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Polat İ, Şen B, Onurdağ FK. Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated for the first time in laying hens, and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103180. [PMID: 37980729 PMCID: PMC10685019 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of 323 drag swab samples were taken from laying hen fresh feces from 3 different provinces (Kırklareli, Edirne, and Tekirdağ), which are located in the European part of Türkiye. According to the ISO 6579: 2002 method, 17.3% of the samples were found positive for Salmonella. Obtained 56 Salmonella isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination using antisera according to Kauffmann White Le Minor Scheme. Sixteen serotypes of Salmonella were identified as S. Typhimurium (28.6%), S. Kentucky (17.9%), S. Abony (16.1%), S. Infantis (8.9%), S. Enteritidis (5.4%), S. Anatum (3.6%), S. Saintpaul (3.6%), S. Szentes (1.8%), S. Dibra (1.8%), S. Fallowfield (1.8%), S. Kimuenza (1.8%), S. Escanaba (1.8%), S. Nagoya (1.8%), S. Mbandaka (1.8%), S. Agona (1.8%), and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z15: 1,6 (1.8%). Isolations of S. Kimuenza, S. Escanaba, and S. Nagoya from laying hens are reported for the first time in Türkiye. The isolations of S. Dibra, S. Fallowfield, S. Szentes, and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z15: 1,6 from laying hens are the first report in the world. A total of 56 Salmonella isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefepime, azithromycin, cefoxitin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole by the disk diffusion method. While 10% of S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, and S. Kimuenza was only resistant to chloramphenicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Polat
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Türkiye.
| | - Burhan Şen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Türkiye.
| | - Fatma Kaynak Onurdağ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Türkiye.
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Veltman T, Jordan D, McDevitt CA, Bell J, Howden BP, Valcanis M, O'Dea M, Abraham S, Scott P, Kovac JH, Chia R, Combs B, Chousalkar K, Wilson T, Trott DJ. Absence of high priority critically important antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella sp. isolated from Australian commercial egg layer environments. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 340:109042. [PMID: 33461002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens is a growing public health concern. This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica isolated from the Australian commercial egg layer industry. S. enterica subspecies enterica (n=307) isolated from Australian commercial layer flock environments (2015-2018) were obtained from reference, research and State Government laboratories from six Australian states. All Salmonella isolates were serotyped. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for 16 antimicrobial agents was performed by broth microdilution. Antimicrobial resistance genes and sequence types (STs) were identified in significant isolates by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Three main serotypes were detected, S. Typhimurium (n=61, 19.9%), S. Senftenburg (n=45, 14.7%) and S. Agona (n=37, 12.1%). AST showed 293/307 (95.4%) isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial agents and all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, azithromycin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, colistin, florfenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Low levels of non-susceptibility were observed to streptomycin (2.3%, n=7), sulfisoxazole (2.0%, n=6), chloramphenicol (1.3%, n=4) and tetracycline (1.0%, n=3). Very low levels of non-susceptibility were observed to ampicillin (2/307; 0.7%) and cefoxitin (2/307; 0.7%). Two isolates (S. Havana and S. Montevideo), exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline and possessed corresponding antimicrobial resistance genes (aadA4, aac(6')-Iaa, sul1, tetB). One S. Typhimurium isolate was resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline, and possessed both tetA and blaTEM-1B. WGS also identified these isolates as belonging to ST4 (S. Montevideo), ST578 (S. Havana) and ST19 (S. Typhimurium). The absence of resistance to highest priority critically important antimicrobials as well as the extremely low level of AMR generally among Australian commercial egg layer Salmonella isolates likely reflect Australia's conservative antimicrobial registration policy in food-producing animals and low rates of antimicrobial use within the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Veltman
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia; Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government, Wollongbar, Australia
| | - Christopher A McDevitt
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia; Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jan Bell
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia; Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | | | - Jessica H Kovac
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | | | - Barry Combs
- OzFoodNet, Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Perth, Australia
| | - Kapil Chousalkar
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | | | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.
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Jibril AH, Okeke IN, Dalsgaard A, Kudirkiene E, Akinlabi OC, Bello MB, Olsen JE. Prevalence and risk factors of Salmonella in commercial poultry farms in Nigeria. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238190. [PMID: 32966297 PMCID: PMC7510976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important human pathogen and poultry products constitute an important source of human infections. This study investigated prevalence; identified serotypes based on whole genome sequence, described spatial distribution of Salmonella serotypes and predicted risk factors that could influence the prevalence of Salmonella infection in commercial poultry farms in Nigeria. A cross sectional approach was employed to collect 558 pooled shoe socks and dust samples from 165 commercial poultry farms in North West Nigeria. On-farm visitation questionnaires were administered to obtain information on farm management practices in order to assess risk factors for Salmonella prevalence. Salmonella was identified by culture, biotyping, serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR confirmed isolates were paired-end Illumina- sequenced. Following de novo genome assembly, draft genomes were used to obtain serotypes by SeqSero2 and SISTR pipeline and sequence types by SISTR and Enterobase. Risk factor analysis was performed using the logit model. A farm prevalence of 47.9% (CI95 [40.3-55.5]) for Salmonella was observed, with a sample level prevalence of 15.9% (CI95 [12.9-18.9]). Twenty-three different serotypes were identified, with S. Kentucky and S. Isangi as the most prevalent (32.9% and 11%). Serotypes showed some geographic variation. Salmonella detection was strongly associated with disposal of poultry waste and with presence of other livestock on the farm. Salmonella was commonly detected on commercial poultry farms in North West Nigeria and S. Kentucky was found to be ubiquitous in the farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Hassan Jibril
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olabisi Comfort Akinlabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Bashir Bello
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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How Safe is Chicken Litter for Land Application as an Organic Fertilizer? A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193521. [PMID: 31547196 PMCID: PMC6801513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chicken litter application on land as an organic fertilizer is the cheapest and most environmentally safe method of disposing of the volume generated from the rapidly expanding poultry industry worldwide. However, little is known about the safety of chicken litter for land application and general release into the environment. Bridging this knowledge gap is crucial for maximizing the benefits of chicken litter as an organic fertilizer and mitigating negative impacts on human and environmental health. The key safety concerns of chicken litter are its contamination with pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, helminthes, parasitic protozoa, and viruses; antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant genes; growth hormones such as egg and meat boosters; heavy metals; and pesticides. Despite the paucity of literature about chicken litter safety for land application, the existing information was scattered and disjointed in various sources, thus making them not easily accessible and difficult to interpret. We consolidated scattered pieces of information about known contaminants found in chicken litter that are of potential risk to human, animal, and environmental health and how they are spread. This review tested the hypothesis that in its current form, chicken litter does not meet the minimum standards for application as organic fertilizer. The review entails a meta-analysis of technical reports, conference proceedings, peer-reviewed journal articles, and internet texts. Our findings indicate that direct land application of chicken litter could be harming animal, human, and environmental health. For example, counts of pathogenic strains of Eschericiacoli (105–1010 CFU g−1) and Coliform bacteria (106–108 CFU g−1) exceeded the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for land application. In Australia, 100% of broiler litter tested was contaminated with Actinobacillus and re-used broiler litter was more contaminated with Salmonella than non-re-used broiler litter. Similarly, in the US, all (100%) broiler litter was contaminated with Eschericiacoli containing genes resistant to over seven antibiotics, particularly amoxicillin, ceftiofur, tetracycline, and sulfonamide. Chicken litter is also contaminated with a vast array of antibiotics and heavy metals. There are no standards set specifically for chicken litter for most of its known contaminants. Even where standards exist for related products such as compost, there is wide variation across countries and bodies mandated to set standards for safe disposal of organic wastes. More rigorous studies are needed to ascertain the level of contamination in chicken litter from both broilers and layers, especially in developing countries where there is hardly any data; set standards for all the contaminants; and standardize these standards across all agencies, for safe disposal of chicken litter on land.
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McDonagh A, Leibler JH, Mukherjee J, Thachil A, Goodman LB, Riekofski C, Nee A, Smyth K, Forrester J, Rosenbaum MH. Frequent human-poultry interactions and low prevalence of Salmonella in backyard chicken flocks in Massachusetts. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:92-100. [PMID: 30447058 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The backyard chicken (BYC) movement in the USA has increased human contact with poultry and subsequently, human contact with the pathogen Salmonella. However, to date, there have been few studies assessing prevalence of Salmonella in backyard flocks, despite the known public health risk this zoonotic bacterium poses. The objective of this study was to characterize human-BYC interactions and assess the prevalence of Salmonella among BYC flocks. We interviewed 50 BYC owners using a structured questionnaire to determine flock and household characteristics that facilitate contact with BYC and that may be associated with Salmonella in the BYC environment. Composite faecal material, cloacal swabs and dust samples from 53 flocks housed on 50 residential properties in the Greater Boston, Massachusetts area were tested for Salmonella using standard culture techniques and confirmed using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer. Microbroth dilution and whole genome sequencing were used to determine phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles, respectively, and sequence results were used to determine multilocus sequencing type. No owners self-reported a diagnosis of salmonellosis in the household. Over 75% of a subset of owners reported that they and their children consider BYC pets. This perception is evident in how owners reported interacting with their birds. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Kentucky ST152 (serogroup C)-a strain not commonly associated with human infection-was confirmed in one flock, or 2% of tested flocks, and demonstrated resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin. We detected Salmonella at low prevalence in BYC. Further study of the health effects of exposure to zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogens such as Salmonella among families with BYC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa McDonagh
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica H Leibler
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jean Mukherjee
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Anil Thachil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, New York
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, New York
| | - Cassidy Riekofski
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Nee
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Khrysti Smyth
- Yardbirds Backyard Chickens, Easthampton, Massachusetts
| | - Janet Forrester
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marieke H Rosenbaum
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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Rapid molecular identification and differentiation of common Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry, domestic animals and foodstuff using multiplex PCR assay. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:1009-1016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Guard J, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities. Avian Dis 2018; 61:366-371. [PMID: 28956995 DOI: 10.1637/11635-032517-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eggs contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis are leading sources of human salmonellosis, but Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium are also egg-associated pathogens. The management practices and housing facilities characterizing different systems for housing commercial egg flocks can influence Salmonella persistence and transmission. Animal welfare aspects of poultry housing have been widely debated, but their food safety ramifications are not thoroughly understood. The present study assessed the effects of two different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of strains of Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In separate trials, laying hens were distributed into two groups housed in enriched colony cages at stocking densities of 648 and 973 cm2/bird, and a third group was housed in conventional cages at 648 cm2/bird. All hens were orally inoculated with doses of 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of either Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Typhimurium. At eight weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect Salmonella. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Heidelberg continued for 8 wk in all housing groups, but Salmonella Typhimurium shedding ceased after as little as 5 wk in enriched colony cages at low stocking density. After Salmonella Heidelberg infection, the overall frequency of positive fecal cultures for all sampling dates combined was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from either conventional cages (51.0%) or enriched colony cages (46.5%) at high stocking density than from enriched colony cages at low stocking density (33.3%). No significant differences in Salmonella Typhimurium fecal isolation were identified between housing groups. These results demonstrate that stocking density can affect intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens for some (but not necessarily all) Salmonella serovars or strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Rupa Guraya
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Deana R Jones
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Jean Guard
- A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- B Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 29765
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- C Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Chousalkar K, Gast R, Martelli F, Pande V. Review of egg-related salmonellosis and reduction strategies in United States, Australia, United Kingdom and New Zealand. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:290-303. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1368998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Richard Gast
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Vivek Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:47. [PMID: 28443289 PMCID: PMC5385464 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with Salmonella Enteritidis are often attributed to the consumption of contaminated eggs, so the prevalence of this pathogen in egg-laying poultry is an important public health risk factor. Numerous and complex environmental influences on Salmonella persistence and transmission are exerted by management practices and housing facilities used in commercial egg production. In recent years, the animal welfare implications of poultry housing systems have guided the development of alternatives to traditional cage-based housing, but their food safety consequences are not yet fully understood. The present study assessed the effects of different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In two trials, groups of laying hens were distributed at two stocking densities (648 and 973 cm2/bird) into enriched colony cages and (along with a group housed in conventional cages at 648 cm2/bird) orally inoculated with doses of 1.0 × 108 cfu of S. Enteritidis. At 10 weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect S. Enteritidis. Fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis was detected for up to 10 weeks postinoculation by hens in all three housing treatment groups. The overall frequency of positive fecal cultures was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from conventional cages than from enriched colony cages (at the lower stocking density) for the total of all sampling dates (45.0 vs. 33.3%) and also for samples collected at 4–9 weeks postinfection. Likewise, the frequency of S. Enteritidis isolation from feces from conventional cages was significantly greater than from enriched colony cages (at the higher hen stocking density) for the sum of all samples (45.0 vs. 36.7%) and at 6 weeks postinoculation. Moreover, the frequency of S. Enteritidis fecal recovery from enriched colony cages at the higher hen stocking was significantly greater than from similar cages at the lower stocking density for all 10 sampling dates combined (39.4 vs. 33.3%). These results suggest that stocking density can affect S. Enteritidis intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens, but some other difference between conventional and enriched colony cage systems appears to exert an additional influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rupa Guraya
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Deana R Jones
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Howe K, Salehi S, Hartford Bailey R, Brooks JP, Wills R, Lawrence ML, Karsi A. Supplemental invasion of Salmonella from the perspective of Salmonella enterica serovars Kentucky and Typhimurium. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:88. [PMID: 28381209 PMCID: PMC5382418 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Critical to the development of Salmonellosis in humans is the interaction of the bacterium with the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Traditional scientific reasoning held type III secretion system (T3SS) as the virulence factor responsible for bacterial invasion. In this study, field-isolated Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky and a known human pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were mutated and evaluated for the invasion of human colorectal adenocarcinoma epithelial cells. Results S. enterica serovar Kentucky was shown to actively invade a eukaryotic monolayer, though at a rate that was significantly lower than Typhimurium. Additionally, strains mutated for T3SS formation were less invasive than the wild-type strains, but the decrease in invasion was not significant in Kentucky. Conclusions Strains mutated for T3SS formation were able to initiate invasion of the eukaryotic monolayer to varying degrees based on strain, In the case of Kentucky, the mutated strain initiated invasion at a level that was not significantly different from the wild-type strain. A different result was observed for Typhimurium as the mutation significantly lowered the rate of invasion in comparison to the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Howe
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Sanaz Salehi
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - R Hartford Bailey
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
| | - John P Brooks
- USDA-ARS, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Robert Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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ANDOH LA, DALSGAARD A, OBIRI-DANSO K, NEWMAN MJ, BARCO L, OLSEN JE. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry in Ghana. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3288-3299. [PMID: 27334298 PMCID: PMC9150280 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry are possible sources of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars which may cause foodborne human disease. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of Salmonella serovars in egg-laying hens and broilers at the farm level and their susceptibility to antimicrobials commonly used in the poultry industry in Ghana. Sampling of faeces by a sock method (n = 75), dust (n = 75), feed (n = 10) and drinking water (n = 10) was performed at 75 commercial egg-laying and broiler farms in two regions of Ghana and skin neck (n = 30) at a local slaughterhouse from broilers representing different flocks. Salmonella was detected in 94/200 (47%) samples with an overall flock prevalence of 44·0%. Sixteen different serovars were identified with S. Kentucky (18·1%), S. Nima (12·8%), S. Muenster (10·6%), S. Enteritidis (10·6%) and S. Virchow (9·6 %) the most prevalent types. The predominant phage type of S. Enteritidis was PT1. All strains were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefoxitin. Fifty-seven (60·6%) strains were resistant to one or more of the remaining nine antimicrobials tested by disk diffusion, of which 23 (40·4%) showed multi-resistance (resistance to ⩾3 classes of antimicrobials). Of the resistant strains (n = 57), the most significant were to nalidixic acid (89·5%), tetracycline (80·7%), ciprofloxacin (64·9%), sulfamethazole (42·1%), trimethoprim (29·8%) and ampicillin (26·3%). All S. Kentucky strains were resistant to more than two antimicrobials and shared common resistance to nalidixic acid or ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, often in combinations with other antimicrobials. PFGE analysis using XbaI of S. Kentucky demonstrated one dominant clone in the country. In conclusion, poultry produced in Ghana has a high prevalence of multi-resistant Salmonella and the common finding of clonal S. Kentucky in the Kumasi area warrants further investigations into the epidemiology of this serovar. There is an urgent need for surveillance and control programmes on Salmonella and use of antimicrobials in the Ghanaian poultry industry to protect the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. ANDOH
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - A. DALSGAARD
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K. OBIRI-DANSO
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - M. J. NEWMAN
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - L. BARCO
- OIE, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - J. E. OLSEN
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Haley BJ, Kim SW, Pettengill J, Luo Y, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS. Genomic and Evolutionary Analysis of Two Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky Sequence Types Isolated from Bovine and Poultry Sources in North America. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161225. [PMID: 27695032 PMCID: PMC5047448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky is frequently isolated from healthy poultry and dairy cows and is occasionally isolated from people with clinical disease. A genomic analysis of 119 isolates collected in the United States from dairy cows, ground beef, poultry and poultry products, and human clinical cases was conducted. Results of the analysis demonstrated that the majority of poultry and bovine-associated S. Kentucky were sequence type (ST) 152. Several bovine-associated (n = 3) and food product isolates (n = 3) collected from the United States and the majority of human clinical isolates were ST198, a sequence type that is frequently isolated from poultry and occasionally from human clinical cases in Northern Africa, Europe and Southeast Asia. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that both STs are more closely related to other Salmonella serovars than they are to each other. Additionally, there was strong evidence of an evolutionary divergence between the poultry-associated and bovine-associated ST152 isolates that was due to polymorphisms in four core genome genes. The ST198 isolates recovered from dairy farms in the United States were phylogenetically distinct from those collected from human clinical cases with 66 core genome SNPs differentiating the two groups, but more isolates are needed to determine the significance of this distinction. Identification of S. Kentucky ST198 from dairy animals in the United States suggests that the presence of this pathogen should be monitored in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradd J. Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - James Pettengill
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Yan Luo
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Zaki HM, Mohamed HM, El-Sherif AM. Improving the antimicrobial efficacy of organic acids against Salmonella enterica attached to chicken skin using SDS with acceptable sensory quality. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Im MC, Jeong SJ, Kwon YK, Jeong OM, Kang MS, Lee YJ. Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from commercial layer farms in Korea. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1691-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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LA35 Poultry Fecal Marker Persistence Is Correlated with That of Indicators and Pathogens in Environmental Waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4616-25. [PMID: 25934617 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00444-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disposal of fecally contaminated poultry litter by land application can deliver pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) into receiving waters via runoff. While water quality is regulated by FIB enumeration, FIB testing provides inadequate information about contamination source and health risk. This microbial source tracking (MST) study compared the persistence of the Brevibacterium sp. strain LA35 16S rRNA gene (marker) for poultry litter with that of pathogens and FIB under outdoor, environmentally relevant conditions in freshwater, marine water, and sediments over 7 days. Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Bacteroidales, and LA35 were enumerated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and Enterococcus spp. and E. coli were quantified by culture and qPCR. Unlike the other bacteria, C. jejuni was not detectable after 48 h. Bacterial levels in the water column consistently declined over time and were highly correlated among species. Survival in sediments ranged from a slow decrease over time to growth, particularly in marine microcosms and for Bacteroidales. S. enterica also grew in marine sediments. Linear decay rates in water (k) ranged from -0.17 day(-1) for LA35 to -3.12 day(-1) for C. coli. LA35 levels correlated well with those of other bacteria in the water column but not in sediments. These observations suggest that, particularly in the water column, the fate of LA35 in aquatic environments is similar to that of FIB, C. coli, and Salmonella, supporting the hypothesis that the LA35 marker gene can be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of poultry litter on water quality and human health risk.
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE. Persistence of fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1650-6. [PMID: 25910903 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis can be deposited inside eggs laid by infected hens, so the prevalence of this pathogen in commercial egg-producing flocks is an important risk factor for human illness. Opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of salmonellae in poultry are potentially influenced by flock housing and management systems. Animal welfare concerns have spurred the development of alternatives to traditional cage-based housing. However, the consequences of poultry housing systems for food safety have not been fully resolved by prior research. The present study assessed the effects of two different housing systems (conventional cages and colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas) on the persistence of fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by groups of experimentally infected laying hens. In each of two trials, 136 hens were distributed among cages of both housing systems and orally inoculated with doses of 10(8) cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 13a in one trial and phage type 4 in the other). At weekly intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect Salmonella Enteritidis. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis was detected for up to 8 wk post-inoculation by hens housed in enriched colony cages and 10 wk by hens housed in conventional cages. For both trials combined, the frequency of positive fecal cultures was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for conventional cages than for enriched colony cages at 1 wk (84.7 vs. 71.5%), 2 wk (54.2 vs. 31.3%), 3 wk (21.5 vs. 7.6%), and 4 wk (9.7 vs. 2.8%) post-inoculation. These results demonstrate that the susceptibility of hens to intestinal colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis can differ between conventional and enriched cage-based production systems, although this effect does not necessarily translate into a corresponding difference in the longer-term persistence of fecal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Rupa Guraya
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Deana R Jones
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 29765
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17
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Whiley H, Ross K. Salmonella and eggs: from production to plate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2543-56. [PMID: 25730295 PMCID: PMC4377917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120302543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella contamination of eggs and egg shells has been identified as a public health concern worldwide. A recent shift in consumer preferences has impacted on the egg industry, with a push for cage-free egg production methods. There has also been an increased desire from consumers for raw and unprocessed foods, potentially increasing the risk of salmonellosis. In response to these changes, this review explores the current literature regarding Salmonella contamination of eggs during the production processing through to food handling protocols. The contamination of eggs with Salmonella during the production process is a complex issue, influenced by many variables including flock size, flock age, stress, feed, vaccination, and cleaning routines. Currently there is no consensus regarding the impact of caged, barn and free range egg production has on Salmonella contamination of eggs. The literature regarding the management and control strategies post-collection, during storage, transport and food handling is also reviewed. Pasteurisation and irradiation were identified as the only certain methods for controlling Salmonella and are essential for the protection of high risk groups, whereas control of temperature and pH were identified as potential control methods to minimise the risk for foods containing raw eggs; however, further research is required to provide more detailed control protocols and education programs to reduce the risk of salmonellosis from egg consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Whiley
- Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.
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18
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE. Horizontal transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages. Poult Sci 2014; 93:3145-51. [PMID: 25306464 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of human illnesses caused by Salmonella Enteritidis are attributed to contaminated eggs, and the prevalence of this pathogen in commercial laying flocks has been identified as a leading epidemiologic risk factor. Flock housing and management systems can affect opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of foodborne pathogens in poultry. The animal welfare implications of different types of housing for laying hens have been widely discussed in recent years, but the food safety consequences of these production systems remain incompletely understood. The present study assessed the effects of 2 different housing systems (conventional cages and colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas) on the horizontal transmission of experimentally introduced Salmonella Enteritidis infection within groups of laying hens. In each of 2 trials, 136 hens were distributed among cages of both housing systems and approximately one-third of the hens in each cage were orally inoculated with doses of 10(8) cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 13a in one trial and phage type 4 in the other). At regular intervals through 23 d postinoculation, cloacal swabs were collected from all hens (inoculated and uninoculated) and cultured for Salmonella Enteritidis. Horizontal contact transmission of infection was observed for both Salmonella Enteritidis strains, reaching peak prevalence values of 27.1% of uninoculated hens in conventional cages and 22.7% in enriched cages. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the overall frequencies of horizontal Salmonella Enteritidis transmission were evident between the 2 types of housing. These results suggest that opportunities for Salmonella Enteritidis infection to spread horizontally throughout laying flocks may be similar in conventional and enriched cage-based production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Rupa Guraya
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Deana R Jones
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 29765
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19
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Pulido-Landínez M, Washington P, Thornton JK, Zhang Y, Sánchez-Ingunza R, Banda A, Guard J, Nascimento VP, Magee DL, Mauel MJ. Serotype and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns ofSalmonellaIsolates from Commercial Birds and Poultry Environment in Mississippi. Avian Dis 2014; 58:64-70. [DOI: 10.1637/10636-081213-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella present in poultry and poultry environment in north India. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Ricke S, Dunkley C, Durant J. A review on development of novel strategies for controlling Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in laying hens: Fiber-based molt diets. Poult Sci 2013; 92:502-25. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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22
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Kollanoor-Johny A, Upadhyay A, Baskaran S, Upadhyaya I, Mooyottu S, Mishra N, Darre M, Khan M, Donoghue A, Donoghue D, Venkitanarayanan K. Effect of therapeutic supplementation of the plant compounds trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization in market-age broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Revolledo L, Ferreira A. Current perspectives in avian salmonellosis: Vaccines and immune mechanisms of protection. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Barua H, Biswas PK, Olsen KEP, Christensen JP. Prevalence and characterization of motile Salmonella in commercial layer poultry farms in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35914. [PMID: 22558269 PMCID: PMC3338475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a globally widespread food-borne pathogen having major impact on public health. All motile serovars of Salmonella enterica of poultry origin are zoonotic, and contaminated meat and raw eggs are an important source to human infections. Information on the prevalence of Salmonella at farm/holding level, and the zoonotic serovars circulating in layer poultry in the South and South-East Asian countries including Bangladesh, where small-scale commercial farms are predominant, is limited. To investigate the prevalence of Salmonella at layer farm level, and to identify the prevalent serovars we conducted a cross-sectional survey by randomly selecting 500 commercial layer poultry farms in Bangladesh. Faecal samples from the selected farms were collected following standard procedure, and examined for the presence of Salmonella using conventional bacteriological procedures. Thirty isolates were randomly selected, from the ninety obtained from the survey, for serotyping and characterized further by plasmid profiling and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results of the survey showed that the prevalence of motile Salmonella at layer farm level was 18% (95% confidence interval 15-21%), and Salmonella Kentucky was identified to be the only serovar circulating in the study population. Plasmid analysis of the S. Kentucky and non-serotyped isolates revealed two distinct profiles with a variation of two different sizes (2.7 and 4.8 kb). PFGE of the 30 S. Kentucky and 30 non-serotyped isolates showed that all of them were clonally related because only one genotype and three subtypes were determined based on the variation in two or three bands. This is also the first report on the presence of any specific serovar of Salmonella enterica in poultry in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himel Barua
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Lu Y, Wu C. Reductions of Salmonella enterica on chicken breast by thymol, acetic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate or hydrogen peroxide combinations as compared to chlorine wash. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 152:31-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Arnold M, Carrique-Mas J, McLaren I, Davies R. A comparison of pooled and individual bird sampling for detection of Salmonella in commercial egg laying flocks. Prev Vet Med 2011; 99:176-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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28
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LAY KS, VUTHY Y, SONG P, PHOL K, SARTHOU JL. Prevalence, Numbers and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Salmonella Serovars and Campylobacter spp. in Retail Poultry in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:325-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kruy Sun LAY
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge
| | - Yith VUTHY
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge
| | - Ping SONG
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge
| | - Khem PHOL
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge
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29
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Johnson TJ, Thorsness JL, Anderson CP, Lynne AM, Foley SL, Han J, Fricke WF, McDermott PF, White DG, Khatri M, Stell AL, Flores C, Singer RS. Horizontal gene transfer of a ColV plasmid has resulted in a dominant avian clonal type of Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15524. [PMID: 21203520 PMCID: PMC3008734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica continues to be a significant cause of foodborne gastrointestinal illness in humans. A wide variety of Salmonella serovars have been isolated from production birds and from retail poultry meat. Recently, though, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky has emerged as one of the prominent Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler chickens. Recent work suggests that its emergence apparently coincides with its acquisition of a ColV virulence plasmid. In the present study, we examined 902 Salmonella isolates belonging to 59 different serovars for the presence of this plasmid. Of the serovars examined, the ColV plasmid was found only among isolates belonging to the serovars Kentucky (72.9%), Typhimurium (15.0%) and Heidelberg (1.7%). We demonstrated that a single PFGE clonal type of S. Kentucky harbors this plasmid, and acquisition of this plasmid by S. Kentucky significantly increased its ability to colonize the chicken cecum and cause extraintestinal disease. Comparison of the completed sequences of three ColV plasmids from S. Kentucky isolated from different geographical locales, timepoints and sources revealed a nearly identical genetic structure with few single nucleotide changes or insertions/deletions. Overall, it appears that the ColV plasmid was recently acquired by a single clonal type S. Kentucky and confers to its host enhanced colonization and fitness capabilities. Thus, the potential for horizontal gene transfer of virulence and fitness factors to Salmonella from other enteric bacteria exists in poultry, representing a potential human health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.
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30
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Melendez S, Hanning I, Han J, Nayak R, Clement A, Wooming A, Hererra P, Jones F, Foley S, Ricke S. Salmonella enterica isolates from pasture-raised poultry exhibit antimicrobial resistance and class I integrons. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1957-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Temelli S, Kahya S, Eyigor A, Carli K. Incidence of Salmonella Enteritidis in chicken layer flocks in Turkey: Results by real-time polymerase chain reaction and International Organization for Standardization culture methods. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1406-10. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Weidhaas J, Macbeth T, Olsen R, Sadowsky M, Norat D, Harwood V. Identification of a
Brevibacterium
marker gene specific to poultry litter and development of a quantitative PCR assay. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:334-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M.J. Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - D. Norat
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - V.J. Harwood
- Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Chiu LH, Chiu CH, Horn YM, Chiou CS, Lee CY, Yeh CM, Yu CY, Wu CP, Chang CC, Chu C. Characterization of 13 multi-drug resistant Salmonella serovars from different broiler chickens associated with those of human isolates. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:86. [PMID: 20307324 PMCID: PMC2859872 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella are frequently isolated from chickens and their products. Prevalent serogroups and serovars of Salmonella as well as their genotypes and antibiograms were determined for cloacal samples from 1595 chickens. To understand the possible serovar and H antigens for transmission between chicken and human, serovars and their H antigens of 164 chicken and 5314 human isolates were compared. Results Prevalence of Salmonella differed among chicken lines and ages. Chicken and human isolates belonged mainly to serogroup B, C1, C2-C3, D, and E. 13 serovars and 66 serovars were identified for chicken and human isolates respectively. The common serovars for chicken and human isolates were S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Albany, S. Derby, and S. Anatum and shared common H1 antigens "g complex; i; e,h; and z4,z24" and H2 antigens "1 complex and -". In human isolates, H1 antigen "i" and H2 antigen "-" were common in all serogroups. In chicken, antimicrobial susceptibility differed among serogroups, serovars and three counties. All isolates were susceptible to cefazolin and ceftriaxone, but highly resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, flumequine, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline. Except those isolates of serogroup C1 of Chick group and serogroup G, all isolates were multi-drug resistance. Only S. Kubacha, S. Typhimurium, S. Grampian, and S. Mons were resistant to ciprofloxacin and/or enrofloxacin. Conclusion In chicken, prevalent serogroups and serovars were associated with chicken ages, lines and regions; and flouroquinolone-resistant and MDR isolates emerged. H1 antigens "g complex and i" and H2 antigens "1 complex and -" might be important for transmission of Salmonella between chicken and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ho Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Chiayi University, No 300, University Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
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Joerger RD, Sartori CA, Kniel KE. Comparison of Genetic and Physiological Properties ofSalmonella entericaIsolates from Chickens Reveals One Major Difference Between Serovar Kentucky and Other Serovars: Response to Acid. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:503-12. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf D. Joerger
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Casey A. Sartori
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Kalmia E. Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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Abstract
AbstractThis paper reviews the present state of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the zoonotic bacteria Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, and in Escherichia coli from chickens and turkeys. For Salmonella, the frequencies and patterns of AMR vary depending on time, region, serovar, the particular farm, layers versus broilers, and the antimicrobial agent. There is usually a higher frequency of AMR in Salmonella from turkeys compared with Salmonella from chickens. Clonal and horizontal transmission of AMR occur and there is concern about the spread of transmissible plasmids that encode extended spectrum cephalosporinases. Resistance to fluoroquinolones is generally low. For Campylobacter, resistance to tetracycline is usually at moderate to high frequency, resistance to quinolones/fluoroquinolones varies from low to high, and resistance to macrolides is usually low. There are high levels of fluoroquinolone resistance in some countries. Avian pathogenic E. coli are often highly resistant, especially to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. Plasmid-mediated resistance is common. High levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin have been reported from China. Commensal E. coli from poultry have similar patterns of resistance but at lower frequencies. Integron associated resistance occurs commonly in Salmonella and E. coli but has not been detected in Campylobacter.
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Abstract
The increased serum survival gene iss has long been recognized for its role in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) virulence. iss has been identified as a distinguishing trait of avian ExPEC but not of human ExPEC. This gene has been localized to large virulence plasmids and shares strong similarities with the bor gene from bacteriophage lambda. Here, we demonstrate that three alleles of iss occur among E. coli isolates that appear to have evolved from a common lambda bor precursor. In addition to the occurrence of iss on the ColV/BM virulence plasmids, at least two iss alleles occur within the E. coli chromosome. One of these alleles (designated type 3) was found to occur in the genomes of all currently sequenced ExPEC strains on a similar prophage element that also harbors the Sit iron and manganese transport system. When the prevalence of the three iss types was examined among 487 E. coli isolates, the iss type 3 gene was found to occur at a high frequency among ExPEC isolates, irrespective of the host source. The plasmid-borne iss allele (designated type 1) was highly prevalent among avian pathogenic E. coli and neonatal meningitis-associated E. coli isolates but not among uropathogenic E. coli isolates. This study demonstrates the evolution of iss in E. coli and provides an additional tool for discriminating among E. coli pathotypes through the differentiation of the three iss allele types and bor.
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