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The prepared and characterized polysaccharide polymer in Saposhnikovia divaricata(Trucz.) Schischk effectively controls the course of rheumatoid arthritis via TLR4/TRAF6–NF-κB/IκB-α signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
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Xu X, Li N, Wu Y, Yan K, Mi Y, Yi N, Tan X, Kuang G, Lu M. Zhuifeng tougu capsules inhibit the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and alleviate knee osteoarthritis: In vitro and in vivo experiments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:951860. [PMID: 36188596 PMCID: PMC9521277 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.951860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA), a chronic degenerative disease, is mainly characterized by destruction of articular cartilage and inflammatory reactions. At present, there is a lack of economical and effective clinical treatment. Zhuifeng Tougu (ZFTG) capsules have been clinically approved for treatment of OA as they relieve joint pain and inflammatory manifestations. However, the mechanism of ZFTG in KOA remains unknown.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of ZFTG on the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and its therapeutic effect on rabbits with KOA.Study design:In vivo, we established a rabbit KOA model using the modified Videman method. In vitro, we treated chondrocytes with IL-1β to induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype and then intervened with different concentrations of ZFTG. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were assessed with histological observations and ELISA data. The effect of ZFTG on the viability of chondrocytes was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA expressions of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB were detected using Western blot and RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence observation of NF-κB p65 protein expression, respectively, to investigate the mechanism of ZFTG in inhibiting inflammatory injury of rabbit articular chondrocytes and alleviating cartilage degeneration.Results: The TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in rabbits with KOA was inhibited, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in blood and cell were significantly downregulated, consistent with histological results. Both the protein and mRNA expressions of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and NF-κB p65 proteins in that nucleus decreased in the ZFTG groups. Moreover, ZFTG promotes the survival of chondrocytes and inhibits the apoptosis of inflammatory chondrocytes.Conclusion: ZFTG alleviates the degeneration of rabbit knee joint cartilage, inhibits the apoptosis of inflammatory chondrocytes, and promotes the survival of chondrocytes. The underlying mechanism may be inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling pathway and secretion of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Naping Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongrong Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yilin Mi
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nanxing Yi
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuyi Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gaoyan Kuang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation, Hinye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Gaoyan Kuang, ; Min Lu,
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Gaoyan Kuang, ; Min Lu,
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The inflammatory signalling mediator TAK1 mediates lymphocyte recruitment to lipopolysaccharide-activated murine mesenchymal stem cells through interleukin-6. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3655-3670. [PMID: 34052945 PMCID: PMC8382631 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
As a response to pro-inflammatory signals mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete agents and factors leading to lymphocyte recruitment, counteracting inflammation, and stimulating immunosuppression. On a molecular level, the signalling mediator TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is activated by many pro-inflammatory signals, plays a critical role in inflammation and regulates innate and adaptive immune responses as well. While the role of TAK1 as a signalling factor promoting inflammation is well documented, we also considered a role for TAK1 in anti-inflammatory actions exerted by activated MSCs. We, therefore, investigated the capacity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated murine MSCs with lentivirally modulated TAK1 expression levels to recruit lymphocytes. TAK1 downregulated by lentiviral vectors expressing TAK1 shRNA in murine MSCs interfered with the capacity of murine MSCs to chemoattract lymphocytes, indeed. Analysing a pool of 84 secreted factors we found that among 26 secreted cytokines/factors TAK1 regulated expression of one cytokine in LPS-activated murine MSCs in particular: interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 in LPS-treated MSCs was responsible for lymphocyte recruitment as substantiated by neutralizing antibodies. Our studies, therefore, suggest that in LPS-treated murine MSCs the inflammatory signalling mediator TAK1 may exert anti-inflammatory properties via IL-6.
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Li X, Li M. Estrogen downregulates TAK1 expression in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and in a rheumatoid arthritis model. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1764-1769. [PMID: 32742406 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Estrogen has been previously reported to delay arthritis progression. However, the exact association between TAK1 and estrogen remains elusive. The present study demonstrated that TAK1 was upregulated in synoviocytes of patients with RA compared with patients with osteoarthritis and healthy controls. In addition, TAK1 was also expressed in cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), and its levels decreased significantly in 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, administration of E2 significantly decreased TAK1 expression and attenuated the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Taken together, the findings of the present study suggested that E2 mediates a decrease of TAK1 in both FLS and CIA, which subsequently results in a suppression of the pathological process of CIA. Therefore, estrogen may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of RA by targeting TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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Howait M, Albassam A, Yamada C, Sasaki H, Bahammam L, Azuma MM, Cintra LTA, Satoskar AR, Yamada S, White R, Kawai T, Movila A. Elevated Expression of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Promotes Inflammatory Bone Resorption Induced in a Mouse Model of Periradicular Periodontitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2035-2043. [PMID: 30737274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Locally produced osteoclastogenic factor RANKL plays a critical role in the development of bone resorption in periradicular periodontitis. However, because RANKL is also required for healthy bone remodeling, it is plausible that a costimulatory molecule that upregulates RANKL production in inflammatory periradicular periodontitis may be involved in the pathogenic bone loss processes. We hypothesized that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) would play a role in upregulating the RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis in the periradicular lesion. In response to pulp exposure, the bone loss and level of MIF mRNA increased in the periradicular periodontitis, which peaked at 14 d, in conjunction with the upregulated expressions of mRNAs for RANKL, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), chemokines (MCP-1 and SDF-1), and MIF's cognate receptors CXCR4 and CD74. Furthermore, expressions of those mRNAs were found significantly higher in wild-type mice compared with that of MIF-/- mice. In contrast, bacterial LPS elicited the production of MIF from ligament fibroblasts in vitro, which, in turn, enhanced their productions of RANKL and TNF-α. rMIF significantly upregulated the number of TRAP+ osteoclasts in vitro. Finally, periapical bone loss induced in wild-type mice were significantly diminished in MIF-/- mice. Altogether, the current study demonstrated that MIF appeared to function as a key costimulatory molecule to upregulate RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis, leading to the pathogenically augmented bone resorption in periradicular lesions. These data also suggest that the approach to neutralize MIF activity may lead to the development of a therapeutic regimen for the prevention of pathogenic bone loss in periradicular periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Howait
- School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115.,Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Abdullah Albassam
- School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115.,Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Chiaki Yamada
- College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33324
| | - Hajime Sasaki
- School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115.,The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142.,School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Laila Bahammam
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariane Maffei Azuma
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142.,School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Robert White
- School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33324
| | - Alexandru Movila
- School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115; .,The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142.,College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33324
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Murata K, Uchida K, Takano S, Shoji S, Iwase D, Inoue G, Aikawa J, Yokozeki Y, Sekiguchi H, Takaso M. Osteoarthritis patients with high haemoglobin A1c have increased Toll-like receptor 4 and matrix metalloprotease-13 expression in the synovium. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1151-1159. [PMID: 31406471 PMCID: PMC6642645 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s209677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE While research has identified diabetes mellitus (DM) as a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Studies suggest that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression is elevated in osteoarthritic lesions of OA patients and in target tissues of insulin resistance such as adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in patients with DM. TLR4 is associated with inflammation and catabolic response via regulation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). We hypothesized that TLR4 and MMP expression may be increased in the synovial tissue (SYN) of KOA patients with diabetic pathology. We therefore investigated TLR and MMP expression in the SYN of KOA patients with and without high haemoglobin A1c concentrations. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 171 patients radiographically diagnosed with KOA were grouped based on their HbA1c concentration (HbA1c ≥6.5 and HbA1c <6.5). We used real-time polymerase chain reaction to compare the expression of TLRs (TLR2, TLR4) and MMPs (MMP2, MMP3, MMP9 and MMP13) in patients' SYN between the two groups. MMP13 regulation by the TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in SYN cells was examined in culture by stimulating SYN cells with LPS or vehicle (culture medium) for 24 h. RESULTS The expression of TLR4 and MMP13 in the HbA1c ≥6.5 group was significantly elevated compared to that in the HbA1c <6.5 group. In contrast, TLR2, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 expression levels were similar between the groups. MMP13 mRNA and MMP13 protein levels in SYN cells were significantly higher following stimulation with LPS compared to vehicle. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 and MMP13 expression were elevated in the synovium of osteoarthritis patients with high HbA1c concentrations. Our results may provide insight into the pathology of OA patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Murata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
- Correspondence: Kentaro UchidaDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, JapanTel/Fax +81 042 778 9217 Email
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shoji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Dai Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Jun Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuji Yokozeki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- Shonan University of Medical Sciences Research Institute, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa253-0083, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa252-0374, Japan
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Wang Y, Liu J, Huang C, Sun Y, Zhang W, Wan L, Zong R, Wang Y. Mechanism studies of Xinfeng capsule on improving cardiovascular function though toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B pathway
in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018; 37:116-23. [PMID: 29957982 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the impact of Xinfeng capsule (XFC) on cardiovascular function in adjuvant
arthritis (AA) model rats and investigate the mechanism though toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor
kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. METHODS Seventy rats were randomly divided into seven groups: normal control (NC), model control
(MC), tripterygium glycosides tablet (TPT), methotrexate (MTX), high, moderate and low dose
XFC group. The administration began from day 19 after modeling for 30 day. Paw swelling, arthritic index
(AI), cardiac function indexes and myocardial pathological pattern were detected. The expression
of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor (MyD) 88, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 1, tumor
necrosis factor receptor associated factor (TRAF) 6, NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-α) proteins in myocardial tissue were determined by western blot method. RESULTS Paw swelling and AI in MC group increased in MC group (P < 0.01), and decreased in
high and moderate dose XFC groups (P < 0.01 or P > 0.05). Left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP),
left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), heart rate (HR) were elevated in MC group (P <
0.01), and ± dp/dtmax and CI were reduced (P < .01); while LVSP, LVEDP and HR declined and ±dp/
dtmax, CI improved in high dose XFC group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). LVSP in high dose XFC group were
reduced more than other treatment groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The improvements on LVEDP, dp/
dt-max were superior to MTX and low dose XFC group, and the improvement on CI was better than
low dose XFC group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Myocardial fibers arranged irregular in MC group with intracellular
edema and mitochondria damage. The modifications on myocardial structural were shown
in each treatment group, but more prominent in TPT, high and moderate dose XFC group. The proteins
of TLR4, MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB, TNF-α were highly expressed in MC group, and those proteins
declined in high and moderate dose XFC group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). High dose XFC group
was superior to MTX and low dose XFC group on reducing TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION XFC can not only inhibit the excessive activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
and the increased inflammatory mediators, but also reduce the damage of myocardial tissue and cells.
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Adenovirus-Mediated Small Interfering RNA Targeting TAK1 Ameliorates Joint Inflammation with Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. Inflammation 2018; 40:894-903. [PMID: 28220341 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is a key upstream kinase in cell signaling during inflammation, which regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) against TAK1 offers promise as a potential therapeutic strategy in immune-mediated inflammatory disorder including rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we are to evaluate the therapeutic effects of intra-articular administration of adenoviral-mediated siRNA against TAK1 (ad-siRNA-TAK1) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Ad-siRNA-TAK1 was constructed. The murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were infected with ad-siRNA-TAK1, and the silencing specificity of TAK1 was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. DBA/1 mice were injected intra-articularly with ad-siRNA-TAK1. Development and severity of arthritis was assessed histologically. Synovial inflammation and bone destruction were determined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Articular and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of phosphorylated p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were detected by western blot. In vitro, ad--siRNA-TAK1 efficiently inhibited the expression of TAK1 at both mRNA and protein levels. In vivo, intra-articular injection of ad-siRNA-TAK1 efficiently alleviated joint inflammation, decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, and suppressed JNK pathways. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of ad--siRNA-TAK1 in controlling joint inflammation of CIA, which is associated with the suppression of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and JNK activation.
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Fechtner S, Fox DA, Ahmed S. Transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1: a potential therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1060-1068. [PMID: 27550296 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α are central regulators of autoinflammatory diseases. While targeting these cytokines has proven to be a successful clinical strategy, the long-term challenges such as drug resistance, lack of efficacy and poor clinical outcomes in some patients are some of the limitations faced by these therapies. This has ignited strategies to reduce inflammation by potentially targeting a variety of molecules, including cell surface receptors, signalling proteins and/or transcription factors to minimize cytokine-induced inflammation and tissue injury. In this regard, transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is activated in the inflammatory signal transduction pathways in response to IL-1β, TNF-α or toll-like receptor stimulation. Because of its ideal position upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the IκB kinase complex in signalling cascades, targeting TAK1 may be an attractive strategy for treating diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. Here, we discuss the emerging role of TAK1 in mediating the IL-1β, TNF-α and toll-like receptor mediated inflammatory responses in diseases such as RA, OA, gout and SS. We also review evidence suggesting that TAK1 inhibition may have potential therapeutic value. Finally, we focus on the current status of the development of TAK1 inhibitors and suggest further opportunities for testing TAK1 inhibitors in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fechtner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA
| | - David A Fox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA
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van den Bosch MH, Blom AB, Schelbergen RF, Koenders MI, van de Loo FA, van den Berg WB, Vogl T, Roth J, van der Kraan PM, van Lent PL. Alarmin S100A9 Induces Proinflammatory and Catabolic Effects Predominantly in the M1 Macrophages of Human Osteoarthritic Synovium. J Rheumatol 2016; 43:1874-1884. [PMID: 27481901 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 have been shown to regulate synovial activation, cartilage damage, and osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis (OA). Here we investigated the effect of S100A9 on the production of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) in OA synovium, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-differentiated/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-differentiated macrophages, and OA fibroblasts. METHODS We determined which cell types in the synovium produced S100A8 and S100A9. Further, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and MMP, and the activation of canonical Wnt signaling, was determined in human OA synovium, OA fibroblasts, and monocyte-derived macrophages following stimulation with S100A9. RESULTS We observed that S100A8 and S100A9 were mainly produced by GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages present in the synovium, and to a lesser extent by M-CSF-differentiated macrophages, but not by fibroblasts. S100A9 stimulation of OA synovial tissue increased the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, various MMP were upregulated after S100A9 stimulation. Experiments to determine which cell type was responsible for these effects revealed that mainly stimulation of GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages and to a lesser extent M-CSF-differentiated macrophages with S100A9 increased the expression of these proinflammatory cytokines and MMP. In contrast, stimulation of fibroblasts with S100A9 did not affect their expression. Finally, stimulation of GM-CSF-differentiated, but not M-CSF-differentiated macrophages with S100A9 activated canonical Wnt signaling, whereas incubation of OA synovium with the S100A9 inhibitor paquinimod reduced the activation of canonical Wnt signaling. CONCLUSION Predominantly mediated by M1-like macrophages, the alarmin S100A9 stimulates the production of proinflammatory and catabolic mediators and activates canonical Wnt signaling in OA synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H van den Bosch
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Arjen B Blom
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Rik F Schelbergen
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Marije I Koenders
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Fons A van de Loo
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Thomas Vogl
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Johannes Roth
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Peter L van Lent
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center.
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review of the literature from 2014 through mid-2015, we examine new data that shed light on how macrophages and other innate immune cells and signals contribute to inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and fibrosis in scleroderma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent human studies have focused on changes early in scleroderma, and linked macrophages to inflammation in skin and progression of lung disease. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been implicated in vascular dysfunction. In mice, several factors have been identified that influence macrophage activation and experimental fibrosis. However, emerging data also suggest that myeloid cells can have differential effects in fibrosis. Sustained signaling through different toll-like receptors can lead to inflammation or fibrosis, and these signals can influence both immune and nonimmune cells. SUMMARY There are many types of innate immune cells that can potentially contribute to scleroderma and will be worth exploring in detail. Experimentally dissecting the roles of macrophages based on ontogeny and activation state, and the innate signaling pathways in the tissue microenvironment, may also lead to better understanding of scleroderma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Chia
- aWeill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program bImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences cAutoimmunity and Inflammation Program dAutoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery eDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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12
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The Mycoplasma hyorhinis p37 Protein Rapidly Induces Genes in Fibroblasts Associated with Inflammation and Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140753. [PMID: 26512722 PMCID: PMC4626034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The p37 protein at the surface of Mycoplasma hyorhinis cells forms part of a high-affinity transport system and has been found associated with animal and human cancers. Here we show in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, p37 rapidly induces the expression of genes implicated in inflammation and cancer progression. This gene activation was principally via the Tlr4 receptor. Activity was lost from p37 when the C-terminal 20 amino acids were removed or the four amino acids specific for the hydrogen bonding of thiamine pyrophosphate had been replaced by valine. Blocking the IL6 receptor or inhibiting STAT3 signalling resulted in increased p37-induced gene expression. Since cancer associated fibroblasts support growth, invasion and metastasis via their ability to regulate tumour-related inflammation, the rapid induction in fibroblasts of pro-inflammatory genes by p37 might be expected to influence cancer development.
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13
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Liu Y, Yin H, Zhao M, Lu Q. TLR2 and TLR4 in autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:136-47. [PMID: 24352680 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are immune disorders characterized by T cell hyperactivity and B cell overstimulation leading to overproduction of autoantibodies. Although the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases remains to be elucidated, environmental factors have been thought to contribute to the initiation and maintenance of auto-respond inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors belonging to innate immunity that recognize and defend invading microorganisms. Besides these exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns, TLRs can also bind with damage-associated molecular patterns produced under strike or by tissue damage or cells apoptosis. It is believed that TLRs build a bridge between innate immunity and autoimmunity. There are five adaptors to TLRs including MyD88, TRIF, TIRAP/MAL, TRAM, and SARM. Upon activation, TLRs recruit specific adaptors to initiate the downstream signaling pathways leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Under certain circumstances, ligation of TLRs drives to aberrant activation and unrestricted inflammatory responses, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of inflammation in autoimmune diseases. In the past, most studies focused on the intracellular TLRs, such as TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9, but recent studies reveal that cell surface TLRs, especially TLR2 and TLR4, also play an essential role in the development of autoimmune diseases and afford multiple therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarized the biological characteristics, signaling mechanisms of TLR2/4, the negative regulators of TLR2/4 pathway, and the pivotal function of TLR2/4 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
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14
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Homeostatic mechanisms in articular cartilage and role of inflammation in osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2014; 15:375. [PMID: 24072604 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-013-0375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint disease, in which thinning and disappearance of cartilage is a critical determinant in OA progression. The rupture of cartilage homeostasis whatever its cause (aging, genetic predisposition, trauma or metabolic disorder) induces profound phenotypic modifications of chondrocytes, which then promote the synthesis of a subset of factors that induce cartilage damage and target other joint tissues. Interestingly, among these factors are numerous components of the inflammatory pathways. Chondrocytes produce cytokines, chemokines, alarmins, prostanoids, and adipokines and express numerous cell surface receptors for cytokines and chemokines, as well as Toll-like receptors. These receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammatory and stress responses of chondrocytes in OA joints. This review focuses on mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of cartilage homeostasis and highlights the role of inflammatory processes in OA progression.
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15
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van den Brand BT, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Bennink MB, Bussink J, Arntz OJ, van den Berg WB, van de Loo FAJ. Toll-like receptor 4 in bone marrow-derived cells as well as tissue-resident cells participate in aggravating autoimmune destructive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72:1407-15. [PMID: 23291389 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A prominent role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in arthritis is emerging. TLR4 is functional in immune cells and stromal cells. The aim was to investigate the involvement of TLR4 in bone marrow (BM)-derived and resident cells in arthritis. METHODS Reciprocal sex-mismatched BM transplantation was performed between IL-1Ra(-/-)TLR4(+/+) and IL-1Ra(-/-)TLR4(-/-) double knockout animals in Balb/c background. Arthritis was assessed macroscopically and by histopathology. Immunity was evaluated by splenic cytokine production and flow cytometry in draining lymph node (DLN) cells. RESULTS Arthritis progression was reduced to a similar extent in animals lacking TLR4 on BM-derived, resident cells or both. Histology revealed that joint inflammation was partially TLR4-dependent in either BM-derived or resident cells. TLR4 plays an additive role in BM-derived and resident cells in promoting cartilage erosion. By contrast, TLR4 was equally important in BM-derived and resident cells in mediating bone erosion. Systemically, TLR4 in both BM-derived and resident cells contributed to IL-17 production by splenic T-cells, whereas in the DLNs of arthritic joints this was not the case. Interestingly, in DLN, the dominant cells producing IL-17 were CD4 negative, and cell numbers were determined by TLR4 in the BM-derived cells. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 is necessary in both BM-derived and resident cells for full-blown joint swelling, inflammation and bone erosion. Furthermore, TLR4 on BM-derived and tissue-resident cells show an additive effect in cartilage destruction. Interestingly, TLR4 on BM-derived and tissue-resident cells are both required for IL-17 production in spleen, but only in BM-derived cells in DLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T van den Brand
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Goldring MB. Chondrogenesis, chondrocyte differentiation, and articular cartilage metabolism in health and osteoarthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2012; 4:269-85. [PMID: 22859926 PMCID: PMC3403254 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x12448454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis occurs as a result of mesenchymal cell condensation and chondroprogenitor cell differentiation. Following chondrogenesis, the chondrocytes remain as resting cells to form the articular cartilage or undergo proliferation, terminal differentiation to chondrocyte hypertrophy, and apoptosis in a process termed endochondral ossification, whereby the hypertrophic cartilage is replaced by bone. Human adult articular cartilage is a complex tissue of matrix proteins that varies from superficial to deep layers and from loaded to unloaded zones. A major challenge to efforts to repair cartilage by stem cell-based and other tissue-engineering strategies is the inability of the resident chondrocytes to lay down a new matrix with the same properties as it had when it was formed during development. Thus, understanding and comparing the mechanisms of cartilage remodeling during development, osteoarthritis (OA), and aging may lead to more effective strategies for preventing cartilage damage and promoting repair. The pivotal proteinase that marks OA progression is matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), the major type II collagen-degrading collagenase, which is regulated by both stress and inflammatory signals. We and other investigators have found that there are common mediators of these processes in human OA cartilage. We also observe temporal and spatial expression of these mediators in early through late stages of OA in mouse models and are analyzing the consequences of knockout or transgenic overexpression of critical genes. Since the chondrocytes in adult human cartilage are normally quiescent and maintain the matrix in a low turnover state, understanding how they undergo phenotypic modulation and promote matrix destruction and abnormal repair in OA may to lead to identification of critical targets for therapy to block cartilage damage and promote effective cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Goldring
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Caspary Research Building, 5th Floor, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Loeser RF, Goldring SR, Scanzello CR, Goldring MB. Osteoarthritis: a disease of the joint as an organ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1697-707. [PMID: 22392533 DOI: 10.1002/art.34453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1861] [Impact Index Per Article: 155.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Loeser
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the novel stress-induced and proinflammatory mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, with particular attention to the role of synovitis and the contributions of other joint tissues to cellular events that lead to the onset and progression of the disease and irreversible cartilage damage. RECENT FINDINGS Studies during the past 2 years have uncovered novel pathways that, when activated, cause the normally quiescent articular chondrocytes to become activated and undergo a phenotypic shift, leading to the disruption of homeostasis and ultimately to the aberrant expression of proinflammatory and catabolic genes. Studies in animal models and retrieved human tissues indicate that proinflammatory factors may be produced by the chondrocytes themselves or by the synovium and other surrounding tissues, even in the absence of overt inflammation, and that multiple pathways converge on the upregulation of aggrecanases and collagenases, especially MMP-13. Particular attention has been paid to the contribution of synovitis in posttraumatic joint injury, such as meniscal tears, and the protective role of the pericellular matrix in mediating chondrocyte responses through receptors, such as discoidin domain receptor-2 and syndecan-4. New findings about intracellular signals, including the transcription factors NF-κB, C/EBPβ, ETS, Runx2, and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α, and their modulation by inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adipokines, Toll-like receptor ligands, and receptor for advanced glycation end-products, as well as CpG methylation and microRNAs, are reviewed. SUMMARY Further work on mediators and pathways that are common across different models and occur in human osteoarthritis and that impact the osteoarthritis disease process at different stages of initiation and progression will inform us about new directions for targeted therapies.
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Abdelsadik A, Trad A. Toll-like receptors on the fork roads between innate and adaptive immunity. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:1188-93. [PMID: 21920397 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a permanent interaction amid the innate and adaptive immune systems that leads to a defensive immune response against pathogens and contributes substantially to self-nonself discrimination. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential molecules of the innate immune system that stimulate numerous inflammatory pathways and harmonize systemic defense against a wide array of pathogens. In addition to identifying unique molecular patterns associated with various sections of pathogens, TLRs may also recognize a number of self proteins and endogenous nucleic acids. Several reports have indicated that inappropriate stimulation of the TLR pathway via endogenous or exogenous ligands in animal models or humans may lead to the induction and/or prolongation of autoimmune response and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelsadik
- Zoology Institute, Department of Zoo-Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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