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Zhang W, Maksym R, Georgii E, Geist B, Schäffner AR. SA and NHP glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 affects plant defense in both SID2- and NPR1-dependent and independent manner. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:149. [PMID: 38780624 PMCID: PMC11116260 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The small-molecule glucosyltransferase loss-of-function mutant ugt76b1 exhibits both SID2- or NPR1-dependent and independent facets of enhanced plant immunity, whereupon FMO1 is required for the SID2 and NPR1 independence. The small-molecule glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 inactivates salicylic acid (SA), isoleucic acid (ILA), and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). ugt76b1 loss-of-function plants manifest an enhanced defense status. Thus, we were interested how UGT76B1 genetically integrates in defense pathways and whether all impacts depend on SA and NHP. We study the integration of UGT76B1 by transcriptome analyses of ugt76b1. The comparison of transcripts altered by the loss of UGT76B1 with public transcriptome data reveals both SA-responsive, ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1/SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (ICS1/SID2)- and NON EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES 1 (NPR1)-dependent, consistent with the role of UGT76B1 in glucosylating SA, and SA-non-responsive, SID2/NPR1-independent genes. We also discovered that UGT76B1 impacts on a group of genes showing non-SA-responsiveness and regulation by infections independent from SID2/NPR1. Enhanced resistance of ugt76b1 against Pseudomonas syringae is partially independent from SID2 and NPR1. In contrast, the ugt76b1-activated resistance is completely dependent on FMO1 encoding the NHP-synthesizing FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1). Moreover, FMO1 ranks top among the ugt76b1-induced SID2- and NPR1-independent pathogen responsive genes, suggesting that FMO1 determines the SID2- and NPR1-independent effect of ugt76b1. Furthermore, the genetic study revealed that FMO1, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), SID2, and NPR1 are required for the SA-JA crosstalk and senescence development of ugt76b1, indicating that EDS1 and FMO1 have a similar effect like stress-induced SA biosynthesis (SID2) or the key SA signaling regulator NPR1. Thus, UGT76B1 influences both SID2/NPR1-dependent and independent plant immunity, and the SID2/NPR1 independence is relying on FMO1 and its product NHP, another substrate of UGT76B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rafał Maksym
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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2
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Spoel SH, Dong X. Salicylic acid in plant immunity and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1451-1464. [PMID: 38163634 PMCID: PMC11062473 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As the most widely used herbal medicine in human history and a major defence hormone in plants against a broad spectrum of pathogens and abiotic stresses, salicylic acid (SA) has attracted major research interest. With applications of modern technologies over the past 30 years, studies of the effects of SA on plant growth, development, and defence have revealed many new research frontiers and continue to deliver surprises. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in our understanding of SA metabolism, perception, and signal transduction mechanisms in plant immunity. An overarching theme emerges that SA executes its many functions through intricate regulation at multiple steps: SA biosynthesis is regulated both locally and systemically, while its perception occurs through multiple cellular targets, including metabolic enzymes, redox regulators, transcription cofactors, and, most recently, an RNA-binding protein. Moreover, SA orchestrates a complex series of post-translational modifications of downstream signaling components and promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates that function as cellular signalling hubs. SA also impacts wider cellular functions through crosstalk with other plant hormones. Looking into the future, we propose new areas for exploration of SA functions, which will undoubtedly uncover more surprises for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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3
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Wang X, Yang J, Hu H, Yuan T, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Li W, Liu J. Genome-Wide Analysis and Identification of UDP Glycosyltransferases Responsive to Chinese Wheat Mosaic Virus Resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2024; 16:489. [PMID: 38675832 PMCID: PMC11054786 DOI: 10.3390/v16040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation, a dynamic modification prevalent in viruses and higher eukaryotes, is principally regulated by uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in plants. Although UGTs are involved in plant defense responses, their responses to most pathogens, especially plant viruses, remain unclear. Here, we aimed to identify UGTs in the whole genome of Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) and to analyze their function in Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection. A total of 147 NbUGTs were identified in N. benthamiana. To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, the UGT protein sequences of N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana were aligned. The gene structure and conserved motifs of the UGTs were also analyzed. Additionally, the physicochemical properties and predictable subcellular localization were examined in detail. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the putative promoter revealed that NbUGTs were involved in temperature, defense, and hormone responses. The expression levels of 20 NbUGTs containing defense-related cis-acting elements were assessed in CWMV-infected N. benthamiana, revealing a significant upregulation of 8 NbUGTs. Subcellular localization analysis of three NbUGTs (NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17) revealed their predominant localization in the cytoplasm of N. benthamiana leaves, and NbUGT12 was also distributed in the chloroplasts. CWMV infection did not alter the subcellular localization of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17. Transient overexpression of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17 enhanced CWMV infection, whereas the knockdown of NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17 inhibited CWMV infection in N. benthamiana. These NbUGTs could serve as potential susceptibility genes to facilitate CWMV infection. Overall, the findings throw light on the evolution and function of NbUGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.W.); (H.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Haichao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.W.); (H.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tangyu Yuan
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 26 Gangcheng West Street, Fushan District, Yantai City 265500, China;
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.W.); (H.H.)
| | - Jiaqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
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4
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Kohli M, Bansal H, Mishra GP, Dikshit HK, Reddappa SB, Roy A, Sinha SK, Shivaprasad K, Kumari N, Kumar A, Kumar RR, Nair RM, Aski M. Genome-wide association studies for earliness, MYMIV resistance, and other associated traits in mungbean ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) using genotyping by sequencing approach. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16653. [PMID: 38288464 PMCID: PMC10823994 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) remains a major constraint in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.)) production; while short-duration genotypes offer multiple crop cycles per year and help in escaping terminal heat stress, especially during summer cultivation. A comprehensive genotyping by sequencing (GBS)-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analysis was conducted using 132 diverse mungbean genotypes for traits like flowering time, YMD resistance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, trichome density, and leaf area. The frequency distribution revealed a wide range of values for all the traits. GBS studies identified 31,953 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) across all 11 mungbean chromosomes and were used for GWAS. Structure analysis revealed the presence of two genetically distinct populations based on ΔK. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) varied throughout the chromosomes and at r2 = 0.2, the mean LD decay was estimated as 39.59 kb. Two statistical models, mixed linear model (MLM) and Bayesian-information and Linkage-disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway (BLINK) identified 44 shared SNPs linked with various candidate genes. Notable candidate genes identified include FPA for flowering time (VRADI10G01470; chr. 10), TIR-NBS-LRR for mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) resistance (VRADI09G06940; chr. 9), E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RIE1 for SPAD value (VRADI07G28100; chr. 11), WRKY family transcription factor for leaf area (VRADI03G06560; chr. 3), and LOB domain-containing protein 21 for trichomes (VRADI06G04290; chr. 6). In-silico validation of candidate genes was done through digital gene expression analysis using Arabidopsis orthologous (compared with Vigna radiata genome). The findings provided valuable insight for marker-assisted breeding aiming for the development of YMD-resistant and early-maturing mungbean varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Kohli
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Hina Bansal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | - Anirban Roy
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Subodh Kumar Sinha
- Biotechnology, National Institute of Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - K.M. Shivaprasad
- Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nikki Kumari
- Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Division of Seed Science and Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ranjeet R. Kumar
- Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Muraleedhar Aski
- Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, Delhi, India
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Zavaliev R, Dong X. NPR1, a key immune regulator for plant survival under biotic and abiotic stresses. Mol Cell 2024; 84:131-141. [PMID: 38103555 PMCID: PMC10929286 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) was discovered in Arabidopsis as an activator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses nearly 30 years ago. How NPR1 confers resistance against a variety of pathogens and stresses has been extensively studied; however, only in recent years have the underlying molecular mechanisms been uncovered, particularly NPR1's role in SA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming, stress protein homeostasis, and cell survival. Structural analyses ultimately defined NPR1 and its paralogs as SA receptors. The SA-bound NPR1 dimer induces transcription by bridging two TGA transcription factor dimers, forming an enhanceosome. Moreover, NPR1 orchestrates its multiple functions through the formation of distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates. Furthermore, NPR1 plays a central role in plant health by regulating the crosstalk between SA and other defense and growth hormones. In this review, we focus on these recent advances and discuss how NPR1 can be utilized to engineer resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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6
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Ling Y, Xiong X, Yang W, Liu B, Shen Y, Xu L, Lu F, Li M, Guo Y, Zhang X. Comparative Analysis of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveals Defense Mechanisms in Melon Cultivars against Pseudoperonospora cubensis Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17552. [PMID: 38139381 PMCID: PMC10743968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) represents an agriculturally significant horticultural crop that is widely grown for its flavorful fruits. Downy mildew (DM), a pervasive foliar disease, poses a significant threat to global melon production. Although several quantitative trait loci related to DM resistance have been identified, the comprehensive genetic underpinnings of this resistance remain largely uncharted. In this study, we utilized integrative transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches to identify potential resistance-associated genes and delineate the strategies involved in the defense against DM in two melon cultivars: the resistant 'PI442177' ('K10-1') and the susceptible 'Huangdanzi' ('K10-9'), post-P. cubensis infection. Even in the absence of the pathogen, there were distinctive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 'K10-1' and 'K10-9'. When P. cubensis was infected, certain genes, including flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), receptor-like protein kinase FERONIA (FER), and the HD-ZIP transcription factor member, AtHB7, displayed pronounced expression differences between the cultivars. Notably, our data suggest that following P. cubensis infection, both cultivars suppressed flavonoid biosynthesis via the down-regulation of associated genes whilst concurrently promoting lignin production. The complex interplay of transcriptomic and metabolic responses elucidated by this study provides foundational insights into melon's defense mechanisms against DM. The robust resilience of 'K10-1' to DM is attributed to the synergistic interaction of its inherent transcriptomic and metabolic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Ling
- Hami-Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.L.); (W.Y.); (B.L.); (Y.S.); (L.X.); (M.L.)
| | - Xianpeng Xiong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China;
| | - Wenli Yang
- Hami-Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.L.); (W.Y.); (B.L.); (Y.S.); (L.X.); (M.L.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Hami-Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.L.); (W.Y.); (B.L.); (Y.S.); (L.X.); (M.L.)
| | - Yue Shen
- Hami-Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.L.); (W.Y.); (B.L.); (Y.S.); (L.X.); (M.L.)
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Lirong Xu
- Hami-Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.L.); (W.Y.); (B.L.); (Y.S.); (L.X.); (M.L.)
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Fuyuan Lu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China;
| | - Meihua Li
- Hami-Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.L.); (W.Y.); (B.L.); (Y.S.); (L.X.); (M.L.)
| | - Yangdong Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Hami-Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.L.); (W.Y.); (B.L.); (Y.S.); (L.X.); (M.L.)
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Hainan Sanya Experimental Center for Crop Breeding, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572019, China
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7
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Alseekh S, Karakas E, Zhu F, Wijesingha Ahchige M, Fernie AR. Plant biochemical genetics in the multiomics era. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4293-4307. [PMID: 37170864 PMCID: PMC10433942 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of plant biology has been revolutionized by modern genetics and biochemistry. However, biochemical genetics can be traced back to the foundation of Mendelian genetics; indeed, one of Mendel's milestone discoveries of seven characteristics of pea plants later came to be ascribed to a mutation in a starch branching enzyme. Here, we review both current and historical strategies for the elucidation of plant metabolic pathways and the genes that encode their component enzymes and regulators. We use this historical review to discuss a range of classical genetic phenomena including epistasis, canalization, and heterosis as viewed through the lens of contemporary high-throughput data obtained via the array of approaches currently adopted in multiomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Esra Karakas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Löwe M, Jürgens K, Zeier T, Hartmann M, Gruner K, Müller S, Yildiz I, Perrar M, Zeier J. N-hydroxypipecolic acid primes plants for enhanced microbial pattern-induced responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1217771. [PMID: 37645466 PMCID: PMC10461098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1217771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial elicitor flagellin induces a battery of immune responses in plants. However, the rates and intensities by which metabolically-related defenses develop upon flagellin-sensing are comparatively moderate. We report here that the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducer N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) primes Arabidopsis thaliana plants for strongly enhanced metabolic and transcriptional responses to treatment by flg22, an elicitor-active peptide fragment of flagellin. While NHP powerfully activated priming of the flg22-induced accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin, biosynthesis of the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), generation of the NHP biosynthetic precursor pipecolic acid (Pip), and accumulation of the stress-inducible lipids γ-tocopherol and stigmasterol, it more modestly primed for the flg22-triggered generation of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids, and expression of FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-KINASE1. The characterization of the biochemical and immune phenotypes of a set of different Arabidopsis single and double mutants impaired in NHP and/or SA biosynthesis indicates that, during earlier phases of the basal immune response of naïve plants to Pseudomonas syringae infection, NHP and SA mutually promote their biosynthesis and additively enhance camalexin formation, while SA prevents extraordinarily high NHP levels in later interaction periods. Moreover, SA and NHP additively contribute to Arabidopsis basal immunity to bacterial and oomycete infection, as well as to the flagellin-induced acquired resistance response that is locally observed in plant tissue exposed to exogenous flg22. Our data reveal mechanistic similarities and differences between the activation modes of flagellin-triggered acquired resistance in local tissue and the SAR state that is systemically induced in plants upon pathogen attack. They also corroborate that the NHP precursor Pip has no independent immune-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Löwe
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Jürgens
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruner
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sylvia Müller
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mona Perrar
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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9
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Wang P, Liang X, Fang H, Wang J, Liu X, Li Y, Shi K. Transcriptomic and genetic approaches reveal that the pipecolate biosynthesis pathway simultaneously regulates tomato fruit ripening and quality. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107920. [PMID: 37527607 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pipecolic acid (Pip) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) have been found to accumulate during the ripening of multiple types of fruits; however, the function and mechanism of pipecolate pathway in fruits remain unclear. Here study was conducted on fruits produced by the model plant tomato, wherein the NHP biosynthesis-related genes, Slald1 and Slfmo1, were mutated. The results showed that the fruits of both the Slald1 and the Slfmo1 mutants exhibited a delayed onset of ripening, decreased fruit size, nutrition and flavor. Exogenous treatment with Pip and NHP promoted fruit ripening and improved fruit quality. Transcriptomic analysis combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the genes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids, carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction were affected by SlFMO1 gene mutation. Transcription factor prediction analysis revealed that the NAC and AP2/ERF-ERF family members are notably involved in the regulation pathway. Overall, our results suggest that the pipecolate biosynthesis pathway is involved in the simultaneous regulation of fruit ripening and quality and indicate that a regulatory mechanism at the transcriptional level exists. However, possible roles of endogenously synthesized Pip and NHP in these processes remain to be determined. The biosynthesis pathway genes SlALD1 and SlFMO1 may be potential breeding targets for promoting fruit ripening and improving fruit quality with concomitant yield increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, 572025, China; Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanmo Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, 572025, China; Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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Cao L, Yoo H, Chen T, Mwimba M, Zhang X, Dong X. H 2O 2 sulfenylates CHE linking local infection to establishment of systemic acquired resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.27.550865. [PMID: 37546937 PMCID: PMC10402168 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.550865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, a local infection can lead to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) through increased production of salicylic acid (SA). For 30 years, the identity of the mobile signal and its direct transduction mechanism for systemic SA synthesis in initiating SAR have been hotly debated. We found that, upon pathogen challenge, the cysteine residue of transcription factor CHE undergoes sulfenylation in systemic tissues, enhancing its binding to the promoter of SA-synthesis gene, ICS1, and increasing SA production. This occurs independently of previously reported pipecolic acid (Pip) signal. Instead, H2O2 produced by NADPH oxidase, RBOHD, is the mobile signal that sulfenylates CHE in a concentration-dependent manner. This modification serves as a molecular switch that activates CHE-mediated SA-increase and subsequent Pip-accumulation in systemic tissues to synergistically induce SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Cao
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Heejin Yoo
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tianyuan Chen
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Musoki Mwimba
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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11
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Yildiz I, Gross M, Moser D, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Zeier J. N-hydroxypipecolic acid induces systemic acquired resistance and transcriptional reprogramming via TGA transcription factors. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1900-1920. [PMID: 36790086 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) accumulates in pathogen-inoculated and distant leaves of the Arabidopsis shoot and induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in dependence of the salicylic acid (SA) receptor NPR1. We report here that SAR triggered by exogenous NHP treatment requires the function of the transcription factors TGA2/5/6 in addition to NPR1, and is further positively affected by TGA1/4. Consistently, a tga2/5/6 triple knockout mutant is fully impaired in NHP-induced SAR gene expression, while a tga1/4 double mutant shows an attenuated, partial transcriptional response to NHP. Moreover, tga2/5/6 and tga1/4 exhibited fully and strongly impaired pathogen-triggered SAR, respectively, while SA-induced resistance was more moderately compromised in both lines. At the same time, tga2/5/6 was not and tga1/4 only partially impaired in the accumulation of NHP and SA at sites of bacterial attack. Strikingly, SAR gene expression in the systemic tissue induced by local bacterial inoculation or locally applied NHP fully required functional TGA2/5/6 and largely depended on TGA1/4 factors. The systemic accumulation of NHP and SA was attenuated but not abolished in the SAR-compromised and transcriptionally blocked tga mutants, suggesting their transport from inoculated to systemic tissue. Our results indicate the existence of a critical TGA- and NPR1-dependent transcriptional module that mediates the induction of SAR and systemic defence gene expression by NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Yildiz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marlene Gross
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denise Moser
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Bauer K, Nayem S, Lehmann M, Wenig M, Shu LJ, Ranf S, Geigenberger P, Vlot AC. β-D-XYLOSIDASE 4 modulates systemic immune signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1096800. [PMID: 36816482 PMCID: PMC9931724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1096800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin- and hemicellulose-associated structures of plant cell walls participate in defense responses against pathogens of different parasitic lifestyles. The resulting immune responses incorporate phytohormone signaling components associated with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). SA plays a pivotal role in systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a form of induced resistance that - after a local immune stimulus - confers long-lasting, systemic protection against a broad range of biotrophic invaders. β-D-XYLOSIDASE 4 (BXL4) protein accumulation is enhanced in the apoplast of plants undergoing SAR. Here, two independent Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of BXL4 displayed compromised systemic defenses, while local resistance responses to Pseudomonas syringae remained largely intact. Because both phloem-mediated and airborne systemic signaling were abrogated in the mutants, the data suggest that BXL4 is a central component in SAR signaling mechanisms. Exogenous xylose, a possible product of BXL4 enzymatic activity in plant cell walls, enhanced systemic defenses. However, GC-MS analysis of SAR-activated plants revealed BXL4-associated changes in the accumulation of certain amino acids and soluble sugars, but not xylose. In contrast, the data suggest a possible role of pectin-associated fucose as well as of the polyamine putrescine as regulatory components of SAR. This is the first evidence of a central role of cell wall metabolic changes in systemic immunity. Additionally, the data reveal a so far unrecognized complexity in the regulation of SAR, which might allow the design of (crop) plant protection measures including SAR-associated cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Bauer
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Shahran Nayem
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lin-Jie Shu
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A. Corina Vlot
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition, and Health, Chair of Crop Plant Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Kulmbach, Germany
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13
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Lim GH. Regulation of Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxy-Pipecolic Acid in Systemic Acquired Resistance. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:21-27. [PMID: 36760046 PMCID: PMC9929166 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.10.2022.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a central immune signal that is involved in both local and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In addition to SA, several other chemical signals are also involved in SAR and these include N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP), a newly discovered plant metabolite that plays a crucial role in SAR. Recent discoveries have led to a better understanding of the biosynthesis of SA and NHP and their signaling during plant defense responses. Here, I review the recent progress in role of SA and NHP in SAR. In addition, I discuss how these signals cooperate with other SAR-inducing chemicals to regulate SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
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14
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Mohnike L, Huang W, Worbs B, Feussner K, Zhang Y, Feussner I. N-Hydroxy pipecolic acid methyl ester is involved in Arabidopsis immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:458-471. [PMID: 36260503 PMCID: PMC9786843 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of N-hydroxy pipecolic acid (NHP) has been intensively studied, though knowledge on its metabolic turnover is still scarce. To close this gap, we discovered three novel metabolites via metabolite fingerprinting in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after Pseudomonas infection and UV-C treatment. Exact mass information and fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) suggest a methylated derivative of NHP (MeNHP), an NHP-OGlc-hexosyl conjugate (NHP-OGlc-Hex), and an additional NHP-OGlc-derivative. All three compounds were formed in wild-type leaves but were not present in the NHP-deficient mutant fmo1-1. The identification of these novel NHP-based molecules was possible by a dual-infiltration experiment using a mixture of authentic NHP and D9-NHP standards for leaf infiltration followed by UV-C treatment. Interestingly, the signal intensity of MeNHP and other NHP-derived metabolites increased in ugt76b1-1 mutant plants. For MeNHP, we unequivocally determined the site of methylation at the carboxylic acid moiety. MeNHP application by leaf infiltration leads to the detection of a MeNHP-OGlc as well as NHP, suggesting MeNHP hydrolysis to NHP. This is in line with the observation that MeNHP infiltration is able to rescue the fmo1-1 susceptible phenotype against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco 2. Together, these data suggest MeNHP as an additional storage or transport form of NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Mohnike
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Weijie Huang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver (BC), Canada
| | - Brigitte Worbs
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver (BC), Canada
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15
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Li W, He J, Wang X, Ashline M, Wu Z, Liu F, Fu ZQ, Chang M. PBS3: a versatile player in and beyond salicylic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:414-422. [PMID: 36263689 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AVRPPHB SUSCEPTIBLE 3 (PBS3) belongs to the GH3 family of acyl acid amido synthetases, which conjugates amino acids to diverse acyl acid substrates. Recent studies demonstrate that PBS3 in Arabidopsis plays a key role in the biosynthesis of plant defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) by catalyzing the conjugation of glutamate to isochorismate to form isochorismate-9-glutamate, which is then used to produce SA through spontaneous decay or ENHANCED PSEUDOMONAS SUSCEPTIBILITY (EPS1) catalysis. Consistent with its function as an essential enzyme for SA biosynthesis, PBS3 is well known to be a positive regulator of plant immunity in Arabidopsis. Additionally, PBS3 is also involved in the trade-off between abiotic and biotic stress responses in Arabidopsis by suppressing the inhibitory effect of abscisic acid on SA-mediated plant immunity. Besides stress responses, PBS3 also plays a role in plant development. Under long-day conditions, PBS3 influences Arabidopsis flowering time by regulating the expression of flowering regulators FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Taken together, PBS3 functions in the signaling network of plant development and responses to biotic and/or abiotic stresses, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its diverse roles remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jinyu He
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiuzhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Matthew Ashline
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Zirui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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16
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Jaiswal DK, Gawande SJ, Soumia PS, Krishna R, Vaishnav A, Ade AB. Biocontrol strategies: an eco-smart tool for integrated pest and diseases management. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:324. [PMID: 36581846 PMCID: PMC9801620 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For the burgeoning global population, sustainable agriculture practices are crucial for accomplishing the zero-hunger goal. The agriculture sector is very concerned about the rise in insecticide resistance and the Modern Environmental Health Hazards (MEHHs) that are problems for public health due to on pesticide exposure and residues. Currently, farming practices are being developed based on microbial bio-stimulants, which have fewer negative effects and are more efficient than synthetic agro-chemicals. In this context, one of the most important approaches in sustainable agriculture is the use of biocontrol microbes that can suppress phytopathogens and insects. Simultaneously, it is critical to comprehend the role of these microbes in promoting growth and disease control, and their application as biofertilizers and biopesticides, the success of which in the field is currently inconsistent. Therefore, editorial is part of a special issue titled "Biocontrol Strategies: An Eco-smart Tool for Integrated Pest and Disease Management" which focuses on biocontrol approaches that can suppress the biotic stresses, alter plant defense mechanisms, and offer new eco-smart ways for controlling plant pathogens and insect pests under sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal
- grid.32056.320000 0001 2190 9326Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra India
| | | | - P. S. Soumia
- grid.464810.fICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune India
| | - Ram Krishna
- grid.459616.90000 0004 1776 4760ICAR- Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Anukool Vaishnav
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650University of Zurich, Reckenholzstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Avinash Bapurao Ade
- grid.32056.320000 0001 2190 9326Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra India
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17
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Luo F, Tang G, Hong S, Gong T, Xin XF, Wang C. Promotion of Arabidopsis immune responses by a rhizosphere fungus via supply of pipecolic acid to plants and selective augment of phytoalexins. SCIENCE CHINA LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 66:1119-1133. [PMID: 36449213 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The ascomycete insect pathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium species have been demonstrated with the abilities to form the rhizosphere or endophytic relationships with different plants for nutrient exchanges. In this study, after the evident infeasibility of bacterial disease development in the boxed sterile soils, we established a hydroponic system for the gnotobiotic growth of Arabidopsis thaliana with the wild-type and transgenic strain of Metarhizium robertsii. The transgenic fungus could produce a high amount of pipecolic acid (PIP), a pivotal plant-immune-stimulating metabolite. Fungal inoculation experiments showed that M. robertsii could form a non-selective rhizosphere relationship with Arabidopsis. Similar to the PIP uptake by plants after exogenous application, PIP level increased in Col-0 and could be detected in the PIP-non-producing Arabidopsis mutant (ald1) after fungal inoculations, indicating that plants can absorb the PIP produced by fungi. The transgenic fungal strain had a better efficacy than the wild type to defend plants against the bacterial pathogen and aphid attacks. Contrary to ald1, fmo1 plants could not be boosted to resist bacterial infection after treatments. After fungal inoculations, the phytoalexins camalexin and aliphatic glucosinolate were selectively increased in Arabidopsis via both PIP-dependent and -independent ways. This study unveils the potential mechanism of the fungus-mediated beneficial promotion of plant immunity against biological stresses. The data also highlight the added values of M. robertsii to plants beyond the direct suppression of insect pest populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guirong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Song Hong
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianyu Gong
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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18
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Al-Rooqi MM, Ullah Mughal E, Raja QA, Obaid RJ, Sadiq A, Naeem N, Qurban J, Asghar BH, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Recent advancements on the synthesis and biological significance of pipecolic acid and its derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Cai J, Aharoni A. Amino acids and their derivatives mediating defense priming and growth tradeoff. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102288. [PMID: 35987012 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant response to pathogens attacks generally comes at the expense of growth. Defense priming is widely accepted as an efficient strategy used for augmenting resistance with reduced fitness in terms of growth and yield. Plant-derived small molecules, both primary as well as secondary metabolites, can function as activators to prime plant defense. Amino acids and their derivatives regulate numerous aspects of plant growth and development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in understanding the roles of amino acids and related molecules in defense priming and their link with plant growth. We also highlight some of the outstanding questions and provide an outlook on the prospects of 'engineering' the tradeoff between defense and growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Cai
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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20
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Zhou H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Nadeem H, Tang C. Flagellin C decreases the expression of the Gossypium hirsutum cation/proton exchanger 3 gene to promote calcium ion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide and synergistically regulate the resistance of cotton to Verticillium wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:969506. [PMID: 36212377 PMCID: PMC9532700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.969506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, no ideal effective method for controlling Verticillium wilt in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) has been defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects and mechanism through which flagellin C (FLiC) regulates the Gossypium hirsutum cation/proton exchanger 3 gene (GhCAX3), induces plant immunity, and increases resistance to Verticillium wilt. The FLiC gene was cloned from an endophytic bacterium (Pseudomonas) isolated from roots of the upland cotton cultivar Zhongmiansuo 41. The biocontrol effects of FLiC purified in vitro on resistant and susceptible upland cotton cultivars were 47.50 and 32.42%, respectively. FLiC induced a hypersensitive response (HR) in leaves of tobacco and immune responses in upland cotton. Transcriptome data showed that treatment with FLiC significantly enriched the calcium antiporter activity-associated disease-resistant metabolic pathway in seedlings. Moreover, FLiC downregulated GhCAX3 expression to increase intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) content and stimulate increases in the intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) contents. The coordinated regulation of Ca2+, H2O2, and NO enhanced cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing FLiC showed significantly improved resistance to Verticillium wilt. FLiC may be used as a resistance gene and a regulator to improve resistance to Verticillium dahliae (VD) in upland cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yijing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hasan Nadeem
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Canming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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21
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Stroud EA, Jayaraman J, Templeton MD, Rikkerink EHA. Comparison of the pathway structures influencing the temporal response of salicylate and jasmonate defence hormones in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952301. [PMID: 36160984 PMCID: PMC9504473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Defence phytohormone pathways evolved to recognize and counter multiple stressors within the environment. Salicylic acid responsive pathways regulate the defence response to biotrophic pathogens whilst responses to necrotrophic pathogens, herbivory, and wounding are regulated via jasmonic acid pathways. Despite their contrasting roles in planta, the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid defence networks share a common architecture, progressing from stages of biosynthesis, to modification, regulation, and response. The unique structure, components, and regulation of each stage of the defence networks likely contributes, in part, to the speed, establishment, and longevity of the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in response to hormone treatment and various biotic stressors. Recent advancements in the understanding of the Arabidopsis thaliana salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways are reviewed here, with a focus on how the structure of the pathways may be influencing the temporal regulation of the defence responses, and how biotic stressors and the many roles of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in planta may have shaped the evolution of the signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Stroud
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Erik H. A. Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Systemic acquired resistance-associated transport and metabolic regulation of salicylic acid and glycerol-3-phosphate. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:673-681. [PMID: 35920211 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a type of long-distance immunity in plants, provides long-lasting resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens. SAR is thought to involve the rapid generation and systemic transport of a mobile signal that prepares systemic parts of the plant to better resist future infections. Exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying SAR have identified multiple mobile regulators of SAR in the last few decades. Examination of the relationship among several of these seemingly unrelated molecules depicts a forked pathway comprising at least two branches of equal importance to SAR. One branch is regulated by the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA), and the other culminates (based on current knowledge) with the phosphorylated sugar derivative, glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). This review summarizes the activities that contribute to pathogen-responsive generation of SA and G3P and the components that regulate their systemic transport during SAR.
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23
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Moormann J, Heinemann B, Hildebrandt TM. News about amino acid metabolism in plant-microbe interactions. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:839-850. [PMID: 35927139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly come into contact with a diverse mix of pathogenic and beneficial microbes. The ability to distinguish between them and to respond appropriately is essential for plant health. Here we review recent progress in understanding the role of amino acid sensing, signaling, transport, and metabolism during plant-microbe interactions. Biochemical pathways converting individual amino acids into active compounds have recently been elucidated, and comprehensive large-scale approaches have brought amino acid sensors and transporters into focus. These findings show that plant central amino acid metabolism is closely interwoven with stress signaling and defense responses at various levels. The individual biochemical mechanisms and the interconnections between the different processes are just beginning to emerge and might serve as a foundation for new plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Moormann
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Department of Plant Proteomics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Heinemann
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Department of Plant Proteomics, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tatjana M Hildebrandt
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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24
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New molecules in plant defence against pathogens. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:683-693. [PMID: 35642866 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants host a multipart immune signalling network to ward off pathogens. Pathogen attack upon plant tissues can often lead to an amplified state of (induced) defence against subsequent infections in distal tissues; this is known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The interaction of plants with beneficial microbes of the rhizosphere microbiome can also lead to an induced resistance in above-ground plant tissues, known as induced systemic resistance. Second messengers such as calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) are necessary for cell-to-cell signal propagation during SAR and show emergent roles in the mediation of other SAR metabolites. These include the lysine-derived signals pipecolic acid (Pip) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), which are key signalling metabolites in SAR. Emerging evidence additionally pinpoints plant volatiles as modulators of defence signalling within and between plants. Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as monoterpenes can promote SAR by functioning through ROS. Furthermore, plant-derived and additionally also microbial VOCs can target both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling pathways in plants and modulate defence against pathogens. In this review, an overview of recent findings in induced defence signalling, with a particular focus on newer signalling molecules and how they integrate into these networks is discussed.
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Shields A, Shivnauth V, Castroverde CDM. Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid at the Fulcrum of the Plant Immunity-Growth Equilibrium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:841688. [PMID: 35360332 PMCID: PMC8960316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) are two central plant immune signals involved in both resistance at local sites of pathogen infection (basal resistance) and at distal uninfected sites after primary infection (systemic acquired resistance). Major discoveries and advances have led to deeper understanding of their biosynthesis and signaling during plant defense responses. In addition to their well-defined roles in immunity, recent research is emerging on their direct mechanistic impacts on plant growth and development. In this review, we will first provide an overview of how SA and NHP regulate local and systemic immune responses in plants. We will emphasize how these two signals are mutually potentiated and are convergent on multiple aspects-from biosynthesis to homeostasis, and from signaling to gene expression and phenotypic responses. We will then highlight how SA and NHP are emerging to be crucial regulators of the growth-defense balance, showcasing recent multi-faceted studies on their metabolism, receptor signaling and direct growth/development-related host targets. Overall, this article reflects current advances and provides future outlooks on SA/NHP biology and their functional significance as central signals for plant immunity and growth. Because global climate change will increasingly influence plant health and resilience, it is paramount to fundamentally understand how these two tightly linked plant signals are at the nexus of the growth-defense balance.
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Accumulation of Salicylic Acid and Related Metabolites in Selaginella moellendorffii. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030461. [PMID: 35161442 PMCID: PMC8839085 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays manifold roles in plant growth, defense, and other aspects of plant physiology. The concentration of free SA in plants is fine-tuned by a variety of structural modifications. SA is produced by all land plants, yet it is not known whether its metabolism is conserved in all lineages. Selaginella moellendorffii is a lycophyte and thus a representative of an ancient clade of vascular plants. Here, we evaluated the accumulation of SA and related metabolites in aerial parts of S. moellendorffii. We found that SA is primarily stored as the 2-O-β-glucoside. Hydroxylated derivatives of SA are also produced by S. moellendorffii and stored as β-glycosides. A candidate signal for SA aspartate was also detected. Phenylpropanoic acids also occur in S. moellendorffii tissue. Only o-coumaric acid is stored as the β-glycoside, while caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids accumulate as alkali-labile conjugates. An in silico search for enzymes involved in conjugation and catabolism of SA in the S. moellendorffii genome indicated that experimental characterization is necessary to clarify the physiological functions of the putative orthologs. This study sheds light on SA metabolism in an ancestral plant species and suggests directions towards elucidating the underlying mechanisms.
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Martins ACQ, Mota APZ, Carvalho PASV, Passos MAS, Gimenes MA, Guimaraes PM, Brasileiro ACM. Transcriptome Responses of Wild Arachis to UV-C Exposure Reveal Genes Involved in General Plant Defense and Priming. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030408. [PMID: 35161389 PMCID: PMC8838480 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress priming is an important strategy for enhancing plant defense capacity to deal with environmental challenges and involves reprogrammed transcriptional responses. Although ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is a widely adopted approach to elicit stress memory and tolerance in plants, the molecular mechanisms underlying UV-mediated plant priming tolerance are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the changes in the global transcriptome profile of wild Arachis stenosperma leaves in response to UV-C exposure. A total of 5751 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, with the majority associated with cell signaling, protein dynamics, hormonal and transcriptional regulation, and secondary metabolic pathways. The expression profiles of DEGs known as indicators of priming state, such as transcription factors, transcriptional regulators and protein kinases, were further characterized. A meta-analysis, followed by qRT-PCR validation, identified 18 metaDEGs as being commonly regulated in response to UV and other primary stresses. These genes are involved in secondary metabolism, basal immunity, cell wall structure and integrity, and may constitute important players in the general defense processes and establishment of a priming state in A. stenosperma. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of transcriptional dynamics involved in wild Arachis adaptation to stressful conditions of their natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Cunha Quintana Martins
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil; (A.C.Q.M.); (A.P.Z.M.); (P.A.S.V.C.); (M.A.S.P.); (M.A.G.); (P.M.G.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology—INCT PlantStress Biotech—EMBRAPA, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Zotta Mota
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil; (A.C.Q.M.); (A.P.Z.M.); (P.A.S.V.C.); (M.A.S.P.); (M.A.G.); (P.M.G.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology—INCT PlantStress Biotech—EMBRAPA, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Paula Andrea Sampaio Vasconcelos Carvalho
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil; (A.C.Q.M.); (A.P.Z.M.); (P.A.S.V.C.); (M.A.S.P.); (M.A.G.); (P.M.G.)
- Instituto de Biociências, Department de Genética, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 70770-917, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Alfredo Saraiva Passos
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil; (A.C.Q.M.); (A.P.Z.M.); (P.A.S.V.C.); (M.A.S.P.); (M.A.G.); (P.M.G.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology—INCT PlantStress Biotech—EMBRAPA, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcos Aparecido Gimenes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil; (A.C.Q.M.); (A.P.Z.M.); (P.A.S.V.C.); (M.A.S.P.); (M.A.G.); (P.M.G.)
| | - Patricia Messenberg Guimaraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil; (A.C.Q.M.); (A.P.Z.M.); (P.A.S.V.C.); (M.A.S.P.); (M.A.G.); (P.M.G.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology—INCT PlantStress Biotech—EMBRAPA, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Miranda Brasileiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil; (A.C.Q.M.); (A.P.Z.M.); (P.A.S.V.C.); (M.A.S.P.); (M.A.G.); (P.M.G.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology—INCT PlantStress Biotech—EMBRAPA, Brasília 70770-917, DF, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Kaur S, Samota MK, Choudhary M, Choudhary M, Pandey AK, Sharma A, Thakur J. How do plants defend themselves against pathogens-Biochemical mechanisms and genetic interventions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:485-504. [PMID: 35400890 PMCID: PMC8943088 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In agro-ecosystem, plant pathogens hamper food quality, crop yield, and global food security. Manipulation of naturally occurring defense mechanisms in host plants is an effective and sustainable approach for plant disease management. Various natural compounds, ranging from cell wall components to metabolic enzymes have been reported to protect plants from infection by pathogens and hence provide specific resistance to hosts against pathogens, termed as induced resistance. It involves various biochemical components, that play an important role in molecular and cellular signaling events occurring either before (elicitation) or after pathogen infection. The induction of reactive oxygen species, activation of defensive machinery of plants comprising of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative components, secondary metabolites, pathogenesis-related protein expression (e.g. chitinases and glucanases), phytoalexin production, modification in cell wall composition, melatonin production, carotenoids accumulation, and altered activity of polyamines are major induced changes in host plants during pathogen infection. Hence, the altered concentration of biochemical components in host plants restricts disease development. Such biochemical or metabolic markers can be harnessed for the development of "pathogen-proof" plants. Effective utilization of the key metabolites-based metabolic markers can pave the path for candidate gene identification. This present review discusses the valuable information for understanding the biochemical response mechanism of plants to cope with pathogens and genomics-metabolomics-based sustainable development of pathogen proof cultivars along with knowledge gaps and future perspectives to enhance sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simardeep Kaur
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manoj Choudhary
- ICAR-National Research Center for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, India
| | - Abhay K. Pandey
- Department of Mycology and Microbiology, Tea Research Association-North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata, West Bengal 735225 India
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Department of FST, Dr. YS Parmar UHF Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Julie Thakur
- Department of Botany, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Luo F, Yu Z, Zhou Q, Huang A. Multi-Omics-Based Discovery of Plant Signaling Molecules. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010076. [PMID: 35050197 PMCID: PMC8777911 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce numerous structurally and functionally diverse signaling metabolites, yet only relatively small fractions of which have been discovered. Multi-omics has greatly expedited the discovery as evidenced by increasing recent works reporting new plant signaling molecules and relevant functions via integrated multi-omics techniques. The effective application of multi-omics tools is the key to uncovering unknown plant signaling molecules. This review covers the features of multi-omics in the context of plant signaling metabolite discovery, highlighting how multi-omics addresses relevant aspects of the challenges as follows: (a) unknown functions of known metabolites; (b) unknown metabolites with known functions; (c) unknown metabolites and unknown functions. Based on the problem-oriented overview of the theoretical and application aspects of multi-omics, current limitations and future development of multi-omics in discovering plant signaling metabolites are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qian Zhou
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (A.H.); Tel.: +86-755-8801-8496 (Q.Z. & A.H.)
| | - Ancheng Huang
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (A.H.); Tel.: +86-755-8801-8496 (Q.Z. & A.H.)
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Inductive Production of the Iron-Chelating 2-Pyridones Benefits the Producing Fungus To Compete for Diverse Niches. mBio 2021; 12:e0327921. [PMID: 34903054 PMCID: PMC8669486 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03279-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse 2-pyridone alkaloids have been identified with an array of biological and pharmaceutical activities, including the development of drugs. However, the biosynthetic regulation and chemical ecology of 2-pyridones remain largely elusive. Here, we report the inductive activation of the silent polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) (tenS) gene cluster for the biosynthesis of the tenellin-type 2-pyridones in the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana when cocultured with its natural competitor fungus Metarhizium robertsii. A pathway-specific transcription factor, tenR, was identified, and the overexpression of tenR well expanded the biosynthetic mechanism of 15-hydroxytenellin (15-HT) and its derivatives. In particular, a tandemly linked glycosyltransferase-methyltransferase gene pair located outside the tenS gene cluster was verified to mediate the rare and site-specific methylglucosylation of 15-HT at its N-OH residue. It was evident that both tenellin and 15-HT can chelate iron, which could benefit B. bassiana to outcompete M. robertsii in cocultures and to adapt to iron-replete and -depleted conditions. Relative to the wild-type strain, the deletion of tenS had no obvious negative effect on fungal virulence, but the overexpression of tenR could substantially increase fungal pathogenicity toward insect hosts. The results of this study well advance the understanding of the biosynthetic machinery and chemical ecology of 2-pyridones.
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Identification of Susceptibility Genes for Fusarium oxysporum in Cucumber via Comparative Proteomic Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111781. [PMID: 34828387 PMCID: PMC8623666 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt (FW) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Foc), poses a major threat to cucumber growth and productivity. However, lack of available natural resistance resources for FW restricts the breeding of resistant cultivars via conventional approaches. Susceptibility (S) genes in susceptible host plants facilitate infection by the pathogen and contribute to susceptibility. Loss of function of these S genes might provide broad-spectrum and durable disease resistance. Here, we screened S genes via comparative proteomic analysis between cucumber cultivars Rijiecheng and Superina, which exhibited resistance and high -susceptibility to FW, respectively. We identified 210 and 243 differentially regulated proteins (DRPs) in the Rijiecheng and Superina, respectively, and further found that 32 DRPs were predominantly expressed in Superina and significantly up-regulated after Foc inoculation. Expression verification found that TMEM115 (CsaV3_5G025750), encoding a transmembrane protein, TET8 (CsaV3_2G007840), encoding function as a tetraspanin, TPS10 (CsaV3_2G017980) encoding a terpene synthase, and MGT2 (CsaV3_7G006660), encoding a glycosyltransferase, were significantly induced in both cultivars after Foc infection but were induced to a higher expression level in Superina. These candidate genes might act as negative regulators of FW resistance in cucumber and provide effective FW-susceptibility gene resources for improving cucumber FW resistance through breeding programs.
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Allwood JW, Williams A, Uthe H, van Dam NM, Mur LAJ, Grant MR, Pétriacq P. Unravelling Plant Responses to Stress-The Importance of Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics. Metabolites 2021; 11:558. [PMID: 34436499 PMCID: PMC8398504 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and an increasing population, present a massive global challenge with respect to environmentally sustainable nutritious food production. Crop yield enhancements, through breeding, are decreasing, whilst agricultural intensification is constrained by emerging, re-emerging, and endemic pests and pathogens, accounting for ~30% of global crop losses, as well as mounting abiotic stress pressures, due to climate change. Metabolomics approaches have previously contributed to our knowledge within the fields of molecular plant pathology and plant-insect interactions. However, these remain incredibly challenging targets, due to the vast diversity in metabolite volatility and polarity, heterogeneous mixtures of pathogen and plant cells, as well as rapid rates of metabolite turn-over. Unravelling the systematic biochemical responses of plants to various individual and combined stresses, involves monitoring signaling compounds, secondary messengers, phytohormones, and defensive and protective chemicals. This demands both targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches, as well as a range of enzymatic assays, protein assays, and proteomic and transcriptomic technologies. In this review, we focus upon the technical and biological challenges of measuring the metabolome associated with plant stress. We illustrate the challenges, with relevant examples from bacterial and fungal molecular pathologies, plant-insect interactions, and abiotic and combined stress in the environment. We also discuss future prospects from both the perspective of key innovative metabolomic technologies and their deployment in breeding for stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Alex Williams
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Biosciences, The University of Sheffield Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Henriette Uthe
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.U.); (N.M.v.D.)
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.U.); (N.M.v.D.)
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK;
| | - Murray R. Grant
- Gibbet Hill Campus, School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- UMR 1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Centre INRAE de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Zeier J. Metabolic regulation of systemic acquired resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102050. [PMID: 34058598 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants achieve an optimal balance between growth and defense by a fine-tuned biosynthesis and metabolic inactivation of immune-stimulating small molecules. Recent research illustrates that three common hubs are involved in the cooperative regulation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by the defense hormones N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) and salicylic acid (SA). First, a common set of regulatory proteins is involved in their biosynthesis. Second, NHP and SA are glucosylated by the same glycosyltransferase, UGT76B1, and thereby inactivated in concert. And third, NHP confers immunity via the SA receptor NPR1 to reprogram plants at the level of transcription and primes plants for an enhanced defense capacity. An overview of SA and NHP metabolism is provided, and their contribution to long-distance signaling in SAR is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Yildiz I, Mantz M, Hartmann M, Zeier T, Kessel J, Thurow C, Gatz C, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Zeier J. The mobile SAR signal N-hydroxypipecolic acid induces NPR1-dependent transcriptional reprogramming and immune priming. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1679-1705. [PMID: 33871649 PMCID: PMC8260123 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) accumulates in the plant foliage in response to a localized microbial attack and induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in distant leaf tissue. Previous studies indicated that pathogen inoculation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) systemically activates SAR-related transcriptional reprogramming and a primed immune status in strict dependence of FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1), which mediates the endogenous biosynthesis of NHP. Here, we show that elevations of NHP by exogenous treatment are sufficient to induce a SAR-reminiscent transcriptional response that mobilizes key components of immune surveillance and signal transduction. Exogenous NHP primes Arabidopsis wild-type and NHP-deficient fmo1 plants for a boosted induction of pathogen-triggered defenses, such as the biosynthesis of the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin and branched-chain amino acids, as well as expression of defense-related genes. NHP also sensitizes the foliage systemically for enhanced SA-inducible gene expression. NHP-triggered SAR, transcriptional reprogramming, and defense priming are fortified by SA accumulation, and require the function of the transcriptional coregulator NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1 (NPR1). Our results suggest that NPR1 transduces NHP-activated immune signaling modes with predominantly SA-dependent and minor SA-independent features. They further support the notion that NHP functions as a mobile immune regulator capable of moving independently of active SA signaling between leaves to systemically activate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Yildiz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Jana Kessel
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Corinna Thurow
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Medical Faculty, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Medical Faculty, Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
- Author for communication:
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35
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Hõrak H. How to achieve immune balance and harmony: glycosyltransferase UGT76B1 inactivates N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid to suppress defense responses. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:453-454. [PMID: 35234939 PMCID: PMC8136871 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hõrak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
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Bauer S, Mekonnen DW, Hartmann M, Yildiz I, Janowski R, Lange B, Geist B, Zeier J, Schäffner AR. UGT76B1, a promiscuous hub of small molecule-based immune signaling, glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid, and balances plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:714-734. [PMID: 33955482 PMCID: PMC8136890 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucosylation modulates the biological activity of small molecules and frequently leads to their inactivation. The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 is involved in conjugating the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) as well as isoleucic acid (ILA). Here, we show that UGT76B1 also glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), which is synthesized by FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1) and activates systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Upon pathogen attack, Arabidopsis leaves generate two distinct NHP hexose conjugates, NHP-O-β-glucoside and NHP glucose ester, whereupon only NHP-O-β-glucoside formation requires a functional SA pathway. The ugt76b1 mutants specifically fail to generate the NHP-O-β-glucoside, and recombinant UGT76B1 synthesizes NHP-O-β-glucoside in vitro in competition with SA and ILA. The loss of UGT76B1 elevates the endogenous levels of NHP, SA, and ILA and establishes a constitutive SAR-like immune status. Introgression of the fmo1 mutant lacking NHP biosynthesis into the ugt76b1 background abolishes this SAR-like resistance. Moreover, overexpression of UGT76B1 in Arabidopsis shifts the NHP and SA pools toward O-β-glucoside formation and abrogates pathogen-induced SAR. Our results further indicate that NHP-triggered immunity is SA-dependent and relies on UGT76B1 as a common metabolic hub. Thereby, UGT76B1-mediated glucosylation controls the levels of active NHP, SA, and ILA in concert to balance the plant immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bauer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Dereje W Mekonnen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Intracellular Transport and RNA Biology Group, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
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Bauer S, Mekonnen DW, Hartmann M, Yildiz I, Janowski R, Lange B, Geist B, Zeier J, Schäffner AR. UGT76B1, a promiscuous hub of small molecule-based immune signaling, glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid, and balances plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2021. [PMID: 33955482 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.12.199356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glucosylation modulates the biological activity of small molecules and frequently leads to their inactivation. The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 is involved in conjugating the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) as well as isoleucic acid (ILA). Here, we show that UGT76B1 also glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), which is synthesized by FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1) and activates systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Upon pathogen attack, Arabidopsis leaves generate two distinct NHP hexose conjugates, NHP-O-β-glucoside and NHP glucose ester, whereupon only NHP-O-β-glucoside formation requires a functional SA pathway. The ugt76b1 mutants specifically fail to generate the NHP-O-β-glucoside, and recombinant UGT76B1 synthesizes NHP-O-β-glucoside in vitro in competition with SA and ILA. The loss of UGT76B1 elevates the endogenous levels of NHP, SA, and ILA and establishes a constitutive SAR-like immune status. Introgression of the fmo1 mutant lacking NHP biosynthesis into the ugt76b1 background abolishes this SAR-like resistance. Moreover, overexpression of UGT76B1 in Arabidopsis shifts the NHP and SA pools toward O-β-glucoside formation and abrogates pathogen-induced SAR. Our results further indicate that NHP-triggered immunity is SA-dependent and relies on UGT76B1 as a common metabolic hub. Thereby, UGT76B1-mediated glucosylation controls the levels of active NHP, SA, and ILA in concert to balance the plant immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bauer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Dereje W Mekonnen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Intracellular Transport and RNA Biology Group, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
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Mohnike L, Rekhter D, Huang W, Feussner K, Tian H, Herrfurth C, Zhang Y, Feussner I. The glycosyltransferase UGT76B1 modulates N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid homeostasis and plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:735-749. [PMID: 33955489 PMCID: PMC8136917 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The tradeoff between growth and defense is a critical aspect of plant immunity. Therefore, the plant immune response needs to be tightly regulated. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone regulating defense against biotrophic pathogens. Recently, N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP) was identified as another regulator for plant innate immunity and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Although the biosynthetic pathway leading to NHP formation is already been identified, how NHP is further metabolized is unclear. Here, we present UGT76B1 as a uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) that modifies NHP by catalyzing the formation of 1-O-glucosyl-pipecolic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of T-DNA and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knock-out mutant lines of UGT76B1 by targeted and nontargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) underlined NHP and SA as endogenous substrates of this enzyme in response to Pseudomonas infection and UV treatment. ugt76b1 mutant plants have a dwarf phenotype and constitutive defense response which can be suppressed by loss of function of the NHP biosynthetic enzyme FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1). This suggests that elevated accumulation of NHP contributes to the enhanced disease resistance in ugt76b1. Externally applied NHP can move to distal tissue in ugt76b1 mutant plants. Although glycosylation is not required for the long-distance movement of NHP during SAR, it is crucial to balance growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Mohnike
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Rekhter
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hainan Tian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Author for correspondence: (I.F.) and (Y.Z)
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Author for correspondence: (I.F.) and (Y.Z)
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Pastorczyk-Szlenkier M, Bednarek P. UGT76B1 controls the growth-immunity trade-off during systemic acquired resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:544-546. [PMID: 33753308 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pastorczyk-Szlenkier
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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Ge C, Wang YG, Lu S, Zhao XY, Hou BK, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Network and the Function of ZmUGTs in Maize Defense Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:738261. [PMID: 34630489 PMCID: PMC8497902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Maize is one of the major crops in the world; however, diseases caused by various pathogens seriously affect its yield and quality. The maize Rp1-D21 mutant (mt) caused by the intragenic recombination between two nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, exhibits autoactive hypersensitive response (HR). In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in Rp1-D21 mt compared to the wild type (WT). Genes involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) were enriched among the DEGs. The salicylic acid (SA) pathway and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were induced at both the transcriptional and metabolic levels. The DAMs identified included lipids, flavones, and phenolic acids, including 2,5-DHBA O-hexoside, the production of which is catalyzed by uridinediphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT). Four maize UGTs (ZmUGTs) homologous genes were among the DEGs. Functional analysis by transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that ZmUGT9250 and ZmUGT5174, but not ZmUGT9256 and ZmUGT8707, partially suppressed the HR triggered by Rp1-D21 or its N-terminal coiled-coil signaling domain (CCD21). None of the four ZmUGTs interacted physically with CCD21 in yeast two-hybrid or co-immunoprecipitation assays. We discuss the possibility that ZmUGTs might be involved in defense response by regulating SA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yi-Ge Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shouping Lu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bing-Kai Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peter J. Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Guan-Feng Wang
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Zhou Q, Meng Q, Tan X, Ding W, Ma K, Xu Z, Huang X, Gao H. Protein Phosphorylation Changes During Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748287. [PMID: 34858456 PMCID: PMC8632492 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants is a defense response that provides resistance against a wide range of pathogens at the whole-plant level following primary infection. Although the molecular mechanisms of SAR have been extensively studied in recent years, the role of phosphorylation that occurs in systemic leaves of SAR-induced plants is poorly understood. We used a data-independent acquisition (DIA) phosphoproteomics platform based on high-resolution mass spectrometry in an Arabidopsis thaliana model to identify phosphoproteins related to SAR establishment. A total of 8011 phosphorylation sites from 3234 proteins were identified in systemic leaves of Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 (Psm ES4326) and mock locally inoculated plants. A total of 859 significantly changed phosphoproteins from 1119 significantly changed phosphopeptides were detected in systemic leaves of Psm ES4326 locally inoculated plants, including numerous transcription factors and kinases. A variety of defense response-related proteins were found to be differentially phosphorylated in systemic leaves of Psm ES4326 locally inoculated leaves, suggesting that these proteins may be functionally involved in SAR through phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. Significantly changed phosphoproteins were enriched mainly in categories related to response to abscisic acid, regulation of stomatal movement, plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, purine metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, and flavonoid biosynthesis. A total of 28 proteins were regulated at both protein and phosphorylation levels during SAR. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that changes in phosphorylation levels of proteins during SAR did not result from changes in transcript abundance. This study provides comprehensive details of key phosphoproteins associated with SAR, which will facilitate further research on the molecular mechanisms of SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaomin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Shanghai Omicsspace Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Ma
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Ziqin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Huang,
| | - Hang Gao
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
- Hang Gao,
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