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Liu X, Xu Z, Zhang C, Xu Y, Ma M, Sui Z, Corke H. Dynamic development of changes in multi-scale structure during grain filling affect gelatinization properties of rice starch. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 342:122318. [PMID: 39048212 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Rice was collected over the entire grain filling period (about 40 days) to explore the multi-structure evolution and gelatinization behavior changes of starch. During the early stage (DAA 6-14), the significant reduction in lamellar repeat distance (10.04 to 9.68 nm) and relative crystallinity (26.6 % to 22.7 %) was due to initial rapid accumulation of amylose (from 9.38 % to 14.05 %) and short amylopectin chains. Meanwhile, the decreased proportion of aggregation structure resulted in a decrease in the gelatinization temperature and a narrowed range of gelatinization temperature also indicated an increase in homogeneity as starch matured. Gelatinization enthalpy was mainly controlled by aggregation structure, which was negatively and positively related to the amylose content and the degree of order respectively. Peak viscosity of starch pasting increased and reached a maximum (924 cP) at DAA-21 due to larger granule size. Amylose and short amylopectin chains with degree of polymerization 6-12 showed positive and negative correlation with short-term retrogradation ability (setback value) respectively. The dynamics of different scale structure during grain filling had varying degrees of impact on gelatinization properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zekun Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chuangchuang Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mengting Ma
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China; Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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2
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Fan P, Wang W, Xu J, Xu F, Li G, Wei H, Zhang H, Liu G. Starch-related structural basis and enzymatic mechanism of the different appearances of soft rice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:136080. [PMID: 39341319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the fine starch structure characteristics and formation mechanism of high-quality appearance soft rice, two high-quality and low-quality soft rice varieties (HA-SR and LA-SR, respectively) were selected. Differences in appearance quality, fine starch structure, and activity of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis during the grain-filling stage were compared. The results showed that compared with LA-SR, HA-SR were less chalky, more transparent, had larger starch grains, a lower content of shorter chains (DP 6-24), a higher content of longer chains (DP ≥ 25), lower relative crystallinity, fewer ordered structures, more amorphous structures and larger thicknesses of semi-crystalline lamellae. In terms of amylase activity during the grain-filling stage, the AGPase and GBSS activities of HA-SR were higher, and the SBE activity of HA-SR was lower compared to LA-SR. In conclusion, higher AGPase activity can produce a higher filling rate resulting in fuller starch grain in soft rice. Fuller starch grains reduce the chalkiness of soft rice. Higher AGPase and GBSS activities and lower SBE activity can result in soft rice with more long-branched and less short-branched amylopectin. Thus, soft rice has lower relative crystallinity and less ordered structure. These structures may facilitate reduce grain chalkiness and improve grain transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502, United States
| | - Wenting Wang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fangfu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guangyan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Hongcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Guodong Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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3
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Xu C, Li C, Li E, Gilbert RG. Insights into wheat-starch biosynthesis from two-dimensional macromolecular structure. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122190. [PMID: 38710564 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Starch structure is often characterized by the chain-length distribution (CLD) of the linear molecules formed by breaking each branch-point. More information can be obtained by expanding into a second dimension: in the present case, the total undebranched-molecule size. This enables answers to questions unobtainable by considering only one variable. The questions considered here are: (i) are the events independent which control total size and CLD, and (ii) do ultra-long amylopectin (AP) chains exist (these chains cannot be distinguished from amylose chains using simple size separation). This was applied here to characterize the structures of one normal (RS01) wheat and two high-amylose (AM) mutant wheats (an SBEIIa knockout and an SBEIIa and SBEIIb knockout). Absolute ethanol was used to precipitate collected fractions, then size-exclusion chromatography for total molecular size and for the size of branches. The SBEIIa and SBEIIb mutations significantly increased AM and IC contents and chain length. The 2D plots indicated the presence of small but significant amounts of long-chain amylopectin, and the asymmetry of these plots shows that the corresponding mechanisms share some causal effects. These results could be used to develop plants producing improved starches, because different ranges of the chain-length distribution contribute independently to functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China; Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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4
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Nakamura Y. A model for the reproduction of amylopectin cluster by coordinated actions of starch branching enzyme isoforms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s11103-023-01352-6. [PMID: 37294528 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin is a highly branched glucan which accounts for approximately 65-85% of starch in most plant tissues. It is crucially important to understand the biosynthetic process of this glucan in regulating the structure and functional properties of starch granules. Currently, the most accepted ideas of structural feature and biosynthesis of amylopectin are that amylopectin is composed of a branched element called "cluster" and that the essential process of amylopectin biosynthesis is to reproduce a new cluster from the existing cluster. The present paper proposes a model explaining the whole process of amylopectin biosynthesis as to how the new cluster is reproduced by concerted actions of multiple isoforms of starch biosynthetic enzymes, particularly by combinations of distinct roles of starch branching enzyme (BE) isoforms. This model proposes for the first time the molecular mechanism as to how the formation of a new cluster is initiated, and the reason why BEI can play a major role in this step. This is because BEI has a rather broad chain-length preference compared to BEIIb, because a low preference of BEI for the substrate chain-length is advantageous for branching a couple of elongated chains that are not synchronously formed and thus these chains having varied lengths could be safely attacked by this isoform. On the contrary, it is unlikely that BEIIb is involved in this reaction because it can react to only short chains having degree of polymerization of 12-14. BEIIa is possibly able to complement the role of BEI to some extent, because BEIIa can attack basically short chains but its chain-length preference is lower compared with BEIIb. The model implies that the first branches mainly formed by BEI to construct the amorphous lamellae whereas the second branches predominantly formed by BEIIb are located mainly in the crystalline lamellae. This paper provides new insights into the roles of BEI, BEIIb, and BEIIa in amylopectin biosynthesis in cereal endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies Co., Ltd, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
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5
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Courseaux A, George O, Deschamps P, Bompard C, Duchêne T, Dauvillée D. BE3 is the major branching enzyme isoform required for amylopectin synthesis in C hlamydomonas reinhardtii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1201386. [PMID: 37324674 PMCID: PMC10264815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1201386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Starch-branching enzymes (BEs) are essential for starch synthesis in both plants and algae where they influence the architecture and physical properties of starch granules. Within Embryophytes, BEs are classified as type 1 and type 2 depending on their substrate preference. In this article, we report the characterization of the three BE isoforms encoded in the genome of the starch producing green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: two type 2 BEs (BE2 and BE3) and a single type 1 BE (BE1). Using single mutant strains, we analyzed the consequences of the lack of each isoform on both transitory and storage starches. The transferred glucan substrate and the chain length specificities of each isoform were also determined. We show that only BE2 and BE3 isoforms are involved in starch synthesis and that, although both isoforms possess similar enzymatic properties, BE3 is critical for both transitory and storage starch metabolism. Finally, we propose putative explanations for the strong phenotype differences evidenced between the C. reinhardtii be2 and be3 mutants, including functional redundancy, enzymatic regulation or alterations in the composition of multimeric enzyme complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Courseaux
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Océane George
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Deschamps
- University Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8079, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Coralie Bompard
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Thierry Duchêne
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - David Dauvillée
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Uniteí de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
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6
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Chen G, Peng L, Gong J, Wang J, Wu C, Sui X, Tian Y, Hu M, Li C, He X, Yang H, Zhang Q, Ouyang Y, Lan Y, Li T. Effects of water stress on starch synthesis and accumulation of two rice cultivars at different growth stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133524. [PMID: 37180383 PMCID: PMC10166795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a water intensive crop and soil water conditions affect rice yield and quality. However, there is limited research on the starch synthesis and accumulation of rice under different soil water conditions at different growth stages. Thus, a pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of IR72 (indica) and Nanjing (NJ) 9108 (japonica) rice cultivars under flood-irrigated treatment (CK, 0 kPa), light water stress treatment (L, -20 ± 5 kPa), moderate water stress treatment (M, -40 ± 5 kPa) and severe water stress treatment (S, -60 ± 5 kPa) on the starch synthesis and accumulation and rice yield at booting stage (T1), flowering stage (T2) and filling stage (T3), respectively. Under LT treatment, the total soluble sugar and sucrose contents of both cultivars decreased while the amylose and total starch contents increased. Starch synthesis-related enzyme activities and their peak activities at mid-late growth stage increased as well. However, applying MT and ST treatments produced the opposite effects. The 1000-grain weight of both cultivars increased under LT treatment while the seed setting rate increased only under LT3 treatment. Compared with CK, water stress at booting stage decreased grain yield. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that LT3 got the highest comprehensive score while ST1 got lowest for both cultivars. Furthermore, the comprehensive score of both cultivars under the same water stress treatment followed the trend of T3 > T2 > T1, and NJ 9108 had a better drought-resistant ability than IR72. Compared with CK, the grain yield under LT3 increased by 11.59% for IR72 and 16.01% for NJ 9108, respectively. Overall, these results suggested that light water stress at filling stage could be an effective method to enhance starch synthesis-related enzyme activities, promote starch synthesis and accumulation and increase grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ligong Peng
- College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyue Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Sui
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Tian
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingming Hu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Congmei Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingmei He
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuqiu Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyuan Ouyang
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Lan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Tian Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Kang X, Gao W, Cui B, El-Aty AMA. Structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) endosperm: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124315. [PMID: 37023877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) endosperm. Sorghum is an important cereal crop that is well suited to grow in regions with high temperatures and limited water resources due to its C4 metabolism. The endosperm of sorghum kernels is a rich source of starch, which is composed of two main components: amylose and amylopectin. The synthesis of starch in sorghum endosperm involves multiple enzymatic reactions, which are regulated by complex genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has identified several genes involved in the regulation of starch synthesis in sorghum endosperm. In addition, the structure and properties of sorghum starch can also be influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, water availability, and soil nutrients. A better understanding of the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum endosperm can have important implications for the development of sorghum-based products with improved quality and nutritional value. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum endosperm and highlights the potential for future research to further improve our understanding of this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Dong X, Chen L, Yang H, Tian L, Dong F, Chai Y, Qu LQ. Pho1 cooperates with DPE1 to control short maltooligosaccharide mobilization during starch synthesis initiation in rice endosperm. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:47. [PMID: 36912930 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase is a key factor that cooperates with plastidial disproportionating enzyme to control short maltooligosaccharide mobilization during the initiation process of starch molecule synthesis in developing rice endosperm. Storage starch synthesis is essential for grain filling. However, little is known about how cereal endosperm controls starch synthesis initiation. One of core events for starch synthesis initiation is short maltooligosaccharide (MOS) mobilization consisting of long MOS primer production and excess MOS breakdown. By mutant analyses and biochemical investigations, we present here functional identifications of plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase (Pho1) and disproportionating enzyme (DPE1) during starch synthesis initiation in rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm. Pho1 deficiency impaired MOS mobilization, triggering short MOS accumulation and starch synthesis reduction during early seed development. The mutant seeds differed significantly in MOS level and starch content at 15 days after flowering and exhibited diverse endosperm phenotypes during mid-late seed development: ranging from pseudonormal to shrunken (Shr), severely or excessively Shr. The level of DPE1 was almost normal in the PN seeds but significantly reduced in the Shr seeds. Overexpression of DPE1 in pho1 resulted in plump seeds only. DPE1 deficiency had no obvious effects on MOS mobilization. Knockout of DPE1 in pho1 completely blocked MOS mobilization, resulting in severely and excessively Shr seeds only. These findings show that Pho1 cooperates with DPE1 to control short MOS mobilization during starch synthesis initiation in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Liangke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lihong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Fengqin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yaru Chai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Le Qing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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9
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Ying Y, Xu F, Zhang Z, Tappiban P, Bao J. Dynamic Change in Starch Biosynthetic Enzymes Complexes during Grain-Filling Stages in BEIIb Active and Deficient Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810714. [PMID: 36142619 PMCID: PMC9501056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the predominant reserve in rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperm, which is synthesized by the coordinated efforts of a series of starch biosynthetic-related enzymes in the form of a multiple enzyme complex. Whether the enzyme complex changes during seed development is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the dynamic change in multi-protein complexes in an indica rice variety IR36 (wild type, WT) and its BEIIb-deficient mutant (be2b) at different developmental stages. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Western blotting analysis of soluble protein fractions revealed most of the enzymes except for SSIVb were eluted in smaller molecular weight fractions at the early developing stage and were transferred to higher molecular weight fractions at the later stage in both WT and be2b. Accordingly, protein interactions were enhanced during seed development as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation analysis, suggesting that the enzymes were recruited to form larger protein complexes during starch biosynthesis. The converse elution pattern from GPC of SSIVb may be attributed to its vital role in the initiation step of starch synthesis. The number of protein complexes was markedly decreased in be2b at all development stages. Although SSIVb could partially compensate for the role of BEIIb in protein complex formation, it was hard to form a larger protein complex containing over five proteins in be2b. In addition, other proteins such as PPDKA and PPDKB were possibly present in the multi-enzyme complexes by proteomic analyses of high molecular weight fractions separated from GPC. Two putative protein kinases were found to be potentially associated with starch biosynthetic enzymes. Collectively, our findings unraveled a dynamic change in the protein complex during seed development, and potential roles of BEIIb in starch biosynthesis via various protein complex formations, which enables a deeper understanding of the complex mechanism of starch biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-86971932
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10
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Ying Y, Zhang Z, Tappiban P, Xu F, Deng G, Dai G, Bao J. Starch fine structure and functional properties during seed development in BEIIb active and deficient rice. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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11
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Chen Y, Luo L, Xu F, Xu X, Bao J. Carbohydrate Repartitioning in the Rice Starch Branching Enzyme IIb Mutant Stimulates Higher Resistant Starch Content and Lower Seed Weight Revealed by Multiomics Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9802-9816. [PMID: 35903884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The starch branching enzyme IIb mutant (be2b) in rice significantly increases the resistant starch (RS) content and leads to reduced seed weight. However, the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain unclear. Proteomic analysis indicated that upregulation of starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) and SSIIIa and downregulation of BEI and SSI were possibly responsible for the decreased short amylopectin chains (DP 6-15) and increased longer chains (DP > 16) of be2b starch. The upregulation of granule-bound starch synthase led to increased amylose content (AC). These changes in the amylopectin structure and AC accounted for the increased RS content. α-Amylase 2A showed the strongest upregulation (up to 8.45-fold), indicating that the loss of BEIIb activity enhanced starch degradation. Upregulation of glycolysis-related proteins stimulated carbohydrate repartitioning through glycerate-3-phosphate and promoted the accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, amino acids, and fatty acids. The unexpected carbohydrate partitioning and enhanced starch degradation resulted in the reduced seed weight in the be2b mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Lili Luo
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- Yazhou Bay Laboratory, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Yazhou Bay Laboratory, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
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12
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Biswas S, Ibarra O, Shaphek M, Molina-Risco M, Faion-Molina M, Bellinatti-Della Gracia M, Thomson MJ, Septiningsih EM. Increasing the level of resistant starch in 'Presidio' rice through multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of starch branching enzyme genes. THE PLANT GENOME 2022:e20225. [PMID: 35713092 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an excellent source of starch, which is composed of amylopectin and amylose. Resistant starch (RS) is a starch product that is not easily digestible and absorbed in the stomach or small intestine and instead is passed on directly to the large intestine. Cereals high in RS may be beneficial to improve human health and reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. It has been reported through chemical mutagenesis and RNA interference studies that starch branching enzymes (SBEs) play a major role in contributing to higher levels of RS in cereal crops. In this study, we used multiplex clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing to simultaneously target all four SBE genes in rice using the endogenous transfer RNA (tRNA)-processing system for expressing the single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting these genes. The CRISPR-Cas9 vector construct with four SBE gene sgRNAs was transformed into the U.S. rice cultivar Presidio using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Knockout mutations were identified at all four SBE genes across eight transgene-positive T0 plants. Transgene-free T1 lines with different combinations of disrupted SBE genes were identified, with several SBE-edited lines showing significantly increased RS content up to 15% higher than the wild-type (WT) cultivar Presidio. Although further efforts are needed to fix all of the mutant alleles as homozygous, our study demonstrated the potential of multiplex genome editing to develop high-RS lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Biswas
- Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Oneida Ibarra
- Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Avance Biosciences Inc., Houston, TX, 77040, USA
| | - Mariam Shaphek
- Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Dep. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Marco Molina-Risco
- Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mayra Faion-Molina
- Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Michael J Thomson
- Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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13
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Ye X, Liu W, Liao Y, Liu T, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Xia C, Fang X, Huang Y, Li Z, Cui Z, Wang F. Glycogen Branching Enzyme with a Novel Chain Transfer Mode Derived from Corallococcus sp. Strain EGB and Its Potential Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4735-4748. [PMID: 35404056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dietary starch with an increased content of resistant starch (RS) has the potential to reduce the prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Here, an efficient glycogen branching enzyme, CcGBE, from Corallococcus sp. strain EGB was identified, and its relevant properties, including potential application in the preparation of modified starch, were evaluated. The purified CcGBE exhibited a maximal specific activity of approximately 20,000 U/mg using cassava starch as the optimal substrate. The content of α-1,6-glucosidic bonds in CcGBE-modified cassava starch increased from 2.9 to 13.2%. Meanwhile, both the average chain length (CL) of CcGBE-modified starch and the blue value of the color complex formed by starch and iodine initially increased and then decreased, indicating that a new CL transfer mode was reported. Perforated small starch granules were released after CcGBE treatment, and a time-dependent decrease in the retrogradation enthalpy (ΔHr) of cassava starch indicated that CcGBE inhibited the long-term retrogradation of starch. Moreover, the RS content and cold water solubility (CWS) of CcGBE-modified starch increased from 3.3 to 12.8% and from 23.1 to 93.8%, respectively. These findings indicate the application potential of CcGBE for the preparation of modified starch with increased RS and CWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuqi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaodong Fang
- Guangzhou Hanyun Pharmaceutical Technology Company Limited, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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14
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Characterisation of a novel Starch branching enzyme 1 allele, Sbe1-1, in rice. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Gu X, Yang S, Li G, Lu W, Lu D. Starch morphological, structural, pasting, and thermal properties of waxy maize under different heat stress durations at grain formation stage. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou China
| | - Siling Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou China
| | - Guanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou China
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety The Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou China
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16
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Utsumi Y, Utsumi C, Tanaka M, Takahashi S, Okamoto Y, Ono M, Nakamura Y, Seki M. Suppressed expression of starch branching enzyme 1 and 2 increases resistant starch and amylose content and modifies amylopectin structure in cassava. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:413-427. [PMID: 34767147 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of starch branching enzymes 1 and 2 in cassava leads to increased resistant starch content through the production of high-amylose and modification of the amylopectin structure. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a starchy root crop used for human consumption as a staple food and industrial applications. Starch is synthesized by various isoforms of several enzymes. However, the function of starch branching enzymes (SBEs) in starch biosynthesis and mechanisms of starch regulation in cassava have not been understood well. In this study, we aimed to suppress the expression of SBEs in cassava to generate starches with a range of distinct properties, in addition to verifying the functional characteristics of the SBEs. One SBE1, two SBE2, and one SBE3 genes were classified by phylogenetic analysis and amino acid alignment. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed tissue-specific expression of SBE genes in the tuberous roots and leaves of cassava. We introduced RNAi constructs containing fragments of SBE1, SBE2, or both genes into cassava by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and assessed enzymatic activity of SBE using tuberous roots and leaves from these transgenic plants. Simultaneous suppression of SBE1 and SBE2 rendered an extreme starch phenotype compared to suppression of SBE2 alone. Degree of polymerization of 6-13 chains in amylopectin was markedly reduced by suppression of both SBE1 and SBE2 in comparison to the SBE2 suppression; however, no change in chain-length profiles was observed in the SBE1 suppression alone. The role of SBE1 and SBE2 may have functional overlap in the storage tissue of cassava. Simultaneous suppression of SBE1 and SBE2 resulted in highly resistant starch with increased apparent amylose content compared to suppression of SBE2 alone. This study provides valuable information for understanding starch biosynthesis and suggests targets for altering starch quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Utsumi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Chikako Utsumi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshie Okamoto
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masami Ono
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7- 22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan.
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17
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Nakamura Y, Kubo A, Ono M, Yashiro K, Matsuba G, Wang Y, Matsubara A, Mizutani G, Matsuki J, Kainuma K. Changes in fine structure of amylopectin and internal structures of starch granules in developing endosperms and culms caused by starch branching enzyme mutations of japonica rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:481-496. [PMID: 35099666 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BEIIb plays a specific role in determining the structure of amylopectin in rice endosperm, whereas BEIIa plays the similar role in the culm where BEIIb is absent. Cereals have three types of starch branching enzymes (BEs), BEI, BEIIa, and BEIIb. It is widely known that BEIIb is specifically expressed in the endosperm and plays a distinct role in the structure of amylopectin because in its absence the amylopectin type changes to the amylose-extender-type (ae-type) or B-type from the wild-type or A-type and this causes the starch crystalline allomorph to the B-type from the wild-type A-type. This study aimed to clarify the role of BEIIa in the culm where BEIIb is not expressed, by using a be2a mutant in comparison with results with be2b and be1 mutants. The results showed that the amylopectin structure exhibited the B-type in the be2a culm compared with the A-type in the wild-type culm. The starch granules from the be2a culm also showed the B-type like allomorph when examined by X-ray diffraction analysis and optical sum frequency generation spectroscopy. Both amylopectin chain-length profile and starch crystalline properties were found to be the A-type at the very early stage of endosperm development at 4-6 days after pollination (DAP) even in the be2b mutant. All these results support a view that in the culm as well as in the endosperm at 4-6 DAP, BEIIa can play the role of BEIIb which has been well documented in maturing endosperm. The possible mechanism as to how BEIIa can play its role is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., Ltd., Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan.
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kubo
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Masami Ono
- Starch Technologies, Co., Ltd., Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yashiro
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Go Matsuba
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Akira Matsubara
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Goro Mizutani
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuki
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Keiji Kainuma
- Science Academy of Tsukuba, 2-20-3 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0032, Japan
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18
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Tappiban P, Hu Y, Deng J, Zhao J, Ying Y, Zhang Z, Xu F, Bao J. Relative importance of branching enzyme isoforms in determining starch fine structure and physicochemical properties of indica rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:399-412. [PMID: 34750721 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Down-regulation of starch branching enzymes alters fine structure and starch properties, especially the B-type crystalline pattern and extremely high amylose content identified in the BEIIb-deficiency mutant in the indica rice. The relative importance of the starch branching enzymes in determining the molecular fine structure and starch functional properties were uncovered in this study. An indica rice, Guangluai 4 with high amylose content (AC) and high gelatinization temperature (GT) was used to generate the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein-9 (Cas9) knockout lines. Five mutant lines were identified including be1-1, be1-2, be2a-1, be2a-2 and be2b-1, and analysis of western blot showed the CRISPR/Cas9 system was successful in inducing mutations in the targeted genes. AC of be2b-1 (34.1%) was greater than that of wild type (WT) (27.4%) and other mutants. Mutations of either BEI or BEIIa did not alter the starch crystallite pattern (A-type). The BEIIb deficiency caused an opaque endosperm phenotype, changed the crystallite pattern from A- to B-type, and dramatically increased the degree of ordered structure, the relative proportion of amylose chains and intermediate to long amylopectin chains, average chain length of amylopectin molecules as well as GT. The BEIIa deficiency had no effect on the proportion of amylose chains, the length of amylopectin intermediate-long chains, conclusion temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization. Down-regulation of BEI increased the proportion of shortest amylopectin chains (fa) but decreased the proportion of long amylopectin chains (fb2 and fb3), leading to a lower GT. It is concluded that the relative importance in determining starch fine structures and functionality was in the order of BEIIb > BEI > BEIIa. Our results provide new information for utilizations of BE-deficient mutants in rice quality breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piengtawan Tappiban
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiaming Deng
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yining Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, China.
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19
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Okpala NE, Aloryi KD, An T, He L, Tang X. The roles of starch branching enzymes and starch synthase in the biosynthesis of amylose in rice. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Nagamatsu S, Wada T, Matsushima R, Fujita N, Miura S, Crofts N, Hosaka Y, Yamaguchi O, Kumamaru T. Mutation in BEIIb mitigates the negative effect of the mutation in ISA1 on grain filling and amyloplast formation in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:497-512. [PMID: 35083581 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the BEIIb gene in an isa1 mutant background mitigates the negative effect of the ISA1 mutation on grain filling, and facilitates recovery of amyloplast formation in rice endosperm. In this study, the effect of branching enzyme IIb and isoamylase 1 deficiency on starch properties was demonstrated using high resistant starch rice lines, Chikushi-kona 85 and EM129. Both lines harbored a mutation in the BEIIb and ISA1 genes and showed no BEIIb and ISA1 activity, implying that both lines are beIIb isa1 double mutants. The amylopectin long chain and apparent amylose content of both mutant lines were higher than those of the wild-type. While both mutants contained loosely packed, round starch grains, a trait specific to beIIb mutants, they also showed collapsed starch grains at the center of the endosperm, a property specific to isa1 mutants. Furthermore, beIIb isa1 double mutant F2 lines derived from a cross between Chikushi-kona 85 and Nishihomare (wild-type cultivar) showed significantly heavier seed weight than the beIIb and isa1 single mutant lines. These results suggest that co-occurrence of beIIb and isa1 mutant alleles in a single genetic background mitigates the negative effect of the isa1 allele on grain filling, and contributes to recovery of the amyloplast formation defect in the isa1 single mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Nagamatsu
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan.
| | - Takuya Wada
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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21
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Ali I, Ullah S, Iqbal A, Quan Z, Liang H, Ahmad S, Muhammad I, Guo Z, Wei S, Jiang L. Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer promotes the activity of starch metabolism enzymes and the expression of related genes in rice in a dual cropping system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:600. [PMID: 34922452 PMCID: PMC8684189 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overuse of chemical fertilizer highly influences grain filling rate and quality of rice grain. Biochar is well known for improving plant growth and grain yield under lower chemical fertilization. Therefore field trials were conducted in the early and late seasons of 2019 at Guangxi University, China to investigate the effects of combined biochar (B) and nitrogen (N) application on rice yield and yield components. There were a total of eight treatments: N1B0, 135 kg N ha- 1+ 0 t B ha- 1; N2B0,180 kg N ha- 1+ 0 t B ha- 1; N1B1,135 kg N ha- 1+ 10 t B ha- 1; N1B2,135kg N ha- 1+ 20 t B ha- 1; N1B3,135 kg N ha- 1+ 30 t B ha- 1; N2B1,180 kg N ha- 1+ 10 t B ha- 1; N2B2,180 kg N ha- 1+ 20 t B ha- 1; and N2B3,180 kg N ha- 1+ 30 t B ha- 1. RESULTS Biochar application at 30 t ha- 1combined with low N application (135 kg ha- 1) increased the activity of starch-metabolizing enzymes (SMEs) during the early and late seasons compared with treatments without biochar. The grain yield, amylose concentration, and starch content of rice were increased in plots treated with 30 t B ha-1and low N. RT-qPCR analysis showed that biochar addition combined with N fertilizer application increased the expression of AGPS2b, SSS1, GBSS1, and GBSE11b, which increased the activity of SMEs during the grain-filling period. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the use of 20 to 30 t B ha- 1coupled with 135 kg N ha- 1 is optimal for improving the grain yield and quality of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ali
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Saif Ullah
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Anas Iqbal
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhao Quan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - He Liang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ihsan Muhammad
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zixiong Guo
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shangqing Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ligeng Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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22
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Zhang H, Xu H, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Wang F, Zhu Y. Genetic Control and High Temperature Effects on Starch Biosynthesis and Grain Quality in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:757997. [PMID: 34975940 PMCID: PMC8718882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.757997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Grain quality is one of the key targets to be improved for rice breeders and covers cooking, eating, nutritional, appearance, milling, and sensory properties. Cooking and eating quality are mostly of concern to consumers and mainly determined by starch structure and composition. Although many starch synthesis enzymes have been identified and starch synthesis system has been established for a long time, novel functions of some starch synthesis genes have continually been found, and many important regulatory factors for seed development and grain quality control have recently been identified. Here, we summarize the progress in this field as comprehensively as possible and hopefully reveal some underlying molecular mechanisms controlling eating quality in rice. The regulatory network of amylose content (AC) determination is emphasized, as AC is the most important index for rice eating quality (REQ). Moreover, the regulatory mechanism of REQ, especially AC influenced by high temperature which is concerned as a most harmful environmental factor during grain filling is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Gavgani HN, Fawaz R, Ehyaei N, Walls D, Pawlowski K, Fulgos R, Park S, Assar Z, Ghanbarpour A, Geiger JH. A structural explanation for the mechanism and specificity of plant branching enzymes I and IIb. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101395. [PMID: 34762912 PMCID: PMC8695356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching enzymes (BEs) are essential in the biosynthesis of starch and glycogen and play critical roles in determining the fine structure of these polymers. The substrates of these BEs are long carbohydrate chains that interact with these enzymes via multiple binding sites on the enzyme’s surface. By controlling the branched-chain length distribution, BEs can mediate the physiological properties of starch and glycogen moieties; however, the mechanism and structural determinants of this specificity remain mysterious. In this study, we identify a large dodecaose binding surface on rice BE I (BEI) that reaches from the outside of the active site to the active site of the enzyme. Mutagenesis activity assays confirm the importance of this binding site in enzyme catalysis, from which we conclude that it is likely the acceptor chain binding site. Comparison of the structures of BE from Cyanothece and BE1 from rice allowed us to model the location of the donor-binding site. We also identified two loops that likely interact with the donor chain and whose sequences diverge between plant BE1, which tends to transfer longer chains, and BEIIb, which transfers exclusively much shorter chains. When the sequences of these loops were swapped with the BEIIb sequence, rice BE1 also became a short-chain transferring enzyme, demonstrating the key role these loops play in specificity. Taken together, these results provide a more complete picture of the structure, selectivity, and activity of BEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nayebi Gavgani
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Remie Fawaz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nona Ehyaei
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David Walls
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathryn Pawlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Raoul Fulgos
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sunghoon Park
- Department of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Zahra Assar
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alireza Ghanbarpour
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - James H Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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24
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Cheng P, Wang J, Zhao Z, Kong L, Lou W, Zhang T, Jing D, Yu J, Shu Z, Huang L, Zhu W, Yang Q, Shen W. Molecular Hydrogen Increases Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Rice Grain in Field Trials. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2331. [PMID: 34834694 PMCID: PMC8624507 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
How to use environmentally friendly technology to enhance rice field and grain quality is a challenge for the scientific community. Here, we showed that the application of molecular hydrogen in the form of hydrogen nanobubble water could increase the length, width, and thickness of brown/rough rice and white rice, as well as 1000-grain weight, compared to the irrigation with ditch water. The above results were well matched with the transcriptional profiles of representative genes related to high yield, including up-regulation of heterotrimeric G protein β-subunit gene (RGB1) for cellular proliferation, Grain size 5 (GS5) for grain width, Small grain 1 (SMG1) for grain length and width, Grain weight 8 (GW8) for grain width and weight, and down-regulation of negatively correlated gene Grain size 3 (GS3) for grain length. Meanwhile, although total starch content in white rice is not altered by HNW, the content of amylose was decreased by 31.6%, which was parallel to the changes in the transcripts of the amylose metabolism genes. In particular, cadmium accumulation in white rice was significantly reduced, reaching 52% of the control group. This phenomenon was correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes responsible for Cd entering plants, including down-regulated Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp5), Heavy metal transporting ATPase (HMA2 and HMA3), and Iron-regulated transporters (IRT1), and for decreasing Cd accumulation in grain, including down-regulated Low cadmium (LCD). This study clearly showed that the application of molecular hydrogen might be used as an effective approach to increase field and grain quality of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.C.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.K.); (W.L.); (T.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.C.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.K.); (W.L.); (T.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Zhushan Zhao
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.C.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.K.); (W.L.); (T.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Lingshuai Kong
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.C.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.K.); (W.L.); (T.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Wang Lou
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.C.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.K.); (W.L.); (T.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Tong Zhang
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.C.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.K.); (W.L.); (T.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Dedao Jing
- Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Science of the Ning-Zhen Hilly District, Jurong 212400, China; (D.J.); (J.Y.); (Z.S.)
| | - Julong Yu
- Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Science of the Ning-Zhen Hilly District, Jurong 212400, China; (D.J.); (J.Y.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhaolin Shu
- Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Science of the Ning-Zhen Hilly District, Jurong 212400, China; (D.J.); (J.Y.); (Z.S.)
| | - Liqin Huang
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Wenjiao Zhu
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.C.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.K.); (W.L.); (T.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qing Yang
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.C.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.K.); (W.L.); (T.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.C.); (J.W.); (Z.Z.); (L.K.); (W.L.); (T.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.Y.)
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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25
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Comparative Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals the Response of Starch Metabolism to High-Temperature Stress in Rice Endosperm. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910546. [PMID: 34638888 PMCID: PMC8508931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-temperature stress severely affects rice grain quality. While extensive research has been conducted at the physiological, transcriptional, and protein levels, it is still unknown how protein phosphorylation regulates seed development in high-temperature environments. Here, we explore the impact of high-temperature stress on the phosphoproteome of developing grains from two indica rice varieties, 9311 and Guangluai4 (GLA4), with different starch qualities. A total of 9994 phosphosites from 3216 phosphoproteins were identified in all endosperm samples. We identified several consensus phosphorylation motifs ([sP], [LxRxxs], [Rxxs], [tP]) induced by high-temperature treatment and revealed a core set of protein kinases, splicing factors, and regulatory factors in response to high-temperature stress, especially those involved in starch metabolism. A detailed phosphorylation scenario in the regulation of starch biosynthesis (AGPase, GBSSI, SSIIa, SSIIIa, BEI, BEIIb, ISA1, PUL, PHO1, PTST) in rice endosperm was proposed. Furthermore, the dynamic changes in phosphorylated enzymes related to starch synthesis (SSIIIa-Ser94, BEI-Ser562, BEI-Ser620, BEI-Ser821, BEIIb-Ser685, BEIIb-Ser715) were confirmed by Western blot analysis, which revealed that phosphorylation might play specific roles in amylopectin biosynthesis in response to high-temperature stress. The link between phosphorylation-mediated regulation and starch metabolism will provide new insights into the mechanism underlying grain quality development in response to high-temperature stress.
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26
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Tappiban P, Ying Y, Xu F, Bao J. Proteomics and Post-Translational Modifications of Starch Biosynthesis-Related Proteins in Developing Seeds of Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5901. [PMID: 34072759 PMCID: PMC8199009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a foremost staple food for approximately half the world's population. The components of rice starch, amylose, and amylopectin are synthesized by a series of enzymes, which are responsible for rice starch properties and functionality, and then affect rice cooking and eating quality. Recently, proteomics technology has been applied to the establishment of the differentially expressed starch biosynthesis-related proteins and the identification of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) target starch biosynthesis proteins as well. It is necessary to summarize the recent studies in proteomics and PTMs in rice endosperm to deepen our understanding of starch biosynthesis protein expression and regulation, which will provide useful information to rice breeding programs and industrial starch applications. The review provides a comprehensive summary of proteins and PTMs involved in starch biosynthesis based on proteomic studies of rice developing seeds. Starch biosynthesis proteins in rice seeds were differentially expressed in the developing seeds at different developmental stages. All the proteins involving in starch biosynthesis were identified using proteomics methods. Most starch biosynthesis-related proteins are basically increased at 6-20 days after flowering (DAF) and decreased upon the high-temperature conditions. A total of 10, 14, 2, 17, and 7 starch biosynthesis related proteins were identified to be targeted by phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and malonylation, respectively. The phosphoglucomutase is commonly targeted by five PTMs types. Research on the function of phosphorylation in multiple enzyme complex formation in endosperm starch biosynthesis is underway, while the functions of other PTMs in starch biosynthesis are necessary to be conducted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piengtawan Tappiban
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Yining Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Feifei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
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27
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Jukanti AK, Pautong PA, Liu Q, Sreenivasulu N. Low glycemic index rice—a desired trait in starchy staples. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Nakamura Y, Ono M, Hatta T, Kainuma K, Yashiro K, Matsuba G, Matsubara A, Miyazato A, Mizutani G. Effects of BEIIb-Deficiency on the Cluster Structure of Amylopectin and the Internal Structure of Starch Granules in Endosperm and Culm of Japonica-Type Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:571346. [PMID: 33312184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571346.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It is known that one of starch branching enzyme (BE) isoforms, BEIIb, plays a specific role not only in the synthesis of distinct amylopectin cluster structure, but also in the formation of the internal structure of starch granules in rice endosperm because in its absence the starch crystalline polymorph changes to the B-type from the typical A-type found in the wild-type (WT) cereal endosperm starch granules. In the present study, to examine the contribution of BEIIb to the amylopectin cluster structure, the chain-length distributions of amylopectin and its phosphorylase-limit dextrins (Φ-LD) from endosperm and culm of a null be2b mutant called amylose-extender (ae) mutant line, EM10, were compared with those of its WT cultivar, Kinmaze, of japonica rice. The results strongly suggest that BEIIb specifically formed new short chains whose branch points were localized in the basal part of the crystalline lamellae and presumably in the intermediate between the crystalline and amorphous lamellae of amylopectin clusters in the WT endosperm, whereas in its absence branch points which were mainly formed by BEI were only located in the amorphous lamellae of amylopectin. These differences in the cluster structure of amylopectin between Kinmaze and EM10 endosperm were considered to be responsible for the differences in the A-type and B-type crystalline structures of starch granules between Kinmaze and EM10, respectively. The changes in internal structure of starch granules caused by BEIIb were analyzed by wide angle X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, solid state 13C NMR, and optical sum frequency generation spectroscopy. It was noted that the size the amylopectin cluster in ae endosperm (approximately 8.24 nm) was significantly smaller than that in WT endosperm (approximately 8.81 nm). Based on the present results, we proposed a model for the cluster structure of amylopectin in WT and ae mutant of rice endosperm. We also hypothesized the role of BEIIa in amylopectin biosynthesis in culm where BEIIb was not expressed and instead BEIIa was the major BE component in WT of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., Ltd., Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Katagami, Japan
| | - Masami Ono
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Katagami, Japan
| | - Tamao Hatta
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Japan
| | | | - Kazuki Yashiro
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Go Matsuba
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Akira Matsubara
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan
| | - Akio Miyazato
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan
| | - Goro Mizutani
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan
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29
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Baysal C, He W, Drapal M, Villorbina G, Medina V, Capell T, Khush GS, Zhu C, Fraser PD, Christou P. Inactivation of rice starch branching enzyme IIb triggers broad and unexpected changes in metabolism by transcriptional reprogramming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26503-26512. [PMID: 33020297 PMCID: PMC7584904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014860117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch properties can be modified by mutating genes responsible for the synthesis of amylose and amylopectin in the endosperm. However, little is known about the effects of such targeted modifications on the overall starch biosynthesis pathway and broader metabolism. Here we investigated the effects of mutating the OsSBEIIb gene encoding starch branching enzyme IIb, which is required for amylopectin synthesis in the endosperm. As anticipated, homozygous mutant plants, in which OsSBEIIb was completely inactivated by abolishing the catalytic center and C-terminal regulatory domain, produced opaque seeds with depleted starch reserves. Amylose content in the mutant increased from 19.6 to 27.4% and resistant starch (RS) content increased from 0.2 to 17.2%. Many genes encoding isoforms of AGPase, soluble starch synthase, and other starch branching enzymes were up-regulated, either in their native tissues or in an ectopic manner, whereas genes encoding granule-bound starch synthase, debranching enzymes, pullulanase, and starch phosphorylases were largely down-regulated. There was a general increase in the accumulation of sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and phytosterols in the mutant endosperm, suggesting that intermediates in the starch biosynthesis pathway increased flux through spillover pathways causing a profound impact on the accumulation of multiple primary and secondary metabolites. Our results provide insights into the broader implications of perturbing starch metabolism in rice endosperm and its impact on the whole plant, which will make it easier to predict the effect of metabolic engineering in cereals for nutritional improvement or the production of valuable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Baysal
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Wenshu He
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Margit Drapal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 0EX Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Villorbina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Medina
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gurdev S Khush
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 0EX Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Luo J, Butardo VM, Yang Q, Konik-Rose C, Colgrave ML, Millar A, Jobling SA, Li Z. The impact of the indica rice SSIIa allele on the apparent high amylose starch from rice grain with downregulated japonica SBEIIb. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2961-2974. [PMID: 32651668 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically active indica SSIIa allele in high amylose rice with down-regulated japonica SBEIIb can increase starch content and modify the starch structure and properties without changing its amylose content. Rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes with inactive starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) with recessive variants of starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb) exhibit a range of alterations in grain phenotype, starch granule morphology, starch granule bound proteins, starch structure, and functional properties. However, the interactions between the two enzymes have not been thoroughly investigated yet. We analysed recombinant rice lines having down-regulated SBEIIb expression (SBEIIbDR) with either indica or japonica type SSIIa (SSIIaind or SSIIajap). In SBEIIbDR rice starch granules, the increased abundance of two protein bands (SSI and SSIIa) was found with eight additional protein bands not generally associated with starch granules. The amount of SSIIa was higher in SSIIaindSBEIIbDR than SSIIajapSBEIIbDR, which indicated that indica type SSIIa, possibly in the monomer form, was extensively involved in starch biosynthesis in the SBEIIbDR endosperm. Furthermore, SSIIaindSBEIIbDR grains had higher total starch content and higher starch swelling power than SSIIajapSBEIIbDR lines, but the amylopectin gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy and the apparent amylose content remained similar. In summary, this work suggests that SSIIaind can partly compensate for the alteration of starch synthesis resulting from the SBEIIb down-regulation in japonica background without reducing its amylose content. The study provides insight into the starch structural and textural improvements of high amylose starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Vito M Butardo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Qiang Yang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | | | | | - Anthony Millar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Stephen A Jobling
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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Li D, Fei T, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Dai L, Fu X, Li X. A cold-active 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme from Bifidobacterium longum reduces the retrogradation and enhances the slow digestibility of wheat starch. Food Chem 2020; 324:126855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Reyniers S, Ooms N, Gomand SV, Delcour JA. What makes starch from potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) tubers unique: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2588-2612. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Reyniers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Nand Ooms
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Sara V. Gomand
- Department of Agriculture and FisheriesGovernment of Flanders Brussels Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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33
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Pfister B, Zeeman SC, Rugen MD, Field RA, Ebenhöh O, Raguin A. Theoretical and experimental approaches to understand the biosynthesis of starch granules in a physiological context. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:55-70. [PMID: 31955343 PMCID: PMC7308250 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Starch, a plant-derived insoluble carbohydrate composed of glucose polymers, is the principal carbohydrate in our diet and a valuable raw material for industry. The properties of starch depend on the arrangement of glucose units within the constituent polymers. However, key aspects of starch structure and the underlying biosynthetic processes are not well understood, limiting progress towards targeted improvement of our starch crops. In particular, the major component of starch, amylopectin, has a complex three-dimensional, branched architecture. This architecture stems from the combined actions of a multitude of enzymes, each having broad specificities that are difficult to capture experimentally. In this review, we reflect on experimental approaches and limitations to decipher the enzymes' specificities and explore possibilities for in silico simulations of these activities. We believe that the synergy between experimentation and simulation is needed for the correct interpretation of experimental data and holds the potential to greatly advance our understanding of the overall starch biosynthetic process. We furthermore propose that the formation of glucan secondary structures, concomitant with its synthesis, is a previously overlooked factor that directly affects amylopectin architecture through its impact on enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael D Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Department of Biology, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adélaïde Raguin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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34
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Ali I, He L, Ullah S, Quan Z, Wei S, Iqbal A, Munsif F, Shah T, Xuan Y, Luo Y, Tianyuan L, Ligeng J. Biochar addition coupled with nitrogen fertilization impacts on soil quality, crop productivity, and nitrogen uptake under double‐cropping system. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Saif Ullah
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Zhao Quan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Shangqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Anas Iqbal
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Fazal Munsif
- Department of Agronomy Faculty of Crop Production Sciences University of Agriculture Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Tariq Shah
- Department of Agronomy Faculty of Crop Production Sciences University of Agriculture Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Ying Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Yuqiong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Li Tianyuan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Jiang Ligeng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
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35
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Bao J, Ying Y, Zhou X, Xu Y, Wu P, Xu F, Pang Y. Relationships among starch biosynthesizing protein content, fine structure and functionality in rice. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Nakamura Y, Ono M, Suto M, Kawashima H. Analysis of malto-oligosaccharides and related metabolites in rice endosperm during development. PLANTA 2020; 251:110. [PMID: 32472177 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Linear glucans with degree of polymerization of up to 23 were detected in rice endosperm at the very early developmental stage of endosperm and considered to play an important role in the de novo synthesis of branched glucans. Little is known concerning the contribution of malto-oligosaccharides (MOS) and longer linear glucans to the starch biosynthesis in cereal endosperm. In the present study, the changes in the amount of major metabolic intermediates including MOS and linear glucans with a degree of polymerization (DP) of ≤ 9 and ≥ 10, respectively, in rice endosperm were measured during the development. Significant amounts of linear glucans of at least DP23 were present in the endosperm at 3 and 5 days after pollination (DAP), whereas most MOS of DP up to 8 were detected in the endosperm throughout the development up to 20 DAP. It was also found that a significant amount of simple sugars such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and organic acids such as malic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid were present in the developing endosperm. Although the levels of metabolites are not directly related to the extent of the metabolic flux, the present results suggest that MOS and linear glucans as well as these sugars and organic acids are involved in starch biosynthesis of rice endosperm. It is thought that linear glucans might play a role in starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm, presumably as the precursor for the subsequent synthesis of branched glucans involved in the initiation process that is possibly active in the endosperm at the very early developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., LTD., Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan.
- Starch Technologies, Co., LTD., Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Masami Ono
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan
| | - Momoka Suto
- Faculty of System Science Technologies, Akita Prefectural University, Ugo-Honjo, Akita, 010-0055, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Faculty of System Science Technologies, Akita Prefectural University, Ugo-Honjo, Akita, 010-0055, Japan
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37
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Zhao Q, Ye Y, Han Z, Zhou L, Guan X, Pan G, Asad MAU, Cheng F. SSIIIa-RNAi suppression associated changes in rice grain quality and starch biosynthesis metabolism in response to high temperature. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110443. [PMID: 32234229 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High temperature (HT) is a main environmental restraint that affects rice yield and grain quality. In this study, SSIIIa-RNAi and its wild-type (WT) were used to investigate the effect of HT exposure on the isozyme-specific variation of several key starch biosynthesis enzymes in developing endosperms and its relation to starch properties. SSIIIa-RNAi had minimal impact on grain chalky occurrence under normal temperature growth, but it could up-grade the susceptibility of grain chalky occurrence to HT exposure, due to the relatively sensitive response of AGPase and SSI to HT exposure. Different from WT, SSIIIa-RNAi had the relatively enriched proportion of chains with DP 13-16 under HT, and HT-induced decline in the proportion of DP < 12 became much larger for SSIIIa-RNAi relative to WT. SSIIIa-RNAi significantly enhanced the expression of SSI isozyme and total SS activity, whereas SSI-RNAi deficiency had little impact on the expression of SSIIIa isozyme. In this regard, the compensatory increase in SSI isozyme as a result of SSIIIa deficiency occurred only in a one-way manner. SSIIIa-RNAi caused a striking elevation in BEIIa expression, and the effect of SSIIIa deficiency on the chain length distribution in relation to HT exposure was closely associated with the participation of BEIIa, SSI, and their interaction in amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yu Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zhanyu Han
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Lujian Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xianyue Guan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Gang Pan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | | | - Fangmin Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China.
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38
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Ban X, Dhoble AS, Li C, Gu Z, Hong Y, Cheng L, Holler TP, Kaustubh B, Li Z. Bacterial 1,4-α-glucan branching enzymes: characteristics, preparation and commercial applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:380-396. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1713720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abhishek S. Dhoble
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tod P. Holler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bhalerao Kaustubh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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39
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Nakamura Y, Ono M, Hatta T, Kainuma K, Yashiro K, Matsuba G, Matsubara A, Miyazato A, Mizutani G. Effects of BEIIb-Deficiency on the Cluster Structure of Amylopectin and the Internal Structure of Starch Granules in Endosperm and Culm of Japonica-Type Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:571346. [PMID: 33312184 PMCID: PMC7704622 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is known that one of starch branching enzyme (BE) isoforms, BEIIb, plays a specific role not only in the synthesis of distinct amylopectin cluster structure, but also in the formation of the internal structure of starch granules in rice endosperm because in its absence the starch crystalline polymorph changes to the B-type from the typical A-type found in the wild-type (WT) cereal endosperm starch granules. In the present study, to examine the contribution of BEIIb to the amylopectin cluster structure, the chain-length distributions of amylopectin and its phosphorylase-limit dextrins (Φ-LD) from endosperm and culm of a null be2b mutant called amylose-extender (ae) mutant line, EM10, were compared with those of its WT cultivar, Kinmaze, of japonica rice. The results strongly suggest that BEIIb specifically formed new short chains whose branch points were localized in the basal part of the crystalline lamellae and presumably in the intermediate between the crystalline and amorphous lamellae of amylopectin clusters in the WT endosperm, whereas in its absence branch points which were mainly formed by BEI were only located in the amorphous lamellae of amylopectin. These differences in the cluster structure of amylopectin between Kinmaze and EM10 endosperm were considered to be responsible for the differences in the A-type and B-type crystalline structures of starch granules between Kinmaze and EM10, respectively. The changes in internal structure of starch granules caused by BEIIb were analyzed by wide angle X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, solid state 13C NMR, and optical sum frequency generation spectroscopy. It was noted that the size the amylopectin cluster in ae endosperm (approximately 8.24 nm) was significantly smaller than that in WT endosperm (approximately 8.81 nm). Based on the present results, we proposed a model for the cluster structure of amylopectin in WT and ae mutant of rice endosperm. We also hypothesized the role of BEIIa in amylopectin biosynthesis in culm where BEIIb was not expressed and instead BEIIa was the major BE component in WT of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., Ltd., Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Katagami, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yasunori Nakamura,
| | - Masami Ono
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Katagami, Japan
| | - Tamao Hatta
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Japan
| | | | - Kazuki Yashiro
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Go Matsuba
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Akira Matsubara
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan
| | - Akio Miyazato
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan
| | - Goro Mizutani
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan
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40
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Tian QQ, Li X, Lu CM, Fang XW. Breeding Rice lines for physio-functional food through indica ‘Zhaxima’ × japonica ‘Nanjing 46’ haploid technique. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-019-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResistant starch (RS) encompasses those forms of starch which are not accessible to human digestive enzymes and are fermented in the colons producing short chain fatty acids. The plant materials containing RS are few in the world. In this contribution, the culture ability of callus from anthers of F1 plants from, landraces, ‘Zhaxima’(Oryza sativa var. indica, high-RS rice line with 7.705 ± 0.142, g/100 g) × ‘Nanjing 46’ (Oryza sativa var. japonica, rice variety with RS content (g/100 g) of 0.200 ± 0.001 crosses were studied for obtaining high RS rice plants. The results showed that when M8 basic induction medium was added with 1.5 mg /L 2,4-D、2 mg /LNAA and 0.3 mg /L KT, the inductivity of callus was high as 32.14% for 21 d after pretreatment at 4 °C for 3 d; When MS differentiation basic medium was added with 2 mg /LKT and 3 mg /L ABA, the frequency of regeneration for callus was 50.3% with only a regeneration frequency of 4.55% grown into green seedlings. The RS content in the seeds was between those of the two parents and was partially normally distributed, the highest RS contents of the regenerated plants was as high as 7.66 ± 1.197%. This produced an efficient technology for regenerating stable rice lines with high RS and good eating quality using anthers culture.
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41
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Cuesta-Seijo JA, De Porcellinis AJ, Valente AH, Striebeck A, Voss C, Marri L, Hansson A, Jansson AM, Dinesen MH, Fangel JU, Harholt J, Popovic M, Thieme M, Hochmuth A, Zeeman SC, Mikkelsen TN, J�rgensen RB, Roitsch TG, M�ller BL, Braumann I. Amylopectin Chain Length Dynamics and Activity Signatures of Key Carbon Metabolic Enzymes Highlight Early Maturation as Culprit for Yield Reduction of Barley Endosperm Starch after Heat Stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2692-2706. [PMID: 31397873 PMCID: PMC6896705 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic environmental stresses have a negative impact on the yield and quality of crops. Understanding these stresses is an essential enabler for mitigating breeding strategies and it becomes more important as the frequency of extreme weather conditions increases due to climate change. This study analyses the response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to a heat wave during grain filling in three distinct stages: the heat wave itself, the return to a normal temperature regime, and the process of maturation and desiccation. The properties and structure of the starch produced were followed throughout the maturational stages. Furthermore, the key enzymes involved in the carbohydrate supply to the grain were monitored. We observed differences in starch structure with well-separated effects because of heat stress and during senescence. Heat stress produced marked effects on sucrolytic enzymes in source and sink tissues. Early cessation of plant development as an indirect consequence of the heat wave was identified as the major contributor to final yield loss from the stress, highlighting the importance for functional stay-green traits for the development of heat-resistant cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander Striebeck
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Cynthia Voss
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Lucia Marri
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Andreas Hansson
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Anita M Jansson
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Jonatan Ulrik Fangel
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Milan Popovic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Hojbakkegard Alle, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Mercedes Thieme
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Anton Hochmuth
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Teis N�rgaard Mikkelsen
- Atmospheric Environment, DTU Environmental engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rikke Bagger J�rgensen
- Atmospheric Environment, DTU Environmental engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Georg Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Hojbakkegard Alle, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg M�ller
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ilka Braumann
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C, Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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42
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Qiao D, Wang Z, Li H, Zhang B, Pu H, Jiang F, Zhao S. Supramolecular and molecular structures of potato starches and their digestion features. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 152:939-947. [PMID: 31759009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work inspects the supramolecular/molecular structures and digestion rate of potato starches (BEM, C7H, CP2 and CP4) as affected by starch biosynthetic enzymes. Among the starches, CP2 had a lower digestion rate with a higher paste heating stability. Regarding this, predominantly enzyme-sets (i) and (ii) were revealed to produce amylopectin chains. For CP2, the reduced activity ratio of starch-branching enzymes to soluble starch synthases allowed more long amylopectin chains (polymerization degree ≥ 34). Such molecular features tended to increase the crystallites and thicken the lamellae. With similar surface morphology and amylose content, the bulk density of chain packing in CP2 supramolecular structures could be increased. Then, there were an increase in the resistance of starch structures to hydrothermal effects, and a reduction in the enzyme hydrolysis rate. Also, the increased long amylopectin chains played roles in increasing the paste stability during heating with shearing and in reducing the digestion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Qiao
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hao Li
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Binjia Zhang
- Group for Cereals and Oils Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huayin Pu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fatang Jiang
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Siming Zhao
- Group for Cereals and Oils Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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43
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Gurunathan S, Ramadoss BR, Mudili V, Siddaiah C, Kalagatur NK, Bapu JRK, Mohan CD, Alqarawi AA, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Starch Biosynthetic Genes Associated With Increased Resistant Starch Concentration in Rice Mutant. Front Genet 2019; 10:946. [PMID: 31803220 PMCID: PMC6872638 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistant Starch (RS), plays a crucial role in human health and nutrition by controlling glucose metabolism. RS or dietary fibre content in rice is low because it goes through a variety of process before it is ready for cooking and consumption. Hence, this study was carried out to develop a rice mutant with increased RS. The rice mutant (γ278) with increased RS was developed by utilizing gamma (γ) rays as a mutagen. Mutant γ278 was characterized for mutations in the starch biosynthetic genes viz., GBSSI, SSI, SSIIa, SSIIIa, SBEIa, and SBEIIb to reveal the functional mutations/variations led to high RS content in rice. A total of 31 sequence variants/mutations in six genes were identified. We report the discovery of three deleterious mutation/variants each in GBSSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa with the potential to increase RS content in rice. Further, wild × mutant crosses were made to develop an F2 population to study the effect of combination of deleterious mutations. The SNP (GBSSI:ssIIa:ssIIIa) combination responsible for high RS content in F2 population was identified and recorded highest amylose content (AC) (26.18%) and RS (8.68%) content. In conclusion, this marker combination will be highly useful to develop a rice variety with increased RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Gurunathan
- Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
- DRDO-BU-Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Venkataramana Mudili
- DRDO-BU-Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Starch branching enzymes contributing to amylose and amylopectin fine structure in wheat. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Zhang B, Zhou W, Qiao D, Zhang P, Zhao S, Zhang L, Xie F. Changes in Nanoscale Chain Assembly in Sweet Potato Starch Lamellae by Downregulation of Biosynthesis Enzymes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6302-6312. [PMID: 30925057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) and starch-branching enzymes I and II (SBEI and SBEII) are crucial enzymes that biosynthesize starches with varied apparent amylose contents and amylopectin branching structure. With a sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam. cv. Xushu22), this work shows that downregulating GBSSI (for waxy starch) or SBE (for high-amylose starch) activity allowed the formation of new semicrystalline lamellae (named Type II) in sweet potato starch in addition to the widely reported Type I lamellae. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results show that, compared with Type I lamellae, Type II lamellae displayed increased average thickness and thickness-distribution width, with thickened amorphous and crystalline components. The size-exclusion-chromatography (SEC) data revealed mainly two enzyme sets, (i) and (ii), synthesizing amylopectin chains. Reducing the GBSSI or SBE activity increased the amounts of amylopectin long chains (degree of polymerization (DP) ≥ 33). Combined SAXS and SEC analyses indicate that parts of these long chains from enzyme set (i) could be confined to Type II lamellae, followed by DP ≤ 32 short chains in Type I lamellae and the rest of the long chains from enzyme sets (i) and (ii) spanning more than a single lamella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjia Zhang
- Group for Cereals and Oils Processing, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Wenzhi Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Dongling Qiao
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre at HBUT , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan 430068 , China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Siming Zhao
- Group for Cereals and Oils Processing, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225127 , China
| | - Fengwei Xie
- Institute of Advanced Study , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7HS , United Kingdom
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
- School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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Morita R, Crofts N, Shibatani N, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Ikeda KI, Fujita N, Fukayama H. CO2-Responsive CCT Protein Stimulates the Ectopic Expression of Particular Starch Biosynthesis-Related Enzymes, Which Markedly Change the Structure of Starch in the Leaf Sheaths of Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:961-972. [PMID: 30690625 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CO2-responsive CCT protein (CRCT) is suggested to be a positive regulator of starch biosynthesis in the leaf sheaths of rice, regulating the expression levels of starch biosynthesis-related genes. In this study, the effects of CRCT expression levels on the expression of starch biosynthesis-related enzymes and the quality of starch were studied. Using native-PAGE/activity staining and immunoblotting, we found that the protein levels of starch synthase I, branching enzyme I, branching enzyme IIa, isoamylase 1 and phosphorylase 1 were largely correlated with the CRCT expression levels in the leaf sheaths of CRCT transgenic lines. In contrast, the CRCT expression levels largely did not affect the expression levels and/or activities of starch biosynthesis-related enzymes in the leaf blades and endosperm tissues. The analysis of the chain-length distribution of starch in the leaf sheaths showed that short chains with a degree of polymerization from 5 to 14 were increased in the overexpression lines but decreased in the knockdown lines. The amylose content of starch in the leaf sheath was greatly increased in the overexpression lines. In contrast, the molecular weight of the amylopectin of starch in the leaf sheath of overexpression lines did not change compared with those of the non-transgenic rice. These results suggest that CRCT can control the quality and the quantity of starch in the leaf sheath by regulating the expression of particular starch biosynthesis-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Morita
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibatani
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Stress Cytology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukayama
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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47
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Cakir B, Tian L, Crofts N, Chou HL, Koper K, Ng CY, Tuncel A, Gargouri M, Hwang SK, Fujita N, Okita TW. Re-programming of gene expression in the CS8 rice line over-expressing ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase induces a suppressor of starch biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:1073-1088. [PMID: 30523657 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The CS8 transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines expressing an up-regulated glgC gene produced higher levels of ADPglucose (ADPglc), the substrate for starch synthases. However, the increase in grain weight was much less than the increase in ADPglc levels suggesting one or more downstream rate-limiting steps. Endosperm starch levels were not further enhanced in double transgenic plants expressing both glgC and the maize brittle-1 gene, the latter responsible for transport of ADPglc into the amyloplast. These studies demonstrate that critical processes within the amyloplast stroma restrict maximum carbon flow into starch. RNA-seq analysis showed extensive re-programming of gene expression in the CS8 with 2073 genes up-regulated and 140 down-regulated. One conspicuous gene, up-regulated ~15-fold, coded for a biochemically uncharacterized starch binding domain-containing protein (SBDCP1) possessing a plastid transit peptide. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed that SBDCP1 was located in the amyloplasts. Reciprocal immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays indicated an interaction between SBDCP1 and starch synthase IIIa (SSIIIa), which was down-regulated at the protein level in the CS8 line. Furthermore, binding by SBDCP1 inhibited SSIIIa starch polymerization activity in a non-competitive manner. Surprisingly, artificial microRNA gene suppression of SBDCP1 restored protein expression levels of SSIIIa in the CS8 line resulting in starch with lower amylose content and increased amylopectin chains with a higher degree of polymerization. Collectively, our results support the involvement of additional non-enzymatic factors such as SBDCP in starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Cakir
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hong-Li Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Kaan Koper
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Chun-Yeung Ng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Aytug Tuncel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Mahmoud Gargouri
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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48
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Li H, Gidley MJ, Dhital S. High-Amylose Starches to Bridge the “Fiber Gap”: Development, Structure, and Nutritional Functionality. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:362-379. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiteng Li
- Univ. of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Univ. of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Sushil Dhital
- Univ. of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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Vandromme C, Spriet C, Dauvillée D, Courseaux A, Putaux JL, Wychowski A, Krzewinski F, Facon M, D'Hulst C, Wattebled F. PII1: a protein involved in starch initiation that determines granule number and size in Arabidopsis chloroplast. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:356-370. [PMID: 30055112 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of starch granule formation is still poorly understood. However, the soluble starch synthase 4 (SS4) appears to be a major component of this process since it is required to synthesize the correct number of starch granules in the chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. A yeast two-hybrid screen allowed the identification of several putative SS4 interacting partners. We identified the product of At4g32190 locus as a chloroplast-targeted PROTEIN INVOLVED IN STARCH INITIATION (named PII1). Arabidopsis mutants devoid of PII1 display an alteration of the starch initiation process and accumulate, on average, one starch granule per plastid instead of the five to seven granules found in plastids of wild-type plants. These granules are larger than in wild-type, and they remain flat and lenticular. pii1 mutants display wild-type growth rates and accumulate standard starch amounts. Moreover, starch characteristics, such as amylopectin chain length distribution, remain unchanged. Our results reveal the involvement of PII1 in the starch priming process in Arabidopsis leaves through interaction with SS4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Vandromme
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Corentin Spriet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - David Dauvillée
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Adeline Courseaux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Adeline Wychowski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Krzewinski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Maud Facon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Christophe D'Hulst
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Wattebled
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
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50
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Crofts N, Iizuka Y, Abe N, Miura S, Kikuchi K, Matsushima R, Fujita N. Rice Mutants Lacking Starch Synthase I or Branching Enzyme IIb Activity Altered Starch Biosynthetic Protein Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1817. [PMID: 30581451 PMCID: PMC6292963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin, the major component of starch, is synthesized by synergistic activity of multiple isozymes of starch synthases (SSs) and branching enzymes (BEs). The frequency and length of amylopectin branches determine the functionality of starch. In the rice endosperm, BEIIb generates short side chains of amylopectin and SSI elongates those branches, which can be further elongated by SSIIa. Absence of these enzymes greatly affects amylopectin structure. SSI, SSIIa, and BEIIb associate with each other and with other starch biosynthetic enzymes although SSIIa is low activity in japonica rice. The aim of the current study was to understand how the activity of starch biosynthetic enzyme complexes is compensated in the absence of SSI or BEIIb, and whether the compensatory effects are different in the absence of BEIIb or in the presence of inactive BEIIb. Interactions between starch biosynthetic enzymes were analyzed using one ss1 null mutant and two be2b japonica rice mutants (a mutant producing inactive BEIIb and a mutant that did not produce BEIIb). Soluble proteins extracted from the developing rice seeds were separated by gel filtration chromatography. In the absence of BEIIb activity, BEIIa was eluted in a broad molecular weight range (60-700 kDa). BEIIa in the wild-type was eluted with a mass below 300 kDa. Further, majority of inactive BEIIb co-eluted with SSI, SSIIa, and BEI, in a mass fraction over 700 kDa, whereas only small amounts of these isozymes were found in the wild-type. Compared with the be2b lines, the ss1 mutant showed subtle differences in protein profiles, but the amounts of SSIIa, SSIVb, and BEI in the over-700-kDa fraction were elevated. Immunoprecipitation revealed reduced association of SSIIa and BEIIb in the ss1 mutant, while the association of BEIIb with SSI, SSIIa, SSIVb, BEI, and BEIIa were more pronounced in the be2b mutant that produced inactive BEIIb enzyme. Mass spectrometry and western blotting revealed that SSI, SSIIa, SSIIIa, BEI, BEIIa, starch phosphorylase 1, and pullulanase were bound to the starch granules in the be2b mutants, but not in the wild-type and ss1 mutant. These results will aid the understanding of the mechanism of amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iizuka
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Kana Kikuchi
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
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