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Vashishth A, Tehri N, Tehri P, Sharma A, Sharma AK, Kumar V. Unraveling the potential of bacterial phytases for sustainable management of phosphorous. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1690-1706. [PMID: 37042496 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorous actively participates in numerous metabolic and regulatory activities of almost all living organisms including animals and humans. Therefore, it is considered as an essential macronutrient required supporting their proper growth. On contrary, phytic acid (PA), an antinutritional substance, is widely known for its strong affinity to chelate essential mineral ions including PO4 3- , Ca2+ , Fe2+ , Mg2+ , and Zn2+ . Being one the major reservoir of PO4 3- ions, PA has great potential to bind PO4 3- ions in diverse range of foods. Once combined with P, PA transforms into an undigested and insoluble complex namely phytate. Produced phytate leads to a notable reduction in the bioavailability of P due to negligible activity of phytases in monogastric animals and humans. This highlights the importance and consequent need of enhancement of phytase level in these life forms. Interestingly, phytases, catalyzing the breakdown of phytate complex and recycling the phosphate into ecosystem to its available form, have naturally been reported in a variety of plants and microorganisms over past few decades. In pursuit of a reliable solution, the focus of this review is to explore the keynote potential of bacterial phytases for sustainable management of phosphorous via efficient utilization of soil phytate. The core of the review covers detailed discussion on bacterial phytases along with their widely reported applications viz. biofertilizers, phosphorus acquisition, and plant growth promotion. Moreover, meticulous description on fermentation-based strategies and future trends on bacterial phytases have also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Vashishth
- Department of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nimisha Tehri
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Piyush Tehri
- Department of Applied Sciences, MIET, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avinash Sharma
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
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Perera WNU, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Wester TJ, Ravindran V. Barley, an Undervalued Cereal for Poultry Diets: Limitations and Opportunities. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192525. [PMID: 36230265 PMCID: PMC9558528 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With the ever-increasing demand for poultry products, the continuous supply of conventional cereal grains such as maize has become a challenge. Barley has been recognised as a potential alternative feed ingredient that can replace common cereal grains in poultry diets. However, due to several limitations such as the presence of various anti-nutritive factors and the variability in nutrient composition and quality, the use of barley in poultry diets remains comparatively low. The previous findings on the optimum use of barley in poultry diets are also inconsistent primarily due to differences in research methodologies. The importance of using accurate nutrient profiles for specific barley cultivars to formulate barley-based diets is emphasised in this review. Moreover, the need to adapt feed processing conditions suitable to different barley cultivars to increase the inclusion of barley in poultry diets is highlighted in this review. Abstract The supply of conventional cereal grains, especially of maize, will be a significant constraint to the future growth of the poultry industry. Various alternative feed ingredients are being tested to replace maize in poultry diets. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one such feed ingredient, the use of which remains limited in poultry diets due to its low metabolisable energy, presence of anti-nutritive, soluble non-starch polysaccharides and consequent inter-cultivar variability. Differences in research methodologies used in published studies have also contributed to the inconsistent findings, preventing a good understanding of the nutritional value of barley for poultry. The importance of using accurate nutrient profiles, specifically metabolisable energy and digestible amino acids, for specific barley cultivars to formulate barley-based diets is emphasised. Nutritionists should also pay close attention to feed processing conditions tailored to the specific barley cultivars to increase the barley inclusion in poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Nipuna U. Perera
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - M. Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Faegheh Zaefarian
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Timothy J. Wester
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-27-224-0350
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Redekar NR, Glover NM, Biyashev RM, Ha BK, Raboy V, Maroof MAS. Genetic interactions regulating seed phytate and oligosaccharides in soybean (Glycine max L.). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235120. [PMID: 32584851 PMCID: PMC7316244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two low-phytate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) mutant lines- V99-5089 (mips mutation on chromosome 11) and CX-1834 (mrp-l and mrp-n mutations on chromosomes 19 and 3, respectively) have proven to be valuable resources for breeding of low-phytate, high-sucrose, and low-raffinosaccharide soybeans, traits that are highly desirable from a nutritional and environmental standpoint. A recombinant inbred population derived from the cross CX1834 x V99-5089 provides an opportunity to study the effect of different combinations of these three mutations on soybean phytate and oligosaccharides levels. Of the 173 recombinant inbred lines tested, 163 lines were homozygous for various combinations of MIPS and two MRP loci alleles. These individuals were grouped into eight genotypic classes based on the combination of SNP alleles at the three mutant loci. The two genotypic classes that were homozygous mrp-l/mrp-n and either homozygous wild-type or mutant at the mips locus (MIPS/mrp-l/mrp-n or mips/mrp-l/mrp-n) displayed relatively similar ~55% reductions in seed phytate, 6.94 mg g -1 and 6.70 mg g-1 respectively, as compared with 15.2 mg g-1 in the wild-type MIPS/MRP-L/MRP-N seed. Therefore, in the presence of the double mutant mrp-l/mrp-n, the mips mutation did not cause a substantially greater decrease in seed phytate level. However, the nutritionally-desirable high-sucrose/low-stachyose/low-raffinose seed phenotype originally observed in soybeans homozygous for the mips allele was reversed in the presence of mrp-l/mrp-n mutations: homozygous mips/mrp-l/mrp-n seed displayed low-sucrose (7.70%), high-stachyose (4.18%), and the highest observed raffinose (0.94%) contents per gram of dry seed. Perhaps the block in phytic acid transport from its cytoplasmic synthesis site to its storage site, conditioned by mrp-l/mrp-n, alters myo-inositol flux in mips seeds in a way that restores to wild-type levels the mips conditioned reductions in raffinosaccharides. Overall this study determined the combinatorial effects of three low phytic acid causing mutations on regulation of seed phytate and oligosaccharides in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam R. Redekar
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Glover
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ruslan M. Biyashev
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bo-Keun Ha
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics & Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victor Raboy
- National Small Grains Germplasm Center, USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, Idaho, United States of America
| | - M. A. Saghai Maroof
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Vlcko T, Ohnoutkova L. Allelic Variants of CRISPR/Cas9 Induced Mutation in an Inositol Trisphosphate 5/6 Kinase Gene Manifest Different Phenotypes in Barley. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E195. [PMID: 32033421 PMCID: PMC7076722 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inositol trisphosphate 5/6 kinases (ITPK) constitute a small group of enzymes participating in the sequential phosphorylation of inositol phosphate to inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), which is a major storage form of phosphate in cereal grains. The development of lines with reduced IP6 content could enhance phosphate and mineral bioavailability. Moreover, plant ITPKs participate in abiotic stress signaling. To elucidate the role of HvITPK1 in IP6 synthesis and stress signaling, a barley itpk1 mutant was created using programmable nuclease Cas9. Homozygous single bp insertion and deletion mutant lines were obtained. The mutants contained altered levels of phosphate in the mature grains, ranging from 65% to 174% of the wild type (WT) content. Homozygous mutant lines were tested for their response to salinity during germination. Interestingly, insertion mutant lines revealed a higher tolerance to salinity stress than deletion mutants. Mature embryos of an insertion mutant itpk1-2 and deletion mutant itpk1-33 were cultivated in vitro on MS medium supplemented with NaCl at 50, 100, and 200 mM. While both mutants grew less well than WT on no or low salt concentrations, the itpk1-2 mutant was affected less than the WT and itpk33 when grown on the highest NaCl concentration. The expression of all ITPKs was induced in roots in response to salt stress. In shoots, the differential effect of high salt on IPTK expression in the two iptk1 mutants was consistent with their different sensitivities to salt stress. The results extend the evidence for the involvement of ITPK genes in phosphate storage and abiotic stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludmila Ohnoutkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 241/27, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic;
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Identifying variation in the nutritional value of corn based on chemical kernel characteristics. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hejdysz M, Kaczmarek SA, Kubiś M, Adamski M, Perz K, Rutkowski A. The effect of faba bean extrusion on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, metabolizable energy, excretion of sialic acids and meat quality of broiler chickens. Animal 2019; 13:1583-1590. [PMID: 30621798 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111800366x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal in broiler chicken diets can partly be replaced by faba bean seeds. Unfortunately, high levels of antinutritional factors and resistant starch found in these seeds can have a detrimental impact on both broiler chickens' performance and nutrient digestibility. It is, however, possible to increase the usefulness of faba bean for broiler nutrition by a technological process known as extrusion. In this study, the authors made and attempt to investigate the effect of different forms of faba bean seeds (raw or extruded) on broiler chicken performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy values (AMEN), nutrient utilization and meat quality, as well as on the excretion of total and free sialic acids. In the trial, the total of 160 1-day-old male broiler chicks of the Ross 308 strain were used. Experimental birds were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments, each containing 10 replication (floor pens); one replication included nine birds. The first group contained 300 g/kg diet of raw faba bean seeds, whereas the second group - 300 g/kg diet of extruded faba bean seeds. The applied extrusion process was found to exert a positive impact and led to a decrease in phytic phosphorus, H, NDF, ADF and resistant starch content in studied faba bean seeds. Experimental birds fed diets containing extruded faba bean seeds were characterized by a lower feed intake (2299 g) and feed conversion ratios (FCRs) (1.52 g/g) in comparison with the other group (feed intake 2466 g; FCR 1.61 g/g). Extrusion of faba bean seeds improved dry matter retention, dietary AMEN value, apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter and starch, as well as most amino acids. In addition, the above-mentioned process resulted in a decrease in the excretion of total and free sialic acids. Extruded faba bean seeds failed to have a significant impact on broiler meat quality. It was concluded that application of extrusion can increase the use of faba bean seeds in broiler chicken nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hejdysz
- 1Department of Animal Nutrition,University of Life Sciences,Wojska Polskiego 28,60-637 Poznań,Poland
| | - S A Kaczmarek
- 1Department of Animal Nutrition,University of Life Sciences,Wojska Polskiego 28,60-637 Poznań,Poland
| | - M Kubiś
- 1Department of Animal Nutrition,University of Life Sciences,Wojska Polskiego 28,60-637 Poznań,Poland
| | - M Adamski
- 3Department of Poultry Breeding and Animal Products Evaluation,University of Science and Technology,Mazowiecka 28,85-084 Bydgoszcz,Poland
| | - K Perz
- 2Department of Animal Breeding and Animal Product Quality Assessment,University of Life Sciences,Wojska Polskiego 28,60-637 Poznań,Poland
| | - A Rutkowski
- 1Department of Animal Nutrition,University of Life Sciences,Wojska Polskiego 28,60-637 Poznań,Poland
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Miao Z, Feng Y, Zhang J, Tian W, Li J, Yang Y. Regulation of phosphate transport and AMPK signal pathway by lower dietary phosphorus of broilers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107825-107832. [PMID: 29296204 PMCID: PMC5746106 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower available P (aP) was used as a base value in nutritional strategies for mitigating P pollution by animal excreta. We hypothesized that the mechanism regulating phosphate transport under low dietary P might be related with the AMPK signal pathway. A total of 144 one-day-old Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly allocated to control (HP) or trial (LP) diets, containing 0.45 and 0.23% aP, respectively. Growth performance, blood, intestinal, and renal samples were tested in 21-day-old broilers. Results shown that LP decreased body weight gain and feed intake. Higher serum Ca and fructose, but lower serum P and insulin were detected in LP-fed broilers. NaPi-IIb mRNA expression in intestine and NaPi-IIa mRNA expression in kidney were higher in the LP group. AMP: ATP, p-AMPK: total AMPK, and p-ACC: total ACC ratios in the duodenal mucosa were decreased in the LP group, whereas the p-mTOR: total mTOR ratio increased. These findings suggested that the increase in phosphate transport owing to LP diet might be regulated either directly by higher mTOR activity or indirectly by the suppressive AMPK signal, with corresponding changes in blood insulin and fructose content. A novel viewpoint on the regulatory mechanism underlying phosphate transport under low dietary P conditions was revealed, which might provide theoretical guidelines for reducing P pollution by means of nutritional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Miao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Junzhen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Wenxia Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
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Rubinelli PM, Kim SA, Park SH, Roto SM, Nealon NJ, Ryan EP, Ricke SC. Differential effects of rice bran cultivars to limit Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken cecal in vitro incubations and impact on the cecal microbiome and metabolome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185002. [PMID: 28937988 PMCID: PMC5609742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, rice brans from different cultivars (Calrose, Jasmine, and Red Wells) were assessed for their ability to inhibit Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium using an in vitro mixed anaerobic culture system containing cecal microbiota obtained from broilers of different ages. Salmonella Typhimurium was added to controls (feed only, cecal only, and feed + cecal material) and treatments (feed + cecal + different rice brans) and S. Typhimurium populations were enumerated at 0, 24, and 48 h. Two experimental conditions were applied 1) unadapted condition in which S. Typhimurium was added at the beginning of the culture incubation and 2) adapted condition in which S. Typhimurium was added after a 24 hour pre-incubation of the cecal bacteria with the feed and/or rice bran. Among the three rice brans, only Calrose exhibited a rapid inhibition of S. Typhimurium, which decreased to undetectable levels after 24 h under the adapted incubation. Changes in microbiological composition and metabolites by addition of Calrose bran were also investigated with an Illumina MiSeq platform and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Addition of Calrose bran resulted in significant changes including decreased Firmicutes phylum abundance and an increased number of metabolites associated with fatty acid metabolism. In summary, it appears that rice bran from specific rice cultivars may be effective as a means to reduce Salmonella in the chicken ceca. In addition, Calrose rice bran inclusion leads to changes in cecal microbiological composition and metabolite profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Rubinelli
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Roto
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Nora Jean Nealon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
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Hejdysz M, Kaczmarek S, Adamski M, Rutkowski A. Influence of graded inclusion of raw and extruded pea ( Pisum sativum L.) meal on the performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cichy
- USDA-ARS Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit; Aberdeen Idaho
| | - Victor Raboy
- USDA-ARS Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit; Aberdeen Idaho
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Landoni M, Cerino Badone F, Haman N, Schiraldi A, Fessas D, Cesari V, Toschi I, Cremona R, Delogu C, Villa D, Cassani E, Pilu R. Low phytic acid 1 mutation in maize modifies density, starch properties, cations, and fiber contents in the seed. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4622-30. [PMID: 23638689 DOI: 10.1021/jf400259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Monogastric animals are unable to digest phytic acid, so it represents an antinutritional factor and also an environmental problem. One strategy to solve this problem is the utilization of low phytic acid (lpa) mutants that accumulate low levels of phytic P and high levels of free phosphate in the seeds; among the lpa maize mutants lpa1 exhibited the highest reduction of phytic acid in the seed. This study indicated that the low phytic acid mutations exerted pleiotropic effects not directly connected to the phytic acid pathway, such as on seed density, content of ions, and the antioxidant compounds present in the kernels. Furthermore some nutritional properties of the flour were altered by the lpa1 mutations, in particular lignin and protein content, while the starch does not seem to be modified as to the total amount and in the amylose/amylopectin ratio, but alterations were noticed in the structure and size of granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Landoni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Thacker P, Deep A, Petri D, Warkentin T. Nutritional evaluation of low-phytate peas (Pisum sativum L.) for young broiler chicks. Arch Anim Nutr 2013; 67:1-14. [PMID: 23298192 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.755326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This experiment determined the effects of including normal and low-phytate peas in diets fed to young broiler chickens on performance, phosphorus availability and bone strength. A total of 180, day-old, male broilers (Ross-308 line) were assigned to six treatments. The control was based on corn and soybean meal while two additional corn-based diets were formulated containing 30% of either normal or low-phytate pea providing 0.45% available phosphorus. For each of these three diets, a similar diet was formulated by reducing the amount of dicalcium phosphate to produce a diet with 0.3% available phosphorus. The total tract apparent availability (TTAA) of phosphorus was higher (p = 0.02) for broilers fed the low-phytate pea than for birds fed the normal pea diets. Birds fed diets containing the lower level of phosphorus had a higher TTAA of phosphorus (50.64 vs. 46.68%) than broilers fed diets adequate in phosphorus. Protein source had no effect on weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion. Broilers fed the low phosphorus diets had lower weight gain (p = 0.04) and feed intake (p < 0.01) than broilers fed the higher phosphorus level. Bone strength was higher (p < 0.01) for broilers fed diets based on low-phytate pea than for those fed diets based on normal pea or soybean meal. Increasing the availability of the phosphorus in peas could mean that less inorganic phosphorus would be required in order to meet the nutritional requirements of broilers. Since inorganic phosphorus sources tend to be expensive, a reduction in their use would lower ration costs. In addition, increased availability of phosphorus would reduce the amount of phosphorus excreted thus reducing the amount of phosphorus that can potentially pollute the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Thacker
- Department of Animal Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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14
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Lönnerdal B, Mendoza C, Brown KH, Rutger JN, Raboy V. Zinc absorption from low phytic acid genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.), Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and Rice (Oryza sativa L.) assessed in a suckling rat pup model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4755-62. [PMID: 21417220 DOI: 10.1021/jf1043663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary phytic acid is a major causative factor for low Zn bioavailability in many cereal- and legume-based diets. The bioavailability of Zn in seed of low phytic acid (lpa) variants of maize ( Zea mays L.), rice ( Oryza sativa L.), and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) was evaluated using a suckling rat pup model. Suckling rat pups (14 days old, n = 6-8/treatment) were fasted for 6 h and intubated with (65)Zn-radiolabeled suspensions prepared using seed produced by either wild-type (normal phytic acid) or lpa genotypes of each cereal. Test solutions were radiolabeled overnight (all genotypes) or immediately prior to intubation (barley genotypes). Pups were killed 6 h postintubation and tissues removed and counted in a gamma counter. Zn absorption was low from wild-type genotypes of maize (21, 33%) and rice (26%), and phytic acid reduction resulted in significantly higher Zn absorption, 47-52 and 35-52%, respectively. Zn absorption from wild-type barley incubated overnight was high (86-91%), and phytate reduction did not improve Zn absorption (84-90%), which is likely due to endogenous phytase activity. When the wild-type barley solutions were prepared immediately before intubation, Zn absorption was significantly lower (63, 78%) than from the lpa cultivars (92, 96%). Variation in seed or flour phenolic acid levels did not affect Zn absorption. Differences in seed Zn levels did not substantially affect Zn absorption. Thus, when phytic acid is abundant in a diet, it has a larger effect on Zn absorption than the level of Zn. Therefore, reducing the phytic acid content of staple cereal grains may contribute to enhancing Zn nutrition of populations consuming these staple foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lönnerdal
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
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15
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Rao D, Rao K, Reddy T, Reddy V. Molecular characterization, physicochemical properties, known and potential applications of phytases: An overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:182-98. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550902919571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Leytem A, Widyaratne G, Thacker P. Phosphorus Utilization and Characterization of Ileal Digesta and Excreta from Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Varying in Cereal Grain, Phosphorus Level, and Phytase Addition. Poult Sci 2008; 87:2466-76. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Moore SM, Stalder KJ, Beitz DC, Stahl CH, Fithian WA, Bregendahl K. The correlation of chemical and physical corn kernel traits with production performance in broiler chickens and laying hens. Poult Sci 2008; 87:665-76. [PMID: 18339987 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the influence on broiler chicken growth and laying hen performance of chemical and physical traits of corn kernels from different hybrids. A total of 720 male 1-d-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were allotted to floor pens in 2 replicated experiments with a randomized complete block design. A total of 240 fifty-two-week-old Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were allotted to cages in a randomized complete block design. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated for 3 broiler growth phases and one 14-wk-long laying hen phase to be marginally deficient in Lys and TSAA to allow for the detection of differences or correlations attributable to corn kernel chemical or physical traits. The broiler chicken diets were also marginally deficient in Ca and nonphytate P. Within a phase, corn- and soybean-based diets containing equal amounts of 1 of 6 different corn hybrids were formulated. The corn hybrids were selected to vary widely in chemical and physical traits. Feed consumption and BW were recorded for broiler chickens every 2 wk from 0 to 6 wk of age. Egg production was recorded daily, and feed consumption and egg weights were recorded weekly for laying hens between 53 and 67 wk of age. Physical and chemical composition of kernels was correlated with performance measures by multivariate ANOVA. Chemical and physical kernel traits were weakly correlated with performance in broiler chickens from 0 to 2 wk of age (P<0.05, | r |<0.42). However, from 4 to 6 wk of age and 0 to 6 wk of age, only kernel chemical traits were correlated with broiler chicken performance (P<0.05, | r |<0.29). From 53 to 67 wk of age, correlations were observed between both kernel physical and chemical traits and laying hen performance (P<0.05, | r |<0.34). In both experiments, the correlations of performance measures with individual kernel chemical and physical traits for any single kernel trait were not large enough to base corn hybrid selection on for feeding poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moore
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Salarmoini M, Campbell G, Rossnagel B, Raboy V. Nutrient retention and growth performance of chicks given low-phytate conventional or hull-less barleys. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:321-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660802136890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bohn L, Meyer AS, Rasmussen SK. Phytate: impact on environment and human nutrition. A challenge for molecular breeding. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008; 9:165-91. [PMID: 18357620 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0710640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytic acid (PA) is the primary storage compound of phosphorus in seeds accounting for up to 80% of the total seed phosphorus and contributing as much as 1.5% to the seed dry weight. The negatively charged phosphate in PA strongly binds to metallic cations of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn making them insoluble and thus unavailable as nutritional factors. Phytate mainly accumulates in protein storage vacuoles as globoids, predominantly located in the aleurone layer (wheat, barley and rice) or in the embryo (maize). During germination, phytate is hydrolysed by endogenous phytase(s) and other phosphatases to release phosphate, inositol and micronutrients to support the emerging seedling. PA and its derivatives are also implicated in RNA export, DNA repair, signalling, endocytosis and cell vesicular trafficking. Our recent studies on purification of phytate globoids, their mineral composition and dephytinization by wheat phytase will be discussed. Biochemical data for purified and characterized phytases isolated from more than 23 plant species are presented, the dephosphorylation pathways of phytic acid by different classes of phytases are compared, and the application of phytase in food and feed is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Bohn
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Leytem AB, Plumstead PW, Maguire RO, Kwanyuen P, Burton JW, Brake J. Interaction of calcium and phytate in broiler diets. 2. Effects on total and soluble phosphorus excretion. Poult Sci 2008; 87:459-67. [PMID: 18281571 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary Ca has been reported to influence the amount of phytate excreted from broilers and affect the solubility of P in excreta. To address the effects of dietary Ca and phytate on P excretion, 12 dietary treatments were fed to broilers from 16 to 21 d of age. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of phytate P (0.10, 0.24, and 0.28%) and 4 levels of Ca (0.47, 0.70, 0.93, and 1.16%) in a randomized complete block design. Feed phytate concentrations were varied by formulating diets with 3 different soybean meals (SBM): a low-phytate SBM, a commercial SBM, and a high phytate Prolina SBM having phytate P concentrations of 0.15 to 0.51%. Fresh excreta was collected from cages during 2 separate 24-h periods; collection I commenced after the start of dietary treatments (16 to 17 d) and collection II followed a 3-d adaptation period (19 to 20 d). Ileal samples were also collected at 21 d. Excreta samples were analyzed for total P, water soluble P (WSP), and phytate P, whereas ileal samples were analyzed for total P and phytate P. Results indicated that excreta total P could be reduced by up to 63% and WSP by up to 66% with dietary inclusion of low-phytate SBM. There was a significant effect of dietary Ca on both the excreta WSP and the ratio of WSP:total P. As dietary Ca increased, the excreta WSP and WSP:total P decreased, with the effects being more pronounced following a dietary adaptation period. There was a linear relationship between the slope of the response in WSP to dietary Ca and feed phytate content for excreta from collection II (r(2) = 0.99). There was also a negative correlation between excreta phytate concentration and excreta WSP during both excreta collections. The response in WSP to dietary manipulation was important from an environmental perspective because WSP in excreta has been related to potential for off-site P losses following land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Leytem
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341-5076, USA.
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Dietary low-phytate mutant-M 955 barley grain alters phytate degradation and mineral digestion in sheep fed high-grain diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shi J, Wang H, Schellin K, Li B, Faller M, Stoop JM, Meeley RB, Ertl DS, Ranch JP, Glassman K. Embryo-specific silencing of a transporter reduces phytic acid content of maize and soybean seeds. Nat Biotechnol 2007; 25:930-7. [PMID: 17676037 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytic acid in cereal grains and oilseeds is poorly digested by monogastric animals and negatively affects animal nutrition and the environment. However, breeding programs involving mutants with less phytic acid and more inorganic phosphate (P(i)) have been frustrated by undesirable agronomic characteristics associated with the phytic acid-reducing mutations. We show that maize lpa1 mutants are defective in a multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that is expressed most highly in embryos, but also in immature endosperm, germinating seed and vegetative tissues. Silencing expression of this transporter in an embryo-specific manner produced low-phytic-acid, high-Pi transgenic maize seeds that germinate normally and do not show any significant reduction in seed dry weight. This dominant transgenic approach obviates the need for incorporating recessive lpa1 mutations to create maize hybrids with reduced phytic acid. Suppressing the homologous soybean MRP gene also generated low-phytic-acid seed, suggesting that the strategy might be feasible for many crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Shi
- Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, A DuPont Company, Johnston, Iowa 50131, USA.
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Linares LB, Broomhead JN, Guaiume EA, Ledoux DR, Veum TL, Raboy V. Effects of low phytate barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on zinc utilization in young broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2007; 86:299-308. [PMID: 17234843 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.2.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two 21-d experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of low phytate barley (LPB) on Zn utilization by young broiler chicks and to determine the contribution of endogenous phytase, present in LPB. In the first experiment, ninety-six 1-d-old male chicks were assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (4 pens of 4 chicks/treatment). Factors were barley type [wild-type barley (WTB) and LPB mutant M 955] and supplemental Zn (0, 10, or 20 mg of Zn/kg). In the second experiment, two hundred forty 1-d-old straight-run broiler chicks were assigned to a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (4 pens of 5 chicks/treatment). Factors were barley type (WTB and LPB), autoclave treatment [nonautoclaved or autoclaved (121 degrees C, 20 kg/cm(2), 20 min)], and supplemental Zn (0, 10 or 20 mg of Zn/kg). Barley made up 60% of the diets and was the only source of phytate. On average, basal diets contained 26 mg of Zn/kg. Feed intake and body weight gain were greater (P < 0.05) in broilers fed LPB compared with WTB in experiment 2. Zinc concentration in toes and tibias were affected (P < 0.0001) by barley type (LPB > WTB) and supplemented Zn levels (20 > 10 > 0 mg of Zn/kg), and significant barley type x Zn interactions were also observed in both experiments. Substitution of LPB for WTB increased tibia and toe Zn by 46 and 25%, respectively, an increase comparable to that achieved with supplementing the diet with 20 mg of Zn/kg. No effect of autoclaving was observed for any variable in experiment 2. Retention of P and Zn was higher (P < 0.001) in chicks fed LPB compared with WTB in both experiments. Zinc retention was influenced (P < 0.0001) by dietary Zn, and barley type x Zn level interactions (P < 0.05) were observed in both experiments. Chicks fed LPB utilized more dietary Zn and P than those fed WTB, and this improved mineral utilization was not due to endogenous phytase present in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Linares
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Bregitzer P, Raboy V. Effects of Four Independent Low-Phytate Mutations in Barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) on Seed Phosphorus Characteristics and Malting Quality. Cereal Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1094/cc-83-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phil Bregitzer
- National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Victor Raboy
- National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
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Mazariegos M, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF, Westcott JE, Lei S, Grunwald GK, Campos R, Barahona B, Raboy V, Solomons NW. Zinc absorption in Guatemalan schoolchildren fed normal or low-phytate maize. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:59-64. [PMID: 16400050 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor bioavailability of zinc from high-phytate diets is an important contributory factor to zinc deficiency in low-income populations. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of low-phytate maize consumption on zinc absorption. DESIGN The participants were apparently healthy children from the Central Highlands of Guatemala. Sixty children (20 per group) were randomly assigned to be fed only the low-phytate maize or 1 of 2 control maizes, the isohybrid wild-type maize or a local maize, for a 10-wk period. During the final week, the fractional absorption of zinc for all meals was measured during 1 d with the use of zinc stable isotopes and a dual isotope ratio technique based on urine enrichment data. RESULTS Mean (+/-SD) phytate intakes for the low-phytate, wild-type, and local maize groups were 1536 +/- 563, 2056 +/- 517, and 2253 +/- 687 mg/d, respectively. Corresponding zinc intakes were 8.6 +/- 2.5, 8.1 +/- 2.0, and 9.7 +/- 2.6 mg/d, and the dietary phytate:zinc molar ratios were 18 +/- 5, 26 +/- 6, and 23 +/- 5. Corresponding fractional absorptions of zinc were 0.32 +/- 0.07, 0.28 +/- 0.07, and 0.29 +/- 0.06. The respective values for total absorbed zinc were 2.72 +/- 0.88, 2.30 +/- 0.96, and 2.78 +/- 1.04 mg/d. No significant differences in either the fractional absorption of zinc or total absorbed zinc were seen between the maize groups. CONCLUSION Under the conditions of the present study, zinc absorption was not increased by the long-term use of low-phytate maize in children whose major dietary staple is maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Mazariegos
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairments, Aging, and Metabolism, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
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O'Connor-Dennie T, Southern LL. The effect of virginiamycin in diets with adequate or reduced dietary calcium or nonphytate phosphorus for broilers. Poult Sci 2005; 84:1868-74. [PMID: 16479943 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.12.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four experiments (EXP) were conducted to evaluate the effects of virginiamycin (Vm) in diets adequate or reduced in Ca or nonphytate P (nPP) levels on growth performance and bone response variables in chicks. All diets were corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) based, and all treatments were replicated 6 or 8 times with 5 or 6 chicks each. In EXP 1 and 2, the dietary treatments were 1) C-SBM with 1.00% Ca and 0.45% nPP (positive control; PC); 2) C-SBM with 0.80% Ca and 0.45% nPP (0.80Ca); 3) C-SBM with 1.00% Ca and 0.35% nPP (0.35nPP); and 4 to 6) Diets 1 to 3 with 11 (EXP 1) or 22 (EXP 2) ppm of Vm. In EXP 1, daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), bone breaking strength (BBS), milligrams of ash per gram of Ca intake (ASH/Ca), and BBS per gram of Ca (BBS/Ca) or nPP (BBS/nPP) intake were increased in chicks fed Vm (P < 0.04 to 0.07). Chicks fed the 0.35nPP diet with Vm had increased ADG, ADFI, BBS, milligrams of tibia ash (ASH), BBS/Ca, and BBS/nPP (nPP x Vm, P < 0.03 to 0.10). Chicks fed the 0.80Ca diet with Vm had increased ASH, milligrams of ASH per gram of nPP intake (ASH/ nPP), and ASH/Ca (P < 0.01 to 0.09). Tibia ash, BBS, gain:feed (G:F), BBS/nPP, and ASH/nPP were decreased in chicks fed the 0.80Ca diet (P < 0.01 to 0.07). Bone ash percentage (BAP), BBS, BBS/Ca, ASH, and ASH/Ca were decreased in chicks fed the 0.35nPP diets (P < 0.01); ASH/ nPP was increased (P < 0.01). In EXP 2, BAP, ASH, ASH/ Ca, and ASH/nPP were increased in chicks fed Vm (P < 0.02 to 0.07). Chicks fed the 0.80Ca diet had a decreased ASH/nPP (P < 0.04) but an increased BBS/Ca and ASH/ Ca (P < 0.01 to 0.02). Chicks fed the 0.35nPP diet had decreased ADG, ADFI, G:F, BBS, BAP, ASH, ASH/Ca, and BBS/Ca (P < 0.01 to 0.04), but BBS/nPP and ASH/ nPP were increased (P < 0.01 to 0.04). In EXP 3, the dietary treatments were 1) PC; 2) C-SBM with 0.70% Ca and 0.45% nPP (0.70Ca); 3) C-SBM with 1.00% Ca and 0.25% nPP (0.25nPP); 4 to 6) Diets 1 to 3 with 9 ppm of Vm. The addition of Vm to the 0.25nPP diet decreased BBS (nPP x Vm, P < 0.06), but Vm increased BBS in the 0.70Ca and PC diets (P < 0.02). Chicks fed the 0.25nPP diet had decreased ADG, ADFI, and BBS (P < 0.01), and chicks fed the 0.70Ca diets had reduced ADFI, BBS, and G:F (P < 0.03 to 0.10). In EXP 4, 4 levels of nPP (0.15, 0.25, 0.35, or 0.45%) and 3 levels of Vm supplementation (0, 11, or 22 ppm) in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement were used. The addition of Vm increased ADG, BBS, ASH, ASH/Ca, and ASH/nPP only in chicks fed diets with 0.35 or 0.45% nPP (nPP x Vm, P < 0.05). Daily gain, ADFI, G:F, BBS, BAP, BBS/Ca, and ASH were increased as nPP levels were increased (P < 0.01), but BBS/nPP and ASH/nPP were decreased (P < 0.01) as nPP levels were increased. The results obtained from these EXP indicate that Vm, regardless of supplementation level, can partially overcome an nPP deficiency when nPP levels are = 0.35%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O'Connor-Dennie
- Department of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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