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Sweazea KL. Revisiting glucose regulation in birds - A negative model of diabetes complications. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110778. [PMID: 35817273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birds naturally have blood glucose concentrations that are nearly double levels measured for mammals of similar body size and studies have shown that birds are resistant to insulin-mediated glucose uptake into tissues. While a combination of high blood glucose and insulin resistance is associated with diabetes-related pathologies in mammals, birds do not develop such complications. Moreover, studies have shown that birds are resistant to oxidative stress and protein glycation and in fact, live longer than similar-sized mammals. This review seeks to explore how birds regulate blood glucose as well as various theories that might explain their apparent resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake and adaptations that enable them to thrive in a state of relative hyperglycemia.
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Zuend M, Saab AS, Wyss MT, Ferrari KD, Hösli L, Looser ZJ, Stobart JL, Duran J, Guinovart JJ, Barros LF, Weber B. Arousal-induced cortical activity triggers lactate release from astrocytes. Nat Metab 2020; 2:179-191. [PMID: 32694692 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that, in states of arousal, release of noradrenaline and β-adrenergic signalling affect long-term memory formation by stimulating astrocytic lactate production from glycogen. However, the temporal relationship between cortical activity and cellular lactate fluctuations upon changes in arousal remains to be fully established. Also, the role of β-adrenergic signalling and brain glycogen metabolism on neural lactate dynamics in vivo is still unknown. Here, we show that an arousal-induced increase in cortical activity triggers lactate release into the extracellular space, and this correlates with a fast and prominent lactate dip in astrocytes. The immediate drop in astrocytic lactate concentration and the parallel increase in extracellular lactate levels underline an activity-dependent lactate release from astrocytes. Moreover, when β-adrenergic signalling is blocked or the brain is depleted of glycogen, the arousal-evoked cellular lactate surges are significantly reduced. We provide in vivo evidence that cortical activation upon arousal triggers lactate release from astrocytes, a rise in intracellular lactate levels mediated by β-adrenergic signalling and the mobilization of lactate from glycogen stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zuend
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aiman S Saab
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias T Wyss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kim David Ferrari
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ladina Hösli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zoe J Looser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jillian L Stobart
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Matsushita Y, Kitamura N, Higuchi M, Z Hosaka Y, Shibuya I. Neuron-like cells in the chick spinal accessory lobe express neuronal-type voltage-gated sodium channels. Biomed Res 2018; 39:189-196. [PMID: 30101839 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.39.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ten pairs of protrusions, called accessory lobes (ALs), exist at the lateral sides of the avian lumbosacral spinal cord. Histological evidence indicates that neuron-like cells gather in the ALs, and behavioral evidence suggests that the ALs act as a sensory organ of equilibrium during bipedal walking. Recently, using an electrophysiological method, we reported that cells showing Na+ currents and action potentials exist among cells that were dissociated from the ALs. However, it was unclear which isoforms of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) are expressed in the ALs and whether cells having neuronal morphology in the ALs express VGSCs. To elucidate these points, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical experiments were performed. In RT-PCR analysis, PCR products for Nav 1.1-1.7 were detected in the ALs. The signal intensities of the Nav 1.1 and 1.6 isoforms were stronger than those of the other isoforms. We confirmed that an antibody raised against an epitope peptide of the rat VGSC had cross-reactivity to chick tissues by Western blotting, and we performed immunofluorescence staining using the antibody. The AL contained cells having neuron-like morphology and VGSC-like immunoreactivity at their cytoplasm and/or cell membranes. Filament-like structures showing GFAP-like immunoreactivity infilled intercellular spaces. The VGSC- and GFAP-like immunoreactivities did not overlap. These results indicate that the neuronal isoforms of the VGSC are mainly expressed in the AL and that the neuron-like cells in the ALs express VGSCs. Our findings indicate that AL neurons generate action potentials and send sensory information to the motor systems on the contralateral side of the spinal segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Matsushita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Naoki Kitamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Masashi Higuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Izumi Shibuya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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DiNuzzo M, Giove F, Maraviglia B, Mangia S. Monoaminergic Control of Cellular Glucose Utilization by Glycogenolysis in Neocortex and Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2493-504. [PMID: 26168779 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brainstem nuclei are the principal sites of monoamine (MA) innervation to major forebrain structures. In the cortical grey matter, increased secretion of MA neuromodulators occurs in response to a wealth of environmental and homeostatic challenges, whose onset is associated with rapid, preparatory changes in neural activity as well as with increases in energy metabolism. Blood-borne glucose is the main substrate for energy production in the brain. Once entered the tissue, interstitial glucose is equally accessible to neurons and astrocytes, the two cell types accounting for most of cellular volume and energy metabolism in neocortex and hippocampus. Astrocytes also store substantial amounts of glycogen, but non-stimulated glycogen turnover is very small. The rate of cellular glucose utilization in the brain is largely determined by hexokinase, which under basal conditions is more than 90 % inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P). During rapid increases in energy demand, glycogen is a primary candidate in modulating the intracellular level of Glc-6-P, which can occur only in astrocytes. Glycogenolysis can produce Glc-6-P at a rate higher than uptake and phosphorylation of glucose. MA neurotransmitter are released extrasinaptically by brainstem neurons projecting to neocortex and hippocampus, thus activating MA receptors located on both neuronal and astrocytic plasma membrane. Importantly, MAs are glycogenolytic agents and thus they are exquisitely suitable for regulation of astrocytic Glc-6-P concentration, upstream substrate flow through hexokinase and hence cellular glucose uptake. Conforming to such mechanism, Gerald A. Dienel and Nancy F. Cruz recently suggested that activation of noradrenergic locus coeruleus might reversibly block astrocytic glucose uptake by stimulating glycogenolysis in these cells, thereby anticipating the rise in glucose need by active neurons. In this paper, we further develop the idea that the whole monoaminergic system modulates both function and metabolism of forebrain regions in a manner mediated by glycogen mobilization in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy. .,Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federico Giove
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Maraviglia
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Hutchinson DS, Catus SL, Merlin J, Summers RJ, Gibbs ME. α₂-Adrenoceptors activate noradrenaline-mediated glycogen turnover in chick astrocytes. J Neurochem 2011; 117:915-26. [PMID: 21447002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, glycogen is primarily stored in astrocytes where it is regulated by several hormones/neurotransmitters, including noradrenaline that controls glycogen breakdown (in the short term) and synthesis. Here, we have examined the adrenoceptor (AR) subtype that mediates the glycogenic effect of noradrenaline in chick primary astrocytes by the measurement of glycogen turnover (total (14) C incorporation of glucose into glycogen) following noradrenergic activation. Noradrenaline and insulin increased glycogen turnover in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect of noradrenaline was mimicked by stimulation of α(2) -ARs (and to a lesser degree by β(3) -ARs), but not by stimulation of α(1) -, β(1) -, or β(2) -ARs, and occurred only in astrocytes and not neurons. In chick astrocytes, studies using RT-PCR and radioligand binding showed that α(2A) - and α(2C) -AR mRNA and protein were present. α(2) -AR- or insulin-mediated glycogen turnover was inhibited by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitors, and both insulin and clonidine caused phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 in chick astrocytes. α(2) -AR but not insulin-mediated glycogen turnover was inhibited by pertussis toxin pre-treatment indicating involvement of Gi/o proteins. These results show that the increase in glycogen turnover caused by noradrenaline is because of activation of α(2) -ARs that increase glycogen turnover in astrocytes utilizing a Gi/o-PI3K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana S Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Imagawa T, Yamamoto E, Sawada M, Okamoto M, Uehara M. Expression of lactate dehydrogenase-A and -B messenger ribonucleic acids in chick glycogen body. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1232-8. [PMID: 16830864 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.7.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a main metabolic substrate in the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, lactate has attracted renewed attention because it plays an important role in the CNS as a metabolic substrate between neurons and astrocytes. Lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a key enzyme for lactate and pyruvate interconversion, have been investigated. The glycogen body (GB) is a gelatinous tissue in the dorsal area of the lumbosacral spinal cord in birds. It is composed of uniform cells with high glycogen storage and is thought to be in the astroglia lineage. In this article, we investigated the LDH enzyme activity in embryo GB (embryonic d 12, 14, 16, 17, and 18) and chickens. To detect the subtype of the LDH, mRNA expressions in GB were investigated and compared with those of cerebral cortex and spinal cord. By histochemical observations, LDH enzyme activity was detected in the cytoplasm of GB cells of all embryonic periods after embryonic d 12. In biochemical analysis, the enzymatic activities of the GB were higher than in the cerebral cortex. In the GB the subtype of LDH mRNA was LDM-B only, and in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, the subtype of LDH mRNA was predominantly LDH-B, and a small amount of LDH-A was found in the chicken and embryo. The LDH-B mRNA expression in GB was detected during all periods of the study (after embryonic d 12). These observations suggest that GB expressed only LDH-B and that GB cells are not lactate-producing cells, like astrocyte, but rather are lactate-consuming cells, similar to neurons in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imagawa
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan.
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Imagawa T, Shogaki K, Uehara M. Interaction between Glycogen Body Cell and Neuron: Examination in Co-culture System. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:1081-7. [PMID: 17085887 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycogen body (GB) is in the dorsal area of the lumbosacral spinal cord in birds and is composed of uniform cells characterized by high glycogen storage. The glycogen of GB cells remains unchanged in vivo by the effects of a variety of hormones such as insulin, glucagon, adrenocorticotropic hormone and by physiological conditions such as starvation. In order to investigate the latent functionability of GB cells, we observed morphological changes of glycogen body cells in a co-culture system with cerebellar neurons by light and transmission electron microscopy. Cultured GB cells were labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). The cultured neurons derived from cerebellum were co-cultured with the labeled GB cells. Under the co-culture with neurons, 2 types of GB cells were detected. One was conventional with numerous glycogen deposits in the cytoplasm and tended to make clusters. The other type of GB cells singly extended the processes attaching to the neuronal body and axons. In the axons in contact with GB cell processes, small vesicles appearing as synaptic vesicles were observed. These observations suggested that some GB cells can differentiate to an average astrocyte. The GB cells were assumed to involve the synapse formation or maturing as astrocytes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Imagawa
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
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Necker R. Histological and immunocytochemical characterization of neurons located in the white matter of the spinal cord of the pigeon. J Chem Neuroanat 2004; 27:109-17. [PMID: 15121215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Revised: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 01/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the spinal cord of birds a considerable number of neuronal somata is located outside the gray matter. Some of these neurons form segmental marginal nuclei, which lie at the border of the spinal cord near the dentate ligament. In lumbosacral segments these marginal nuclei form accessory lobes which bulge into the vertebral canal. These lobes consist in neurons which are embedded into glia-derived glycogen cells. Furthermore, there are neurons in the white matter near the accessory lobes and numerous paragriseal cells lying in the lateral and ventral funiculus. Glycogen cells are present both in the lobes and in the glycogen body which fills the lumbosacral spinal rhomboid sinus. Immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker of astrocytes, was used to characterize the surrounding of marginal neurons. Astrocytes were numerous in cervical marginal nuclei but rare in accessory lobes. There is cytological (distribution of Nissl substance) and immunocytochemical evidence (immunoreactivity of medium-sized neurofilament, glutamic acid decorboxylase and glutamatergic AMPA receptor subtype GluR2/3) that neurons of the accessory lobes and the nearby white matter are similar, whereas paragriseal cells are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Necker
- Lehrstuhl für Tierphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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