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Zhang H, Qi C, Li C, Huang D, Mao H, Lin X. Overexpression of high affinity K + transporter from Nitraria sibirica enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 342:112052. [PMID: 38417716 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Nitraria sibirica Pall is a halophytic shrub growing in desert steppe zones. It exhibits extraordinary adaptability to saline-alkali soil, drought, and sand burial. In this study, the high-affinity K+ transporter NsHKT1 was identified and found to play a key role in salt tolerance in N. sibirica. NsHKT1 was used to improve salt tolerance in a poplar hybrid. The expression characteristics of NsHKT1 were analyzed by transforming Arabidopsis and poplar with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene driven by the NsHKT1 promoter. The results showed that NsHKT1 expression was induced by various abiotic stresses and phytohormones. GUS expression was also detected in the reproductive organs of transgenic Arabidopsis, indicating its function in regulating plant reproductive growth. Transgenic 84 K poplar plants overexpressing NsHKT1 exhibited less damage, higher antioxidant capacity, higher chlorophyll and proline levels, and lower malondialdehyde content compared with non-transgenic plants under salt stress. These results are consistent with the salt tolerance results for transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing NsHKT1, indicating that NsHKT1 plays a key role in salt tolerance in herbaceous and ligneous plants. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry showed a significantly lower leaf Na+ content in transgenic poplar than in the non-transgenic line, revealing that NsHKT1, as a member of HKT family subclass 1, was highly selective to Na+ and prevented shoot Na+ accumulation. Transcriptome analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes in transgenic poplars under salt stress were associated mainly with the isoflavonoid, cutin, suberine, wax, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and cyanoamino biosynthesis pathways, as well as the MAPK signaling pathway, indicating that NsHKT1 not only regulates ion homeostasis but also influences secondary metabolism and signal transaction in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry Education, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Caifen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry Education, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Chaoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry Education, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Duoman Huang
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry Education, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Huiping Mao
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry Education, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China.
| | - Xiaofei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry Education, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China.
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2
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Chen S, Du T, Huang Z, He K, Yang M, Gao S, Yu T, Zhang H, Li X, Chen S, Liu CM, Li H. The Spartina alterniflora genome sequence provides insights into the salt-tolerance mechanisms of exo-recretohalophytes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38685729 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Spartina alterniflora is an exo-recretohalophyte Poaceae species that is able to grow well in seashore, but the genomic basis underlying its adaptation to salt tolerance remains unknown. Here, we report a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of S. alterniflora constructed through PacBio HiFi sequencing, combined with high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technology and Illumina-based transcriptomic analyses. The final 1.58 Gb genome assembly has a contig N50 size of 46.74 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that S. alterniflora diverged from Zoysia japonica approximately 21.72 million years ago (MYA). Moreover, whole-genome duplication (WGD) events in S. alterniflora appear to have expanded gene families and transcription factors relevant to salt tolerance and adaptation to saline environments. Comparative genomics analyses identified numerous species-specific genes, significantly expanded genes and positively selected genes that are enriched for 'ion transport' and 'response to salt stress'. RNA-seq analysis identified several ion transporter genes including the high-affinity K+ transporters (HKTs), SaHKT1;2, SaHKT1;3 and SaHKT1;8, and high copy number of Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) up-regulated under high salt conditions, and the overexpression of SaHKT2;4 in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred salt tolerance to the plant, suggesting specialized roles for S. alterniflora to adapt to saline environments. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed that salt stress activate glutathione metabolism, with differential expressions of several genes such as γ-ECS, GSH-S, GPX, GST and PCS in the glutathione metabolism. This study suggests several adaptive mechanisms that could contribute our understanding of evolutional basis of the halophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Tingting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Zhangping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Kunhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Maogeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular & Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Tingxi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular & Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- Nanfan Research Institute, CAAS, Sanya, Hainan, China
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Hualpa-Ramirez E, Carrasco-Lozano EC, Madrid-Espinoza J, Tejos R, Ruiz-Lara S, Stange C, Norambuena L. Stress salinity in plants: New strategies to cope with in the foreseeable scenario. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108507. [PMID: 38467083 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The excess of salts in soils causes stress in most plants, except for some halophytes that can tolerate higher levels of salinity. The excess of Na+ generates an ionic imbalance, reducing the K+ content and altering cellular metabolism, thus impacting in plant growth and development. Additionally, salinity in soil induces water stress due to osmotic effects and increments the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that affect the cellular structure, damaging membranes and proteins, and altering the electrochemical potential of H+, which directly affects nutrient absorption by membrane transporters. However, plants possess mechanisms to overcome the toxicity of the sodium ions, such as internalization into the vacuole or exclusion from the cell, synthesis of enzymes or protective compounds against ROS, and the synthesis of metabolites that help to regulate the osmotic potential of plants. Physiologic and molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance in plants will be addressed in this review. Furthermore, a revision of strategies taken by researchers to confer salt stress tolerance on agriculturally important species are discussed. These strategies include conventional breeding and genetic engineering as transgenesis and genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Hualpa-Ramirez
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Ricardo Tejos
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simón Ruiz-Lara
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Lindberg S, Premkumar A. Ion Changes and Signaling under Salt Stress in Wheat and Other Important Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:46. [PMID: 38202354 PMCID: PMC10780558 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and sulphate (SO42-) are frequently found in saline soils. Crop plants cannot successfully develop and produce because salt stress impairs the uptake of Ca2+, potassium (K+), and water into plant cells. Different intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations change with salinity, including those of Ca2+, K+, and protons. These cations serve as stress signaling molecules in addition to being essential for ionic homeostasis and nutrition. Maintaining an appropriate K+:Na+ ratio is one crucial plant mechanism for salt tolerance, which is a complicated trait. Another important mechanism is the ability for fast extrusion of Na+ from the cytosol. Ca2+ is established as a ubiquitous secondary messenger, which transmits various stress signals into metabolic alterations that cause adaptive responses. When plants are under stress, the cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration can rise to 10 times or more from its resting level of 50-100 nanomolar. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to the Ca2+ alterations and are produced by stress. Depending on the type, frequency, and intensity of the stress, the cytosolic Ca2+ signals oscillate, are transient, or persist for a longer period and exhibit specific "signatures". Both the influx and efflux of Ca2+ affect the length and amplitude of the signal. According to several reports, under stress Ca2+ alterations can occur not only in the cytoplasm of the cell but also in the cell walls, nucleus, and other cell organelles and the Ca2+ waves propagate through the whole plant. Here, we will focus on how wheat and other important crops absorb Na+, K+, and Cl- when plants are under salt stress, as well as how Ca2+, K+, and pH cause intracellular signaling and homeostasis. Similar mechanisms in the model plant Arabidopsis will also be considered. Knowledge of these processes is important for understanding how plants react to salinity stress and for the development of tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lindberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Premkumar
- Bharathiyar Group of Institutes, Guduvanchery 603202, Tamilnadu, India;
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Lu M, Chen Z, Dang Y, Li J, Wang J, Zheng H, Li S, Wang X, Du X, Sui N. Identification of the MYB gene family in Sorghum bicolor and functional analysis of SbMYBAS1 in response to salt stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:249-264. [PMID: 37964053 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress adversely affects plant growth and development. It is necessary to understand the underlying salt response mechanism to improve salt tolerance in plants. MYB transcription factors can regulate plant responses to salt stress. However, only a few studies have explored the role of MYB TFs in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. So we decided to make a systematic analysis and research on the sorghum MYB family. A total of 210 MYB genes in sorghum were identified in this study. Furthermore, 210 MYB genes were distributed across ten chromosomes, named SbMYB1-SbMYB210. To study the phylogeny of the identified TFs, 210 MYB genes were divided into six subfamilies. We further demonstrated that SbMYB genes have evolved under strong purifying selection. SbMYBAS1 (SbMYB119) was chosen as the study object, which the expression decreased under salt stress conditions. Further study of the SbMYBAS1 showed that SbMYBAS1 is located in the nucleus. Under salt stress conditions, Arabidopsis plants overexpressed SbMYBAS1 showed significantly lower dry/fresh weight and chlorophyll content but significantly higher membrane permeability, MDA content, and Na+/K+ ratio than the wild-type Arabidopsis plants. Yeast two-hybrid screening result showed that SbMYBAS1 might interact with proteins encoded by SORBI_302G184600, SORBI_3009G247900 and SORBI_3004G59600. Results also showed that SbMYBAS1 could regulate the expression of AtGSTU17, AtGSTU16, AtP5CS2, AtUGT88A1, AtUGT85A2, AtOPR2 and AtPCR2 under salt stress conditions. This work laid a foundation for the study of the response mechanism of sorghum MYB gene family to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zengting Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
- Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Yingying Dang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jinlu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hongxiang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Simin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xihua Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88, East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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6
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Mulet JM, Porcel R, Yenush L. Modulation of potassium transport to increase abiotic stress tolerance in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5989-6005. [PMID: 37611215 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Potassium is the major cation responsible for the maintenance of the ionic environment in plant cells. Stable potassium homeostasis is indispensable for virtually all cellular functions, and, concomitantly, viability. Plants must cope with environmental changes such as salt or drought that can alter ionic homeostasis. Potassium fluxes are required to regulate the essential process of transpiration, so a constraint on potassium transport may also affect the plant's response to heat, cold, or oxidative stress. Sequencing data and functional analyses have defined the potassium channels and transporters present in the genomes of different species, so we know most of the proteins directly participating in potassium homeostasis. The still unanswered questions are how these proteins are regulated and the nature of potential cross-talk with other signaling pathways controlling growth, development, and stress responses. As we gain knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of potassium homeostasis in plants, we can take advantage of this information to increase the efficiency of potassium transport and generate plants with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress through genetic engineering or new breeding techniques. Here, we review current knowledge of how modifying genes related to potassium homeostasis in plants affect abiotic stress tolerance at the whole plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Porcel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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Mann A, Lata C, Kumar N, Kumar A, Kumar A, Sheoran P. Halophytes as new model plant species for salt tolerance strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1137211. [PMID: 37251767 PMCID: PMC10211249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1137211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is becoming a growing issue nowadays, severely affecting the world's most productive agricultural landscapes. With intersecting and competitive challenges of shrinking agricultural lands and increasing demand for food, there is an emerging need to build resilience for adaptation to anticipated climate change and land degradation. This necessitates the deep decoding of a gene pool of crop plant wild relatives which can be accomplished through salt-tolerant species, such as halophytes, in order to reveal the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Halophytes are generally defined as plants able to survive and complete their life cycle in highly saline environments of at least 200-500 mM of salt solution. The primary criterion for identifying salt-tolerant grasses (STGs) includes the presence of salt glands on the leaf surface and the Na+ exclusion mechanism since the interaction and replacement of Na+ and K+ greatly determines the survivability of STGs in saline environments. During the last decades or so, various salt-tolerant grasses/halophytes have been explored for the mining of salt-tolerant genes and testing their efficacy to improve the limit of salt tolerance in crop plants. Still, the utility of halophytes is limited due to the non-availability of any model halophytic plant system as well as the lack of complete genomic information. To date, although Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and salt cress (Thellungiella halophila) are being used as model plants in most salt tolerance studies, these plants are short-lived and can tolerate salinity for a shorter duration only. Thus, identifying the unique genes for salt tolerance pathways in halophytes and their introgression in a related cereal genome for better tolerance to salinity is the need of the hour. Modern technologies including RNA sequencing and genome-wide mapping along with advanced bioinformatics programs have advanced the decoding of the whole genetic information of plants and the development of probable algorithms to correlate stress tolerance limit and yield potential. Hence, this article has been compiled to explore the naturally occurring halophytes as potential model plant species for abiotic stress tolerance and to further breed crop plants to enhance salt tolerance through genomic and molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mann
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnl, Haryana, India
| | - Charu Lata
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnl, Haryana, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Shimla, Himachal Pardesh, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnl, Haryana, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pardesh, Ludhiana, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnl, Haryana, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnl, Haryana, India
| | - Parvender Sheoran
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnl, Haryana, India
- ICAR-Agriculture Technology Application Research Center, Ludhiana, India
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Han QQ, Wang YP, Li J, Li J, Yin XC, Jiang XY, Yu M, Wang SM, Shabala S, Zhang JL. The mechanistic basis of sodium exclusion in Puccinellia tenuiflora under conditions of salinity and potassium deprivation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:322-338. [PMID: 35979653 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a significant threat to global agriculture. Understanding salt exclusion mechanisms in halophyte species may be instrumental in improving salt tolerance in crops. Puccinellia tenuiflora is a typical salt-excluding halophytic grass often found in potassium-deprived saline soils. Our previous work showed that P. tenuiflora possesses stronger selectivity for K+ than for Na+ ; however, the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon remained elusive. Here, P. tenuiflora PutHKT1;5 was cloned and the functions of PutHKT1;5 and PutSOS1 were characterized using heterologous expression systems. Yeast assays showed that PutHKT1;5 possessed Na+ transporting capacity and was highly selective for Na+ over K+ . PutSOS1 was located at the plasma membrane and operated as a Na+ /K+ exchanger, with much stronger Na+ extrusion capacity than its homolog from Arabidopsis. PutHKT2;1 mediated high-affinity K+ and Na+ uptake and its expression levels were upregulated by mild salinity and K+ deprivation. Salinity-induced changes of root PutHKT1;5 and PutHKT1;4 transcript levels matched the expression pattern of root PutSOS1, which was consistent with root Na+ efflux. The transcript levels of root PutHKT2;1 and PutAKT1 were downregulated by salinity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the functional activity of PutHKT1;5 and PutSOS1 in P. tenuiflora roots is fine-tuned under saline conditions as well as by operation of other ion transporters/channel (PutHKT1;4, PutHKT2;1, and PutAKT1). This leads to the coordination of radial Na+ and K+ transport processes, their loading to the xylem, or Na+ retrieval and extrusion under conditions of mild salinity and/or K+ deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Chang Yin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Yu Jiang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, P. R. China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, P. R. China
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Zhang MX, Bai R, Nan M, Ren W, Wang CM, Shabala S, Zhang JL. Evaluation of salt tolerance of oat cultivars and the mechanism of adaptation to salinity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153708. [PMID: 35504119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a threat to agricultural production worldwide. Oat (Avena sativa L.) is an irreplaceable crop in areas with fragile ecological conditions. However, there is a lack of research on salt tolerance evaluation of oat germplasm resources. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the salt tolerance of oat cultivars and investigate the mechanism of salt-tolerant oat cultivars' adaptation to salinity. Salt tolerance of 100 oat cultivars was evaluated, and then two salt-tolerant cultivars and two salt-sensitive cultivars were used to compare their physiological responses and expression patterns of Na+- and K+-transport-related genes under salinity. Principal component analysis and membership function analysis had good predictability for salt tolerance evaluation of oat and other crops. The 100 oat cultivars were clustered into three categories, with three salt tolerance levels. Under saline condition, salt-tolerant cultivars maintained higher growth rate, leaf cell membrane integrity, and osmotic adjustment capability via enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and accumulating more osmotic regulators. Furthermore, salt-tolerant cultivars had stronger capability to restrict root Na + uptake through reducing AsAKT1 and AsHKT2;1 expression, exclude more Na+ from root through increasing AsSOS1 expression, compartmentalize more Na + into root vacuoles through increasing AsNHX1 and AsVATP-P1 expression, and absorb more K+ through increasing AsKUP1 expression, compared with salt-sensitive cultivars. The evaluation procedure developed in this work can be applied for screening cereal crop cultivars with higher salt tolerance, and the elucidated mechanism of oat adaptation to salinity lays a foundation for identifying more functional genes related to salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering, Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering, Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Nan
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering, Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Mei Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, PR China; School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering, Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Ali A, Raddatz N, Pardo JM, Yun D. HKT sodium and potassium transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana and related halophyte species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:546-558. [PMID: 32652584 PMCID: PMC8048799 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High salinity induces osmotic stress and often leads to sodium ion-specific toxicity, with inhibitory effects on physiological, biochemical and developmental pathways. To cope with increased Na+ in soil water, plants restrict influx, compartmentalize ions into vacuoles, export excess Na+ from the cell, and distribute ions between the aerial and root organs. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how high-affinity K+ transporters (HKT) contribute to salinity tolerance, focusing on HKT1-like family members primarily involved in long-distance transport, and in the recent research in the model plant Arabidopsis and its halophytic counterparts of the Eutrema genus. Functional characterization of the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway and HKT1-type transporters in these species indicate that they utilize similar approaches to deal with salinity, regardless of their tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Ali
- Institute of Glocal Disease ControlKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science & EngineeringKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
| | - Natalia Raddatz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, CSIC‐Universidad de SevillaAmerico Vespucio 49, Sevilla41092Spain
| | - Jose M. Pardo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, CSIC‐Universidad de SevillaAmerico Vespucio 49, Sevilla41092Spain
| | - Dae‐Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science & EngineeringKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
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11
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Tounsi S, Saïdi MN, Abdelhedi R, Feki K, Bahloul N, Alcon C, Masmoudi K, Brini F. Functional analysis of TmHKT1;4-A2 promoter through deletion analysis provides new insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying abiotic stress adaptation. PLANTA 2021; 253:18. [PMID: 33392811 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioinformatic, molecular, and biochemical analysis were performed to get more insight into the regulatory mechanism by which TmHKT1;4-A2 is regulated. HKT transporters from different plant species have been shown to play important role in plant response to salt. In previous work, TmHKT1;4-A2 gene from Triticum monococcum has been characterized as a major gene for Nax1 QTL (Tounsi et al. Plant Cell Physiol 57:2047-2057, 2016). So far, little is known about its regulatory mechanism. In this study, the promoter region of TmHKT1;4-A2 (1400 bp) was isolated and considered as the full-length promoter (PA2-1400). In silico analysis revealed the presence of important cis-acting elements related to abiotic stresses and phytohormones. Interestingly, our real-time RT-PCR analysis provided evidence that TmHKT1;4-A2 is regulated not only by salt stress but also by osmotic, heavy metal, oxidative, and hormones stresses. In transgenic Arabidopsis plants, TmHKT1;4-A2 is strongly active in vascular tissues of roots and leaves. Through 5'-end deletion analysis, we showed that PA2-1400 promoter is able to drive strong GUS activity under normal conditions and in response to different stresses compared to PA2-824 and PA2-366 promoters. These findings provide new information on the regulatory mechanism of TmHKT1;4-A2 and shed more light on its role under different stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Tounsi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS)/University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Najib Saïdi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS)/University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rania Abdelhedi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route Sidi Mansour, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kaouthar Feki
- Laboratory of Legumes, Centre of Biotechnology Bordj Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam Lif, Tunisia
| | - Noura Bahloul
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS)/University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Carine Alcon
- Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire Des Plantes, PHIV Platform, UMR 5004 CNRS/386, INRA/Supagro Montpellier/Université Montpellier 2, Campus Supagro-INRA, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Khaled Masmoudi
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS)/University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Isayenkov S, Hilo A, Rizzo P, Tandron Moya YA, Rolletschek H, Borisjuk L, Radchuk V. Adaptation Strategies of Halophytic Barley Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum to High Salinity and Osmotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239019. [PMID: 33260985 PMCID: PMC7730945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptation strategies of halophytic seaside barley Hordeum marinum to high salinity and osmotic stress were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, as well as ionomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic approaches. When compared with cultivated barley, seaside barley exhibited a better plant growth rate, higher relative plant water content, lower osmotic pressure, and sustained photosynthetic activity under high salinity, but not under osmotic stress. As seaside barley is capable of controlling Na+ and Cl− concentrations in leaves at high salinity, the roots appear to play the central role in salinity adaptation, ensured by the development of thinner and likely lignified roots, as well as fine-tuning of membrane transport for effective management of restriction of ion entry and sequestration, accumulation of osmolytes, and minimization of energy costs. By contrast, more resources and energy are required to overcome the consequences of osmotic stress, particularly the severity of reactive oxygen species production and nutritional disbalance which affect plant growth. Our results have identified specific mechanisms for adaptation to salinity in seaside barley which differ from those activated in response to osmotic stress. Increased knowledge around salt tolerance in halophytic wild relatives will provide a basis for improved breeding of salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Isayenkov
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics NAS of Ukraine, Osipovskogo Street, 2a, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (V.R.)
| | - Alexander Hilo
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Paride Rizzo
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Yudelsy Antonia Tandron Moya
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (V.R.)
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Boulc'h PN, Caullireau E, Faucher E, Gouerou M, Guérin A, Miray R, Couée I. Abiotic stress signalling in extremophile land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5771-5785. [PMID: 32687568 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant life relies on complex arrays of environmental stress sensing and signalling mechanisms. Extremophile plants develop and grow in harsh environments with extremes of cold, heat, drought, desiccation, or salinity, which have resulted in original adaptations. In accordance with their polyphyletic origins, extremophile plants likely possess core mechanisms of plant abiotic stress signalling. However, novel properties or regulations may have emerged in the context of extremophile adaptations. Comparative omics of extremophile genetic models, such as Arabidopsis lyrata, Craterostigma plantagineum, Eutrema salsugineum, and Physcomitrella patens, reveal diverse strategies of sensing and signalling that lead to a general improvement in abiotic stress responses. Current research points to putative differences of sensing and emphasizes significant modifications of regulatory mechanisms, at the level of secondary messengers (Ca2+, phospholipids, reactive oxygen species), signal transduction (intracellular sensors, protein kinases, transcription factors, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis) or signalling crosstalk. Involvement of hormone signalling, especially ABA signalling, cell homeostasis surveillance, and epigenetic mechanisms, also shows that large-scale gene regulation, whole-plant integration, and probably stress memory are important features of adaptation to extreme conditions. This evolutionary and functional plasticity of signalling systems in extremophile plants may have important implications for plant biotechnology, crop improvement, and ecological risk assessment under conditions of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Nicolas Boulc'h
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Emma Caullireau
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Elvina Faucher
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Maverick Gouerou
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Amandine Guérin
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Romane Miray
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Ivan Couée
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
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Raddatz N, Morales de los Ríos L, Lindahl M, Quintero FJ, Pardo JM. Coordinated Transport of Nitrate, Potassium, and Sodium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:247. [PMID: 32211003 PMCID: PMC7067972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) and nitrogen (N) are essential nutrients, and their absorption and distribution within the plant must be coordinated for optimal growth and development. Potassium is involved in charge balance of inorganic and organic anions and macromolecules, control of membrane electrical potential, pH homeostasis and the regulation of cell osmotic pressure, whereas nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Nitrate (NO3 -) is often the primary nitrogen source, but it also serves as a signaling molecule to the plant. Nitrate regulates root architecture, stimulates shoot growth, delays flowering, regulates abscisic acid-independent stomata opening, and relieves seed dormancy. Plants can sense K+/NO3 - levels in soils and adjust accordingly the uptake and root-to-shoot transport to balance the distribution of these ions between organs. On the other hand, in small amounts sodium (Na+) is categorized as a "beneficial element" for plants, mainly as a "cheap" osmolyte. However, at high concentrations in the soil, Na+ can inhibit various physiological processes impairing plant growth. Hence, plants have developed specific mechanisms to transport, sense, and respond to a variety of Na+ conditions. Sodium is taken up by many K+ transporters, and a large proportion of Na+ ions accumulated in shoots appear to be loaded into the xylem by systems that show nitrate dependence. Thus, an adequate supply of mineral nutrients is paramount to reduce the noxious effects of salts and to sustain crop productivity under salt stress. In this review, we will focus on recent research unraveling the mechanisms that coordinate the K+-NO3 -; Na+-NO3 -, and K+-Na+ transports, and the regulators controlling their uptake and allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José M. Pardo
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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