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Gast RK, Dittoe DK, Ricke SC. Salmonella in eggs and egg-laying chickens: pathways to effective control. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:39-63. [PMID: 36583653 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2156772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eggs contaminated with Salmonella have been internationally significant sources of human illness for several decades. Most egg-associated illness has been attributed to Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, but a few other serovars (notably S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium) are also sometimes implicated. The edible interior contents of eggs typically become contaminated with S. Enteritidis because the pathogen's unique virulence attributes enable it to colonize reproductive tissues in systemically infected laying hens. Other serovars are more commonly associated with surface contamination of eggshells. Both research and field experience have demonstrated that the most effective overall Salmonella control strategy in commercial laying flocks is the application of multiple interventions throughout the egg production cycle. At the preharvest (egg production) level, intervention options of demonstrated efficacy include vaccination and gastrointestinal colonization control via treatments such as prebiotics, probiotics, and bacteriophages, Effective environmental management of housing systems used for commercial laying flocks is also essential for minimizing opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of Salmonella in laying flocks. At the postharvest (egg processing and handling) level, careful regulation of egg storage temperatures is critical for limiting Salmonella multiplication inside the interior contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Anderson AG, Bedford MR, Parsons CM. Effects of adaptation diet and exogenous enzymes on true metabolizable energy and cecal microbial ecology, short-chain fatty acid profile, and enzyme activity in roosters fed barley and rye diets. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102768. [PMID: 37236039 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three experiments evaluated effects of adaptation diet and exogenous β-glucanase and xylanase on TMEn of barley and rye. Single Comb White Leghorn roosters were fed adaptation diets based on corn/soybean meal (SBM), barley/SBM with and without β-glucanase, or rye/corn/SBM with and without xylanase for 4 wk. In Experiments 1 and 2, after the adaptation period, TMEn was determined using a 48 h precision-fed rooster assay for 100% barley or 100% rye diets with or without β-glucanase or xylanase, respectively. Experiment 3 consisted only of feeding adaptation diets for 4 wk. Cecal samples were collected at the end of experiments for microbial ecology, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles, and enzyme activity analyses. In Experiments 1 and 2, β-glucanase increased (P < 0.05) TMEn of barley, and there was no significant effect of adaptation diet on TMEn values. Total cecal Eubacteria and Ruminococcaceae were decreased (P < 0.05) and Escherichia coli were increased (P < 0.05) at the end of the TMEn assay compared with the end of the adaptation period (with no TMEn assay). There was a large decrease (P < 0.05) for most cecal SCFA at the end of the TMEn assay compared with the end of the adaptation period. Both cecal β-glucanase and xylanase activity were increased for birds fed adaptation diets containing the respective enzyme. In Experiment 3, there were no consistent effects of adaptation diet on cecal microbial profiles or SCFA but cecal β-glucanase activity was increased (P < 0.05) by exogenous β-glucanase for barley and cecal xylanase activity was increased (P < 0.05) by exogenous xylanase for rye. Overall, the results indicated that TMEn of barley was increased by exogenous β-glucanase, adaptation diet did not significantly influence the TMEn response to the dietary enzymes, and cecal fermentation (based on cecal SCFA) was greatly reduced by the TMEn assay. Cecal β-glucanase and xylanase activity, however, were often increased by feeding high barley and high rye diets containing exogenous enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Anderson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - C M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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3
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Keçeli Oğuz S, Has EG, Akçelik N, Akçelik M. Phenotypic impacts and genetic regulation characteristics of the DNA adenine methylase gene (dam) in Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm forms. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:103991. [PMID: 36113833 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, transcriptional level gene expression changes in biofilm forms of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and its dam mutant were investigated by performing RNAseq analysis. As a result of these analyzes, a total of 233 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the dam mutant, of which 145 genes were downregulated and 88 genes were upregulated compared to the wild type. According to data from miRNA sequence analysis, of 13 miRNAs differentially expressed in dam mutant, 9 miRNAs were downregulated and 4 miRNAs were upregulated. These data provide the first evidence that the dam gene is a global regulator of biofilm formation in Salmonella. In addition, phenotypic analyses revealed that bacterial swimming and swarming motility and cellulose production were highly inhibited in the dam mutant. It was determined that bacterial adhesion in Caco-2 and HEp-2 cell lines was significantly reduced in dam mutant. At the end of 90 min, the adhesion rate of wild type strain was 43.3% in Caco-2 cell line, while this rate was 14.9% in dam mutant. In the HEp-2 cell line, while 45.5% adherence was observed in the wild-type strain, this rate decreased to 15.3% in the dam mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Keçeli Oğuz
- Department of Biology, Ankara University, Yenimahalle, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Elif Gamze Has
- Department of Biology, Ankara University, Yenimahalle, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nefise Akçelik
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Keçiören, 06135, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Akçelik
- Department of Biology, Ankara University, Yenimahalle, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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4
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Research Note: Effect of corn silage and alfalfa meal as alternative induced molt methods to improving Salmonella Enteritidis resistance in laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101984. [PMID: 35841630 PMCID: PMC9289849 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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5
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Mishra R, Mishra B, Kim YS, Jha R. Practices and issues of moulting programs for laying hen: A review. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:720-729. [PMID: 35363112 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2059339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. Moulting is a natural physiological process in birds when they shed their old feathers and replace them with new ones, and is followed by reproductive quiescence resulting in reduced egg production. Different birds undergo moulting at different points in their life. Some birds have seasonal moulting while some moult at the end of their breeding cycle. This review will mainly focus on moulting practices associated with commercial layer birds because, in all other bird types, this is not managed.2. Commercial farms commonly analyse the cost-benefit ratio to decide the time and method to adopt for moulting. Commercial layer farms adopt different practices to force birds out of moult and restart the production cycle. Animal welfare groups consider this as stressful and against animal welfare, raising questions about the ethics of this practice.3. Many studies have been conducted using complete or partial feed withdrawal and non-feed withdrawal programs to measure their effectiveness in maintaining animal welfare, economy, and post-moult performance in mind.4. Animal welfare should not be compromised during moulting. The United States Egg Producers and other such groups from the United Kingdom and Europe have decided to sell eggs produced only through a non-feed withdrawal moulting programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yong Soo Kim
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Ricke SC, Dittoe DK, Olson EG. Microbiome Applications for Laying Hen Performance and Egg Production. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101784. [PMID: 35346495 PMCID: PMC9079347 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of laying hens has undergone considerable changes in the commercial egg industry. Shifting commercial production from cage-based systems to cage-free has impacted the housing environment and created issues not previously encountered. Sources of microorganisms that become established in the early stages of layer chick development may originate from the hen and depend on the microbial ecology of the reproductive tract. Development of the layer hen GIT microbiota appears to occur in stages as the bird matures. Several factors can impact the development of the layer hen GIT, including pathogens, environment, and feed additives such as antibiotics. In this review, the current status of the laying hen GIT microbial consortia and factors that impact the development and function of these respective microbial populations will be discussed, as well as future research directions.
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Lin Q, Liu Y, Li L, Huai M, Wang Y, Lv T, Zhao H, Jiang G, Wang X, Liu C, Qiu H, Dai Q. Effects of a mixture of mono-glycerides of butyric-, capric-, and caprylic acid with chlortetracycline on the growth performance, intestine morphology, and cecal microflora of broiler birds. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101617. [PMID: 34936952 PMCID: PMC8704447 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a mixture of mono-glycerides of butyric-, capric-, and caprylic acid (MMG) on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora of broilers. A total of 960 male Arbor Acre broilers were offered basal diets with or without Chlortetracycline additive (CA) at 500 g/t, and MMG at 3,000, 1,000, or 650 g/t, with 8 replicates of 20 birds per treatment. The results confirmed 500 g/t CA with/without 1,000 g/t MMG increased the average daily weight gain (ADG) of birds compared to the control group 1 during the 42-d experimental period (P < 0.05). Comparing to the control group 1, 500 g/t CA with either 650 g or 1,000 g/t MMG or 1,000 g MMG alone increased the ADG of birds during the late growth stage (22–42 d) (P < 0.05). On d 42, the serum triglyceride levels were higher (P < 0.05) in groups supplemented with CA and CA + 1,000 g/t MMG comparing to the control group; while urea nitrogen level was higher in the control group comparing to the rest of treatment groups Compared to the control group 1, 1,000 g/t MMG alone without CA decreased the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides but increased the abundance of Escherichia/Shiegella. About 500 g/t CA alone treatment group had higher abundance of Lactobacillus comparing to the rest of groups. In conclusion, dietary supplement with MMG showed beneficial efficacy on the growth and intestinal function of broilers, demonstrating the potential value of MMG to poultry industry. In terms of dosage, the current trial shows that 3,000 g/t (1–21 d) and 1,000 g/t (22–42 d) MMG without CA was the appropriate dietary supplemented rate for broilers. And the mixed use of 500 g/t CA and 1,000 g/t MMG was benefit for broilers at 22 to 42 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lin
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China
| | - Lily Li
- BASF South East Asia Pte. Ltd. Singapore, 038987, Singapore
| | | | - Yanzhou Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Tuo Lv
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Haohan Zhao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Guitao Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Huajiao Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410205, China
| | - Qiuzhong Dai
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China.
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8
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Elbaz AM, Ibrahim NS, Shehata AM, Mohamed NG, Abdel-Moneim AME. Impact of multi-strain probiotic, citric acid, garlic powder or their combinations on performance, ileal histomorphometry, microbial enumeration and humoral immunity of broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:115. [PMID: 33438056 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress, one of the critical obstacles to poultry sector in subtropical and tropical countries, reduces performance, immune response, and animal welfare. This study examined the effect of dietary inclusion of probiotic (PRO), citric acid (CIT), garlic powder (GAR) or their combinations on growth, blood constituents, ileal microflora and morphology and humoral immunity of broiler chickens subjected to cyclic heat stress. Four hundred ninety one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 7 groups with 7 replicates of 10 birds each as follows: control (C) group received the basal diet without supplements, PRO, CIT and GAR groups supplemented with 0.5 g kg-1 multi-strain probiotic mixture (MPM), citric acid and garlic powder, respectively. PRO-CIT and PRO-GAR groups treated with 0.5 g kg-1 MPM, and 0.5 g kg-1 citric acid and garlic powder, while CIT-GAR group fed diet with 0.5 g kg-1 of citric acid and garlic powder. Results revealed that dietary supplements and their combinations improved (P < 0.001) growth performance and decreased abdominal fat of heat-stressed birds. Dietary supplements decreased (P < 0.01) serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL, while HDL was elevated (P < 0.05). Feed additives reduced (P < 0.01) ileal enumeration of Escherichia coli and total coliform while Lactobacillus count was increased (P < 0.05) only in MPM-enriched groups. Supplementation of these natural products improved (P < 0.01) ileal architecture while humoral immune response was not significantly influenced except antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus which was increased (P < 0.05) in MPM-supplemented groups. Conclusively, addition of the dietary supplements and their combinations, particularly, probiotic and citric acid combination can improve productive performance, and intestinal flora and histomorphometry of broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nashaat S Ibrahim
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, 13759, Egypt
| | - Abdelrazeq M Shehata
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt.,Department of Dairy Science & Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Noureldeen G Mohamed
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, 13759, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal, 13759, Egypt.
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9
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Casanova NA, Redondo LM, Redondo EA, Joaquim PE, Dominguez JE, Fernández-Miyakawa ME, Chacana PA. Efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:135-145. [PMID: 33251637 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts against Salmonella by in vitro assays and in vivo trials. METHODS AND RESULTS The extracts showed inhibitory activity against Salmonella determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method as well as on the adhesion and invasion of S. Gallinarum (SG) and S. Enteritidis (SE) in Caco-2 cells. Also, transmission electron microscopy revealed that extract-treated Salmonella showed disruption of cell walls and membranes, damage of the cytoplasm and tannin-protein aggregations. In addition, efficacy of the extracts to control SG and SE was evaluated in experimental infection trials in laying hens and broilers respectively. SE excretion was significantly reduced on days 5 (P < 0·01) and 12 (P < 0·025) only in the quebracho group. In the fowl typhoid infection model, hens that received the chestnut extract showed a significantly reduced mortality (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Our results evidence that these alternative natural products may be a useful tool to control Salmonella in poultry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen usually associated with poultry production. This study provides information about the mechanism of antibacterial effects of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Casanova
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L M Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E A Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P E Joaquim
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J E Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Fernández-Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P A Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Onbaşılar EE, Kahraman M, Güngör ÖF, Kocakaya A, Karakan T, Pirpanahi M, Doğan B, Metin D, Akan M, Şehu A, Erbay Elibol FK, Yalçın S. Effects of cage type on performance, welfare, and microbiological properties of laying hens during the molting period and the second production cycle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3713-3724. [PMID: 33001365 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As most of the unenriched cages will soon switch to enriched cages, it is important to characterize all the effects in the laying hens for sustainable production. Laying hens can be used in several production periods by applying molting. The aim of this study was to determine the cage type (unenriched and enriched) on performance, welfare, and microbiological properties of laying hens during the molting period and the second production cycle. Overall, 840 brown laying hybrids were used in the experiment. Laying hens were reared on two different cage types (unenriched cage (UEC) and enriched cage (EC)) in the same poultry house. When the hybrids were 75 weeks old, they were subjected to force molting with whole grain barley. Performance, welfare, microbiological, and serological data of laying hens were obtained from 73 to 107 weeks of age. Egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, breaking strength, albumen and yolk index, Haugh unit, feather condition, and breaking force of femur and metatarsus were better in the post-molting period. However, keel bone deformities and Newcastle disease virus antibody titers are the worst in the post-molting period. Stiffness of femur and metatarsus was increased with period. These results indicate that necessary precautions should be taken against the problems that may occur in the direction of bone and health. During the molting period, hens kept in EC had lower egg production but they returned to egg production at a high rate. EC type had a positive effect on egg production, feed conversion ratio, feather and foot condition, and breaking force of metatarsus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Onbaşılar
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - M Kahraman
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Urfa, Turkey
| | - Ö F Güngör
- Department of Veterinary, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Vocational School of Mudurnu Süreyya Astarcı, Bolu, Turkey
| | - A Kocakaya
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - T Karakan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Pirpanahi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Doğan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D Metin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Akan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Şehu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F K Erbay Elibol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Yalçın
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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11
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Bonato M, Borges LL, Ingberman M, Fávaro C, Mesa D, Caron LF, Beirão BC. Effects of yeast cell wall on immunity, microbiota, and intestinal integrity of Salmonella-infected broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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12
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Andreatti Filho RL, Milbradt EL, Okamoto AS, Silva TM, Vellano IHB, Gross LS, Oro CS, Hataka A. Salmonella Enteritidis infection, corticosterone levels, performance and egg quality in laying hens submitted to different methods of molting. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4416-4425. [PMID: 31065721 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In commercial layer poultry farming, molt induction is an important tool used by egg producers to prolong the production cycle of laying hens. Conventional molt induction programs involve total feed withdrawal, which raises questions about animal welfare and increased infection susceptibility. The high incidence of paratyphoid salmonellosis infections in commercial poultry farming is still an important health challenge because in addition to affecting the birds, such infections also cause public health problems. In this context, experiments were performed with laying hens at 79 wk of age to compare the conventional forced molting method (fasting) with an alternative method (free wheat bran supply) and determine their effect on the persistence of vaccine antibodies against Newcastle disease, the control and reduction of experimentally inoculated Salmonella Enteritidis, and the performance and egg quality of hens. A reduction (P < 0.05) of Salmonella Enteritidis in the crop and lower production of corticosterone were observed in the birds that received wheat bran compared with those subjected to total fasting. Moreover, a better performance (P < 0.05) with regard to egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion/kg and dozen eggs was observed in the hens that received the alternative treatment compared to the conventional forced molting method. Thus, the use of wheat bran for forced molting was found to be feasible and met the welfare needs of the hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Andreatti Filho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - E L Milbradt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - A S Okamoto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - T M Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - I H B Vellano
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - L S Gross
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - C S Oro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - A Hataka
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
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Shiraishi R, Yamazaki Y, Sasaki Y, Haruna M, Nakamura M. Imperfection of Commercial Inactivated Salmonella Vaccine Against Salmonella Infantis During Induced Molting in Chickens and Proposed Evaluation Method. Avian Dis 2019; 62:340-344. [PMID: 31119916 DOI: 10.1637/11354-122315-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the continuance and efficacy of inactivated vaccine against Salmonella Infantis (SI) in chickens raised on a commercial farm. Chickens (88-days-old) were inoculated with 1 or 0.5 doses of commercially available trivalent inactivated Salmonella vaccine; anti-SI antibody titer was examined continuously for 11 mo thereafter. Molting was induced 11 mo after vaccination, and SI was administered orally. SI colony-forming units (CFUs) were measured in cecal feces, cecal contents, liver, and spleen samples. Anti-SI antibodies in the 1 dose vaccination group could be detected in at least 90% of cases until the end of testing. SI discharge was significantly reduced in birds treated with either dose of vaccine. However, SI CFUs were elevated in the induced molting group, regardless of vaccination dose, particularly in the cecal feces, cecal contents, and spleen. Thus, the vaccine provided remarkable protection against SI infection under ordinary rearing methods but not during induced molting. To achieve sufficient SI protective efficacy, we recommend inoculation with 1 dose of vaccine. Moreover, the efficacy of inactivated Salmonella vaccine is recommended to be evaluated by challenging chickens with live Salmonella in addition to Salmonella antibody titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikiya Shiraishi
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan,
| | - Yuko Yamazaki
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8950, Japan
| | - Mika Haruna
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8950, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
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Kuenzel W, Wideman R, Chapman M, Golden C, Hooge D. A practical method for induced moulting of caged layers that combines full access to feed and water, dietary thyroactive protein, and short day length. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W.J. Kuenzel
- O-403 Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - R.F. Wideman
- O-403 Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - M. Chapman
- O-403 Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - C. Golden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - D.M. Hooge
- Hooge Consulting Service, Inc., Eagle Mountain, UT, USA
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Han GP, Lee KC, Kang HK, Oh HN, Sul WJ, Kil DY. Analysis of excreta bacterial community after forced molting in aged laying hens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1715-1724. [PMID: 31480206 PMCID: PMC6817773 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective As laying hens become aged, laying performance and egg quality are generally impaired. One of the practical methods to rejuvenate production and egg quality of aged laying hens with decreasing productivity is a forced molting. However, the changes in intestinal microbiota after forced molting of aged hens are not clearly known. The aim of the present study was to analyze the changes in excreta bacterial communities after forced molting of aged laying hens. Methods A total of one hundred 66-wk-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were induced to molt by a 2-d water removal and an 11-d fasting until egg production completely ceased. The excreta samples of 16 hens with similar body weight were collected before and immediately after molting. Excreta bacterial communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Results Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the three major bacterial phyla in pre-molting and immediate post-molting hens, accounting for more than 98.0%. Lactobacillus genus had relatively high abundance in both group, but decreased by molting (62.3% in pre-molting and 24.9% in post-molting hens). Moreover, pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus cecorum and Escherichia coli were more abundant in immediate post-molting hens than in pre-molting hens. Forced molting influenced the alpha diversity, with higher Chao1 (p = 0.012), phylogenetic diversity whole tree (p = 0.014), observed operational taxonomic unit indices (p = 0.006), and Simpson indices (p<0.001), which indicated that forced molting increased excreta bacterial richness of aged laying hens. Conclusion This study improves the current knowledge of bacterial community alterations in the excreta by forced molting in aged laying hens, which can provide increasing opportunity to develop novel dietary and management skills for improving the gastrointestinal health of aged laying hens after molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Ppeum Han
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Kyu-Chan Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Hwan Ku Kang
- Poultry Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25342, Korea
| | - Han Na Oh
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Dong Yong Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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Bodie AR, Micciche AC, Atungulu GG, Rothrock MJ, Ricke SC. Current Trends of Rice Milling Byproducts for Agricultural Applications and Alternative Food Production Systems. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Eberle-Krish K, Jones D, Gast R, Robison C, Anderson K, Karcher D. Microbiological Impact of Delayed Movement of Pullets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Micciche A, Rothrock MJ, Yang Y, Ricke SC. Essential Oils as an Intervention Strategy to Reduce Campylobacter in Poultry Production: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31139172 PMCID: PMC6527745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and can be acquired through consumption of poultry products. With 1.3 million United States cases a year, the high prevalence of Campylobacter within the poultry gastrointestinal tract is a public health concern and thus a target for the development of intervention strategies. Increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the promotion of various alternative pathogen control measures both at the farm and processing level. One such measure includes utilizing essential oils in both pre- and post-harvest settings. Essential oils are derived from plant-based extracts, and there are currently over 300 commercially available compounds. They have been proposed to control Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. When used in concentrations low enough to not influence sensory characteristics, essential oils have also been proposed to decrease bacterial contamination of the poultry product during processing. This review explores the use of essential oils, particularly thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde, and their role in reducing Campylobacter concentrations both pre- and post-harvest. This review also details the suggested mechanisms of action of essential oils on Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Micciche
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Micciche AC, Foley SL, Pavlidis HO, McIntyre DR, Ricke SC. A Review of Prebiotics Against Salmonella in Poultry: Current and Future Potential for Microbiome Research Applications. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:191. [PMID: 30159318 PMCID: PMC6104193 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are typically fermentable feed additives that can directly or indirectly support a healthy intestinal microbiota. Prebiotics have gained increasing attention in the poultry industry as wariness toward antibiotic use has grown in the face of foodborne pathogen drug resistance. Their potential as feed additives to improve growth, promote beneficial gastrointestinal microbiota, and reduce human-associated pathogens, has been well documented. However, their mechanisms remain relatively unknown. Prebiotics increasing short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in the cecum have long since been considered a potential source for pathogen reduction. It has been previously concluded that prebiotics can improve the safety of poultry products by promoting the overall health and well-being of the bird as well as provide for an intestinal environment that is unfavorable for foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella. To better understand the precise benefit conferred by several prebiotics, "omic" technologies have been suggested and utilized. The data acquired from emerging technologies of microbiomics and metabolomics may be able to generate a more comprehensive detailed understanding of the microbiota and metabolome in the poultry gastrointestinal tract. This understanding, in turn, may allow for improved administration and optimization of prebiotics to prevent foodborne illness as well as elucidate unknown mechanisms of prebiotic actions. This review explores the use of prebiotics in poultry, their impact on gut Salmonella populations, and how utilization of next-generation technologies can elucidate the underlying mechanisms of prebiotics as feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Micciche
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven L. Foley
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationJefferson, AR, United States
| | | | | | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR, United States
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22
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Mpango MM, Madekurozwa MC. Comparative histomorphological and ultrastructural study of the luminal epithelium of the isthmus in laying and moulting domestic fowls (Gallus domesticus). Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:444-455. [PMID: 29998584 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study describes ciliated, nonciliated and mitochondrial luminal epithelial cells of the isthmus in laying and moulting domestic fowls using histological and ultrastructural techniques. The ciliated cells were nonsecretory, while numerous electron-dense secretory granules were present in the nonciliated cells of laying birds. Mitochondrial cells, occurring in two morphologically distinct forms, constituted the third type of epithelial cell present in the isthmus. The SEM study showed that the luminal epithelium was dominated by ciliated cells, the cilia of which partially obscured adjacent nonciliated cells. The involution of the luminal epithelium in moulting birds occurred via autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis. Autophagic inclusions, which included autophagosomes and autolysosomes, were present in the early degenerative phases of ciliated, nonciliated and mitochondrial cells. Nonciliated cells underwent degeneration via apoptosis, which was characterized by nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation. Apoptotic and necrotic ciliated cells were evident during the intermediate and advanced stages of regression. The presence of apoptotic cell death was confirmed using the TUNEL assay. Loss of cilia via the formation of cilia packets was observed using TEM and SEM. Necrotic cell death occurred in mitochondrial cells during the intermediate and late stages of degeneration. In conclusion, the findings of the study on isthmus involution in moulting birds suggest that autophagy is a process confined to the early stages of degeneration, while apoptosis and/or necrosis occur in the terminal stages of regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike M Mpango
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Ricke SC, Dawoud TM, Kim SA, Park SH, Kwon YM. Salmonella Cold Stress Response: Mechanisms and Occurrence in Foods. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 104:1-38. [PMID: 30143250 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since bacteria in foods often encounter various cold environments during food processing, such as chilling, cold chain distribution, and cold storage, lower temperatures can become a major stress environment for foodborne pathogens. Bacterial responses in stressful environments have been considered in the past, but now the importance of stress responses at the molecular level is becoming recognized. Documenting how bacterial changes occur at the molecular level may help to achieve the in-depth understanding of stress responses, to predict microbial fate when they encounter cold temperatures, and to design and develop more effective strategies to control pathogens in food for ensuring food safety. Microorganisms differ in responding to a sudden downshift in temperature and this, in turn, impacts their metabolic processes and can cause various structural modifications. In this review, the fundamental aspects of bacterial cold stress responses focused on cell membrane modification, DNA supercoiling modification, transcriptional and translational responses, cold-induced protein synthesis including CspA, CsdA, NusA, DnaA, RecA, RbfA, PNPase, KsgA, SrmB, trigger factors, and initiation factors are discussed. In this context, specific Salmonella responses to cold temperature including growth, injury, and survival and their physiological and genetic responses to cold environments with a focus on cross-protection, different gene expression levels, and virulence factors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Si Hong Park
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Rubinelli PM, Kim SA, Park SH, Roto SM, Ricke SC. Sodium bisulfate and a sodium bisulfate/tannin mixture decreases pH when added to an in vitro incubated poultry cecal or fecal contents while reducing Salmonella Typhimurium marker strain survival and altering the microbiome. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:607-615. [PMID: 28489978 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1316159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of animal feed-grade sodium bisulfate (SBS) and a mixture of sodium bisulfate/tannin to inhibit the growth of Salmonella using an anerobic in vitro mixed cecal culture to mimic the conditions within the chicken cecum. An initial inoculum of Salmonella Typhimurium was introduced to an anerobic dilution solution containing 1/3000 diluted cecal bacteria and solids consisting of ground chicken feed and different percentages of solid SBS or SBS/tannin, and surviving organisms were enumerated. Two different experimental designs were employed. In the "unadapted" treatment, the S. Typhimurium was added at the beginning of the culture incubation along with cecal bacteria and chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. In the "adapted" treatment, S. Typhimurium was added after a 24 hour pre-incubation of the cecal bacteria with the chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. Adding SBS resulted in reduction of pH in the cultures which paralleled with the reduction of S. Typhimurium. The SBS alone was found to be inhibitory to S. Typhimurium in the adapted treatment at all concentrations tested (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%), and the degree of inhibition was concentration-dependent. Salmonella Typhimurium was completely killed in the adapted culture with 0.5% SBS after 24 and 48 h. The SBS/tannin mixture was less inhibitory than SBS alone at the same concentrations in side-by-side comparisons. Testing at a 0.5% SBS concentration, chicken age had little or no effect on log reduction of S. Typhimurium relative to age-matched control cultures without SBS, but age did affect the absolute number of S. Typhimurium surviving, with the greatest decreases occurring at 2 and 4 weeks of age (approx. 103 S. Typhimurium surviving) compared to 6 weeks of age (approx. 105 Salmonella surviving). Microbiome analysis with an Illumina MiSeq platform was conducted to investigate bacterial compositional changes related to the addition of SBS. The relative abundance of Firmicutes (at the phylum level) was decreased, and genera Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium were increased when SBS was added to the anaerobic mixed culture containing either fecal or cecal material. The antimicrobial action of feed-grade SBS may represent a potential pre-harvest control measure for Salmonella in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Rubinelli
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Stephanie M Roto
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- a Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , Arkansas , USA
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Wu S, Ricke SC, Schneider KR, Ahn S. Food safety hazards associated with ready-to-bake cookie dough and its ingredients. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is the predominant cause of the food-borne salmonellosis in humans, in part because this serotype has the unique ability to contaminate chicken eggs without causing discernible illness in the infected birds. Attempts to develop effective vaccines and eradicate SE from chickens are undermined by significant limitations in our current understanding of the genetic basis of pathogenesis of SE in this reservoir host. In this chapter, we summarize the infection kinetics and provide an overview of the current understanding of genetic factors underlying SE infection in the chicken host. We also discuss the important knowledge gaps that, if addressed, will improve our understanding of the complex biology of SE in young chickens and in egg laying hens.
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Ricke S. Potential of fructooligosaccharide prebiotics in alternative and nonconventional poultry production systems. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1411-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Handley JA, Shi Z, Park SH, Dawoud TM, Kwon YM, Ricke SC. Salmonella and the Potential Role for Methods to Develop Microbial Process Indicators on Chicken Carcasses. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Application of Molecular Approaches for Understanding Foodborne Salmonella Establishment in Poultry Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/813275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis in the United States is one of the most costly foodborne diseases. Given that Salmonella can originate from a wide variety of environments, reduction of this organism at all stages of poultry production is critical. Salmonella species can encounter various environmental stress conditions which can dramatically influence their survival and colonization. Current knowledge of Salmonella species metabolism and physiology in relation to colonization is traditionally based on studies conducted primarily with tissue culture and animal infection models. Consequently, while there is some information about environmental signals that control Salmonella growth and colonization, much still remains unknown. Genetic tools for comprehensive functional genomic analysis of Salmonella offer new opportunities for not only achieving a better understanding of Salmonella pathogens but also designing more effective intervention strategies. Now the function(s) of each single gene in the Salmonella genome can be directly assessed and previously unknown genetic factors that are required for Salmonella growth and survival in the poultry production cycle can be elucidated. In particular, delineating the host-pathogen relationships involving Salmonella is becoming very helpful for identifying optimal targeted gene mutagenesis strategies to generate improved vaccine strains. This represents an opportunity for development of novel vaccine approaches for limiting Salmonella establishment in early phases of poultry production. In this review, an overview of Salmonella issues in poultry, a general description of functional genomic technologies, and their specific application to poultry vaccine developments are discussed.
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Park SH, Aydin M, Khatiwara A, Dolan MC, Gilmore DF, Bouldin JL, Ahn S, Ricke SC. Current and emerging technologies for rapid detection and characterization of Salmonella in poultry and poultry products. Food Microbiol 2014; 38:250-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sarıözkan S, Güçlü B, Kara K, Gürcan S. Comparison of different molting methods and evaluation of the effects of postmolt diets supplemented with humate and carnitine on performance, egg quality, and profitability of laying hens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Foley SL, Johnson TJ, Ricke SC, Nayak R, Danzeisen J. Salmonella pathogenicity and host adaptation in chicken-associated serovars. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:582-607. [PMID: 24296573 PMCID: PMC3973385 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. S. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and across multiple hosts. S. enterica serovars such as S. Typhi, S. Dublin, and S. Gallinarum have a restricted host range, in which they are typically associated with one or a few host species, while S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium have broad host ranges. This review examines how S. enterica has evolved through adaptation to different host environments, especially as related to the chicken host, and continues to be an important human pathogen. Several factors impact host range, and these include the acquisition of genes via horizontal gene transfer with plasmids, transposons, and phages, which can potentially expand host range, and the loss of genes or their function, which would reduce the range of hosts that the organism can infect. S. Gallinarum, with a limited host range, has a large number of pseudogenes in its genome compared to broader-host-range serovars. S. enterica serovars such as S. Kentucky and S. Heidelberg also often have plasmids that may help them colonize poultry more efficiently. The ability to colonize different hosts also involves interactions with the host's immune system and commensal organisms that are present. Thus, the factors that impact the ability of Salmonella to colonize a particular host species, such as chickens, are complex and multifactorial, involving the host, the pathogen, and extrinsic pressures. It is the interplay of these factors which leads to the differences in host ranges that we observe today.
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Ricke SC, Khatiwara A, Kwon YM. Application of microarray analysis of foodborne Salmonella in poultry production: A review. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2243-50. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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34
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Feeding mice aged and fresh blackberries powder supplements result in shifts in the gastrointestinal microflora. FOOD BIOSCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Park S, Hanning I, Perrota A, Bench B, Alm E, Ricke S. Modifying the gastrointestinal ecology in alternatively raised poultry and the potential for molecular and metabolomic assessment. Poult Sci 2013; 92:546-61. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Ricke S, Dunkley C, Durant J. A review on development of novel strategies for controlling Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in laying hens: Fiber-based molt diets. Poult Sci 2013; 92:502-25. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Park SH, Biswas D, Lingbeck J, Koo OK, Ricke SC. Enhancement of chicken macrophage cytokine response to Salmonella Typhimurium when combined with bacteriophage P22. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 339:137-44. [PMID: 23240769 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections are reported as the second most common pathogen caused foodborne disease in the United States, and several Salmonella serovars can colonize in the intestinal tracts of poultry. Reducing Salmonella in poultry is crucial to decrease the incidence of salmonellosis in humans. In this study, we evaluated the immune response of chicken macrophage cells (HD-11) and effects of bacteriophage P22 against the extra- and intracellular S. Typhimurium LT2. Four treatments, (1) HD-11 cells as control, (2) HD-11 cells with LT2, (3) HD-11 cells with LT2 and P22, and (4) HD-11 cells with P22, were administered, and IL-8 responses of HD-11 cells were measured using an ELISA. Also, four cytokine (IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, and IFN-γ) gene expression levels in the presence of LT2 and/or P22 were quantified by qRT-PCR. We found that P22 lysed the extra- and intracellular LT2, which adhered and were taken up by the HD-11 cells. The ELISA indicated that HD-11 cells produced significantly higher IL-8 cytokine levels in the supernatant during the intracellular lyses of LT2 by P22 (P < 0.05). The IL-8 expression levels measured by qRT-PCR also exhibited similar results with the IL-8 production based on ELISA measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hong Park
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
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Dunkley KD, Callaway TR, O'Bryan CA, Kundinger MM, Dunkley CS, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ, Crandall PG, Ricke SC. Comparison of Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Quantification of Changes inhilAandrpoSGene Expression of aSalmonellaTyphimurium Poultry Isolate Grown at Fast Versus Slow Dilution Rates in an Anaerobic Continuous Culture System. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2012.698770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Steenackers H, Hermans K, Vanderleyden J, De Keersmaecker SC. Salmonella biofilms: An overview on occurrence, structure, regulation and eradication. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Shivaramaiah S, Pumford N, Morgan M, Wolfenden R, Wolfenden A, Torres-Rodríguez A, Hargis B, Téllez G. Evaluation of Bacillus species as potential candidates for direct-fed microbials in commercial poultry. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1574-80. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Abstract
Butyrate is a natural substance present in biological liquids and tissues. The present paper aims to give an update on the biological role of butyrate in mammals, when it is naturally produced by the gastrointestinal microbiota or orally ingested as a feed additive. Recent data concerning butyrate production delivery as well as absorption by the colonocytes are reported. Butyrate cannot be detected in the peripheral blood, which indicates fast metabolism in the gut wall and/or in the liver. In physiological conditions, the increase in performance in animals could be explained by the increased nutrient digestibility, the stimulation of the digestive enzyme secretions, a modification of intestinal luminal microbiota and an improvement of the epithelial integrity and defence systems. In the digestive tract, butyrate can act directly (upper gastrointestinal tract or hindgut) or indirectly (small intestine) on tissue development and repair. Direct trophic effects have been demonstrated mainly by cell proliferation studies, indicating a faster renewal of necrotic areas. Indirect actions of butyrate are believed to involve the hormono-neuro-immuno system. Butyrate has also been implicated in down-regulation of bacteria virulence, both by direct effects on virulence gene expression and by acting on cell proliferation of the host cells. In animal production, butyrate is a helpful feed additive, especially when ingested soon after birth, as it enhances performance and controls gut health disorders caused by bacterial pathogens. Such effects could be considered for new applications in human nutrition.
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Aygun A, Yetisir R. The Relationships among Egg Quality Characteristic of Different Hybrid Layers to Forced Molting Programs with and Without Feed Withdrawal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.710.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fernández-Rubio C, Ordóñez C, Abad-González J, Garcia-Gallego A, Honrubia MP, Mallo JJ, Balaña-Fouce R. Butyric acid-based feed additives help protect broiler chickens from Salmonella Enteritidis infection. Poult Sci 2009; 88:943-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Donalson LM, Kim WK, Chalova VI, Herrera P, McReynolds JL, Gotcheva VG, Vidanovic D, Woodward CL, Kubena LF, Nisbet DJ, Ricke SC. In vitro fermentation response of laying hen cecal bacteria to combinations of fructooligosaccharide prebiotics with alfalfa or a layer ration. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1263-75. [PMID: 18577604 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of combining a prebiotic with alfalfa on fermentation by laying hen cecal bacteria. Cecal contents from laying hens were diluted to a 1:3,000 concentration with an anaerobic dilution solution and added to serum tubes filled with ground alfalfa or a layer ration with or without fructooligosaccharide (FOS) prebiotic. Samples were processed in an anaerobic hood, pressurized by using a pressure manifold, and incubated at 37 degrees C. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) and lactic acid concentrations were quantified at 6 and 24 h of substrate fermentation. In this study, fermentation of alfalfa resulted in greater production of acetate, VFA, and lactic acid compared with the layer ration. Although with a relative inconsistency in data between trials, the amendment of FOS to both alfalfa and the layer ration appeared to further increase fermentation as demonstrated by overall higher propionate, butyrate, VFA, and lactic acid concentrations. The effect was more pronounced after 24 h of fermentation, implying time constraints for the optimal production of fermentation products in the chicken gastrointestinal tract. These data indicate that in vitro cecal fermentation can be enhanced by the addition of FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Donalson
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2472, USA
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Donalson LM, McReynolds JL, Kim WK, Chalova VI, Woodward CL, Kubena LF, Nisbet DJ, Ricke SC. The influence of a fructooligosaccharide prebiotic combined with alfalfa molt diets on the gastrointestinal tract fermentation, Salmonella enteritidis infection, and intestinal shedding in laying hens. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1253-62. [PMID: 18577603 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molting is a natural process, which birds undergo to rejuvenate their reproductive organs. The US poultry egg production industry has used feed withdrawal to effectively induce molt; however, susceptibility of Salmonella Enteritidis has encouraged the development of alternative methods. Previous research conducted in our laboratory showed that alfalfa is effective at molt induction and provides equivalent postmolt production numbers and quality when compared with feed withdrawal. In the attempt to further increase the efficacy of alfalfa molt diet and decrease the chicken susceptibility to Salmonella Enteritidis during molt, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) was added to a combination of 90% alfalfa and 10% layer ration in 2 levels (0.750 and 0.375%). Ovary and liver colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis in 3 and 2 of the 4 trials, respectively, were reduced (P <or= 0.05) in hens fed FOS-containing diets compared with hens subjected to feed withdrawal. Significant decreases in ce-cal Salmonella Enteritidis counts were also observed in 2 of the 4 trials. In 3 of the 4 trials, the same diets did not affect (P > 0.05) the production of cecal total volatile fatty acids when compared with hens undergoing feed withdrawal. However, in all 3 alfalfa molt diets, the concentrations of lactic acid were greater (P <or= 0.05) than hens with feed withdrawal, but no differences (P > 0.05) were observed among hens fed alfalfa combined with FOS and hens fed alfalfa/layer ration without FOS. Overall, given the similarities between hens fed 0.750% FOS (H) and 0.375% FOS (L), molt diets combined with the lower level of FOS should be sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Donalson
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2472, USA
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Review of induced molting by feed removal and contamination of eggs with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Vet Microbiol 2008; 131:215-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dunkley CS, Friend TH, McReynolds JL, Woodward CL, Kim WK, Dunkley KD, Kubena LF, Nisbet DJ, Ricke SC. Behavioral responses of laying hens to different alfalfa-layer ration combinations fed during molting. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1005-11. [PMID: 18492986 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2006-00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced molting by feed withdrawal has been a common practice in the commercial layer industry and usually involves the removal of feed for a period of up to 14 d. However, this is a practice that is believed to adversely influence the welfare of the hens and there is a need to examine behavioral responses to alternative molt regimens. The behavioral patterns of hens on 90% alfalfa:10% layer ration, 80% alfalfa:20% layer ration, and 70% alfalfa:30% layer ration molt diets were compared with feed withdrawal (FW) hens, and fully fed (FF) hens. The White Leghorn laying hens were approximately 54 wk old and were placed in 3 identical climate-controlled rooms. The hens were individually housed in 2-tier wire battery cages and provided treatment rations and water ad libitum. Nonnutritive pecking, walking, drinking, feeder activity, preening, aggression, and head movement were quantified during two 10-min periods each day for 6 hens from each treatment. Over the 9-d treatment period, hens in the FW, 70% alfalfa:30% layer ration, and 80% alfalfa:20% layer ration groups spent significantly more time walking than hens in the 90% alfalfa:10% layer ration group. The FF and 70% alfalfa:30% layer ration hens spent half as much time preening, whereas the FW hens displayed nearly twice as much nonnutritive pecking when compared with other treatments. Most differences in head movements occurred at the beginning of the molt period, whereas during the last half of molt, alfalfa-fed hens exhibited feeder activity similar to FF hens, and all were significantly higher than that of FW hens. After some initial adjustment by the hens, consumption of alfalfa molt diets appeared to reduce nonnutritive pecking behavior, which is characteristically associated with FW hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Dunkley
- Texas A&M University, Department of Poultry Science, College Station 77843-2472, USA
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50
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Nisbet DJ, Edrington TS, McReynolds JL, Callaway TR, Byrd JA. Influence of exogenous melatonin administration on Salmonella enteritidis colonization in molted layers. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1083-8. [PMID: 18492995 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of melatonin on Salmonella Enteritidis infection in experimentally challenged laying hens subjected to a forced molt. Leghorn hens (>50 wk of age) were randomly assigned to rooms, acclimated to a 16L:8D regimen, and provided ad libitum access to a nonmedicated mash layer diet and water. Birds in one room were molted (8L:16D; complete feed withdrawal), whereas birds in the second room served as nonmolted controls (CONT). Within each room, birds were randomly assigned to melatonin treatment (MEL; 12 birds/treatment), dosed orally commencing the same day as feed withdrawal for 10 d: (experiment I: 0 or 5 mg of melatonin; experiment II: 0, 10, or 20 mg of melatonin). Three days following feed withdrawal, all birds were experimentally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, and after 10 d of feed withdrawal, all birds were killed and necropsied. In experiment I, concentrations of Salmonella Enteritidis in the cecal contents and the number of Salmonella Enteritidis-positive tissues from the crop, ceca, liver, spleen, and ovary were higher (P < 0.0001) in the MOLT compared with the CONT treatments. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed in any of the parameters examined due to MEL treatment. For experiment II, cecal concentrations of Salmonella Enteritidis were generally higher in the MOLT compared with the CONT treatment and within molted birds, cecal concentrations were higher in the MEL treatment (P < 0.05). Melatonin treatment in molted birds increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of positive crops in the MOLT+20 MEL treatment (P < 0.05). Salmonella-positive cecal tissue was increased (P < 0.001) in MOLT compared with CONT birds and was also higher in MOLT+10 MEL and MOLT+20 MEL birds compared with the MOLT-only treatment. Results from the current research suggest that dosage with high levels of melatonin may exacerbate Salmonella Enteritidis infection in layers subjected to forced molt.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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