large concentrations of proteins, such as those in idioblast myrosin cells along veins in the order Brassicales, which store large amounts of myrosinases (thioglucoside glucohydrolase and thioglucoside glucohydrolase). Myrosinases cleave the bond between sulfur and glucose in sulfur-rich compounds (glucosinolates) to produce toxic compounds (isothiocyanates) when plants are damaged by pests. This defense strategy is called the myrosinase-glucosinolate system. Recent studies identified atypical myrosinases, PENETRATION 2 (PEN2) and PYK10, along with key components for development of myrosin cells. In this review, we discuss three topics in the myrosinase-glucosinolate system. First, we summarize the complexity and importance of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system, including classical myrosinases, atypical myrosinases and the system that counteracts the myrosinase-glucosinolate system. Secondly, we describe molecular machineries underlying myrosin cell development, including specific reporters, cell lineage, cell differentiation and cell fate determination. The master regulators for myrosin cell differentiation, FAMA and SCREAM, are key transcription factors involved in guard cell differentiation. This indicates that myrosin cells and guard cells share similar transcriptional networks. Finally, we hypothesize that the myrosinase-glucosinolate system may have originated in stomata of ancestral Brassicales plants and, after that, plants co-opted this defense strategy into idioblasts near veins at inner tissue layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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4
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Nanda AK, Melnyk CW. The role of plant hormones during grafting. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:49-58. [PMID: 29181647 PMCID: PMC5762790 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, people have cut and joined different plant tissues together through a process known as grafting. By creating a chimeric organism, desirable properties from two plants combine to enhance disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, vigour or facilitate the asexual propagation of plants. In addition, grafting has been extremely informative in science for studying and identifying the long-distance movement of molecules. Despite its increasing use in horticulture and science, how plants undertake the process of grafting remains elusive. Here, we discuss specifically the role of eight major plant hormones during the wound healing and vascular formation process, two phenomena involved in grafting. We furthermore present the roles of these hormones during graft formation and highlight knowledge gaps and future areas of interest for the field of grafting biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Nanda
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Xu W, Di C, Zhou S, Liu J, Li L, Liu F, Yang X, Ling Y, Su Z. Rice transcriptome analysis to identify possible herbicide quinclorac detoxification genes. Front Genet 2015; 6:306. [PMID: 26483837 PMCID: PMC4586585 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinclorac is a highly selective auxin-type herbicide and is widely used in the effective control of barnyard grass in paddy rice fields, improving the world's rice yield. The herbicide mode of action of quinclorac has been proposed, and hormone interactions affecting quinclorac signaling has been identified. Because of widespread use, quinclorac may be transported outside rice fields with the drainage waters, leading to soil and water pollution and other environmental health problems. In this study, we used 57K Affymetrix rice whole-genome array to identify quinclorac signaling response genes to study the molecular mechanisms of action and detoxification of quinclorac in rice plants. Overall, 637 probe sets were identified with differential expression levels under either 6 or 24 h of quinclorac treatment. Auxin-related genes such as GH3 and OsIAAs responded to quinclorac treatment. Gene Ontology analysis showed that genes of detoxification-related family genes were significantly enriched, including cytochrome P450, GST, UGT, and ABC and drug transporter genes. Moreover, real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that top candidate genes of P450 families such as CYP81, CYP709C, and CYP72A were universally induced by different herbicides. Some Arabidopsis genes of the same P450 family were up-regulated under quinclorac treatment. We conducted rice whole-genome GeneChip analysis and the first global identification of quinclorac response genes. This work may provide potential markers for detoxification of quinclorac and biomonitors of environmental chemical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Chao Di
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Shaoxia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Xinling Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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6
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Production and transcriptional regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in forage legumes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3797-806. [PMID: 25805345 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PA), also known as condensed tannins, contribute to important forage legumes traits including disease resistance and forage quality. PA in forage plants has both positive and negative effects on feed digestibility and animal performance. The analytical methods and their applicability in measuring the contents of PA in forage plants are essential to studies on their nutritional effects. In spite of important breakthroughs in our understanding of the PA biosynthesis, important questions still remain to be answered such as the PA polymerization and transport. Recent advances in the understanding of transcription factor-mediated gene regulation mechanisms in anthocyanin and PA biosynthetic pathway in model plants suggest new approaches for the metabolic engineering of PA in forage plants. The present review will attempt to present the state-of-the-art of research in these areas and provide an update on the production and metabolic engineering of PA in forage plants. We hope that this will contribute to a better understanding of the ways in which PA production to manipulate the content of PA for beneficial effects in forage plants.
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Kajala K, Ramakrishna P, Fisher A, C. Bergmann D, De Smet I, Sozzani R, Weijers D, Brady SM. Omics and modelling approaches for understanding regulation of asymmetric cell divisions in arabidopsis and other angiosperm plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:1083-1105. [PMID: 24825294 PMCID: PMC4030820 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric cell divisions are formative divisions that generate daughter cells of distinct identity. These divisions are coordinated by either extrinsic ('niche-controlled') or intrinsic regulatory mechanisms and are fundamentally important in plant development. SCOPE This review describes how asymmetric cell divisions are regulated during development and in different cell types in both the root and the shoot of plants. It further highlights ways in which omics and modelling approaches have been used to elucidate these regulatory mechanisms. For example, the regulation of embryonic asymmetric divisions is described, including the first divisions of the zygote, formative vascular divisions and divisions that give rise to the root stem cell niche. Asymmetric divisions of the root cortex endodermis initial, pericycle cells that give rise to the lateral root primordium, procambium, cambium and stomatal cells are also discussed. Finally, a perspective is provided regarding the role of other hormones or regulatory molecules in asymmetric divisions, the presence of segregated determinants and the usefulness of modelling approaches in understanding network dynamics within these very special cells. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetric cell divisions define plant development. High-throughput genomic and modelling approaches can elucidate their regulation, which in turn could enable the engineering of plant traits such as stomatal density, lateral root development and wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Kajala
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Priya Ramakrishna
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Adam Fisher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siobhan M. Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Mialoundama AS, Jadid N, Brunel J, Di Pascoli T, Heintz D, Erhardt M, Mutterer J, Bergdoll M, Ayoub D, Van Dorsselaer A, Rahier A, Nkeng P, Geoffroy P, Miesch M, Camara B, Bouvier F. Arabidopsis ERG28 tethers the sterol C4-demethylation complex to prevent accumulation of a biosynthetic intermediate that interferes with polar auxin transport. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4879-93. [PMID: 24326590 PMCID: PMC3903993 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sterols are vital for cellular functions and eukaryotic development because of their essential role as membrane constituents. Sterol biosynthetic intermediates (SBIs) represent a potential reservoir of signaling molecules in mammals and fungi, but little is known about their functions in plants. SBIs are derived from the sterol C4-demethylation enzyme complex that is tethered to the membrane by Ergosterol biosynthetic protein28 (ERG28). Here, using nonlethal loss-of-function strategies focused on Arabidopsis thaliana ERG28, we found that the previously undetected SBI 4-carboxy-4-methyl-24-methylenecycloartanol (CMMC) inhibits polar auxin transport (PAT), a key mechanism by which the phytohormone auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth, including development and responses to environmental factors. The induced accumulation of CMMC in Arabidopsis erg28 plants was associated with diagnostic hallmarks of altered PAT, including the differentiation of pin-like inflorescence, loss of apical dominance, leaf fusion, and reduced root growth. PAT inhibition by CMMC occurs in a brassinosteroid-independent manner. The data presented show that ERG28 is required for PAT in plants. Furthermore, it is accumulation of an atypical SBI that may act to negatively regulate PAT in plants. Hence, the sterol pathway offers further prospects for mining new target molecules that could regulate plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Samba Mialoundama
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Nurul Jadid
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
- Department of Biology Botanical and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Sepuluh Nopember Institut of Technology, 60111 East-Java, Indonesia
| | - Julien Brunel
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Thomas Di Pascoli
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Marc Bergdoll
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Rahier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Paul Nkeng
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Sciences de l'Education et de la Communication, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Geoffroy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Université de Strasbourg-Institut de Chimie, 67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Michel Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Université de Strasbourg-Institut de Chimie, 67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Bilal Camara
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Dal Santo S, Vannozzi A, Tornielli GB, Fasoli M, Venturini L, Pezzotti M, Zenoni S. Genome-wide analysis of the expansin gene superfamily reveals grapevine-specific structural and functional characteristics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62206. [PMID: 23614035 PMCID: PMC3628503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expansins are proteins that loosen plant cell walls in a pH-dependent manner, probably by increasing the relative movement among polymers thus causing irreversible expansion. The expansin superfamily (EXP) comprises four distinct families: expansin A (EXPA), expansin B (EXPB), expansin-like A (EXLA) and expansin-like B (EXLB). There is experimental evidence that EXPA and EXPB proteins are required for cell expansion and developmental processes involving cell wall modification, whereas the exact functions of EXLA and EXLB remain unclear. The complete grapevine (Vitis vinifera) genome sequence has allowed the characterization of many gene families, but an exhaustive genome-wide analysis of expansin gene expression has not been attempted thus far. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identified 29 EXP superfamily genes in the grapevine genome, representing all four EXP families. Members of the same EXP family shared the same exon-intron structure, and phylogenetic analysis confirmed a closer relationship between EXP genes from woody species, i.e. grapevine and poplar (Populus trichocarpa), compared to those from Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). We also identified grapevine-specific duplication events involving the EXLB family. Global gene expression analysis confirmed a strong correlation among EXP genes expressed in mature and green/vegetative samples, respectively, as reported for other gene families in the recently-published grapevine gene expression atlas. We also observed the specific co-expression of EXLB genes in woody organs, and the involvement of certain grapevine EXP genes in berry development and post-harvest withering. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive analysis of the grapevine EXP superfamily confirmed and extended current knowledge about the structural and functional characteristics of this gene family, and also identified properties that are currently unique to grapevine expansin genes. Our data provide a model for the functional characterization of grapevine gene families by combining phylogenetic analysis with global gene expression profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dal Santo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Fasoli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Venturini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Gandotra N, Coughlan SJ, Nelson T. The Arabidopsis leaf provascular cell transcriptome is enriched in genes with roles in vein patterning. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:48-58. [PMID: 23437797 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of genes have been associated, by mutant phenotypes or cell biology, with the formation of vein patterns during early leaf development, including genes for certain transcription factors, auxin transport and response factors, endomembrane traffic components and other signaling pathway components. The majority of these are expressed with spatial and temporal specificity that includes expression in the precursors of vascular cells - provascular (PV) and procambial (PC) cells - suggesting that other PV/PC-specific genes might have roles in vein patterning. We inventoried the PV/PC transcriptome of Arabidopsis leaves using a combination of laser microdissection and microarray expression profiling, and determined the phenotypes of knock-outs of previously uncharacterized PV/PC-specific genes. As examples, we observed vein pattern defects in knock-out lines of KEG and a CCCH zinc finger protein. This strategy of gene discovery, based on the identification of a gene set co-expressed in the same cells during the targeted developmental event, appears to be an efficient means of identifying genes functionally relevant to the event. In the case of vein patterning, this strategy would have identified many or most of the genes previously obtained by labor-intensive screening for pattern-defective mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Gandotra
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208104, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA
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Hall H, Ellis B. Transcriptional programming during cell wall maturation in the expanding Arabidopsis stem. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:14. [PMID: 23350960 PMCID: PMC3635874 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cell walls are complex dynamic structures that play a vital role in coordinating the directional growth of plant tissues. The rapid elongation of the inflorescence stem in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is accompanied by radical changes in cell wall structure and chemistry, but analysis of the underlying mechanisms and identification of the genes that are involved has been hampered by difficulties in accurately sampling discrete developmental states along the developing stem. RESULTS By creating stem growth kinematic profiles for individual expanding Arabidopsis stems we have been able to harvest and pool developmentally-matched tissue samples, and to use these for comparative analysis of global transcript profiles at four distinct phases of stem growth: the period of elongation rate increase, the point of maximum growth rate, the point of stem growth cessation and the fully matured stem. The resulting profiles identify numerous genes whose expression is affected as the stem tissues pass through these defined growth transitions, including both novel loci and genes identified in earlier studies. Of particular note is the preponderance of highly active genes associated with secondary cell wall deposition in the region of stem growth cessation, and of genes associated with defence and stress responses in the fully mature stem. CONCLUSIONS The use of growth kinematic profiling to create tissue samples that are accurately positioned along the expansion growth continuum of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems establishes a new standard for transcript profiling analyses of such tissues. The resulting expression profiles identify a substantial number of genes whose expression is correlated for the first time with rapid cell wall extension and subsequent fortification, and thus provide an important new resource for plant biologists interested in gene discovery related to plant biomass accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Hall
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Currently: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Brian Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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12
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Ruzvidzo O, Donaldson L, Valentine A, Gehring C. The Arabidopsis thaliana natriuretic peptide AtPNP-A is a systemic regulator of leaf dark respiration and signals via the phloem. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1710-1714. [PMID: 21550130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs) belong to a novel class of peptidic signaling molecules that share some structural similarity to the N-terminal domain of expansins and affect physiological processes such as water and ion homeostasis at nano-molar concentrations. Here we show that a recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana PNP (AtPNP-A) rapidly increased the rate of dark respiration in treated leaves after 5 min. In addition, we observed increases in lower leaves, and with a lag time of 10 min, the effect spread to the upper leaves and subsequently (after 15 min) to the opposite leaves. This response signature is indicative of phloem mobility of the signal, a hypothesis that was further strengthened by the fact that cold girdling, which affects phloem but not xylem or apoplastic processes, delayed the long distance AtPNP-A effect. We conclude that locally applied AtPNP-A can induce a phloem-mobile signal that rapidly modifies plant homeostasis in distal parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oziniel Ruzvidzo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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13
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Farrona S, Thorpe FL, Engelhorn J, Adrian J, Dong X, Sarid-Krebs L, Goodrich J, Turck F. Tissue-specific expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T in Arabidopsis is maintained independently of polycomb group protein repression. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3204-14. [PMID: 21917549 PMCID: PMC3203448 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.087809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The Polycomb Group (PcG) pathway represses transcription through a mechanism conserved among plants and animals. PcG-mediated repression can determine spatial territories of gene expression, but it remains unclear whether PcG-mediated repression is a regulatory requirement for all targets. Here, we show the role of PcG proteins in the spatial regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a main activator of flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana exclusively expressed in the vasculature. Strikingly, the loss of PcG repression causes down-regulation of FT. In addition, our results show how the effect of PcG-mediated regulation differs for target genes and that, for FT expression, it relies primarily on tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Farrona
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Frazer L. Thorpe
- Institute for Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Engelhorn
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jessika Adrian
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xue Dong
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Liron Sarid-Krebs
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Justin Goodrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Turck
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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14
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Adio AM, Casteel CL, De Vos M, Kim JH, Joshi V, Li B, Juéry C, Daron J, Kliebenstein DJ, Jander G. Biosynthesis and defensive function of Nδ-acetylornithine, a jasmonate-induced Arabidopsis metabolite. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3303-18. [PMID: 21917546 PMCID: PMC3203426 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Since research on plant interactions with herbivores and pathogens is often constrained by the analysis of already known compounds, there is a need to identify new defense-related plant metabolites. The uncommon nonprotein amino acid N(δ)-acetylornithine was discovered in a targeted search for Arabidopsis thaliana metabolites that are strongly induced by the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Stable isotope labeling experiments show that, after MeJA elicitation, Arg, Pro, and Glu are converted to Orn, which is acetylated by NATA1 to produce N(δ)-acetylornithine. MeJA-induced N(δ)-acetylornithine accumulation occurs in all tested Arabidopsis accessions, other Arabidopsis species, Capsella rubella, and Boechera stricta, but not in less closely related Brassicaceae. Both insect feeding and Pseudomonas syringae infection increase NATA1 expression and N(δ)-acetylornithine accumulation. NATA1 transient expression in Nicotiana tabacum and the addition of N(δ)-acetylornithine to an artificial diet both decrease Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) reproduction, suggesting a direct toxic or deterrent effect. However, since broad metabolic changes that are induced by MeJA in wild-type Arabidopsis are attenuated in a nata1 mutant strain, there may also be indirect effects on herbivores and pathogens. In the case of P. syringae, growth on a nata1 mutant is reduced compared with wild-type Arabidopsis, but growth in vitro is unaffected by N(δ)-acetylornithine addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale M. Adio
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Clare L. Casteel
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Martin De Vos
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jae Hak Kim
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Vijay Joshi
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Caroline Juéry
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Josquin Daron
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Address correspondence to
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15
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Ckurshumova W, Scarpella E, Goldstein RS, Berleth T. Double-filter identification of vascular-expressed genes using Arabidopsis plants with vascular hypertrophy and hypotrophy. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:96-104. [PMID: 21683873 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Genes expressed in vascular tissues have been identified by several strategies, usually with a focus on mature vascular cells. In this study, we explored the possibility of using two opposite types of altered tissue compositions in combination with a double-filter selection to identify genes with a high probability of vascular expression in early organ primordia. Specifically, we generated full-transcriptome microarray profiles of plants with (a) genetically strongly reduced and (b) pharmacologically vastly increased vascular tissues and identified a reproducible cohort of 158 transcripts that fulfilled the dual requirement of being underrepresented in (a) and overrepresented in (b). In order to assess the predictive value of our identification scheme for vascular gene expression, we determined the expression patterns of genes in two unbiased subsamples. First, we assessed the expression patterns of all twenty annotated transcription factor genes from the cohort of 158 genes and found that seventeen of the twenty genes were preferentially expressed in leaf vascular cells. Remarkably, fifteen of these seventeen vascular genes were clearly expressed already very early in leaf vein development. Twelve genes with published leaf expression patterns served as a second subsample to monitor the representation of vascular genes in our cohort. Of those twelve genes, eleven were preferentially expressed in leaf vascular tissues. Based on these results we propose that our compendium of 158 genes represents a sample that is highly enriched for genes expressed in vascular tissues and that our approach is particularly suited to detect genes expressed in vascular cell lineages at early stages of their inception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzislava Ckurshumova
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
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16
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Wang YH, Gehring C, Irving HR. Plant natriuretic peptides are apoplastic and paracrine stress response molecules. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:837-50. [PMID: 21478192 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants contain biologically active proteins that are recognized by antibodies against human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). We identified and isolated two Arabidopsis thaliana immunoreactive plant natriuretic peptide (PNP)-encoding genes, AtPNP-A and AtPNP-B, which are distantly related members of the expansin superfamily and have a role in the regulation of homeostasis in abiotic and biotic stresses, and have shown that AtPNP-A modulates the effects of ABA on stomata. Arabidopsis PNP (PNP-A) is mainly expressed in leaf mesophyll cells, and in protoplast assays we demonstrate that it is secreted using AtPNP-A:green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter constructs and flow cytometry. Transient reporter assays provide evidence that AtPNP-A expression is enhanced by heat, osmotica and salt, and that AtPNP-A itself can enhance its own expression, thereby generating a response signature diagnostic for paracrine action and potentially also autocrine effects. Expression of native AtPNP-A is enhanced by osmotica and transiently by salt. Although AtPNP-A expression is induced by salt and osmotica, ABA does not significantly modulate AtPNP-A levels nor does recombinant AtPNP-A affect reporter expression of the ABA-responsive RD29A gene. Together, these results provide experimental evidence that AtPNP-A is stress responsive, secreted into the apoplastic space and can enhance its own expression. Furthermore, our findings support the idea that AtPNP-A, together with ABA, is an important component in complex plant stress responses and that, much like in animals, peptide signaling molecules can create diverse and modular signals essential for growth, development and defense under rapidly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hua Wang
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia
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17
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Caño-Delgado A, Lee JY, Demura T. Regulatory Mechanisms for Specification and Patterning of Plant Vascular Tissues. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2010; 26:605-37. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100109-104107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caño-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics Department, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Barcelona 08034, Spain;
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853;
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Taku Demura
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0136, Japan;
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18
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Zhao J, Pang Y, Dixon RA. The mysteries of proanthocyanidin transport and polymerization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:437-43. [PMID: 20388668 PMCID: PMC2879784 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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19
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Palovaara J, Hallberg H, Stasolla C, Luit B, Hakman I. Expression of a gymnosperm PIN homologous gene correlates with auxin immunolocalization pattern at cotyledon formation and in demarcation of the procambium during Picea abies somatic embryo development and in seedling tissues. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 29:483-96. [PMID: 20129931 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, the body organization is established during embryogenesis and is uniform across gymnosperms and angiosperms, despite differences during early embryogeny. Evidence from angiosperms implicates the plant hormone auxin and its polar transport, mainly established by the PIN family of auxin efflux transporters, in the patterning of embryos. Here, PaPIN1 from Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), a gene widely expressed in conifer tissues and organs, was characterized and its expression and localization patterns were determined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization during somatic embryo development and in seedlings. PaPIN1 shares the predicted structure of other PIN proteins, but its central hydrophilic loop is longer than most PINs. In phylogenetic analyses, PaPIN1 clusters with Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7, but its expression pattern also suggests similarity to PIN1. The PaPIN1 expression signal was high in the protoderm of pre-cotyledonary embryos, but not if embryos were pre-treated with the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). This, together with a high auxin immunolocalization signal in this cell layer, suggests a role of PaPIN1 during cotyledon formation. At later stages, high PaPIN1 expression was observed in differentiating procambium, running from the tip of incipient cotyledons down through the embryo axis and to the root apical meristem (RAM), although the mode of RAM specification in conifer embryos differs from that of most angiosperms. Also, the PaPIN1 in situ signal was high in seedling root tips including root cap columella cells. The results thus suggest that PaPIN1 provides an ancient function associated with auxin transport and embryo pattern formation prior to the separation of angiosperms and gymnosperms, in spite of some morphological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Palovaara
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
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20
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Zhou X, Cooke P, Li L. Eukaryotic release factor 1-2 affects Arabidopsis responses to glucose and phytohormones during germination and early seedling development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 61:357-67. [PMID: 19939886 PMCID: PMC2803205 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Germination and early seedling development are coordinately regulated by glucose and phytohormones such as ABA, GA, and ethylene. However, the molecules that affect plant responses to glucose and phytohormones remain to be fully elucidated. Eukaryotic release factor 1 (eRF1) is responsible for the recognition of the stop codons in mRNAs during protein synthesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that eRF1 functions in other processes in addition to translation termination. The physiological role of eRF1-2, a member of the eRF1 family, in Arabidopsis was examined here. The eRF1-2 gene was found to be specifically induced by glucose. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing eRF1-2 were hypersensitive to glucose during germination and early seedling development. Such hypersensitivity to glucose was accompanied by a dramatic reduction of the expression of glucose-regulated genes, chlorophyll a/b binding protein and plastocyanin. The hypersensitive response was not due to the enhanced accumulation of ABA. In addition, the eRF1-2 overexpressing plants showed increased sensitivity to paclobutrazol, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, and exogenous GA restored their normal growth. By contrast, the loss-of-function erf1-2 mutant exhibited resistance to paclobutrazol, suggesting that eRF1-2 may exert a negative effect on the GA signalling pathway. Collectively, these data provide evidence in support of a novel role of eRF1-2 in affecting glucose and phytohormone responses in modulating plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhou
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter Cooke
- Microscopic Imaging, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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21
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Koizumi K, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K. Mechanical load induces upregulation of transcripts for a set of genes implicated in secondary wall formation in the supporting tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2009; 122:651-659. [PMID: 19582540 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-009-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of mechanical load on transcripts of a set of cell wall related genes that are implicated in the formation of supporting tissues, by applying a 50 mg strip of aluminum foil to the inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis thaliana, a weight roughly half the fresh weight of the stem. Transcript levels of 12 of the 15 genes examined were increased by load application, as were the levels of some transcription factors that regulate secondary wall formation. These findings support the involvement of a load-sensing system in regulation of supporting tissue formation via transcriptional regulation of cell wall related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Koizumi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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22
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Yoshida S, Iwamoto K, Demura T, Fukuda H. Comprehensive analysis of the regulatory roles of auxin in early transdifferentiation into xylem cells. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:457-69. [PMID: 19326244 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is essential for the formation of the vascular system. We previously reported that a polar auxin transport inhibitor, 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) decreased intracellular auxin levels and prevented tracheary element (TE) differentiation from isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells, but that additional auxin, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) overcame this inhibition. To understand the role of auxin in gene regulation during TE differentiation, we performed microarray analysis of genes expressed in NPA-treated cells and NPA-NAA-treated cells. The systematic gene expression analysis revealed that NAA promoted the expression of genes related to auxin signaling and transcription factors that are known to be key regulators of differentiation of procambial and xylem precursor cells. NAA also promoted the expression of genes related to biosynthesis and metabolism of other plant hormones, such as cytokinin, gibberellin and brassinosteroid. Interestingly, detailed analysis showed that NAA rapidly induces the expression of auxin carrier gene homologues. It suggested a positive feedback loop for auxin-regulating vascular differentiation. Based on these results, we discuss the auxin function in early processes of transdifferentiation into TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiko Yoshida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Rolland-Lagan AG. Vein patterning in growing leaves: axes and polarities. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18:348-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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