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Ko DK, Brandizzi F. Dynamics of ER stress-induced gene regulation in plants. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:513-525. [PMID: 38499769 PMCID: PMC11186725 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a potentially lethal condition that is induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded secretory proteins in the ER. In eukaryotes, ER stress is managed by the unfolded protein response (UPR) through a tightly regulated, yet highly dynamic, reprogramming of gene transcription. Although the core principles of the UPR are similar across eukaryotes, unique features of the plant UPR reflect the adaptability of plants to their ever-changing environments and the need to balance the demands of growth and development with the response to environmental stressors. The past decades have seen notable progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying ER stress sensing and signalling transduction pathways, implicating the UPR in the effects of physiological and induced ER stress on plant growth and crop yield. Facilitated by sequencing technologies and advances in genetic and genomic resources, recent efforts have driven the discovery of transcriptional regulators and elucidated the mechanisms that mediate the dynamic and precise gene regulation in response to ER stress at the systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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2
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Iqbal N, Ördög A, Koprivanacz P, Kukri A, Czékus Z, Poór P. Salicylic acid- and ethylene-dependent effects of the ER stress-inducer tunicamycin on the photosynthetic light reactions in tomato plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 295:154222. [PMID: 38484685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Plant hormones such as ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA) have an elementary role in the regulation of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) in plants via modulating defence responses or inducing oxidative stress. Chloroplasts can be sources and targets of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that affect photosynthetic efficiency, which has not been investigated under tunicamycin (Tm)-induced ER stress. In this study, the direct and indirect effects of Tm on chloroplastic ROS production were first investigated in leaves of wild-type tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Secondly changes in activities of photosystem II and I were analysed under Tm exposure and after application of the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA) in different genotypes, focusing on the regulatory role of SA and ET Tm treatments significantly but indirectly induced ROS production in tomato leaves and in parallel it decreased the effective quantum yield of PSII [Y(II)] and PSI [Y(I)], as well as the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and the quantum yield of non-photochemical energy dissipation in PSI due to acceptor-side limitation [Y(NA)]. At the same time, Tm increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and cyclic electron flow (CEF) in tomato leaves after 24 h. However, the photosynthetic activity of the SA hydroxylase-overexpressing NahG tomato plants was more severely affected by Tm as compared to wild-type and ET-insensitive Never ripe (Nr) plants. These results suggest the protective role of SA in the regulation of photosynthetic activity contributing to UPR and the survival of plants under ER stress. Interestingly, the activation of photoprotective mechanisms by NPQ was independent of SA but dependent on active ET signalling under ER stress, whereas CEF was reduced by ET due to its higher ratio in Nr plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Koprivanacz
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kukri
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
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3
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Czékus Z, Milodanovic D, Koprivanacz P, Bela K, López-Climent MF, Gómez-Cadenas A, Poór P. The role of salicylic acid on glutathione metabolism under endoplasmic reticulum stress in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108192. [PMID: 37995576 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are highly dependent on phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA). In this study, the effect of SA supplementation and the lack of endogenous SA on glutathione metabolism were investigated under ER stress in wild-type (WT) and transgenic SA-deficient NahG tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. The expression of the UPR marker gene SlBiP was dependent on SA levels and remained lower in NahG plants. Exogenous application of the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA) also reduced tunicamycin (Tm)-induced SlBiP transcript accumulation. At the same time, Tm-induced superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production were independent of SA, whereas the accumulation of reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and the oxidised glutathione (GSSG) was regulated by SA. Tm increased the activity of glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) independently of SA, but the activities of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR; EC 1.8.5.1) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) were increased by Tm in a SA-dependent manner. SlGR2, SlGGT and SlGSTT2 expression was activated in a SA-dependent way upon Tm. Although expression of SlGSH1, SlGSTF2, SlGSTU5 and SlGTT3 did not change upon Tm treatment in leaves, SlGR1 and SlDHAR2 transcription decreased. PBA significantly increased the expression of SlGR1, SlGR2, SlGSTT2, and SlGSTT3, which contributed to the amelioration of Tm-induced ER stress based on the changes in lipid peroxidation and cell viability. Malondialdehyde accumulation and electrolyte leakage were significantly higher in WT as compared to NahG tomato leaves under ER stress, further confirming the key role of SA in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | | | - Krisztina Bela
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - María F López-Climent
- Department of Biology, Biochemestry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castello de la Plana, 12071, Spain.
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Department of Biology, Biochemestry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castello de la Plana, 12071, Spain.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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4
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Lihavainen J, Šimura J, Bag P, Fataftah N, Robinson KM, Delhomme N, Novák O, Ljung K, Jansson S. Salicylic acid metabolism and signalling coordinate senescence initiation in aspen in nature. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4288. [PMID: 37463905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciduous trees exhibit a spectacular phenomenon of autumn senescence driven by the seasonality of their growth environment, yet there is no consensus which external or internal cues trigger it. Senescence starts at different times in European aspen (Populus tremula L.) genotypes grown in same location. By integrating omics studies, we demonstrate that aspen genotypes utilize similar transcriptional cascades and metabolic cues to initiate senescence, but at different times during autumn. The timing of autumn senescence initiation appeared to be controlled by two consecutive "switches"; 1) first the environmental variation induced the rewiring of the transcriptional network, stress signalling pathways and metabolic perturbations and 2) the start of senescence process was defined by the ability of the genotype to activate and sustain stress tolerance mechanisms mediated by salicylic acid. We propose that salicylic acid represses the onset of leaf senescence in stressful natural conditions, rather than promoting it as often observed in annual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Lihavainen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Šimura
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pushan Bag
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nazeer Fataftah
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Megan Robinson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden.
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Kim JS, Mochida K, Shinozaki K. ER Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response: Homeostatic Regulation Coordinate Plant Survival and Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3197. [PMID: 36501237 PMCID: PMC9735958 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a eukaryotic organelle, is the major site of protein biosynthesis. The disturbance of ER function by biotic or abiotic stress triggers the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the best-studied ER stress response. This transcriptional regulatory system senses ER stress, activates downstream genes that function to mitigate stress, and restores homeostasis. In addition to its conventional role in stress responses, recent reports indicate that the UPR is involved in plant growth and development. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of ER stress sensing and the activation and downstream regulation of the UPR. We also describe how the UPR modulates both plant growth and stress tolerance by maintaining ER homeostasis. Lastly, we propose that the UPR is a major component of the machinery that balances the trade-off between plant growth and survival in a dynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Sik Kim
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Ribeiro B, Erffelinck ML, Lacchini E, Ceulemans E, Colinas M, Williams C, Van Hamme E, De Clercq R, Perassolo M, Goossens A. Interference between ER stress-related bZIP-type and jasmonate-inducible bHLH-type transcription factors in the regulation of triterpene saponin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903793. [PMID: 36247618 PMCID: PMC9562455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene saponins (TS) are a structurally diverse group of metabolites that are widely distributed in plants. They primarily serve as defense compounds and their production is often triggered by biotic stresses through signaling cascades that are modulated by phytohormones such as the jasmonates (JA). Two JA-modulated basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs), triterpene saponin biosynthesis activating regulator 1 (TSAR1) and TSAR2, have previously been identified as direct activators of TS biosynthesis in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Here, we report on the involvement of the core endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TFs bZIP17 and bZIP60 in the regulation of TS biosynthesis. Expression and processing of M. truncatula bZIP17 and bZIP60 proteins were altered in roots with perturbed TS biosynthesis or treated with JA. Accordingly, such roots displayed an altered ER network structure. M. truncatula bZIP17 and bZIP60 proteins were shown to localize in the nucleus and appeared to be capable of interfering with the TSAR-mediated transactivation of TS biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, interference between ER stress-related bZIP and JA-modulated bHLH TFs in the regulation of JA-dependent terpene biosynthetic pathways may be widespread in the plant kingdom, as we demonstrate that it also occurs in the regulation of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Laure Erffelinck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elia Lacchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evi Ceulemans
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maite Colinas
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clara Williams
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Rebecca De Clercq
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Perassolo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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Herath V, Connolly K, Roach A, Ausekar A, Persky T, Verchot J. The plant endoplasmic reticulum UPRome: A repository and pathway browser for genes involved in signaling networks linked to the endoplasmic reticulum. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e431. [PMID: 35875835 PMCID: PMC9300056 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) houses sensors that respond to environmental stress and underly plants' adaptative responses. These sensors transduce signals that lead to changes in nuclear gene expression. The ER to nuclear signaling pathways are primarily attributed to the unfolded protein response (UPR) and are also integrated with a wide range of development, hormone, immune, and stress signaling pathways. Understanding the role of the UPR in signaling network mechanisms that associate with particular phenotypes is crucially important. While UPR-associated genes are the subject of ongoing investigations in a few model plant systems, most remain poorly annotated, hindering the identification of candidates across plant species. This open-source curated database provides a centralized resource of peer reviewed knowledge of ER to nuclear signaling pathways for the plant community. We provide a UPRome interactive viewer for users to navigate through the pathways and to access annotated information. The plant ER UPRome website is located at http://uprome.tamu.edu. We welcome contributions from the researchers studying the ER UPR to incorporate additional genes into the database through the "contact us" page.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Department of Plant Pathology & MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of PeridaniyaPeradeniyaSri Lanka
| | - Kaylee Connolly
- Department of Plant Pathology & MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Anna Roach
- Department of Plant Pathology & MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Ashish Ausekar
- Division of Information TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Tracy Persky
- Division of Information TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology & MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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Nakamura M, Nozaki M, Iwata Y, Koizumi N, Sato Y. THESEUS1 is involved in tunicamycin-induced root growth inhibition, ectopic lignin deposition, and cell wall damage-induced unfolded protein response. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:129-138. [PMID: 35937530 PMCID: PMC9300425 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates unfolded protein responses (UPRs), such as promoting protein folding under the control of specific gene expression. Our previous study showed that ER stress induced by ER stress inducers such as tunicamycin (Tm), an inhibitor of N-linked glycan synthesis, causes ectopic lignin deposition in Arabidopsis roots, but the relationship between UPR and ectopic lignin deposition remains unclear. The receptor-like kinase THESEUS1 (THE1) has been shown to sense cell wall damage (CWD) induced in Arabidopsis by cellulose synthase inhibitors such as isoxaben (ISO) and to activate ectopic lignin deposition. In this study, we assessed the involvement of THE1 in ectopic lignin deposition caused by the ER stress inducer Tm. The loss-of-function mutation of THE1, the1-3, suppressed Tm-induced root growth inhibition and ectopic lignin deposition, revealing that THE1 is involved in root growth defects and ectopic lignin deposition caused by ER stress. Similarly, ISO treatment induced ectopic lignin deposition as well as the expression of the UPR marker genes binding protein 3 (BiP3) and ER-localized DnaJ 3b (ERdj3b). Conversely, in the the1-3 mutant, ISO-induced ectopic lignin deposition and the expression of BiP3 and ERdj3b were suppressed. These results showed that THE1 is involved in not only root growth inhibition and ectopic lignin deposition caused by ER stress but also CWD-induced UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakamura
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nozaki
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yuji Iwata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531,
Japan
| | - Nozomu Koizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531,
Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Czékus Z, Szalai G, Tari I, Khan MIR, Poór P. Role of ethylene in ER stress and the unfolded protein response in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 181:1-11. [PMID: 35421744 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a significant role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is highly dependent on the regulation of defense-related phytohormones. In this study, the role of ethylene (ET) in ER stress and UPR was investigated in the leaves of intact tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Exogenous application of the ET precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid not only resulted in higher ET emission from leaves but also increased the expression of the UPR marker gene SlBiP and the transcript levels of the ER stress sensor SlIRE1, as well as the levels of SlbZIP60, after 24 h in tomato leaves. Using ET receptor Never ripe (Nr) mutants, a significant role of ET in tunicamycin (Tm)-induced ER stress sensing and signaling was confirmed based on the changes in the expression levels of SlIRE1b and SlBiP. Furthermore, the analysis of other defense-related phytohormones showed that the Tm-induced ET can affect positively the levels of and response to salicylic acid. Additionally, it was found that nitric oxide production and lipid peroxidation, as well as the electrolyte leakage induced by Tm, is regulated by ET, whereas the levels of H2O2 and proteolytic activity seemed to be independent of ET under ER stress in the leaves of tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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10
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Berka M, Kopecká R, Berková V, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Regulation of heat shock proteins 70 and their role in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1894-1909. [PMID: 35022724 PMCID: PMC8982422 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70s) are steadily gaining more attention in the field of plant biotic interactions. Though their regulation and activity in plants are much less well characterized than are those of their counterparts in mammals, accumulating evidence indicates that the role of HSP70-mediated defense mechanisms in plant cells is indispensable. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of HSP70 post-translational control in plants. We comment on the phytohormonal regulation of HSP70 expression and protein abundance, and identify a prominent role for cytokinin in HSP70 control. We outline HSP70s' subcellular localizations, chaperone activity, and chaperone-mediated protein degradation. We focus on the role of HSP70s in plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, and discuss the contribution of different HSP70 subfamilies to plant defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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11
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Ko DK, Brandizzi F. Advanced genomics identifies growth effectors for proteotoxic ER stress recovery in Arabidopsis thaliana. Commun Biol 2022; 5:16. [PMID: 35017639 PMCID: PMC8752741 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse environmental and pathophysiological situations can overwhelm the biosynthetic capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), igniting a potentially lethal condition known as ER stress. ER stress hampers growth and triggers a conserved cytoprotective signaling cascade, the unfolded protein response (UPR) for ER homeostasis. As ER stress subsides, growth is resumed. Despite the pivotal role of the UPR in growth restoration, the underlying mechanisms for growth resumption are yet unknown. To discover these, we undertook a genomics approach in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana and mined the gene reprogramming roles of the UPR modulators, basic leucine zipper28 (bZIP28) and bZIP60, in ER stress resolution. Through a network modeling and experimental validation, we identified key genes downstream of the UPR bZIP-transcription factors (bZIP-TFs), and demonstrated their functional roles. Our analyses have set up a critical pipeline for functional gene discovery in ER stress resolution with broad applicability across multicellular eukaryotes. Ko and Brandizzi use Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the downstream regulators of two major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related transcription factors, bZIP60 and bZIP28. Their results provide further insight on how two modulators of the unfolded protein response contribute to growth recovery from ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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12
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Simoni EB, Oliveira CC, Fraga OT, Reis PAB, Fontes EPB. Cell Death Signaling From Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Plant-Specific and Conserved Features. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:835738. [PMID: 35185996 PMCID: PMC8850647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is triggered by any condition that disrupts protein folding and promotes the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the lumen of the organelle. In eukaryotic cells, the evolutionarily conserved unfolded protein response is activated to clear unfolded proteins and restore ER homeostasis. The recovery from ER stress is accomplished by decreasing protein translation and loading into the organelle, increasing the ER protein processing capacity and ER-associated protein degradation activity. However, if the ER stress persists and cannot be reversed, the chronically prolonged stress leads to cellular dysfunction that activates cell death signaling as an ultimate attempt to survive. Accumulating evidence implicates ER stress-induced cell death signaling pathways as significant contributors for stress adaptation in plants, making modulators of ER stress pathways potentially attractive targets for stress tolerance engineering. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding plant-specific molecular mechanisms that elicit cell death signaling from ER stress. We also highlight the conserved features of ER stress-induced cell death signaling in plants shared by eukaryotic cells.
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13
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Ai G, Zhu H, Fu X, Liu J, Li T, Cheng Y, Zhou Y, Yang K, Pan W, Zhang H, Wu Z, Dong S, Xia Y, Wang Y, Xia A, Wang Y, Dou D, Jing M. Phytophthora infection signals-induced translocation of NAC089 is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress response-mediated plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:67-80. [PMID: 34374485 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogen-derived extracellular signals and subsequently activate the downstream defense response. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a part in the plant defense response, known as ER stress-mediated immunity (ERSI), that halts pathogen infection. However, the mechanism for the ER stress response to signals of pathogen infection remains unclear. Here, we characterized the ER stress response regulator NAC089, which was previously reported to positively regulate programed cell death (PCD), functioning as an ERSI regulator. NAC089 translocated from the ER to the nucleus via the Golgi in response to Phytophthora capsici culture filtrate (CF), which is a mixture of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Plasma membrane localized co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) was required for the CF-mediated translocation of NAC089. The nuclear localization of NAC089, determined by the NAC domain, was essential for immune activation and PCD. Furthermore, NAC089 positively contributed to host resistance against the oomycete pathogen P. capsici and the bacteria pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. We also proved that NAC089-mediated immunity is conserved in Nicotiana benthamiana. Together, we found that PAMP signaling induces the activation of ER stress in plants, and that NAC089 is required for ERSI and plant resistance against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tianli Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiye Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zishan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Saiyu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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14
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Brillada C, Teh OK, Ditengou FA, Lee CW, Klecker T, Saeed B, Furlan G, Zietz M, Hause G, Eschen-Lippold L, Hoehenwarter W, Lee J, Ott T, Trujillo M. Exocyst subunit Exo70B2 is linked to immune signaling and autophagy. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:404-419. [PMID: 33630076 PMCID: PMC8136888 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
During the immune response, activation of the secretory pathway is key to mounting an effective response, while gauging its output is important to maintain cellular homeostasis. The Exo70 subunit of the exocyst functions as a spatiotemporal regulator by mediating numerous interactions with proteins and lipids. However, a molecular understanding of the exocyst regulation remains challenging. We show that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, Exo70B2 behaves as a bona fide exocyst subunit. Conversely, treatment with the salicylic acid (SA) defence hormone analog benzothiadiazole (BTH), or the immunogenic peptide flg22, induced Exo70B2 transport into the vacuole. We reveal that Exo70B2 interacts with AUTOPHAGY-RELATED PROTEIN 8 (ATG8) via two ATG8-interacting motives (AIMs) and its transport into the vacuole is dependent on autophagy. In line with its role in immunity, we discovered that Exo70B2 interacted with and was phosphorylated by the kinase MPK3. Mimicking phosphorylation had a dual impact on Exo70B2: first, by inhibiting localization at sites of active secretion, and second, it increased the interaction with ATG8. Phosphonull variants displayed higher effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and were hypersensitive to BTH, which induce secretion and autophagy. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism by which phosphorylation diverts Exo70B2 from the secretory into the autophagy pathway for its degradation, to dampen secretory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Brillada
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ooi-Kock Teh
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Hokkaido University, 060-0810 Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, 060-0815 Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Chil-Woo Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Till Klecker
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bushra Saeed
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Furlan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marco Zietz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06120 (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS—Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Author for communication:
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15
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Samperna S, Boari A, Vurro M, Salzano AM, Reveglia P, Evidente A, Gismondi A, Canini A, Scaloni A, Marra M. Arabidopsis Defense against the Pathogenic Fungus Drechslera gigantea Is Dependent on the Integrity of the Unfolded Protein Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020240. [PMID: 33567651 PMCID: PMC7915340 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drechslera gigantea Heald & Wolf is a worldwide-spread necrotrophic fungus closely related to the Bipolaris genus, well-known because many member species provoke severe diseases in cereal crops and studied because they produce sesterpenoid phytoxins named ophiobolins which possess interesting biological properties. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved mechanism protecting eukaryotic cells from the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In plants, consolidated evidence supports the role of UPR in the tolerance to abiotic stress, whereas much less information is available concerning the induction of ER stress by pathogen infection and consequent UPR elicitation as part of the defense response. In this study, the infection process of D. gigantea in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and UPR-defective bzip28 bzip60 double mutant plants was comparatively investigated, with the aim to address the role of UPR in the expression of resistance to the fungal pathogen. The results of confocal microscopy, as well as of qRT-PCR transcript level analysis of UPR genes, proteomics, microRNAs expression profile and HPLC-based hormone analyses demonstrated that ophiobolin produced by the fungus during infection compromised ER integrity and that impairment of the IRE1/bZIP60 pathway of UPR hampered the full expression of resistance, thereby enhancing plant susceptibility to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Samperna
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Institute, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Institute, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy; (A.M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (P.R.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (P.R.); (A.E.)
| | - Angelo Gismondi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Canini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy; (A.M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Mauro Marra
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Ko DK, Brandizzi F. A temporal hierarchy underpins the transcription factor-DNA interactome of the maize UPR. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:254-270. [PMID: 33098715 PMCID: PMC7942231 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions reduce crop productivity and often increase the load of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This potentially lethal condition, known as ER stress, is buffered by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a set of signaling pathways designed to either recover ER functionality or ignite programmed cell death. Despite the biological significance of the UPR to the life of the organism, the regulatory transcriptional landscape underpinning ER stress management is largely unmapped, especially in crops. To fill this significant knowledge gap, we performed a large-scale systems-level analysis of the protein-DNA interaction (PDI) network in maize (Zea mays). Using 23 promoter fragments of six UPR marker genes in a high-throughput enhanced yeast one-hybrid assay, we identified a highly interconnected network of 262 transcription factors (TFs) associated with significant biological traits and 831 PDIs underlying the UPR. We established a temporal hierarchy of TF binding to gene promoters within the same family as well as across different families of TFs. Cistrome analysis revealed the dynamic activities of a variety of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in ER stress-responsive gene promoters. By integrating the cistrome results into a TF network analysis, we mapped a subnetwork of TFs associated with a CRE that may contribute to UPR management. Finally, we validated the role of a predicted network hub gene using the Arabidopsis system. The PDIs, TF networks, and CREs identified in our work are foundational resources for understanding transcription-regulatory mechanisms in the stress responses and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
- Correspondence:
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17
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Verchot J, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. UPR signaling at the nexus of plant viral, bacterial, and fungal defenses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 47:9-17. [PMID: 33360330 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there have been significant advances in our understanding of the ER stress responses in plants that are associated with virus infection, as well as bacterial and fungal diseases. In plants, ER stress induced by virus infection includes several signaling pathways that include the unfolded protein response (UPR) to promote the expression of chaperone proteins for proper protein folding. Understanding how facets of ER stress signaling broadly engage in pathogen responses, as well as those that are specific to virus infection is important to distinguishing features essential for broad cellular defenses and processes that may be specifically linked to viral infectivity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA..
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18
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Afrin T, Seok M, Terry BC, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Probing natural variation of IRE1 expression and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in Arabidopsis accessions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19154. [PMID: 33154475 PMCID: PMC7645728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental effects shape genetic changes in the individuals within plant populations, which in turn contribute to the enhanced genetic diversity of the population as a whole. Thus, individuals within the same species can acquire and accumulate genetic differences in their genomes depending on their local environment and evolutionary history. IRE1 is a universal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor that activates an evolutionarily conserved signalling cascade in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we selected nine different Arabidopsis accessions along with the reference ecotype Columbia-0, based on their geographical origins and differential endogenous IRE1 expression under steady-state conditions to investigate the natural variation of ER stress responses. We cloned and analysed selected upstream regulatory regions of IRE1a and IRE1b, which revealed differential levels of their inducibility. We also subjected these accessions to an array of biotic and abiotic stresses including heat, ER stress-inducing chemical tunicamycin, phytohormone salicylic acid, and pathogen infection. We measured IRE1-mediated splicing of its evolutionarily conserved downstream client as well as transcript accumulation of ER-resident chaperones and co-chaperones. Collectively, our results illustrate the expression polymorphism of a major plant stress receptor and its relationship with molecular and physiological ER stress sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiaba Afrin
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Minye Seok
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Brenna C Terry
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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19
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Islam S, Bhor SA, Tanaka K, Sakamoto H, Yaeno T, Kaya H, Kobayashi K. Transcriptome Analysis Shows Activation of Stress and Defense Responses by Silencing of Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Enzyme CHLI in Transgenic Tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7044. [PMID: 32987929 PMCID: PMC7582866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have shown the transcriptional changes in a chlorosis model transgenic tobacco plant, i-amiCHLI, in which an artificial micro RNA is expressed in a chemically inducible manner to silence the expression of CHLI genes encoding a subunit of a chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme. Comparison to the inducer-treated and untreated control non-transformants and untreated i-amiCHLI revealed that 3568 and 3582 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in the inducer-treated i-amiCHLI plants. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes indicated the upregulation of the genes related to innate immune responses, and cell death pathways, and the downregulation of genes for photosynthesis, plastid organization, and primary and secondary metabolic pathways in the inducer-treated i-amiCHLI plants. The cell death in the chlorotic tissues with a preceding H2O2 production was observed in the inducer-treated i-amiCHLI plants, confirming the activation of the immune response. The involvement of activated innate immune response in the chlorosis development was supported by the comparative expression analysis between the two transgenic chlorosis model systems, i-amiCHLI and i-hpHSP90C, in which nuclear genes encoding different chloroplast proteins were similarly silenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikhul Islam
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Sachin Ashok Bhor
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
| | - Hikaru Sakamoto
- Faculty of Bio-Industry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan;
| | - Takashi Yaeno
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
- Research Unit for Citromics, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kaya
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
- Research Unit for Citromics, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kappei Kobayashi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
- Research Unit for Citromics, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
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20
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Czékus Z, Csíkos O, Ördög A, Tari I, Poór P. Effects of Jasmonic Acid in ER Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Tomato Plants. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071031. [PMID: 32664460 PMCID: PMC7407312 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress elicits a protective mechanism called unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain cellular homeostasis, which can be regulated by defence hormones. In this study, the physiological role of jasmonic acid (JA) in ER stress and UPR signalling has been investigated in intact leaves of tomato plants. Exogenous JA treatments not only induced the transcript accumulation of UPR marker gene SlBiP but also elevated transcript levels of SlIRE1 and SlbZIP60. By the application of JA signalling mutant jai1 plants, the role of JA in ER stress sensing and signalling was further investigated. Treatment with tunicamycin (Tm), the inhibitor of N-glycosylation of secreted glycoproteins, increased the transcript levels of SlBiP. Interestingly, SlIRE1a and SlIRE1b were significantly lower in jai1. In contrast, the transcript accumulation of Bax Inhibitor-1 (SlBI1) and SlbZIP60 was higher in jai1. To evaluate how a chemical chaperone modulates Tm-induced ER stress, plants were treated with sodium 4-phenylbutyrate, which also decreased the Tm-induced increase in SlBiP, SlIRE1a, and SlBI1 transcripts. In addition, it was found that changes in hydrogen peroxide content, proteasomal activity, and lipid peroxidation induced by Tm is regulated by JA, while nitric oxide was not involved in ER stress and UPR signalling in leaves of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (O.C.); (A.Ö.); (I.T.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Csíkos
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (O.C.); (A.Ö.); (I.T.)
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (O.C.); (A.Ö.); (I.T.)
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (O.C.); (A.Ö.); (I.T.)
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.C.); (O.C.); (A.Ö.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Islam S, Bhor SA, Tanaka K, Sakamoto H, Yaeno T, Kaya H, Kobayashi K. Impaired Expression of Chloroplast HSP90C Chaperone Activates Plant Defense Responses with a Possible Link to a Disease-Symptom-Like Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4202. [PMID: 32545608 PMCID: PMC7352560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-seq analysis of a transgenic tobacco plant, i-hpHSP90C, in which chloroplast HSP90C genes can be silenced in an artificially inducible manner resulting in the development of chlorosis, revealed the up- and downregulation of 2746 and 3490 genes, respectively. Gene ontology analysis of these differentially expressed genes indicated the upregulation of ROS-responsive genes; the activation of the innate immunity and cell death pathways; and the downregulation of genes involved in photosynthesis, plastid organization, and cell cycle. Cell death was confirmed by trypan blue staining and electrolyte leakage assay, and the H2O2 production was confirmed by diaminobenzidine staining. The results collectively suggest that the reduced levels of HSP90C chaperone lead the plant to develop chlorosis primarily through the global downregulation of chloroplast- and photosynthesis-related genes and additionally through the light-dependent production of ROS, followed by the activation of immune responses, including cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikhul Islam
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Sachin Ashok Bhor
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
| | - Hikaru Sakamoto
- Faculty of Bio-Industry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan;
| | - Takashi Yaeno
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
- Research Unit for Citromics, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kaya
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
- Research Unit for Citromics, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kappei Kobayashi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; (S.I.); (S.A.B.); (T.Y.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
- Research Unit for Citromics, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
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22
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Beaugelin I, Chevalier A, D'Alessandro S, Ksas B, Havaux M. Endoplasmic reticulum-mediated unfolded protein response is an integral part of singlet oxygen signalling in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1266-1280. [PMID: 31975462 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) is a by-product of photosynthesis that triggers a signalling pathway leading to stress acclimation or to cell death. By analyzing gene expressions in a 1 O2 -overproducing Arabidopsis mutant (ch1) under different light regimes, we show here that the 1 O2 signalling pathway involves the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR). ch1 plants in low light exhibited a moderate activation of UPR genes, in particular bZIP60, and low concentrations of the UPR-inducer tunicamycin enhanced tolerance to photooxidative stress, together suggesting a role for UPR in plant acclimation to low 1 O2 levels. Exposure of ch1 to high light stress ultimately leading to cell death resulted in a marked upregulation of the two UPR branches (bZIP60/IRE1 and bZIP28/bZIP17). Accordingly, mutational suppression of bZIP60 and bZIP28 increased plant phototolerance, and a strong UPR activation by high tunicamycin concentrations promoted high light-induced cell death. Conversely, light acclimation of ch1 to 1 O2 stress put a limitation in the high light-induced expression of UPR genes, except for the gene encoding the BIP3 chaperone, which was selectively upregulated. BIP3 deletion enhanced Arabidopsis photosensitivity while plants treated with a chemical chaperone exhibited enhanced phototolerance. In conclusion, 1 O2 induces the ER-mediated UPR response that fulfils a dual role in high light stress: a moderate UPR, with selective induction of BIP3, is part of the acclimatory response to 1 O2 , and a strong activation of the whole UPR is associated with cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Beaugelin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Anne Chevalier
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Brigitte Ksas
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Michel Havaux
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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van Butselaar T, Van den Ackerveken G. Salicylic Acid Steers the Growth-Immunity Tradeoff. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:566-576. [PMID: 32407696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an effective immune system to combat most microbial attackers. The activation of immune responses to biotrophic pathogens requires the hormone salicylic acid (SA). Accumulation of SA triggers a plethora of immune responses (like massive transcriptional reprogramming, cell wall strengthening, and production of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial proteins). A tradeoff of strong immune responses is the active suppression of plant growth and development. The tradeoff also works the opposite way, where active growth and developmental processes suppress SA production and immune responses. Here, we review research on the role of SA in the growth-immunity tradeoff and examples of how the tradeoff can be bypassed. This knowledge will be instrumental in resistance breeding of crops with optimal growth and effective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen van Butselaar
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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24
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Alcântara A, Seitner D, Navarrete F, Djamei A. A high-throughput screening method to identify proteins involved in unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum in plants. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:4. [PMID: 31988651 PMCID: PMC6971872 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-0552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved process in eukaryotic organisms that plays a crucial role in adaptation and development. While the most ubiquitous components of this pathway have been characterized, current efforts are focused on identifying and characterizing other UPR factors that play a role in specific conditions, such as developmental changes, abiotic cues, and biotic interactions. Considering the central role of protein secretion in plant pathogen interactions, there has also been a recent focus on understanding how pathogens manipulate their host's UPR to facilitate infection. RESULTS We developed a high-throughput screening assay to identify proteins that interfere with UPR signaling in planta. A set of 35 genes from a library of secreted proteins from the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis were transiently co-expressed with a reporter construct that upregulates enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) expression upon UPR stress in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. After UPR stress induction, leaf discs were placed in 96 well plates and eYFP expression was measured. This allowed us to identify a previously undescribed fungal protein that inhibits plant UPR signaling, which was then confirmed using the classical but more laborious qRT-PCR method. CONCLUSIONS We have established a rapid and reliable fluorescence-based method to identify heterologously expressed proteins involved in UPR stress in plants. This system can be used for initial screens with libraries of proteins and potentially other molecules to identify candidates for further validation and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Alcântara
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Seitner
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Vienna, Austria
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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25
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The Multifaceted Roles of Plant Hormone Salicylic Acid in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235842. [PMID: 31766401 PMCID: PMC6928836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different abiotic and biotic stresses lead to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in ER stress. In response to ER stress, cells activate various cytoprotective responses, enhancing chaperon synthesis, protein folding capacity, and degradation of misfolded proteins. These responses of plants are called the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress signaling and UPR can be regulated by salicylic acid (SA), but the mode of its action is not known in full detail. In this review, the current knowledge on the multifaceted role of SA in ER stress and UPR is summarized in model plants and crops to gain a better understanding of SA-regulated processes at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels.
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26
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Functional Diversification of ER Stress Responses in Arabidopsis. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:123-136. [PMID: 31753702 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the synthesis of one-third of the cellular proteome and is constantly challenged by physiological and environmental situations that can perturb its homeostasis and lead to the accumulation of misfolded secretory proteins, a condition referred to as ER stress. In response, the ER evokes a set of intracellular signaling processes, collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), which are designed to restore biosynthetic capacity of the ER. As single-cell organisms evolved into multicellular life, the UPR complexity has increased to suit their growth and development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the UPR, emphasizing conserved UPR elements between plants and metazoans and highlighting unique plant-specific features.
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27
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Halder V, Suliman MNS, Kaschani F, Kaiser M. Plant chemical genetics reveals colistin sulphate as a SA and NPR1-independent PR1 inducer functioning via a p38-like kinase pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11196. [PMID: 31371749 PMCID: PMC6671972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, low-dose of exogenous bacterial cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) trigger transient membrane changes leading to activation of early and late defence responses. Here, a forward chemical genetics approach identifies colistin sulphate (CS) CLP as a novel plant defence inducer. CS uniquely triggers activation of the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (PR1) gene and resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) independently of the PR1 classical inducer, salicylic acid (SA) and the key SA-signalling protein, NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1). Low bioactive concentration of CS does not trigger activation of early defence markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, it strongly suppresses primary root length elongation. Structure activity relationship (SAR) assays and mode-of-action (MoA) studies show the acyl chain and activation of a ∼46 kDa p38-like kinase pathway to be crucial for CS' bioactivity. Selective pharmacological inhibition of the active p38-like kinase pathway by SB203580 reverses CS' effects on PR1 activation and root length suppression. Our results with CS as a chemical probe highlight the existence of a novel SA- and NPR1-independent branch of PR1 activation functioning via a membrane-sensitive p38-like kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Halder
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany. .,Chemical Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany. .,Rijk Zwaan, De Lier, 2678 ZG, The Netherlands.
| | - Mohamed N S Suliman
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany.,Desert Research Centre, 11753 El matareya, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Chemical Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemical Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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Rodríguez-López J, López AH, Estrada-Navarrete G, Sánchez F, Díaz-Camino C. The Noncanonical Heat Shock Protein PvNod22 Is Essential for Infection Thread Progression During Rhizobial Endosymbiosis in Common Bean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:939-948. [PMID: 30893001 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-19-0041-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the establishment of plant-rhizobial symbiosis, the plant hosts express nodulin proteins during root nodule organogenesis. A limited number of nodulins have been characterized, and these perform essential functions in root nodule development and metabolism. Most nodulins are expressed in the nodule and at lower levels in other plant tissues. Previously, we isolated Nodulin 22 (PvNod22) from a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cDNA library derived from Rhizobium-infected roots. PvNod22 is a noncanonical, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized, small heat shock protein that confers protection against oxidative stress when overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Virus-induced gene silencing of PvNod22 resulted in necrotic lesions in the aerial organs of P. vulgaris plants cultivated under optimal conditions, activation of the ER-unfolded protein response (UPR), and, finally, plant death. Here, we examined the expression of PvNod22 in common bean plants during the establishment of rhizobial endosymbiosis and its relationship with two cellular processes associated with plant immunity, the UPR and autophagy. In the RNA interference lines, numerous infection threads stopped their progression before reaching the cortex cell layer of the root, and nodules contained fewer nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Collectively, our results suggest that PvNod22 has a nonredundant function during legume-rhizobia symbiosis associated with infection thread elongation, likely by sustaining protein homeostasis in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandrina Hernández López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Georgina Estrada-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Federico Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Claudia Díaz-Camino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
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29
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Park CJ, Park JM. Endoplasmic Reticulum Plays a Critical Role in Integrating Signals Generated by Both Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:399. [PMID: 31019523 PMCID: PMC6458287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Most studies of environmental adaptations in plants have focused on either biotic or abiotic stress factors in an attempt to understand the defense mechanisms of plants against individual stresses. However, in the natural ecosystem, plants are simultaneously exposed to multiple stresses. Stress-tolerant crops developed in translational studies based on a single stress often fail to exhibit the expected traits in the field. To adapt to abiotic stress, recent studies have identified the need for interactions of plants with various microorganisms. These findings highlight the need to understand the multifaceted interactions of plants with biotic and abiotic stress factors. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that links various stress responses. To gain insight into the molecular integration of biotic and abiotic stress responses in the ER, we focused on the interactions of plants with RNA viruses. This interaction points toward the relevance of ER in viral pathogenicity as well as plant responses. In this mini review, we explore the molecular crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stress signaling through the ER by elaborating ER-mediated signaling in response to RNA viruses and abiotic stresses. Additionally, we summarize the results of a recent study on phytohormones that induce ER-mediated stress response. These studies will facilitate the development of multi-stress-tolerant transgenic crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang-Jin Park,
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- Jeong Mee Park,
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30
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Wang W, Li X, Zhu M, Tang X, Wang Z, Guo K, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Zhang W, Li X. Arabidopsis GAAP1 to GAAP3 Play Redundant Role in Cell Death Inhibition by Suppressing the Upregulation of Salicylic Acid Pathway Under Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1032. [PMID: 31507623 PMCID: PMC6719610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to sustain cell survival by reducing misfolded protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The UPR also promotes cell death when the ER stress is severe. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of UPR activity regulation and cell death transition are less understood in plants. Arabidopsis GAAP1 and GAAP3 are involved in the regulation of UPR and cell death. Five GAAP gene members are found in Arabidopsis. Here, we analyzed the function of GAAP2 in addition to GAAP1 and GAAP3 in ER stress response using single, double, and triple mutants. Results showed that single or double or triple mutants reduced plant survival and enhanced cell death under ER stress. And the sensitivity increased with the number of mutation genes increase. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that mutation in triple genes promoted UPR signaling when confronted with mild ER stress, advanced SA target genes upregulation when confronted with severe stress. Moreover, Quantitative detection by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS showed that ER stress upregulated salicylic acid (SA) content in plants. These data suggest that GAAP1 to GAAP3 played redundant roles in cell death resistance and fine tuning UPR activation. And the anti-cell death function of GAAPs might be achieved by impairing the up-regulation of the SA pathway under ER stress.
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31
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Arraño-Salinas P, Domínguez-Figueroa J, Herrera-Vásquez A, Zavala D, Medina J, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Meneses C, Canessa P, Moreno AA, Blanco-Herrera F. WRKY7, -11 and -17 transcription factors are modulators of the bZIP28 branch of the unfolded protein response during PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:242-250. [PMID: 30466590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants must defend themselves against pathogens. The defense response requires greater protein synthesis, which generates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, yet failure to attenuate this stress has detrimental effects. WRKY7/11/17 transcription factors (TFs) are negative regulators of immunity since mutants are more resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) infection. Here, we reveal a connection between ER-stress and the molecular mechanisms underlying the wrky mutant phenotype. The bZIP28 TF upregulates ER-chaperone expression (BiP1/2, ERdj3B, and SDF2) upon exposure of Arabidopsis to a bacterial defense elicitor, flagellin 22 (Flg22). Also, the activation of ER-chaperones is more sustained in double and triple wrky mutants treated with Flg22, suggesting that WRKY7/11/17 TFs downregulate these genes. Moreover, wrky mutants accumulate more bZIP28 transcripts in response to Flg22, indicating that WRKY7/11/17 transcriptionally repress this TF. Using Arabidopsis protoplasts, we also demonstrate that WRKYs bind to the bZIP28 promoter via W-box elements. Additionally, triple wrky mutants are more resistant, whilst bzip28 mutants are more susceptible, to Pst infection. Finally, we postulate a model of PAMP-Triggered Immunity regulation, where Flg22 activates bZIP28-signaling inducing the expression of ER-stress genes, as well as WRKY7/11/17 expression, which in turn inhibits PTI by downregulating bZIP28, controlling physiological responses in the Arabidopsis-Pst interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Arraño-Salinas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - José Domínguez-Figueroa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Zavala
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Joaquin Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián A Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile.
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile.
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Ozgur R, Uzilday B, Iwata Y, Koizumi N, Turkan I. Interplay between the unfolded protein response and reactive oxygen species: a dynamic duo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3333-3345. [PMID: 29415271 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Secretory proteins undergo modifications such as glycosylation and disulphide bond formation before proper folding, and move to their final destination via the endomembrane system. Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due to suboptimal environmental conditions triggers a response called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which induces a set of genes that elevate protein folding capacity in the ER. This review aims to establish a connection among ER stress, UPR, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which remains an unexplored topic in plants. For this, we focused on mechanisms of ROS production originating from ER stress, the interaction between ER stress and overall ROS signalling process in the cell, and the interaction of ER stress with other organellar ROS signalling pathways such as of the mitochondria and chloroplasts. The roles of the UPR during plant hormone signalling and abiotic and biotic stress responses are also discussed in connection with redox and ROS signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengin Ozgur
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Baris Uzilday
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yuji Iwata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka, Japan
| | - Nozomu Koizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai Osaka, Japan
| | - Ismail Turkan
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Izmir, Turkey
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Salicylic acid-independent role of NPR1 is required for protection from proteotoxic stress in the plant endoplasmic reticulum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5203-E5212. [PMID: 29760094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802254115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an ancient signaling pathway designed to protect cells from the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Because misregulation of the UPR is potentially lethal, a stringent surveillance signaling system must be in place to modulate the UPR. The major signaling arms of the plant UPR have been discovered and rely on the transcriptional activity of the transcription factors bZIP60 and bZIP28 and on the kinase and ribonuclease activity of IRE1, which splices mRNA to activate bZIP60. Both bZIP28 and bZIP60 modulate UPR gene expression to overcome ER stress. In this study, we demonstrate at a genetic level that the transcriptional role of bZIP28 and bZIP60 in ER-stress responses is antagonized by nonexpressor of PR1 genes 1 (NPR1), a critical redox-regulated master regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent responses to pathogens, independently of its role in SA defense. We also establish that the function of NPR1 in the UPR is concomitant with ER stress-induced reduction of the cytosol and translocation of NPR1 to the nucleus where it interacts with bZIP28 and bZIP60. Our results support a cellular role for NPR1 as well as a model for plant UPR regulation whereby SA-independent ER stress-induced redox activation of NPR1 suppresses the transcriptional role of bZIP28 and bZIP60 in the UPR.
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34
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Iwata Y, Iida T, Matsunami T, Yamada Y, Mishiba KI, Ogawa T, Kurata T, Koizumi N. Constitutive BiP protein accumulation in Arabidopsis mutants defective in a gene encoding chloroplast-resident stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase. Genes Cells 2018; 23:456-465. [PMID: 29688606 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) occurs when protein folding and maturation are disturbed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). During the UPR, a number of genes including those encoding ER-resident molecular chaperones are induced. In Arabidopsis, BiP3 has been used as a UPR marker gene whose expression is strongly induced in response to ER stress. In this study, we mutagenized Arabidopsis plants expressing β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene under the control of BiP3 promoter and isolated a mutant that exhibits strong GUS activity without treatment with ER stress inducers. By whole genome sequencing, we identified a causal gene in the mutant as SUPPRESSOR OF SALICYLIC ACID INSENSITIVITY2 (SSI2), which encodes stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase that converts stearic acids to oleic acids in the chloroplasts. In addition to GUS proteins, the ssi2 mutant accumulates endogenous BiP3 proteins without treatment by any stress reagents. Interestingly, although the degree of endogenous BiP3 protein accumulation in the ssi2 mutant was comparable to that in wild-type plants treated with the ER stress inducer tunicamycin, much less BiP3 transcripts were detected in the ssi2 mutant compared to tunicamycin-treated wild-type plants. Our finding suggests a genetic link between fatty acid metabolism in the chloroplasts and ER functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Iwata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Iida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Matsunami
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Yamada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Mishiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi Ogawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Nozomu Koizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Nawkar GM, Lee ES, Shelake RM, Park JH, Ryu SW, Kang CH, Lee SY. Activation of the Transducers of Unfolded Protein Response in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:214. [PMID: 29515614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00214/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ensures the balance between loading of nascent proteins and their secretion. Certain developmental conditions or environmental stressors affect protein folding causing ER stress. The resultant ER stress is mitigated by upregulating a set of stress-responsive genes in the nucleus modulating the mechanism of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In plants, the UPR is mediated by two major pathways; by the proteolytic processing of bZIP17/28 and by the IRE1-mediated splicing of bZIP60 mRNA. Recent studies have shown the involvement of plant-specific NAC transcription factors in UPR regulation. The molecular mechanisms activating plant-UPR transducers are only recently being unveiled. This review focuses on important structural features involved in the activation of the UPR transducers like bZIP17/28/60, IRE1, BAG7, and NAC017/062/089/103. Also, we discuss the activation of the UPR pathways, including BAG7-bZIP28 and IRE1-bZIP60, in detail, together with the NAC-TFs, which adds a new paradigm to the plant UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh M Nawkar
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Eun Seon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Rahul M Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seoung Woo Ryu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus) and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Nawkar GM, Lee ES, Shelake RM, Park JH, Ryu SW, Kang CH, Lee SY. Activation of the Transducers of Unfolded Protein Response in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:214. [PMID: 29515614 PMCID: PMC5826264 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ensures the balance between loading of nascent proteins and their secretion. Certain developmental conditions or environmental stressors affect protein folding causing ER stress. The resultant ER stress is mitigated by upregulating a set of stress-responsive genes in the nucleus modulating the mechanism of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In plants, the UPR is mediated by two major pathways; by the proteolytic processing of bZIP17/28 and by the IRE1-mediated splicing of bZIP60 mRNA. Recent studies have shown the involvement of plant-specific NAC transcription factors in UPR regulation. The molecular mechanisms activating plant-UPR transducers are only recently being unveiled. This review focuses on important structural features involved in the activation of the UPR transducers like bZIP17/28/60, IRE1, BAG7, and NAC017/062/089/103. Also, we discuss the activation of the UPR pathways, including BAG7-bZIP28 and IRE1-bZIP60, in detail, together with the NAC-TFs, which adds a new paradigm to the plant UPR.
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Iwata Y, Ashida M, Hasegawa C, Tabara K, Mishiba KI, Koizumi N. Activation of the Arabidopsis membrane-bound transcription factor bZIP28 is mediated by site-2 protease, but not site-1 protease. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:408-415. [PMID: 28407373 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a homeostatic cellular response conserved in eukaryotic cells to alleviate the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Arabidopsis bZIP28 is a membrane-bound transcription factor activated by proteolytic cleavage in response to ER stress, thereby releasing its cytosolic portion containing the bZIP domain from the membrane to translocate into the nucleus where it induces the transcription of genes encoding ER-resident molecular chaperones and folding enzymes. It has been widely recognized that the proteolytic activation of bZIP28 is mediated by the sequential cleavage of site-1 protease (S1P) and site-2 protease (S2P). In the present study we provide evidence that bZIP28 protein is cleaved by S2P, but not by S1P. We demonstrated that wild-type and s1p mutant plants produce the active, nuclear form of bZIP28 in response to the ER stress inducer tunicamycin. In contrast, tunicamycin-treated s2p mutants do not accumulate the active, nuclear form of bZIP28. Consistent with these observations, s2p mutants, but not s1p mutants, exhibited a defective transcriptional response of ER stress-responsive genes and significantly higher sensitivity to tunicamycin. Interestingly, s2p mutants accumulate two membrane-bound bZIP28 fragments with a shorter ER lumen-facing C-terminal domain. Importantly, the predicted cleavage sites are located far from the canonical S1P recognition motif previously described. We propose that ER stress-induced proteolytic activation of bZIP28 is mediated by the sequential actions of as-yet-unidentified protease(s) and S2P, and does not require S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Iwata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Ashida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Chisa Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tabara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Mishiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Nozomu Koizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Howell SH. When is the unfolded protein response not the unfolded protein response? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 260:139-143. [PMID: 28554471 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are subjected to variety of stresses for which they have evolved different protection mechanisms. One mechanism involves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in which the process of protein folding is disturbed and misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER. ER stress elicits the unfolded protein response (UPR) whereby the stress conditions in the ER are communicated to the nucleus to regulate stress response genes. Since the UPR is one of a number of different mechanisms by which plants respond to stress, it is often difficult to distinguish the UPR from other stress responses. Many investigators have relied on the molecular signature of the UPR, the upregulation of UPR genes to implicate the UPR in response to various stresses. However, some of these genes are activated by other stresses making it problematic to know whether the UPR is truly activated in response to a given stress or is part of a complex response. Another challenge is to understand how plants actually perceive different stress conditions. Are all stress conditions that elicit the UPR response caused by an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER? Is this the case for salt stress, which induces the UPR? How about biotic stresses, such as bacterial or viral infections? Do they lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER or are there other means by which they induce the UPR?
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Howell
- Plant Sciences Institute and Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Angelos E, Ruberti C, Kim SJ, Brandizzi F. Maintaining the factory: the roles of the unfolded protein response in cellular homeostasis in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:671-682. [PMID: 27943485 PMCID: PMC5415411 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Much like a factory, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) assembles simple cellular building blocks into complex molecular machines known as proteins. In order to protect the delicate protein folding process and ensure the proper cellular delivery of protein products under environmental stresses, eukaryotes have evolved a set of signaling mechanisms known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) to increase the folding capacity of the ER. This process is particularly important in plants, because their sessile nature commands adaptation for survival rather than escape from stress. As such, plants make special use of the UPR, and evidence indicates that the master regulators and downstream effectors of the UPR have distinct roles in mediating cellular processes that affect organism growth and development as well as stress responses. In this review we outline recent developments in this field that support a strong relevance of the UPR to many areas of plant life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Angelos
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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40
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de Souza A, Wang JZ, Dehesh K. Retrograde Signals: Integrators of Interorganellar Communication and Orchestrators of Plant Development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:85-108. [PMID: 27813652 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interorganellar cooperation maintained via exquisitely controlled retrograde-signaling pathways is an evolutionary necessity for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. This signaling feature has therefore attracted much research attention aimed at improving understanding of the nature of these communication signals, how the signals are sensed, and ultimately the mechanism by which they integrate targeted processes that collectively culminate in organellar cooperativity. The answers to these questions will provide insight into how retrograde-signal-mediated regulatory mechanisms are recruited and which biological processes are targeted, and will advance our understanding of how organisms balance metabolic investments in growth against adaptation to environmental stress. This review summarizes the present understanding of the nature and the functional complexity of retrograde signals as integrators of interorganellar communication and orchestrators of plant development, and offers a perspective on the future of this critical and dynamic area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio de Souza
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Jin-Zheng Wang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
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Meng Z, Ruberti C, Gong Z, Brandizzi F. CPR5 modulates salicylic acid and the unfolded protein response to manage tradeoffs between plant growth and stress responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:486-501. [PMID: 27747970 PMCID: PMC5340296 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Completion of a plant's life cycle depends on successful prioritization of signaling favoring either growth or defense. Although hormones are pivotal regulators of growth-defense tradeoffs, the underlying signaling mechanisms remain obscure. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is essential for physiological growth as well as management of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in unfavorable growth conditions. The plant UPR transducers are the kinase and ribonuclease IRE1 and the transcription factors bZIP28 and bZIP60. We analyzed management of the tradeoff between growth and ER stress defense by the stress response hormone salicylic acid (SA) and the UPR, which is modulated by SA via unknown mechanisms. We show that the plant growth and stress regulator CPR5, which represses accumulation of SA, favors growth in physiological conditions through inhibition of the SA-dependent IRE1-bZIP60 arm that antagonizes organ growth; CPR5 also favors growth in stress conditions through repression of ER stress-induced bZIP28/IRE1-bZIP60 arms. By demonstrating a physical interaction of CPR5 with bZIP60 and bZIP28, we provide mechanistic insights into CPR5-mediated modulation of UPR signaling. These findings define a critical surveillance strategy for plant growth-ER stress defense tradeoffs based on CPR5 and SA-modulated UPR signaling, whereby CPR5 acts as a positive modulator of growth in physiological conditions and in stress by antagonizing SA-dependent growth inhibition through UPR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Meng
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology, Department Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology, Department Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology, Department Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- For correspondence ()
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Bao Y, Howell SH. The Unfolded Protein Response Supports Plant Development and Defense as well as Responses to Abiotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:344. [PMID: 28360918 PMCID: PMC5350557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response conserved in eukaryotic organisms and activated by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Adverse environmental conditions disrupt protein folding in the ER and trigger the UPR. Recently, it was found that the UPR can be elicited in the course of plant development and defense. During vegetative plant development, the UPR is involved in normal root growth and development, the effect of which can be largely attributed to the influence of the UPR on plant hormone biology. The UPR also functions in plant reproductive development by protecting male gametophyte development from heat stress. In terms of defense, the UPR has been implicated in virus and microbial defense. Viral defense represents a double edge sword in that various virus infections activate the UPR, however, in a number of cases, the UPR actually supports viral infections. The UPR also plays a role in plant immunity to bacterial infections, again through the action of plant hormones in regulating basal immunity responses.
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Moon JY, Lee JH, Oh C, Kang H, Park JM. Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses function in the HRT-mediated hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1382-1397. [PMID: 26780303 PMCID: PMC6638521 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
HRT is a plant coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) disease resistance protein that triggers the hypersensitive response (HR) on recognition of Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) coat protein (CP). The molecular mechanism and significance of HR-mediated cell death for TCV resistance have not been fully elucidated. To identify the genes involved in HRT/TCV CP-mediated HR in Nicotiana benthamiana, we performed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of 459 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of pathogen-responsive Capsicum annuum genes. VIGS of CaBLP5, which encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), silenced NbBiP4 and NbBiP5 and significantly reduced HRT-mediated HR. The induction of ER stress-responsive genes and the accumulation of ER-targeted BiPs in response to HRT-mediated HR suggest that ER is involved in HR in N. benthamiana. BiP4/5 silencing significantly down-regulated HRT at the mRNA and protein levels, and affected SGT1 and HSP90 expression. Co-expression of TCV CP in BiP4/5-silenced plants completely abolished HRT induction. Transient expression of TCV CP alone induced selected ER stress-responsive gene transcripts only in Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-infected plants, and most of these genes were induced by HRT/TCV CP, except for bZIP60, which was induced specifically in response to HRT/TCV CP. TCV CP-mediated induction of ER stress-responsive genes still occurred in BiP4/5-silenced plants, but HRT/TCV CP-mediated induction of these genes was defective. Tunicamycin, a chemical that inhibits protein N-glycosylation, inhibited HRT-mediated HR, suggesting that ER has a role in HR regulation. These results indicate that BiP and ER, which modulate pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity, also regulate R protein-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Moon
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringUSTDaejeon305‐350South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Lee
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
| | - Chang‐Sik Oh
- Department of HorticultureKyung Hee UniversityYongin446‐701South Korea
| | - Hong‐Gu Kang
- Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666USA
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Molecular Biofarming Research CenterKRIBBDaejeon305‐600South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringUSTDaejeon305‐350South Korea
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Lee JE, Cho YU, Kim KH, Lee DY. Distinctive metabolomic responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to the chemical elicitation by methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Dong CJ, Cao N, Li L, Shang QM. Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Early and Late Responses to Salicylic Acid in Cucumber Leaves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161395. [PMID: 27551830 PMCID: PMC4995040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone that plays vital regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, studies on the molecular mechanism of SA, especially during the early SA responses, are lagging behind. In this study, we initiated a comprehensive isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis to explore the early and late SA-responsive proteins in leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Upon SA application through the roots, endogenous SA accumulated in cucumber leaves. By assaying the changes in marker gene expression and photosynthetic rate, we collected samples at 12 h and 72 h post treatment (hpt) to profile the early and late SA responsiveness, respectively. The iTRAQ assay followed by tandem mass spectrometry revealed 135 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 12 hpt and 301 DEPs at 72 hpt. The functional categories for these SA-responsive proteins included in a variety of biochemical processes, including photosynthesis, redox homeostasis, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, transport, protein folding and modification, proteolysis, cell wall organization, and the secondary phenylpropanoid pathway. Conclusively, based on the abundant changes of these DEPs, together with their putative functions, we proposed a possible SA-responsive protein network. It appears that SA could elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via enhancing the photosynthetic electron transferring, and then confer some growth-promoting and stress-priming effects on cells during the late phase, including enhanced photosynthesis and ROS scavenging, altered carbon metabolic flux for the biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleotides, and cell wall reorganization. Overall, the present iTRAQ assay provides higher proteome coverage and deepened our understanding of the molecular basis of SA-responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Juan Dong
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, P.R.China
- * E-mail: (CJD); (QMS)
| | - Ning Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, P.R.China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, P.R.China
| | - Qing-Mao Shang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, P.R.China
- * E-mail: (CJD); (QMS)
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46
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Liu JX, Howell SH. Managing the protein folding demands in the endoplasmic reticulum of plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:418-28. [PMID: 26990454 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs in plants during certain developmental stages or under adverse environmental conditions, as a result of the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER. To minimize the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER, a protein quality control (PQC) system monitors protein folding and eliminates misfolded proteins through either ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) or autophagy. ER stress elicits the unfolded protein response (UPR), which enhances the operation in plant cells of the ER protein folding machinery and the PQC system. The UPR also reduces protein folding demands in the ER by degrading mRNAs encoding secretory proteins. In plants subjected to severe or chronic stress, UPR promotes programmed cell death (PCD). Progress in the field in recent years has provided insights into the regulatory networks and signaling mechanisms of the ER stress responses in plants. In addition, novel physiological functions of the ER stress responses in plants for coordinating plant growth and development with changing environment have been recently revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Stephen H Howell
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Hossain MA, Henríquez-Valencia C, Gómez-Páez M, Medina J, Orellana A, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Zouhar J. Identification of Novel Components of the Unfolded Protein Response in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:650. [PMID: 27242851 PMCID: PMC4864164 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Unfavorable environmental and developmental conditions may cause disturbances in protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that are recognized and counteracted by components of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) signaling pathways. The early cellular responses include transcriptional changes to increase the folding and processing capacity of the ER. In this study, we systematically screened a collection of inducible transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a library of transcription factors for resistance toward UPR-inducing chemicals. We identified 23 candidate genes that may function as novel regulators of the UPR and of which only three genes (bZIP10, TBF1, and NF-YB3) were previously associated with the UPR. The putative role of identified candidate genes in the UPR signaling is supported by favorable expression patterns in both developmental and stress transcriptional analyses. We demonstrated that WRKY75 is a genuine regulator of the ER-stress cellular responses as its expression was found to be directly responding to ER stress-inducing chemicals. In addition, transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing WRKY75 showed resistance toward salt stress, connecting abiotic and ER-stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Amir Hossain
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Henríquez-Valencia
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Gómez-Páez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jan Zouhar
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Kørner CJ, Du X, Vollmer ME, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling in Plant Immunity--At the Crossroad of Life and Death. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26582-98. [PMID: 26556351 PMCID: PMC4661823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and complex immune responses are induced in plants upon pathogen recognition. One form of plant defense response is a programmed burst in transcription and translation of pathogenesis-related proteins, of which many rely on ER processing. Interestingly, several ER stress marker genes are up-regulated during early stages of immune responses, suggesting that enhanced ER capacity is needed for immunity. Eukaryotic cells respond to ER stress through conserved signaling networks initiated by specific ER stress sensors tethered to the ER membrane. Depending on the nature of ER stress the cell prioritizes either survival or initiates programmed cell death (PCD). At present two plant ER stress sensors, bZIP28 and IRE1, have been described. Both sensor proteins are involved in ER stress-induced signaling, but only IRE1 has been additionally linked to immunity. A second branch of immune responses relies on PCD. In mammals, ER stress sensors are involved in activation of PCD, but it is unclear if plant ER stress sensors play a role in PCD. Nevertheless, some ER resident proteins have been linked to pathogen-induced cell death in plants. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of plant ER stress signaling and its cross-talk with immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Kørner
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Xinran Du
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Marie E Vollmer
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Ruberti C, Kim SJ, Stefano G, Brandizzi F. Unfolded protein response in plants: one master, many questions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 27:59-66. [PMID: 26149756 PMCID: PMC4618186 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To overcome endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, ER-localized stress sensors actuate distinct downstream organelle-nucleus signaling pathways to invoke a cytoprotective response, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Compared to yeast and metazoans, plant UPR studies are more recent but nevertheless fascinating. Here we discuss recent discoveries in plant UPR, highlight conserved and unique features of the plant UPR as well as critical yet-open questions whose answers will likely make significant contributions to the understanding plant ER stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruberti
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy-Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy-Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Giovanni Stefano
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy-Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Energy-Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Sagor GHM, Chawla P, Kim DW, Berberich T, Kojima S, Niitsu M, Kusano T. The polyamine spermine induces the unfolded protein response via the MAPK cascade in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:687. [PMID: 26442007 PMCID: PMC4565113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis three basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor genes, bZIP17, bZIP28, and bZIP60, play crucial roles in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Previously we found that bZIP60 is one of the spermine-induced genes. Consequently we further investigated the response of all the three bZIP genes to spermine. Expression of bZIP17, bZIP28, and bZIP60, and also their target genes was activated by spermine application as well as in plants with elevated endogenous spermine levels. Furthermore, spermine activated the splicing of the bZIP60 transcript mediated by the ribonuclease activity of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 and also recruited bZIP17 and bZIP60 proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus. We therefore propose that spermine is a novel UPR inducer. Moreover, induction of UPR by spermine required calcium-influx to the cytoplasm and the genes for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 9 (MKK9), mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and MPK6. The result indicates that spermine-induced UPR is mediated by the MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 cascade in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. H. M. Sagor
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Pratima Chawla
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Dong W. Kim
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Thomas Berberich
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Laboratory CenterFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Masaru Niitsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai UniversitySakado, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Kusano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
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