1
|
Ikhar AS, Kolte RA, Kolte AP, Rathi PR, Ghoderao DG, Dahake RN. Comparative evaluation of semaphorin-4D, peptidylarginine deiminase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels of gingival crevicular fluid in periodontally healthy and Stage III periodontitis smoker and non-smoker patients before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 2024; 95:563-570. [PMID: 37846733 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to assess the influence of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of semaphorin-4D (SEMA-4D), peptidylarginine deiminase-2 (PAD-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels in periodontally healthy, Stage III periodontitis non-smoker and smoker patients. METHODS Sixty patients were equally divided into three groups, Group I: Periodontally healthy, Group II: Non-smokers with Stage III periodontitis, and Group III: Smokers with Stage III periodontitis. The patients underwent NSPT with clinical and biochemical parameters examined at baseline and 3 months post therapy. GCF was collected for levels of SEMA-4D, PAD-2, and MMP-8 through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Greater values of PPD (8.06 ± 0.19 mm), CAL (8.94 ± 0.19 mm), PI (2.58 ± 0.19) while lower PBI (1.39 ± 0.19%) and GI (1.72 ± 0.19) scores were seen in Group III as compared to Group II, which reduced significantly from baseline to 3 months in both the groups after NSPT. Minimum values of SEMA-4D, PAD-2, and MMP-8 levels in GCF were seen for Group I, which increased incrementally to Group II and III. Also, among Group II and III the SEMA-4D, PAD-2, and MMP-8 levels in GCF reduced from baseline to 3 months indicating a favorable response within the tissues. CONCLUSION Greater levels in GCF of Levels of SEMA-4D, PAD-2, and MMP-8 in Group II and III, which reduced significantly post NSPT, implied that these biomarkers play a pivotal role in the inflammatory process and can be utilized for early diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya S Ikhar
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajashri A Kolte
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhay P Kolte
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prachi R Rathi
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhanashree G Ghoderao
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul N Dahake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bashar SJ, Holmes CL, Shelef MA. Macrophage extracellular traps require peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 4 and are a source of citrullinated antigens bound by rheumatoid arthritis autoantibodies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1167362. [PMID: 38476240 PMCID: PMC10927735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1167362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, but the sources of citrullinated antigens as well as which peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are required for their production remain incompletely defined. Here, we investigated if macrophage extracellular traps (METs) could be a source of citrullinated proteins bound by APCAs, and if their formation requires PAD2 or PAD4. Methods Thioglycolate-induced peritoneal macrophages from wild-type, PAD2-/-, and PAD4-/- mice or human peripheral blood-derived M1 macrophages were activated with a variety of stimulants, then fixed and stained with DAPI and either anti-citrullinated histone H4 (citH4) antibody or sera from ACPA+ or ACPA- rheumatoid arthritis subjects. METs were visualized by immunofluorescence, confirmed to be extracellular using DNase, and quantified. Results We found that ionomycin and monosodium urate crystals reliably induced murine citH4+ METs, which were reduced in the absence of PAD2 and lost in the absence of PAD4. Also, IgG from ACPA+, but not ACPA-, rheumatoid arthritis sera bound to murine METs, and in the absence of PAD2 or PAD4, ACPA-bound METs were lost. Finally, ionomycin induced human METs that are citH4+ and ACPA-bound. Discussion Thus, METs may contribute to the pool of citrullinated antigens bound by ACPAs in a PAD2- and PAD4-dependent manner, providing new insights into the targets of immune tolerance loss in rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Caitlyn L. Holmes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nava-Quiroz KJ, López-Flores LA, Pérez-Rubio G, Rojas-Serrano J, Falfán-Valencia R. Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases in Chronic Diseases: A Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Interstitial Lung Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2829. [PMID: 38132149 PMCID: PMC10741699 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is accomplished by a broad enzyme family named Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases (PADs), which makes this post-translational modification in many proteins that perform physiological and pathologic mechanisms in the body. Due to these modifications, citrullination has become a significant topic in the study of pathological processes. It has been related to some chronic and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), interstitial lung diseases (ILD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and certain types of cancer, among others. Antibody production against different targets, including filaggrin, vimentin, and collagen, results in an immune response if they are citrullinated, which triggers a continuous inflammatory process characteristic of autoimmune and certain chronic diseases. PAD coding genes (PADI1 to PADI4 and PADI6) harbor variations that can be important in these enzymes' folding, activity, function, and half-life. However, few studies have considered these genetic factors in the context of chronic diseases. Exploring PAD pathways and their role in autoimmune and chronic diseases is a major topic in developing new pharmacological targets and valuable biomarkers to improve diagnosis and prevention. The present review addresses and highlights genetic, molecular, biochemical, and physiopathological factors where PAD enzymes perform a major role in autoimmune and chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol J. Nava-Quiroz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis A. López-Flores
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Jorge Rojas-Serrano
- Rheumatology Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nava-Quiroz KJ, Rojas-Serrano J, Pérez-Rubio G, Buendia-Roldan I, Mejía M, Fernández-López JC, Rodríguez-Henríquez P, Ayala-Alcantar N, Ramos-Martínez E, López-Flores LA, Del Ángel-Pablo AD, Falfán-Valencia R. Molecular Factors in PAD2 ( PADI2) and PAD4 ( PADI4) Are Associated with Interstitial Lung Disease Susceptibility in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Cells 2023; 12:2235. [PMID: 37759458 PMCID: PMC10527441 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 50% of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients show some extra-articular manifestation, with the lung a usually affected organ; in addition, the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) is a common feature, which is caused by protein citrullination modifications, catalyzed by the peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD) enzymes. We aimed to identify single nucleotide variants (SNV) in PADI2 and PADI4 genes (PAD2 and PAD4 proteins, respectively) associated with susceptibility to interstitial lung disease (ILD) in RA patients and the PAD2 and PAD4 levels. Material and methods: 867 subjects were included: 118 RA-ILD patients, 133 RA patients, and 616 clinically healthy subjects (CHS). Allelic discrimination was performed in eight SNVs using qPCR, four in PADI2 and four in PADI4. The ELISA technique determined PAD2 and PAD4 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples, and the population structure was evaluated using 14 informative ancestry markers. Results: The rs1005753-GG (OR = 4.9) in PADI2 and rs11203366-AA (OR = 3.08), rs11203367-GG (OR = 2.4) in PADI4 are associated with genetic susceptibility to RA-ILD as well as the ACTC haplotype (OR = 2.64). In addition, the PAD4 protein is increased in RA-ILD individuals harboring the minor allele homozygous genotype in PADI4 SNVs. Moreover, rs1748033 in PADI4, rs2057094, and rs2076615 in PADI2 are associated with RA susceptibility. In conclusion, in RA patients, single nucleotide variants in PADI4 and PADI2 are associated with ILD susceptibility. The rs1748033 in PADI4 and two different SNVs in PADI2 are associated with RA development but not ILD. PAD4 serum levels are increased in RA-ILD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol J. Nava-Quiroz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04100, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rojas-Serrano
- Rheumatology Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Ivette Buendia-Roldan
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Mayra Mejía
- Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Fernández-López
- Consorcio de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Pedro Rodríguez-Henríquez
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Noé Ayala-Alcantar
- Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Espiridión Ramos-Martínez
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto López-Flores
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Alma D. Del Ángel-Pablo
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trier NH, Houen G. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:895-911. [PMID: 37578277 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2247986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The serological biomarker anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) may have several functions but is especially important for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) along with clinical symptoms. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of ACPAs, which are useful in RA diagnostics and may improve our understanding of disease etiology. PubMed was searched with combinations of words related to antibodies recognizing epitopes containing the post-translationally modified amino acid citrulline in combination with rheumatoid arthritis; cyclic citrullinated peptide, CCP, anti-CCP, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, ACPA, citrullination, peptide/protein arginine deiminase, PAD, filaggrin, vimentin, keratin, collagen, perinuclear factor, EBNA1, EBNA2, and others. From this search, we made a qualitative extract of publications relevant to the discovery, characterization, and clinical use of these antibodies in relation to RA. We highlight significant findings and identify areas for improvement. EXPERT OPINION ACPAs have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for RA and recognize citrullinated epitopes from several proteins. The best-performing single epitope originates from Epstein-Barr Virus nuclear antigen 2 and contains a central Cit-Gly motif, which is recognized by ACPAS when located in a flexible peptide structure. In addition, ACPAs may also have prognostic value, especially in relation to early treatment, although ACPAs' main function is to aid in the diagnosis of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matuz-Flores MG, Rosas-Rodríguez JA, Tortoledo-Ortiz O, Muñoz-Barrios S, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Hernández-Bello J, Baños-Hernández CJ, Pacheco-Tena C, Sánchez-Zuno GA, Panduro-Espinoza B, Muñoz-Valle JF. PADI4 Haplotypes Contribute to mRNA Expression, the Enzymatic Activity of Peptidyl Arginine Deaminase and Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk in Patients from Western Mexico. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4268-4281. [PMID: 36135205 PMCID: PMC9498032 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination is catalyzed by the peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) enzyme, encoded by the PADI4 gene. Increased PAD4 activity promotes the onset and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to evaluate the association of PADI4 haplotypes with RA risk, mRNA expression, and the PAD4 activity in patients with RA from Mexico. Methodology: 100 RA patients and 100 control subjects (CS) were included. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method, PADI4 mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR, the contribution of PADI4 alleles (PADI4_89 G>A, PADI4_90 T>C, and PADI4_92 G>C) to mRNA expression by the ASTQ method, and PAD4 activity by HPLC. Also, the anti-CCP and anti-PADI4 antibodies were quantified by ELISA. Results: The three PADI4 polymorphisms were associated with RA susceptibility (OR = 1.72, p = 0.005; OR = 1.62; p = 0.014; OR = 1.69; p = 0.009; respectively). The 89G, 90T, and 92G alleles have a higher relative contribution to PADI4 mRNA expression from RA patients than 89A, 90C, and 92C alleles in RA patients. Moreover, the GTG/GTG haplotype was associated with RA susceptibility (OR = 2.86; p = 0.024). The GTG haplotype was associated with higher PADI4 mRNA expression (p = 0.04) and higher PAD4 enzymatic activity (p = 0.007) in RA patients. Conclusions: The evaluated polymorphisms contribute to PADI4 mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of PAD4 in leukocytes. Therefore, the GTG haplotype is a genetic risk factor for RA in western Mexico, and is associated with increased PADI4 mRNA expression and higher PAD4 activity in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alfredo Rosas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Navojoa 85880, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Orlando Tortoledo-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Coordinación de Nutrición, Lab. de Cromatografía, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Salvador Muñoz-Barrios
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39086, Guerrero, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Christian Johana Baños-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Cesar Pacheco-Tena
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31109, Chih., Mexico
| | - Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Panduro-Espinoza
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hocking AM, Buckner JH. Genetic basis of defects in immune tolerance underlying the development of autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972121. [PMID: 35979360 PMCID: PMC9376219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disease have provided important insight into the mechanisms responsible for the loss of immune tolerance and the subsequent development of autoantibodies, tissue damage, and onset of clinical disease. Here, we review how genetic variants shared across multiple autoimmune diseases have contributed to our understanding of global tolerance failure, focusing on variants in the human leukocyte antigen region, PTPN2 and PTPN22, and their role in antigen presentation and T and B cell homeostasis. Variants unique to a specific autoimmune disease such as those in PADI2 and PADI4 that are associated with rheumatoid arthritis are also discussed, addressing their role in disease-specific immunopathology. Current research continues to focus on determining the functional consequences of autoimmune disease-associated variants but has recently expanded to variants in the non-coding regions of the genome using novel approaches to investigate the impact of these variants on mechanisms regulating gene expression. Lastly, studying genetic risk variants in the setting of autoimmunity has clinical implications, helping predict who will develop autoimmune disease and also identifying potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim Y, Rebman AW, Johnson TP, Wang H, Yang T, Colantuoni C, Bhargava P, Levy M, Calabresi PA, Aucott JN, Soloski MJ, Darrah E. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 Autoantibodies Are Linked to Less Severe Disease in Multiple Sclerosis and Post-treatment Lyme Disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:874211. [PMID: 35734473 PMCID: PMC9207393 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.874211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPeptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) mediates the post-translational conversion of arginine residues in proteins to citrullines and is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Dysregulated PAD2 activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurologic diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we sought to define the cellular and regional expression of the gene encoding for PAD2 (i.e. PADI2) in the human CNS using publicly available datasets and evaluate whether anti-PAD2 antibodies were present in patients with various neurologic diseases.MethodsA total of 491 study participants were included in this study: 91 people with MS, 32 people with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), 281 people with post-treatment Lyme disease (PTLD), and 87 healthy controls. To measure PADI2 expression in the CNS from healthy individuals, publicly available tissue and single cell RNA sequencing data was analyzed. Anti-PAD2 antibodies were measured in the serum of study participants using anti-PAD2 ELISA. Clinical and demographic variables were compared according to anti-PAD2 antibody positivity for the MS and PTLD groups and correlations between anti-PAD2 levels and disease severity were examined.ResultsPADI2 expression was highest in oligodendrocytes (mean ± SD; 6.4 ± 2.2), followed closely by astrocytes (5.5 ± 2.6), microglia/macrophages (4.5 ± 3.5), and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (3.2 ± 3.3). There was an increased proportion of anti-PAD2 positivity in the MS (19.8%; p = 0.007) and PTLD groups (13.9%; p = 0.057) relative to the healthy controls (5.7%), and these antibodies were not detected in NMO patients. There was a modest inverse correlation between anti-PAD2 levels and disease severity in people with MS (τ = −0.145, p = 0.02), with levels being the highest in those with relapsing-remitting disease. Similarly, there was a modest inverse correlation between anti-PAD2 levels and neurocognitive score (τ = −0.10, p = 0.027) in people with PTLD, with difficulty focusing, memory changes, fatigue, and difficulty finding words contributing most strongly to the effect.ConclusionPADI2 expression was observed in diverse regions and cells of the CNS, and anti-PAD2 autoantibodies were associated with less severe symptoms in subsets of patients with MS and PTLD. These data suggest that anti-PAD2 antibodies may attenuate inflammation in diseases of different etiologies, which are united by high PADI2 expression in the target tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaewon Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alison W. Rebman
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tory P. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ting Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Levy
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John N. Aucott
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark J. Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Erika Darrah
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang ML, Horstman S, Gee R, Guyer P, Lam TT, Kanyo J, Perdigoto AL, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Callebaut A, Overbergh L, Kibbey RG, Herold KC, James EA, Mamula MJ. Citrullination of glucokinase is linked to autoimmune diabetes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1870. [PMID: 35388005 PMCID: PMC8986778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, including reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines in tissues amplify various post-translational modifications of self-proteins. A number of post-translational modifications have been identified as autoimmune biomarkers in the initiation and progression of Type 1 diabetes. Here we show the citrullination of pancreatic glucokinase as a result of inflammation, triggering autoimmunity and affecting glucokinase biological functions. Glucokinase is expressed in hepatocytes to regulate glycogen synthesis, and in pancreatic beta cells as a glucose sensor to initiate glycolysis and insulin signaling. We identify autoantibodies and autoreactive CD4+ T cells to glucokinase epitopes in the circulation of Type 1 diabetes patients and NOD mice. Finally, citrullination alters glucokinase biologic activity and suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Our study define glucokinase as a Type 1 diabetes biomarker, providing new insights of how inflammation drives post-translational modifications to create both neoautoantigens and affect beta cell metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheryl Horstman
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Renelle Gee
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean Kanyo
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ana L Perdigoto
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard G Kibbey
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark J Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Karapetnyan L, Sharoyan S, Mardanyan S, Lupidi G, Cuccioloni M, Angeletti M, Markarian S, Shilajyan H, Antonyan A. Citrullination of adenosine deaminase impairs its binding to dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Biophys Chem 2022; 286:106820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Citrullination in the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders: recent advances and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:94. [PMID: 35079870 PMCID: PMC8788905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous
post-translational modifications (PTMs) govern the collective metabolism of a cell through altering the structure and functions of proteins. The action of the most prevalent PTMs, encompassing phosphorylation, methylation, acylations, ubiquitination and glycosylation is well documented. A less explored protein PTM, conversion of peptidylarginine to citrulline, is the subject of this review. The process of citrullination is catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of conserved enzymes expressed in a variety of human tissues. Accumulating evidence suggest that citrullination plays a significant role in regulating cellular metabolism and gene expression by affecting a multitude of pathways and modulating the chromatin status. Here, we will discuss the biochemical nature of arginine citrullination, the enzymatic machinery behind it and also provide information on the pathological consequences of citrullination in the development of inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, periodontitis and COVID-19), cancer and thromboembolism. Finally, developments on inhibitors against protein citrullination and recent clinical trials providing a promising therapeutic approach to inflammatory disease by targeting citrullination are discussed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Grant J, Kimmel BR, Szymczak LC, Roll J, Mrksich M. Characterizing Enzyme Cooperativity with Imaging SAMDI-MS. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103807. [PMID: 34890480 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method that combines a microfluidic device and self-assembled monolayers for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SAMDI) mass spectrometry to calculate the cooperativity in binding of calcium ions to peptidylarginine deiminase type 2 (PAD2). This example uses only 120 µL of enzyme solution and three fluidic inputs. This microfluidic device incorporates a self-assembled monolayer that is functionalized with a peptide substrate for PAD2. The enzyme and different concentrations of calcium ions are flowed through each of eight channels, where the position along the channel corresponds to reaction time and position across the channel corresponds to the concentration of Ca2+. Imaging SAMDI (iSAMDI) is then used to determine the yield for the enzyme reaction at each 200 µm pixel on the monolayer, providing a time course for the reactions. Analysis of the peptide conversion as a function of position and time gives the degree of cooperativity (n) and the concentration of ligand required for half maximal activity (K0.5) for the Ca2+ - dependent activation of PAD2. This work establishes a high-throughput and label-free method for studying enzyme-ligand binding interactions and widens the applicability of microfluidics and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Blaise R Kimmel
- Northwestern University, Chemical and Biological Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Juliet Roll
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, 60208, Evanston, UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He Y, Lin J, Tang J, Yu Z, Ou Q, Lin J. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in sera of seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 36:e24133. [PMID: 34812532 PMCID: PMC8761432 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The diagnosis of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (SNRA) is often difficult due to the unavailability of reliable laboratory markers. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed proteins in sera of SNRA, seropositive RA (SPRA), and healthy donors (HD). Methods A total of 32 seropositive RA patients, 32 SNRA patients, and 35 HD were enrolled in our study. Differentially expressed proteins between 3 groups were identified via isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)‐based proteomic analysis, and an ELISA test was used for the validation test. Correlation analysis was conducted by GraphPad Prism. Results Using iTRAQ quantitative proteomics, we identified 14 proteins were significantly different between SPRA and SNRA, including 4 upregulated proteins and 10 downregulated proteins. Four differentially expressed proteins were validated by ELISA test, and the results showed that SAA1 protein was significantly higher in SPRA and SNRA patients compared with HD, and PSME1 was elevated in SPRA patients. What's more, SAA1 was increased in the anti‐CCP or RF high‐level group in RA patients, and PSME1 was increased in the RF high‐level group. Alternatively, SAA1 was positively correlated with inflammation indicators in RA patients, while PSME1 showed no correlation with inflammation indicators. Conclusions iTRAQ proteomic approaches revealed variations in serum protein composition among SPRA patients, SNRA patients, and HD and provided new idea for advanced diagnostic methods and precision treatment of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujue He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junyu Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jifeng Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qishui Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinpiao Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gene Diagnosis Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martín Monreal MT, Rebak AS, Massarenti L, Mondal S, Šenolt L, Ødum N, Nielsen ML, Thompson PR, Nielsen CH, Damgaard D. Applicability of Small-Molecule Inhibitors in the Study of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 (PAD2) and PAD4. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716250. [PMID: 34737738 PMCID: PMC8560728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, the conversion of peptidyl-arginine into peptidyl-citrulline, is involved in the breakage of self-tolerance in anti-CCP-positive rheumatoid arthritis. This reaction is catalyzed by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs), of which PAD2 and PAD4 are thought to play key pathogenic roles. Small-molecule PAD inhibitors such as the pan-PAD inhibitor BB-Cl-amidine, the PAD2-specific inhibitor AFM-30a, and the PAD4-specific inhibitor GSK199 hold therapeutic potential and are useful tools in studies of citrullination. Using an ELISA based on the citrullination of fibrinogen, we found that AFM-30a inhibited the catalytic activity of PADs derived from live PMNs or lysed PBMCs and PMNs and of PADs in cell-free synovial fluid samples from RA patients, while GSK199 had minor effects. In combination, AFM-30a and GSK199 inhibited total intracellular citrullination and citrullination of histone H3 in PBMCs, as determined by Western blotting. They were essentially nontoxic to CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes at concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 μM, while BB-Cl-amidine was cytotoxic at concentrations above 1 μM, as assessed by flow cytometric viability staining and by measurement of lactate dehydrogenase released from dying cells. In conclusion, AFM-30a is an efficient inhibitor of PAD2 derived from PBMCs, PMNs, or synovial fluid. AFM-30a and GSK199 can be used in combination for inhibition of PAD activity associated with PBMCs but without the cytotoxic effect of BB-Cl-amidine. This suggests that AFM-30a and GSK199 may have fewer off-target effects than BB-Cl-amidine and therefore hold greater therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Martín Monreal
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Stripp Rebak
- Department of Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (NNF CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Massarenti
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ladislav Šenolt
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Department of Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (NNF CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu Z, Li P, Tian Y, Ouyang W, Ho JWY, Alam HB, Li Y. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 in Host Immunity: Current Insights and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761946. [PMID: 34804050 PMCID: PMC8599989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze post-translational modifications of proteins by converting arginine residues into citrullines. Among the five members of the PAD family, PAD2 and PAD4 are the most frequently studied because of their abundant expression in immune cells. An increasing number of studies have identified PAD2 as an essential factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The successes of preclinical research targeting PAD2 highlights the therapeutic potential of PAD2 inhibition, particularly in sepsis and autoimmune diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms by which PAD2 mediates host immunity remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the role of PAD2 in different types of cell death signaling pathways and the related immune disorders contrasted with functions of PAD4, providing novel therapeutic strategies for PAD2-associated pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya 2 Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Patrick Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuzi Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenlu Ouyang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya 2 Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jessie Wai-Yan Ho
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hasan B. Alam
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Yongqing Li,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Ramírez-Vélez CI, Falfán-Valencia R, Navarro-Zarza JE, Gutiérrez-Pérez IA, Zaragoza-García O, Ramírez M, Castro-Alarcón N, Parra-Rojas I. PADI2 Polymorphisms Are Significantly Associated With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Autoantibodies Serologic Status and Joint Damage in Women from Southern Mexico. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718246. [PMID: 34421923 PMCID: PMC8371707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes of the family peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) have an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due to their association with the anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) production. To evaluate the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PADI2 gene and RA susceptibility, related clinical parameters, and the serologic status of autoantibodies in a women population with RA from southern Mexico, a case-control study was conducted (case n=229; control n=333). Sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated, along with clinical parameters, inflammation markers, the levels of ACPAs as anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCPs), anti-modified citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV), and rheumatoid factor (RF). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and three SNPs of the PADI2 gene (rs1005753, rs2057094, and rs2235926) were performed by qPCR using TaqMan probes. The data analysis reveals that the carriers of the T allele for rs2057094 and rs2235926 presented an earlier onset of the disease (β= -3.26; p = 0.03 and β = -4.13; p = 0.015, respectively) while the carriers of the T allele for rs1005753 presented higher levels of anti-CCPs (β= 68.3; p = 0.015). Additionally, the T allele of rs2235926 was associated with a positive RF (OR = 2.90; p = 0.04), anti-MCV (OR = 2.92; p = 0.05), and with the serologic status anti-CCP+/anti-MCV+ (OR = 3.02; p = 0.03), and anti-CCP+/anti-MCV+/RF+ (OR = 3.79; p = 0.004). The haplotypes GTT (OR =1.52; p = 0.027) and TTT (OR = 1.32; p = 0.025) were associated with the presence of RA. In addition, in this study the haplotype TTT is linked to the presence of radiographic joint damage defined by a Sharp-van der Heijde score (SHS) ≥2 (OR = 1.97; p = 0.0021) and SHS ≥3 (OR = 1.94; p = 0.011). The haplotype TTT of SNPs rs1005753, rs2057094, and rs2235926 of the PADI2 gene confers genetic susceptibility to RA and radiographic joint damage in women from southern Mexico. The evidence reveals that SNPs of the PADI2 gene favors the presence of a positive serologic status in multiple autoantibodies and the clinical manifestations of RA at an early onset age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Eduardo Navarro-Zarza
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Hospital General de Chilpancingo Dr. Raymundo Abarca Alarcón, Guerrero, Mexico
| | | | - Oscar Zaragoza-García
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| | - Mónica Ramírez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| | | | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bay-Jensen AC, Siebuhr AS, Damgaard D, Drobinski P, Thudium C, Mortensen J, Nielsen CH. Objective and noninvasive biochemical markers in rheumatoid arthritis: where are we and where are we going? Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:159-175. [PMID: 33783300 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1908892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects approximately 1% of the adult population. RA is multi-factorial, and as such our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in the disease is currently limited. An increasing number of studies have suggested that several molecular phenotypes (i.e. endotypes) of RA exist, and that different endotypes respond differently to various treatments. Biochemical markers may be an attractive means for achieving precision medicine, as they are objective and easily obtainable. AREAS COVERED We searched recent publications on biochemical markers in RA as either diagnostic or prognostic markers, or as markers of disease activity. Here, we provide a narrative overview of different classes of markers, such as autoantibodies, citrulline products, markers of tissue turnover and cytokines, that have been tested in clinical cohorts or trials including RA patients. EXPERT OPINION Although many biochemical markers have been identified and tested, few are currently being used in clinical practice. As more treatment options are becoming available, the need for precision medicine tools that can aid physicians and patients in choosing the right treatment is growing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Bay-Jensen
- ImmunoScience, Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Siebuhr
- ImmunoScience, Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Center for Rheumatolology and Spine Diseases, Institute for Inflammation Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Patryk Drobinski
- ImmunoScience, Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian Thudium
- ImmunoScience, Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Joachim Mortensen
- ImmunoScience, Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Center for Rheumatolology and Spine Diseases, Institute for Inflammation Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Akkaya HÜ, Yılmaz HE, Narin F, Sağlam M. Evaluation of galectin-3, peptidylarginine deiminase-4 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in gingival crevicular fluid for periodontal health, gingivitis and stage III grade C periodontitis: A pilot study. J Periodontol 2021; 93:80-88. [PMID: 33913157 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparing the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of galectin-3, peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in individuals with stage III grade C periodontitis and gingivitis and with healthy periodontium was the purpose of this clinical research. METHODS Sixty systemically healthy and non-smoker individuals consisting of stage III grade C periodontitis (group S3P/n = 20), gingivitis (group G/n = 20), and periodontally healthy (group HP/n = 20) were recruited for this research. Clinical parameters such as probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding on probing were recorded in periodontal charts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used in evaluating the GCF levels of galectin-3, PAD4, and TNF-α for study groups. RESULTS The GCF galectin-3 total amount was highest in group S3P compared with group G and group HP (P <0.05). Its total amount was also higher in group G compared with group HP (P <0.05). The GCF PAD4 total amount was higher in group S3P compared with group HP (P <0.05) but was similar with group G (P >0.05). Its total amounts were also similar in group G and group HP (P >0.05). The GCF TNF-α total amounts were similar in group S3P and group G (P >0.05) but significantly greater than the group HP (P ˂0.05). The GCF galectin-3, PAD4, and TNF-α concentrations were lower in the group S3P and group G compared with the group HP (P <0.05). There were significant positive correlations between GCF galectin-3 total amount and all clinical parameters (P ˂0.01) and also between GCF galectin-3 and TNF-α total amounts (P ˂0.01). There was no correlation between PAD4 and clinical parameters, or between PAD4 and TNF-α (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 and PAD4 may be involved in the periodontal disease pathogenesis considering the elevated levels of these molecules in periodontal disease. These biomarkers may be used in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Üstünel Akkaya
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huriye Erbak Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey.,Dokuz Eylül University Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Figen Narin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sağlam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The pre-clinical phase of rheumatoid arthritis: From risk factors to prevention of arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102797. [PMID: 33746022 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease considered as a multistep process spanning from the interaction of genetic (e.g., shared epitope or non-HLA loci), environmental and behavioral risk factors (e.g., smoking) leading to breaking immune tolerance and autoimmune processes such as the production of autoantibodies (e.g., antibodies against citrullinated proteins ACPA or rheumatoid factors, RF), development of the first symptoms without clinical arthritis, and, finally, the manifestation of arthritis. Despite the typical joint involvement in established RA, the pathogenesis of the disease likely begins far from joint structures: in the lungs or periodontium in association with citrullination, intestinal microbiome, or adipose tissue, which supports normal findings in synovial tissue in ACPA+ patients with arthralgia. The presence of ACPA is detectable even years before the first manifestation of RA. The pre-clinical phase of RA is the period preceding clinically apparent RA with ACPA contributing to the symptoms without subclinical inflammation. While the combination of ACPA and RF increases the risk of progression to RA by up to 10 times, increasing numbers of novel autoantibodies are to be investigated to contribute to the increased risk and pathogenesis of RA. With growing knowledge about the course of RA, new aspiration emerges to cure and even prevent RA, shifting the "window of opportunity" to the pre-clinical phases of RA. The clinical definition of individuals at risk of developing RA (clinically suspect arthralgia, CSA) makes it possible to unify these at-risk individuals' clinical characteristics for "preventive" treatment in ongoing clinical trials using mostly biological or conventional synthetic disease-modifying drugs. However, the combination of symptoms, laboratory, and imaging biomarkers may be the best approach to select the correct target at-risk population. The current review aims to explore different phases of RA and discuss the potential of (non)pharmacological intervention aiming to prevent RA.
Collapse
|
20
|
Tian Y, Qu S, Alam HB, Williams AM, Wu Z, Deng Q, Pan B, Zhou J, Liu B, Duan X, Ma J, Mondal S, Thompson PR, Stringer KA, Standiford TJ, Li Y. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 has potential as both a biomarker and therapeutic target of sepsis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138873. [PMID: 33055424 PMCID: PMC7605547 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of calcium-dependent enzymes that are involved in a variety of human disorders, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. Although targeting PAD4 has shown no benefit in sepsis, the role of PAD2 remains unknown. Here, we report that PAD2 is engaged in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute lung injury in both human patients and mice. Pad2–/– or selective inhibition of PAD2 by a small molecule inhibitor increased survival and improved overall outcomes in mouse models of sepsis. Pad2 deficiency decreased neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Importantly, Pad2 deficiency inhibited Caspase-11–dependent pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro. Suppression of PAD2 expression reduced inflammation and increased macrophage bactericidal activity. In contrast to Pad2–/–, Pad4 deficiency enhanced activation of Caspase-11–dependent pyroptosis in BM-derived macrophages and displayed no survival improvement in a mouse sepsis model. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of PAD2 as an indicative marker and therapeutic target for sepsis. Peptidylarginine deiminases 2 (PAD2) regulates neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shibin Qu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Xian, Shanxi, China
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiufang Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Baihong Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Trauma Center, Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baoling Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiuzhen Duan
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen A Stringer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu Z, Tian Y, Alam HB, Li P, Duan X, Williams AM, Liu B, Ma J, Li Y. Peptidylarginine Deiminases 2 Mediates Caspase-1-Associated Lethality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia-Induced Sepsis. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1093-1102. [PMID: 32729925 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes severe pneumonia in critically ill and immunocompromised patients. Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) 2, PAD4, and caspase-1 are important enzymes in mediating host response to infection. The goal of this study was to determine the interplay between PAD2, PAD4, and caspase-1 in PA pneumonia-induced sepsis. METHODS Pneumonia was produced in wild-type, Pad2-/-, and Pad4-/- mice by intranasal inoculation of PA (2.5 × 106 colony-forming units per mouse), and survival (n = 15/group) was monitored for 10 days. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated for in vitro studies. Samples were collected at specific timepoints for Western blot, bacterial load determination, and flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Caspase-1-dependent inflammation was diminished in PA-inoculated Pad2-/- mice, contributing to reduced macrophage death and enhanced bacterial clearance. In addition, Pad2-/- mice exhibited improved survival and attenuated acute lung injury after PA infection. In contrast, Pad4-/- mice did not display diminished caspase-1 activation, altered bacterial loads, or improved survival. CONCLUSIONS Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary sepsis by mediating caspase-1 activation. This goes against previous findings of PAD4 in sepsis. Our study suggests that PAD2 is a potential therapeutic target of PA pneumonia-induced sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya 2nd Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuzi Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Rheumatoid Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiuzhen Duan
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Baoling Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Carmona-Rivera C, Carlucci PM, Goel RR, James E, Brooks SR, Rims C, Hoffmann V, Fox DA, Buckner JH, Kaplan MJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate articular cartilage damage and enhance cartilage component immunogenicity in rheumatoid arthritis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139388. [PMID: 32484790 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial joint inflammation, cartilage damage, and dysregulation of the adaptive immune system. While neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been proposed to play a role in the generation of modified autoantigens and in the activation of synovial fibroblasts, it remains unknown whether NETs are directly involved in cartilage damage. Here, we report a new mechanism by which NET-derived elastase disrupts cartilage matrix and induces release of membrane-bound peptidylarginine deiminase-2 by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). Cartilage fragments are subsequently citrullinated, internalized by FLSs, and then presented to antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, immune complexes containing citrullinated cartilage components can activate macrophages to release proinflammatory cytokines. HLA-DRB1*04:01 transgenic mice immunized with NETs develop autoantibodies against citrullinated cartilage proteins and display enhanced cartilage damage. Inhibition of NET-derived elastase rescues NET-mediated cartilage damage. These results show that NETs and neutrophil elastase externalized in these structures play fundamental pathogenic roles in promoting cartilage damage and synovial inflammation. Strategies targeting neutrophil elastase and NETs could have a therapeutic role in RA and in other inflammatory diseases associated with inflammatory joint damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Carmona-Rivera
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip M Carlucci
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eddie James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen R Brooks
- Office of the Clinical Director, Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cliff Rims
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Victoria Hoffmann
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Curran AM, Naik P, Giles JT, Darrah E. PAD enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenic effectors and autoimmune targets. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:301-315. [PMID: 32341463 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) have an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) owing to their ability to generate citrullinated proteins - the hallmark autoantigens of RA. Of the five PAD enzyme isoforms, PAD2 and PAD4 are the most strongly implicated in RA at both genetic and cellular levels, and PAD inhibitors have shown therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. PAD2 and PAD4 are additionally targeted by autoantibodies in distinct clinical subsets of patients with RA, suggesting anti-PAD antibodies as possible biomarkers for RA diagnosis and prognosis. This Review weighs the evidence that supports a pathogenic role for PAD enzymes in RA as both promoters and targets of the autoimmune response, as well as discussing the mechanistic and therapeutic implications of these findings in the wider context of RA pathogenesis. Understanding the origin and consequences of dysregulated PAD enzyme activity and immune responses against PAD enzymes will be important to fully comprehend the pathogenic mechanisms involved in this disease and for the development of novel strategies to treat and prevent RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Curran
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pooja Naik
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jon T Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Laufer VA, Tiwari HK, Reynolds RJ, Danila MI, Wang J, Edberg JC, Kimberly RP, Kottyan LC, Harley JB, Mikuls TR, Gregersen PK, Absher DM, Langefeld CD, Arnett DK, Bridges SL. Genetic influences on susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in African-Americans. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:858-874. [PMID: 30423114 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Large meta-analyses of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility in European (EUR) and East Asian (EAS) populations have identified >100 RA risk loci, but genome-wide studies of RA in African-Americans (AAs) are absent. To address this disparity, we performed an analysis of 916 AA RA patients and 1392 controls and aggregated our data with genotyping data from >100 000 EUR and Asian RA patients and controls. We identified two novel risk loci that appear to be specific to AAs: GPC5 and RBFOX1 (PAA < 5 × 10-9). Most RA risk loci are shared across different ethnicities, but among discordant loci, we observed strong enrichment of variants having large effect sizes. We found strong evidence of effect concordance for only 3 of the 21 largest effect index variants in EURs. We used the trans-ethnic fine-mapping algorithm PAINTOR3 to prioritize risk variants in >90 RA risk loci. Addition of AA data to those of EUR and EAS descent enabled identification of seven novel high-confidence candidate pathogenic variants (defined by posterior probability > 0.8). In summary, our trans-ethnic analyses are the first to include AAs, identified several new RA risk loci and point to candidate pathogenic variants that may underlie this common autoimmune disease. These findings may lead to better ways to diagnose or stratify treatment approaches in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Laufer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard J Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maria I Danila
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jelai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Edberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert P Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Center for Autoimmune Genetics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ted R Mikuls
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Peter K Gregersen
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Devin M Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S Louis Bridges
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sharma M, Damgaard D, Senolt L, Svensson B, Bay-Jensen AC, Nielsen CH, Hägglund P. Expanding the citrullinome of synovial fibrinogen from rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Proteomics 2019; 208:103484. [PMID: 31408709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translational protein modification, which is associated with inflammation in general and is thought to play an important pathogenic role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach was applied to identify citrullination sites in synovial fluid fibrinogen from four RA patients. In general, high disease activity correlated with increased number of identified citrullination sites and higher relative citrulline occupancy. Altogether, 23 sites were identified, of which 9 have not been previously reported to be citrullinated in vivo. Citrullination at site α84, α123, α129, α547, α573, α591, β334 and γ134 was identified in more than one patient, and these positions were therefore regarded as hotspots. Following citrullination of fibrinogen in vitro using human recombinant peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), a total of 46 citrullination sites were identified, including 6 hitherto unreported in vitro citrullination sites. Twenty-two out of the 23 citrullination sites identified in vivo were also detected in vitro, supporting the validity of the identifications. SIGNIFICANCE: This work provides information about previously uncharacterized citrullination sites in synovial fluid fibrinogen from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Detection of these novel citrullination sites may prove to have diagnostic or prognostic value in RA and enhance our understanding of the immune pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandvi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ladislav Senolt
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Veyisoğlu G, Savran L, Narin F, Yılmaz HE, Avşar C, Sağlam M. Gingival crevicular fluid semaphorin 4D and peptidylarginine deiminase‐2 levels in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontol 2019; 90:973-981. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Veyisoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of DentistryBaskent University Ankara Turkey
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of DentistryIzmir Katip Celebi University Izmir Turkey
| | - Levent Savran
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of DentistryIzmir Katip Celebi University Izmir Turkey
| | - Figen Narin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of MedicineIzmir Katip Celebi University Izmir Turkey
| | - Huriye Erbak Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of MedicineIzmir Katip Celebi University Izmir Turkey
| | - Candeğer Avşar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of MedicineIzmir Katip Celebi University Izmir Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sağlam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of DentistryIzmir Katip Celebi University Izmir Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Insight into Neutrophil Extracellular Traps through Systematic Evaluation of Citrullination and Peptidylarginine Deiminases. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2160192. [PMID: 30993117 PMCID: PMC6434303 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2160192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune inflammatory arthritis, citrullinated proteins are targeted by autoantibodies and thus thought to drive disease. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a source of citrullinated proteins and are increased in rheumatoid arthritis and therefore also implicated in disease pathogenesis. However, not all NETs are citrullinated. One theory aiming to clarify the intersection of citrullination, NETs, and rheumatoid arthritis suggests that specific stimuli induce different types of NETs defined by citrullination status. However, most studies do not evaluate uncitrullinated NETs, only citrullinated or total NETs. Further, the requirement for peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) 2 and 4, two important citrullinating enzymes in neutrophils and rheumatoid arthritis, in the formation of different NETs has not been clearly defined. To determine if specific stimulants induce citrullinated or uncitrullinated NETs and if those structures require PAD2 or PAD4, human and murine neutrophils, including from PAD4−/− and PAD2−/− mice, were stimulated in vitro and NETs imaged and quantified. In humans, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), ionomycin, monosodium urate (MSU), and Candida albicans induced NETs with MSU and C. albicans inducing primarily citrullinated, PMA primarily uncitrullinated, and ionomycin a mix of NETs. Only ionomycin and C. albicans were strong inducers of NETs in mice with ionomycin-induced NETs mostly citrullinated and C. albicans-induced NETs a mix of citrullinated and uncitrullinated. Interestingly, no stimulus induced exclusively citrullinated or uncitrullinated NETs. Further, PAD4 was required for citrullinated NETs only, whereas PAD2 was not required for either NET in mice. Therefore, specific stimuli induce varying proportions of both citrullinated and uncitrullinated NETs with different requirements for PAD4. These findings highlight the complexity of NET formation and the need to further define the mechanisms by which different NETs form and their implications for autoimmune disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Damgaard D, Nielsen CH. Assessment of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Activity by ELISA Using Human Fibrinogen as Substrate. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1901:239-242. [PMID: 30539583 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8949-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measurement of the activity of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), the enzymes responsible for citrullination, is described. It uses fibrinogen as substrate for the enzyme and a commercial antibody specific for the citrullinated form of fibrinogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Darrah E, Giles JT, Davis RL, Naik P, Wang H, Konig MF, Cappelli LC, Bingham CO, Danoff SK, Andrade F. Autoantibodies to Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 Are Associated With Less Severe Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2696. [PMID: 30515171 PMCID: PMC6255931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Peptidylarginine deiminases (PAD) 2 and 4 are key enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis due to their ability to generate the protein targets of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). Anti-PAD4 antibodies that cross-react with PAD3 (anti-PAD3/4) have been identified and are associated with severe joint and lung disease. Here, we examined whether anti-PAD2 antibodies were present in patients with RA and defined their clinical significance. Patients and Methods: A PAD2 ELISA was established to screen for anti-PAD2 IgG in sera from RA patients from a prospective observational cohort study (n = 184) and healthy controls (n = 100). RA patient characteristics were compared according to anti-PAD2 antibody status. Multivariable models were constructed to explore the independent associations of anti-PAD2 antibodies with clinical variables. Results: Anti-PAD2 antibodies were found in 18.5% of RA patients and 3% of healthy controls (p < 0.001). Among RA patients, anti-PAD2 antibodies were not associated with traditional genetic or serologic RA risk factors, including HLA-DRβ1 shared epitope alleles, ACPA, rheumatoid factor (RF), or anti-PAD3/4 antibodies. In addition, antibodies to PAD2 were associated with fewer swollen joints, a lower prevalence of interstitial lung disease, and less progression of joint damage. In subset analyses in which patients were stratified by the baseline presence of ACPA/RF or anti-PAD3/4 antibodies, anti-PAD2 antibodies provided additional value in identifying patients with the least progressive joint disease. Conclusions: Anti-PAD2 antibodies represent a novel serologic marker in RA that identifies a genetically and clinically unique subset of patients with less severe joint and lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jon T Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ryan L Davis
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pooja Naik
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laura C Cappelli
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sonye K Danoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Damgaard D, Bawadekar M, Senolt L, Stensballe A, Shelef MA, Nielsen CH. Relative efficiencies of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 4 in generating target sites for anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in fibrinogen, alpha-enolase and histone H3. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203214. [PMID: 30161253 PMCID: PMC6117052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) and PAD4 are expressed in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and catalyze citrullination of arginine residues in proteins targeted by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Little is known about the relative importance of PAD2 and PAD4 in generating citrullinated self-antigens. Here we investigate the ability of PAD2 and PAD4 to generate citrullinated targets for ACPAs in four human proteins. METHODS Synovial fluid (SF) and plasma were collected from 42 RA patients. Human fibrinogen, human alpha-enolase (ENO1), human histone H3, and human serum albumin (HSA) were citrullinated in vitro by PAD2 or PAD4. The total degree of citrullination was determined using the anti-modified citrulline approach. Antibody binding to native and citrullinated proteins was measured by ELISA. RESULTS ACPAs within pooled SF from multiple RA patients reacted equally well with, and cross-reacted with, PAD2- and PAD4-citrullinated fibrinogen. ACPAs from most individual patient SF and plasma samples bound equally well to PAD2- and PAD4-citrullinated fibrinogen or ENO1. When histone H3 was used as target, PAD4 was generally superior in generating epitopes recognized by ACPAs. No binding to citrullinated HSA was observed. CONCLUSION In most patients, PAD2 and PAD4 are equally efficient in generating citrullinated target sites for ACPAs in fibrinogen and ENO1. The binding of autoantibodies to histone H3 was generally higher after citrullination with PAD4 than with PAD2. Citrullinated HSA is not a target for ACPAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ladislav Senolt
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Claus H. Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guderud K, Mæhlen MT, Nordang GBN, Viken MK, Andreassen BK, Molberg Ø, Flåm ST, Lie BA. Lack of Association among Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase Type 4 Autoantibodies, PADI4 Polymorphisms, and Clinical Characteristics in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2018; 45:1211-1219. [PMID: 29858238 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.170769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to jointly investigate the role of antipeptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 antibodies (anti-PAD4) and polymorphisms in the PADI4 gene together with clinical variables in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Serum IgG autoantibodies to human recombinant PAD4 were identified by DELFIA technique in 745 patients with RA (366 available from previous studies). Genotyping of PADI4 was performed using TaqMan assays in 945 patients and 1118 controls. Clinical data, anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) status, shared epitope status, and a combined genetic risk score were also available. RESULTS Anti-PAD4 antibodies were detected in 193 (26%) of 745 patients with RA; 149 (77%) of these were also ACPA-positive. No association was observed between anti-PAD4 status and clinical characteristics, PADI4 polymorphisms, or genetic risk scores after stratification for ACPA status. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results from these combined serological, genetic, and clinical analyses suggest that anti-PAD4 appears to be a bystander autoantibody with no current clinical utility in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Guderud
- From the Department of Medical Genetics, and the Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-based Research, Oslo, Norway.,K. Guderud, M Pharm, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.T. Mæhlen, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; G.B. Nordang, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.K. Viken, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre; B.K. Andreassen, PhD, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-Based Research; Ø. Molberg, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; S.T. Flåm, BS, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; B.A. Lie, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | - Marthe Thoresen Mæhlen
- From the Department of Medical Genetics, and the Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-based Research, Oslo, Norway.,K. Guderud, M Pharm, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.T. Mæhlen, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; G.B. Nordang, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.K. Viken, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre; B.K. Andreassen, PhD, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-Based Research; Ø. Molberg, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; S.T. Flåm, BS, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; B.A. Lie, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | - Gry Beate Namløs Nordang
- From the Department of Medical Genetics, and the Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-based Research, Oslo, Norway.,K. Guderud, M Pharm, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.T. Mæhlen, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; G.B. Nordang, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.K. Viken, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre; B.K. Andreassen, PhD, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-Based Research; Ø. Molberg, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; S.T. Flåm, BS, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; B.A. Lie, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | - Marte Kathrine Viken
- From the Department of Medical Genetics, and the Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-based Research, Oslo, Norway.,K. Guderud, M Pharm, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.T. Mæhlen, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; G.B. Nordang, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.K. Viken, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre; B.K. Andreassen, PhD, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-Based Research; Ø. Molberg, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; S.T. Flåm, BS, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; B.A. Lie, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | - Bettina Kulle Andreassen
- From the Department of Medical Genetics, and the Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-based Research, Oslo, Norway.,K. Guderud, M Pharm, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.T. Mæhlen, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; G.B. Nordang, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.K. Viken, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre; B.K. Andreassen, PhD, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-Based Research; Ø. Molberg, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; S.T. Flåm, BS, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; B.A. Lie, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | - Øyvind Molberg
- From the Department of Medical Genetics, and the Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-based Research, Oslo, Norway.,K. Guderud, M Pharm, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.T. Mæhlen, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; G.B. Nordang, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.K. Viken, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre; B.K. Andreassen, PhD, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-Based Research; Ø. Molberg, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; S.T. Flåm, BS, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; B.A. Lie, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | - Siri Tennebø Flåm
- From the Department of Medical Genetics, and the Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-based Research, Oslo, Norway.,K. Guderud, M Pharm, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.T. Mæhlen, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; G.B. Nordang, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.K. Viken, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre; B.K. Andreassen, PhD, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-Based Research; Ø. Molberg, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; S.T. Flåm, BS, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; B.A. Lie, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | - Benedicte Alexandra Lie
- From the Department of Medical Genetics, and the Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-based Research, Oslo, Norway. .,K. Guderud, M Pharm, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.T. Mæhlen, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital; G.B. Nordang, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; M.K. Viken, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre; B.K. Andreassen, PhD, Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute for Population-Based Research; Ø. Molberg, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital; S.T. Flåm, BS, Department of Medical Genetics, and the K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital; B.A. Lie, PhD, Department of Medical Genetics, and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Study on association of HSP70_hom gene polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis using capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
33
|
Elkaim R, Bugueno-Valdebenito IM, Benkirane-Jessel N, Tenenbaum H. Porphyromonas gingivalis and its LPS differentially regulate the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminases in human chondrocytes. Innate Immun 2017. [PMID: 28633586 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917716266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease initiated by Gram-negative bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis ( Pg), is considered as a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our study aimed to determine the effect of Pg and its LPS on the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase isotypes (PADs) in human primary chondrocytes (HC). HCs were infected with Pg and activated by its LPS (LPS- Pg). The mRNA expression levels of human PADs (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6) and bacterial enzyme (PADPg) were quantified by RT-qPCR. Cellular extracts served to measure the enzymatic activities of PADs and PADPg and to visualize the profiles of citrullinated proteins/peptides by Western blotting. Our data showed significant inhibitions of mRNA expressions of human PAD-2, PAD-3 and PAD-4 during infection of HC with live Pg. Activation of HC by LPS- Pg increased mRNA expressions of human PAD-2 and PAD-3. The PADPg enzymatic activity was significantly increased in only infected HC. Analysis of citrullinated proteins/peptides profiles revealed the occurrence of low molecular bands only in cellular extracts from HC infected with Pg. Our data showed that Pg and its LPS differentially regulate the expression of PADs in human chondrocytes and that Pg favors the apparition of new citrullinated proteins/peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Elkaim
- 1 INSERM "Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine" laboratory, UMR 1109, Medical Faculty, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,2 University of Strasbourg, Dental Faculty, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Nadia Benkirane-Jessel
- 1 INSERM "Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine" laboratory, UMR 1109, Medical Faculty, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Henri Tenenbaum
- 1 INSERM "Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine" laboratory, UMR 1109, Medical Faculty, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,2 University of Strasbourg, Dental Faculty, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Andrés Cerezo L, Šumová B, Prajzlerová K, Veigl D, Damgaard D, Nielsen CH, Pavelka K, Vencovský J, Šenolt L. Calgizzarin (S100A11): a novel inflammatory mediator associated with disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:79. [PMID: 28446208 PMCID: PMC5405489 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Calgizzarin (S100A11) is a member of the S100 protein family that acts in different tumors by regulating a number of biologic functions. Recent data suggest its association with low-grade inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of our study is to compare S100A11 expression in the synovial tissues, synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and to characterize the potential association between S100A11 and disease activity. Methods S100A11 protein expression was detected in synovial tissue from patients with RA (n = 6) and patients with OA (n = 6) by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Serum and synovial fluid S100A11 levels were measured by ELISA in patients with RA (n = 40) and patients with OA (n = 34). Disease activity scores in 28 joints based on C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) were used to assess disease activity. Cytokine content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), synovial fibroblasts (SFs) and synovial fluid was analysed by ELISA, western blotting or cytometric bead array. Results S100A11 expression was significantly up-regulated in the synovial lining and sublining layers (p < 0.01) and vessels (p < 0.05) of patients with RA compared to patients with OA, and was associated with fibroblasts and T cells. S100A11 was significantly increased in synovial fluid (p < 0.0001) but not in serum (p = 0.158) from patients with RA compared to patients with OA when adjusted for age and sex. Synovial fluid S100A11 correlated with DAS28 (r = 0.350, p = 0.027), serum CRP (r = 0.463, p = 0.003), synovial fluid leukocyte count (r = 0.677, p < 0.001), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) (r = 0.424, p = 0.006) and IL-6 (r = 0.578, p = 0.002) and IL-8 (r = 0.740, p < 0.001) in synovial fluid from patients with RA. PBMCs and SFs isolated from patients with RA synthesized and spontaneously secreted higher levels of S100A11 in comparison with PBMCs and SFs from patients with OA (p = 0.011 and 0.03, respectively). S100A11 stimulated the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 by PBMCs (p < 0.05) and SFs (p < 0.01). Conclusions Our data provide the first evidence of S100A11 up-regulation and its association with inflammation and disease activity in patients with RA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1288-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Andrés Cerezo
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Šumová
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Prajzlerová
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Veigl
- First Orthopaedic Clinic, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karel Pavelka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vencovský
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Šenolt
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bawadekar M, Shim D, Johnson CJ, Warner TF, Rebernick R, Damgaard D, Nielsen CH, Pruijn GJM, Nett JE, Shelef MA. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced citrullination and arthritis, but not neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Autoimmun 2017; 80:39-47. [PMID: 28188029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination, the post-translational conversion of arginines to citrullines, may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis development given the generation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). However, it is not known which peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) catalyzes the citrullination seen in inflammation. PAD4 exacerbates inflammatory arthritis and is critical for neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs display citrullinated antigens targeted by ACPAs and thus may be a source of citrullinated protein. However, PAD4 is not required for citrullination in inflamed lungs. PAD2 is important for citrullination in healthy tissues and is present in NETs, but its role in citrullination in the inflamed joint, NETosis and inflammatory arthritis is unknown. Here we use mice with TNFα-induced inflammatory arthritis, a model of rheumatoid arthritis, to identify the roles of PAD2 and PAD4 in citrullination, NETosis, and arthritis. In mice with TNFα-induced arthritis, citrullination in the inflamed ankle was increased as determined by western blot. This increase was unchanged in the ankles of mice that lack PAD4. In contrast, citrullination was nearly absent in the ankles of PAD2-deficient mice. Interestingly, PAD2 was not required for NET formation as assessed by immunofluorescence or for killing of Candida albicans as determined by viability assay. Finally, plasma cell numbers as assessed by flow cytometry, IgG levels quantified by ELISA, and inflammatory arthritis as determined by clinical and pathological scoring were all reduced in the absence of PAD2. Thus, PAD2 contributes to TNFα-induced citrullination and arthritis, but is not required for NETosis. In contrast, PAD4, which is critical for NETosis, is dispensable for generalized citrullination supporting the possibility that NETs may not be a major source of citrullinated protein in arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daeun Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chad J Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Rebernick
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Institute for Molecules and Materials and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bawadekar M, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Rebernick R, Shim D, Warner TF, Nicholas AP, Lundblad LKA, Thompson PR, Shelef MA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, citrullination, and peptidylarginine deiminase 4 in lung and joint inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:173. [PMID: 27450561 PMCID: PMC4957385 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between lung and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis is poorly understood. Lung inflammation with resultant protein citrullination may trigger anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, inflammation, and arthritis. Alternatively, lung and joint inflammation may be two manifestations of a single underlying pathology. The lung has increased citrullination and TNF-α levels are high in rheumatoid arthritis; however, it is unknown if TNF-α can induce lung protein citrullination. The citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) exacerbates TNF-α-induced arthritis, but a role for PAD4 in lung citrullination and TNF-α-induced lung inflammation has not been explored. Our aim was to use TNF-α-overexpressing mice to clarify the intersection of TNF-α, citrullination, PAD4, arthritis, and lung inflammation. Methods Lung protein citrullination in wild-type mice, mice that overexpress TNF-α systemically (TNF+), TNF+PAD4+/+, and TNF+PAD4-/- mice was quantified by both gel electrophoresis using a citrulline probe and western blot. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained lung sections from TNF+PAD4+/+ and TNF+PAD4-/- mice were scored for lung inflammation. H&E-stained ankle joint sections from mice that overexpress TNF-α only in the lungs were assessed for arthritis. Results TNF+ mice have increased lung protein citrullination. TNF+PAD4-/- mice do not have significantly reduced lung protein citrullination, but do have decreased lung inflammation compared to TNF+PAD4+/+ mice. Mice that overexpress TNF-α only in the lungs do not develop arthritis. Conclusions PAD4 exacerbates lung inflammation downstream of TNF-α without having a major role in generalized protein citrullination in inflamed lungs. Also, TNF-α-induced lung inflammation is not sufficient to drive murine arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1068-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Annette Gendron-Fitzpatrick
- Research Animal Resource Center Comparative Pathology Lab and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Rebernick
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daeun Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anthony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Paul R Thompson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Damgaard D, Bjørn ME, Steffensen MA, Pruijn GJM, Nielsen CH. Reduced glutathione as a physiological co-activator in the activation of peptidylarginine deiminase. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:102. [PMID: 27149996 PMCID: PMC4858833 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Citrullination catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) plays an important pathogenic role in anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and, possibly, several other inflammatory diseases. Non-physiological reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT) are normally added to the reaction buffer when determining PAD activity in vitro. We investigated the ability of reduced glutathione (GSH), the most abundant intracellular small-molecule thiol in vivo, to activate PADs. Methods Activity of recombinant human (rh) PAD2 and PAD4, PADs contained in synovial fluid (SF) samples from RA patients and PADs released from phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated cells was measured using an in-house PAD activity assay detecting citrullination of fibrinogen. Results No activity of rhPAD2, rhPAD4 or PADs within SF was observed without addition of an exogenous reducing agent. Activity of both recombinant and SF PAD was observed in the presence of 1 mM DTT or 10–15 mM GSH. Following stimulation with PMA, human isolated leucocytes, but not mononuclear cells, released enzymatically active PAD, the activity of which was abolished upon pre-incubation of the cells with the glutathione reductase inhibitor 2-AAPA. No PAD activity was observed in the corresponding supernatants, but addition of exogenous GSH restored activity. Conclusions Catalytic activity of PAD requires reducing conditions. GSH meets this requirement at concentrations comparable with those found within cells. Active PAD, reduced by GSH, is released from PMA-stimulated granulocytes, but becomes inactivated in the extracellular space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mads Emil Bjørn
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Haematology, Roskilde Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Maria A Steffensen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|