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Huang J, Huang H, Liu M, Yang W, Wang H. Involvement of the TRPV1 receptor and the endocannabinoid system in schizophrenia. Brain Res Bull 2024; 215:111007. [PMID: 38852650 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental disorder, but its pathogenesis is still unknown, and its clinical treatment effect is very limited. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel and the Endocannabinoid System (ECS)have been confirmed to be involved in the pathogenesis of SCZ, although their actions have not been fully clarified yet. The objective is to examine TRPV1 and ECS expression in the blood of schizophrenia patients and investigate their correlation with disease severity. METHODS This is a cross-sectional investigation. Peripheral blood samples were gathered from normal controls (NC, n=37), as well as individuals with schizophrenia, including first episode (n=30) and recurrent (n=30) cases. We employed western blot and ELISA techniques to quantify TRPV1, cannabinoid receptors 1(CB1), anandamide (AEA), and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and assess the severity of the patient's symptoms by means of the PANSS scale. RESULTS Compared to NC, TRPV1 levels showed a noticeable decrease in both first episode schizophrenia (f-SCZ group) and recurrent schizophrenia (r-SCZ group) subjects. Additionally, CB1 levels appeared increased in f-SCZ group. Furthermore, 2-AG levels were found to be elevated in both f-SCZ group and r-SCZ group compared to NC, whereas AEA levels were decreased in f-SCZ group but increased in r-SCZ group. Moreover, among schizophrenia patients, TRPV1 demonstrated a negative correlation with negative symptoms. Within r-SCZ subjects, CB1 displayed a negative correlation with relapse number, while 2-AG showed a correlation in the opposite direction. CONCLUSIONS This study provides initial clinical evidence of changed TRPV1 expression in schizophrenia, potentially linked to negative symptoms. These results suggest a possible dysfunction of TRPV1 and the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which might offer new avenues for medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Moyin Liu
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wanlin Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Jiang J, Wang D, Gao Y, Sun L, Li S, Hu X, Li Z, Zhang J, Ji F, Tian Y, Guan L, Li Z, He L, Wan C. Altered HCAR3 expression may underlying the blunted niacin responses of the psychiatric disorders and the risk of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 78:123-130. [PMID: 37984442 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Blunted niacin response (BNR) was an endophenotype of schizophrenia, but the underlying mechanism remains unclarified. The objective of this study was to verify whether genes associated with BNR pathway constitute the genetic basis and the pathological mechanism of BNR phenotypic psychiatric patients. METHODS Two independent sample sets consisting of 971 subjects were enrolled in this study. A total of 62 variants were genotyped in the discovery set, then the related variants were verified in the verification set. The published PGC GWAS data were used to validate the associations between the variants and psychiatry disorders. RT-PCR analysis, eQTL data, and Dual-Luciferase Reporter experiment were used to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms of the variants underlying BNR. RESULTS The results showed that two SNPs, rs56959712 in HCAR2 and rs2454721 in HCAR3 were significantly associated with niacin response. The risk allele T of rs2454721 could affect the niacin responses of psychiatric patients through elevated HCAR3 gene expression. These two genes, especially HCAR3, were significantly associated with the risk of schizophrenia, as identified in this study and verified using the published GWAS data. CONCLUSION HCAR3 is a novel schizophrenia susceptibility gene which is significantly associated with blunted niacin response in schizophrenia. In-depth investigation of HCAR3 is of great significance for uncovering the pathogenesis and propose new therapeutic targets for psychiatric disorders, especially for the BNR subgroup patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liya Sun
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhui Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuyun Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yusheng Tian
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lili Guan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and the Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunling Wan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Zorkina Y, Ushakova V, Ochneva A, Tsurina A, Abramova O, Savenkova V, Goncharova A, Alekseenko I, Morozova I, Riabinina D, Kostyuk G, Morozova A. Lipids in Psychiatric Disorders: Functional and Potential Diagnostic Role as Blood Biomarkers. Metabolites 2024; 14:80. [PMID: 38392971 PMCID: PMC10890164 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a crucial component of the human brain, serving important structural and functional roles. They are involved in cell function, myelination of neuronal projections, neurotransmission, neural plasticity, energy metabolism, and neuroinflammation. Despite their significance, the role of lipids in the development of mental disorders has not been well understood. This review focused on the potential use of lipids as blood biomarkers for common mental illnesses, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. This review also discussed the impact of commonly used psychiatric medications, such as neuroleptics and antidepressants, on lipid metabolism. The obtained data suggested that lipid biomarkers could be useful for diagnosing psychiatric diseases, but further research is needed to better understand the associations between blood lipids and mental disorders and to identify specific biomarker combinations for each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Zorkina
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Ushakova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Ochneva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Tsurina
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Abramova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Savenkova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Goncharova
- Moscow Center for Healthcare Innovations, 123473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Alekseenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academi of Science, 142290 Moscow, Russia
- Russia Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 2, Kurchatov Square, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Morozova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Riabinina
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy Kostyuk
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Morozova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, Zagorodnoe Highway 2, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky per. 23, 119034 Moscow, Russia
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Zhang T, Gan R, Zeng J, Ye J, Hu Y, Xu L, Wei Y, Tang X, Li C, Liu H, Chen T, Wang J. Attenuated niacin response is associated with a subtype of first-episode drug-naïve psychosis characterized as serious negative symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1725-1736. [PMID: 36688979 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the phenomenon of attenuated niacin response (ANR) has been widely replicated in some patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), its relevance to the negative symptoms (NS) of psychosis remains unclear. Total of 240 patients with drug-naïve FEP and 101 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited, and 209 were followed up for 1 year. Psychotic symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and niacin-induced responses were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. We calculated the log-transform EC50 [concentration of methyl nicotinate required to elicit a half-maximal blood flow (MBF) response] and MBF values. Core-NS was generated by factor analysis of the PANSS-NS subscale and cluster analysis to produce subtypes. Significant differences were found in the log10 (EC50) values between the FEP and HC groups (p < 0.001), supporting the ANR in patients with FEP. A higher NS severity was found in the ANR subgroup than that in other patients. Factor analysis determined that a two-dimensional model included core NS and rigidity of thinking. The log10 (EC50) value was significantly associated with only the core NS. Cluster analysis revealed three subtypes-36.7% (cluster-1, n = 88), 16.7% (cluster-2, n = 40), and 46.7% (cluster-3, n = 112). Cluster-2 characterized by extensive NS appeared to have a more remarkable ANR and less symptomatic improvement than those with other clusters during follow-up. No significant changes were found in the niacin response trajectories between the baseline and follow-up. Our findings indicate a significant correlation between ANR and core NS in patients with FEP. ANR may be a potential biomarker for certain subtypes with NS-dominated characteristics and poor symptomatic remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- TianHong Zhang
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - RanPiao Gan
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - JiaHui Zeng
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - JiaYi Ye
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - YeGang Hu
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - LiHua Xu
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - YanYan Wei
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - XiaoChen Tang
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - ChunBo Li
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - HaiChun Liu
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Big Data Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - JiJun Wang
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center (20DZ2253800), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 600 Wanping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Hare SM, Adhikari BM, Mo C, Chen S, Wijtenburg SA, Seneviratne C, Kane-Gerard S, Sathyasaikumar KV, Notarangelo FM, Schwarcz R, Kelly DL, Rowland LM, Buchanan RW. Tryptophan challenge in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls: acute effects on circulating kynurenine and kynurenic acid, cognition and cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1594-1601. [PMID: 37118058 PMCID: PMC10516920 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments predict poor functional outcomes in people with schizophrenia. These impairments may be causally related to increased levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a major metabolic product of tryptophan (TRYP). In the brain, KYNA acts as an antagonist of the of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine and NMDA receptors, both of which are involved in cognitive processes. To examine whether KYNA plays a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we compared the acute effects of a single oral dose of TRYP (6 g) in 32 healthy controls (HC) and 37 people with either schizophrenia (Sz), schizoaffective or schizophreniform disorder, in a placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study. We examined plasma levels of KYNA and its precursor kynurenine; selected cognitive measures from the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery; and resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) using arterial spin labeling imaging. In both cohorts, the TRYP challenge produced significant, time-dependent elevations in plasma kynurenine and KYNA. The resting CBF signal (averaged across all gray matter) was affected differentially, such that TRYP was associated with higher CBF in HC, but not in participants with a Sz-related disorder. While TRYP did not significantly impair cognitive test performance, there was a trend for TRYP to worsen visuospatial memory task performance in HC. Our results demonstrate that oral TRYP challenge substantially increases plasma levels of kynurenine and KYNA in both groups, but exerts differential group effects on CBF. Future studies are required to investigate the mechanisms underlying these CBF findings, and to evaluate the impact of KYNA fluctuations on brain function and behavior. (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02067975).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Hare
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Bhim M Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Chen Mo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Samuel Kane-Gerard
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Korrapati V Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Francesca M Notarangelo
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert W Buchanan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Sitarz R, Juchnowicz D, Karakuła K, Forma A, Baj J, Rog J, Karpiński R, Machrowska A, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. Niacin Skin Flush Backs-From the Roots of the Test to Nowadays Hope. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051879. [PMID: 36902666 PMCID: PMC10003235 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The niacin skin flush test (NSFT) is a simple method used to assess the content of fatty acids in cell membranes and is a possible indicator of factors hidden behind various outcomes in patients. The purpose of this paper is to determine the potential usefulness of NSFT in mental disorder diagnostics along with the determination of factors that may affect its results. The authors reviewed articles from 1977 onwards, focusing on the history, variety of methodologies, influencing factors, and proposed mechanisms underlying its performance. Research indicated that NSFT could be applicable in early intervention, staging in psychiatry, and the search for new therapeutic methods and drugs based on the mechanisms of NSFT action. The NSFT can contribute to defining an individualized diet for patients and prevent the development of damaging disease effects at an early stage. There is promising evidence for supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have a beneficial influence on the metabolic profile and are effective even in the subclinical phase of the disease. NSFT can contribute to the new classification of diseases and a better understanding of certain mental disorders' pathophysiology. However, there is a need to establish a validated method for assessing the NSFT results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Sitarz
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Dariusz Juchnowicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kaja Karakuła
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Forma
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Rog
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Karpiński
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Machine Design and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Machrowska
- Department of Machine Design and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland
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Yu YH, Su HM, Lin SH, Hsiao PC, Lin YT, Liu CM, Hwang TJ, Hsieh MH, Liu CC, Chien YL, Kuo CJ, Hwu HG, Chen WJ. Niacin skin flush and membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenia from the acute state to partial remission: a dynamic relationship. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:38. [PMID: 35853900 PMCID: PMC9261101 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00252-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the consistent finding of an attenuated niacin-induced flush response in schizophrenia, its long-term stability and relationship to the membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels remain unknown. We conducted niacin skin tests and measured the membrane PUFAs using gas chromatography among 46 schizophrenia inpatients and 37 healthy controls at the baseline and the 2-month follow-up. Attenuated flush responses were persistently observed in schizophrenia patients in both acute and partial remission states, whereas an increased flush response was found in the controls. A persistent decrease in both dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and an increased turnover of arachidonic acid (ARA) via endogenous biosynthesis were found in schizophrenia patients. A composite niacin flush score by combining those with a control-to-case ratio of >1.4 (i.e., scores at 5 min of 0.1 M, 0.01 M, and 0.001 M + 10 min of 0.01 M and 0.001 M + 15 min of 0.001 M) at the baseline was correlated positively with ARA levels among controls but not among schizophrenia patients, whereas the flush score at the 2-month follow-up was correlated positively with ARA levels among patients. The 2-month persistence of attenuated niacin-induced flush response in schizophrenia patients implies that the niacin skin test might tap a long-term vulnerability to schizophrenia beyond acute exacerbation.
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Gan R, Zhao Y, Wu G, Zeng J, Hu Y, Xu L, Wei Y, Tang X, Liu X, Liu H, Chen T, Wang J, Zhang T. Replication of the abnormal niacin response in first episode psychosis measured using laser Doppler flowmeter. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2022; 14:e12516. [PMID: 35652467 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired sensitivity of the skin flush response to niacin is found in approximately 30% of patients with schizophrenia. Although the niacin response abnormality (NRA) may serve as a useful endophenotype for schizophrenia, few studies have directly replicated NRA in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). METHODS In total, 204 patients with FEP, 16 with psychotic mood disorder (PMD), and 68 healthy controls (HC) were included. The log10 (EC50 ) values represent the concentration of methyl nicotinate required to elicit a half-maximal blood flow (MBF) response, and the MBF value was calculated. The NRA was defined as having log10 (EC50 ) molar value above the 90% and an MBF value below the 60% of those in the HC group. RESULTS In total, 13.7% of the FEP, 12.5% of the PMD, and 7.4% of the HC group met the definition of NRA. Significant differences were found in the log10 (EC50 ) values between the FEP and HC groups (p = .014) and in the MBF between the FEP and PMD groups (p = .011). Patients with FEP and NRA had more severe negative symptoms than those with a normal niacin response. DISCUSSION These data represent the NRA in patients with FEP, defining a small subgroup of patients with early-phase psychosis possessing a clinically significant phospholipid-signaling defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- RanPiao Gan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - YuanQiao Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - GuiSen Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - JiaHui Zeng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - YeGang Hu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - LiHua Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - YanYan Wei
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoChen Tang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoHua Liu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - HaiChun Liu
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Research and Development Department, Niacin (Shanghai) Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Research and Development Department, Niacin (Shanghai) Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.,Big Data Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Senior Research Fellow, Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard University, Harvard, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JiJun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, China.,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - TianHong Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
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9
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Gan R, Wei Y, Wu G, Zeng J, Hu Y, Xu L, Tang X, Liu X, Liu H, Chen T, Wang J, Zhang T. Attenuated niacin-induced skin flush response in individuals with clinical high risk for psychosis. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100748. [PMID: 35572776 PMCID: PMC9039376 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2022-100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired sensitivity of the skin flush response to niacin is one of the most replicated findings in patients with schizophrenia. However, prior studies have usually focused on postonset psychosis, and little is known about the clinical high-risk (CHR) phase of niacin sensitivity in psychosis. Aims To profile and compare the niacin flush response among CHR individuals (converters and non-converters), patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and healthy controls (HCs). Methods Sensitivity to four concentrations (0.1-0.0001 M) of aqueous methylnicotinate was tested in 105 CHR individuals, 57 patients with FES and 52 HCs. CHR individuals were further grouped as converters and non-converters according to the 2-year follow-up outcomes. Skin flush response scores were rated on a 4-point scale. Results Of the 105 CHR individuals, 21 individuals were lost during the study, leaving 84 CHR individuals; 16 (19.0%) converted to full psychosis at 2 years of follow-up. Flush response scores identified in the CHR samples were characterised as modest degree levels, intermediate between those of HC individuals and patients with FES. The flush responses in the CHR group mimicked the responses observed in the FES group at higher concentrations (0.01 M, 0.1 M) and longer time points (15 min, 20 min); however, these became comparable with the responses in the HC group at the shorter time points and at lower concentrations. The converters exhibited lower mean flush response scores than the non-converters. Conclusions Attenuated niacin-induced flushing emerged during the early phase of psychosis. New devices should be developed and verified for objective quantification of skin responses in the CHR population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranpiao Gan
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guisen Wu
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Zeng
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yegang Hu
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichun Liu
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Big Data Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Hu Y, Xu L, Gan R, Wu G, Tang X, Wei Y, Cui H, Hui L, Tang Y, Li C, Chen T, Wan C, Wang J, Zhang T. A potential objective marker in first-episode schizophrenia based on abnormal niacin response. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:405-412. [PMID: 34187733 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The lack of objective diagnostic markers has long been a challenge in the clinical management of schizophrenia (SZ). The current bivariate cut-offs method is an objective quantification of niacin skin flush abnormality (NFA) for identifying the SZ subgroup. However, the sensitivity of approximately 30% limits the application of NFA as a marker for detecting SZ. A laser Doppler flowmeter was employed to test the niacin skin-flushing response in 123 patients with first-episode psychosis including first-episode SZ (FES, n = 82) and psychotic bipolar disorders (PBP, n = 41), and non-psychiatric comparisons (NPC, n = 80). We modified the bivariate cut-offs using a combination of the niacin concentration corresponding to the half-maximal blood flow response (EC50) and a new quantitative indicator called the overall trend area (OTA). The NFA used this study method predicted FES in the NPC group with 57% sensitivity, 89% specificity, and 73% accuracy compared to the 28% sensitivity, 91% specificity, and 59% accuracy of the existing method. This novel method could discern FES from the PBP group with an accuracy of 62%, compared with the 45% of the old method. In addition, we also discuss whether the bivariate cut-offs were occasional by adjusting the cut-offs threshold. The experimental results showed that the sensitivity and specificity were most stable when using the study method. The study indicates that NFA using modified bivariate cut-offs may be a potential objective marker in FES, and the niacin skin test could be feasible for early diagnosis and treatment of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- YeGang Hu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - LiHua Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - RanPiao Gan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - GuiSen Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - XiaoChen Tang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - YanYan Wei
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - HuiRu Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Li Hui
- Institute of Mental Health, Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215137, Jiangsu, China
| | - YingYing Tang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - ChunBo Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Economics, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Big Data Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Senior Research Fellowship, Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard University, MA, United States; Niacin (Shanghai) Technology Co,. Ltd., PR China
| | - ChunLing Wan
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - JiJun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, China; Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - TianHong Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
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11
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Chen T, Liu H, Tian R, Gan R, Xu W, Zhang T, Wang J. Artificial intelligence-assisted niacin skin flush screening in early psychosis identification and prediction. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100753. [PMID: 35572771 PMCID: PMC9058756 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2022-100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Economics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science (Cross Appointed), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Big Data Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Niacin Tech Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
- Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haichun Liu
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Ningbo Artificial Intelligent Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ningbo, China
| | - Renfang Tian
- School of Management, Economics, and Mathematics, King's University College, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ranpiao Gan
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzuo Xu
- Department of Economics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Big Data Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Wang X, Yang L, Liu J, Kang C, Zheng Y, Qiu S, Zhao Y, Goodman CB, Wu HE, Zhao N, Zhang X. Association of serum lipid levels with psychotic symptoms in first-episode and drug naïve outpatients with major depressive disorder: a large-scale cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2022; 297:321-326. [PMID: 34710503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, with increasing evidence that patients with MDD display psychotic symptoms. Studies have shown the association between lipid levels and MDD, but few have explored the relationship between lipids and psychotic symptoms in MDD. The objective of this study was to compare the differences of lipid levels between patients with psychotic major depressive disorder (PMD) and those with non-psychotic major depressive disorder (NPMD) in first-episode and drug-naive (FEDN) MDD patients. Methods A total of 1718 outpatients with FEDN MDD were recruited. In addition to collecting basic information, their blood specimens were also collected to detect serum TC, HDL-C, TG, and LDL-C. The Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess their depression, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms respectively. Results Compared to those with NPMD, those with PMD had higher scores on HAMD, HAMA, and more elevated serum TC, TG, and LDL-C levels, but lower HDL-C levels (all p < 0.05). Further logistic regression analysis showed that TG, the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms were significantly associated with psychotic symptoms (p < 0.05). Limitations No causal relationship could be drawn due to the cross-sectional design. Conclusions Psychotic symptoms in patients with MDD may be predicted by lipid levels in the future. Our findings suggest that TG seems to predict the presence of current psychotic features among patients with FEDN MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liying Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chuanyi Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siyu Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Colin B Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hanjing Emily Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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13
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Hudson CJ, Groh AMR, Macciardi F, Hudson RC. Genetic polymorphism data support a relationship between schizophrenia and microsatellite variability in PLA2G4A in Northern Europeans not Han Chinese. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2022; 189:3-5. [PMID: 34889025 PMCID: PMC9300063 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M. R. Groh
- Montreal Neurological Institute‐HospitalMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, Irvine (UCI)IrvineCaliforniaUSA
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14
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Wang DD, Hu XW, Jiang J, Sun LY, Qing Y, Yang XH, Gao Y, Cui GP, Li MH, Wang PK, Zhang J, Zhuang Y, Li ZZ, Li J, Guan LL, Zhang TH, Wang JJ, Ji F, Wan CL. Attenuated and delayed niacin skin flushing in schizophrenia and affective disorders: A potential clinical auxiliary diagnostic marker. Schizophr Res 2021; 230:53-60. [PMID: 33677199 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Schizophrenia and affective disorders all show high heterogeneity in clinical manifestations. A lack of objective biomarkers has long been a challenge in the clinical diagnosis of these diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the performance of niacin skin flushing in schizophrenia and affective disorders and determine its clinical potential as an auxiliary diagnostic marker. METHODS In this case-control study, niacin skin-flushing tests were conducted in 613 patients (including 307 schizophrenia patients, 179 bipolar disorder patients, and 127 unipolar depression patients) and 148 healthy controls (HCs) with a modified method. Differences in niacin skin-flushing responses were compared with adjustment for gender, BMI, age, nicotine dependence, alcohol consumption and educational status. A diagnostic model was established based on a bivariate cut-off. RESULTS Schizophrenia and affective disorders showed similar performance of niacin bluntness, characterized by attenuated flushing extent and reduced flushing rate. An innovative bivariate cut-off was established according to these two features, by which we could identify -patients with either schizophrenia or affective disorders from HCs with a sensitivity of 55.28%, a specificity of 83.56% and a positive predictive value of 93.66%. CONCLUSIONS The niacin-induced skin flushing was prevalently blunted in patients with schizophrenia or affective disorders, indicating a promising potential as an auxiliary diagnostic marker in risk prediction and clinical management of these disorders. Additionally, the niacin-blunted subgroup implies a common biological basis in the investigated disorders, which provokes new thoughts in elucidating the pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Hu
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ya Sun
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qing
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Han Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gao-Ping Cui
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Hui Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Kun Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneocology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Zhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Guan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital and Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Hong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Jun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
| | - Chun-Ling Wan
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Yang X, Li M, Jiang J, Hu X, Qing Y, Sun L, Yang T, Wang D, Cui G, Gao Y, Zhang J, Li X, Shen Y, Qin S, Wan C. Dysregulation of phospholipase and cyclooxygenase expression is involved in Schizophrenia. EBioMedicine 2021; 64:103239. [PMID: 33581645 PMCID: PMC7892797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe mental disease with highly heterogeneous clinical manifestations and pathological mechanisms. Schizophrenia is linked to abnormalities in cell membrane phospholipids and blunting of the niacin skin flush response, but the associations between these phenotypes and its molecular pathogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed to describe the PLA2/COX pathway, the key link between phospholipids and niacin flush, and to illustrate the pathogenic mechanisms in schizophrenia that mediate the above phenotypes. METHODS A total of 166 patients with schizophrenia and 54 healthy controls were recruited in this study and assigned to a discovery set and a validation set. We assessed the mRNA levels of 19 genes related to the PLA2/COX cascade in leukocytes by real-time PCR. Plasma IL-6 levels were measured with an ELISA kit. Genetic association analysis was performed on PLA2G4A and PTGS2 to investigate their potential relationship with blunted niacin-skin response in an independent sample set. FINDINGS Six of the 19 genes in the PLA2/COX pathway exhibited significant differences between schizophrenia and healthy controls. The disturbance of the pathway indicates the activation of arachidonic acid (AA) hydrolysis and metabolization, resulting in the abnormalities of membrane lipid homeostasis and immune function, further increasing the risk of schizophrenia. On the other hand, the active process of AA hydrolysis from cell membrane phospholipids and decreased transcription of CREB1, COX-2 and PTGER4 may explain the reported findings of a blunted niacin response in schizophrenia. The significant genetic associations between PLA2G4A and PTGS2 with the niacin-skin responses further support the inference. INTERPRETATION These results suggested that the activation of AA hydrolysis and the imbalance in COX-1 and COX-2 expression are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and blunting of the niacin flush response. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC1306900, 2016YFC1306802); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971254, 81771440, 81901354); Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (ZH2018ZDA40, YG2019GD04, YG2016MS48); Grants of Shanghai Brain-Intelligence Project from STCSM (16JC1420500); Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders (13DZ2260500); and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M642029, 2018M630442, 2019M661526, 2020T130407); Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (20ZR1426700); and Startup Fund for Youngman Research at SJTU (19 × 100040033).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhan Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qing
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liya Sun
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqi Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaoping Cui
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Shen
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunling Wan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Ansarey SH. Inflammation and JNK's Role in Niacin-GPR109A Diminished Flushed Effect in Microglial and Neuronal Cells With Relevance to Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:771144. [PMID: 34916973 PMCID: PMC8668869 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.771144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric illness with no single definitive aetiology, making its treatment difficult. Antipsychotics are not fully effective because they treat psychosis rather than the cognitive or negative symptoms. Antipsychotics fail to alleviate symptoms when patients enter the chronic stage of illness. Topical application of niacin showed diminished skin flush in the majority of patients with schizophrenia compared to the general population who showed flushing. The niacin skin flush test is useful for identifying patients with schizophrenia at their ultra-high-risk stage, and understanding this pathology may introduce an effective treatment. This review aims to understand the pathology behind the diminished skin flush response, while linking it back to neurons and microglia. First, it suggests that there are altered proteins in the GPR109A-COX-prostaglandin pathway, inflammatory imbalance, and kinase signalling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which are associated with diminished flush. Second, genes from the GPR109A-COX-prostaglandin pathway were matched against the 128-loci genome wide association study (GWAS) for schizophrenia using GeneCards, suggesting that G-coupled receptor-109A (GPR109A) may have a genetic mutation, resulting in diminished flush. This review also suggests that there may be increased pro-inflammatory mediators in the GPR109A-COX-prostaglandin pathway, which contributes to the diminished flush pathology. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory markers may induce microglial-activated neuronal death. Lastly, this review explores the role of JNK on pro-inflammatory mediators, proteins in the GPR109A-COX-prostaglandin pathway, microglial activation, and neuronal death. Inhibiting JNK may reverse the changes observed in the diminished flush response, which might make it a good therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H Ansarey
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Karakula-Juchnowicz H, Rog J, Wolszczak P, Jonak K, Stelmach E, Krukow P. SKINREMS-A New Method for Assessment of the Niacin Skin Flush Test Response in Schizophrenia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061848. [PMID: 32545806 PMCID: PMC7356909 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been considered a disorder linked with faulty lipid homeostasis, and the proposed tool for assessment of these disruptions is the niacin skin flush test. The aims of the study were: 1. Create a new tool to analyze results of the niacin skin flush test more precisely and objectively. 2. Verify the utility of a self-created tool for differentiating between schizophrenia (SZ; n = 56), bipolar disorder (BD; n = 29) and healthy control (HC; n = 45) individuals. The proposed developed method, based on the Skin Reaction Measurement Computer System (SKINREMS), allows one to evaluate the response to the niacin skin flush test quickly and objectively. SKINREMS showed good accuracy in discriminating SZ from BD (with sensitivity 91% and specificity 72%), and SZ from HC (71% and 66%, respectively), and sufficient but not excellent accuracy in discriminating BD from HC (55% and 54%, respectively). The pathophysiological pathways and features shared by schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may be the reason for difficulties in fully discriminating between these two mental disorders using the niacin challenge test. The management of disruptions in the phospholipid metabolism and the inflammatory process could potentially become an individualized form of therapy in a subgroup of psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.)
| | - Joanna Rog
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Wolszczak
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kamil Jonak
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Stelmach
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Paweł Krukow
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland; (K.J.); (P.K.)
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18
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Wedervang-Resell K, Friis S, Lonning V, Smelror RE, Johannessen C, Agartz I, Ulven SM, Holven KB, Andreassen OA, Myhre AM. Lipid alterations in adolescents with early-onset psychosis may be independent of antipsychotic medication. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:295-301. [PMID: 31791814 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) are cardiovascular risk factors prevalent in patients with psychosis. Whether these factors are intrinsic or affected by lifestyle or antipsychotic medication (AP) is unclear. Therefore, we investigated lipid profiles, HOMA-IR, and psychotic phenotypes in patients aged 12-18 years with early-onset psychosis (EOP) with and without AP exposure. METHOD We measured fasting total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), triglycerides (TG), insulin, and glucose in patients with EOP (n = 39) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 66). Diet information was not available. Negative symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). We used univariate analysis of variance to compare TC/HDL-C ratios and TG and HOMA-IR values, controlling for body mass index (BMI) and AP exposure. We assessed the explained variance of having EOP using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Patients with and without AP exposure had significantly higher TC/HDL-C (p = 0.003, p = 0.029) and TG values (p < 0.001, p = 0.021) than HC. Significantly increased HOMA-IR scores were found only in AP-exposed patients (p = 0.037). EOP significantly increased the explained variance for TC/HDL-C and TG, but not for HOMA-IR. Patients with a PANSS negative score > 21 had significantly higher levels of TG than those with low scores (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that lipid alterations predate AP treatment in adolescents with EOP. Higher levels of negative symptoms and AP further increase metabolic risk. The preliminary findings propose that subclinical dyslipidemia may be intrinsic to EOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Wedervang-Resell
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department of Psychiatric Research and Development, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Svein Friis
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department of Psychiatric Research and Development, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vera Lonning
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Runar E Smelror
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Johannessen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, 0317 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, 0317 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne M Myhre
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Department of Psychiatric Research and Development, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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Nimgaonkar VL, Wood J, Deshpande S. A Unique Genome-wide Association Study of a Psychiatric Disorder From India. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:1003-1004. [PMID: 31268503 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Smita Deshpande
- Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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20
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An investigation of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:782-787. [PMID: 31207866 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that abnormal phospholipase A2 (PLA2) levels and niacin insensitivity are present in individuals with schizophrenia. This study was designed to determine whether differences in plasma calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) exist between those with schizophrenia and healthy controls, and to explore the correlation between PLA2s and the niacin skin reaction in schizophrenic patients. We performed ELISA experiments to measure the concentrations of plasma iPLA2 and cPLA2 and we conducted a series of niacin skin tests on schizophrenic patients from the Chinese Han population. In addition, a meta-analysis of the relationship between PLA2 and schizophrenia was conducted. The plasma concentration of iPLA2 in patients with schizophrenia was significantly higher than that in healthy controls while the plasma concentration of cPLA2 did not differ. The meta-analysis also revealed that the activity level of iPLA2 in individuals with schizophrenia was higher than that in healthy controls, whereas that of cPLA2 was not. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of iPLA2 and the score for the skin flushing response within 20 min. The abnormal plasma iPLA2 concentration and its relationship with the niacin skin test in schizophrenic patients has contributed to a deeper understanding of the pathology of schizophrenia, which may in turn provide new insights into the clinical diagnoses and treatment of schizophrenia.
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21
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Sun GY, Simonyi A, Fritsche KL, Chuang DY, Hannink M, Gu Z, Greenlief CM, Yao JK, Lee JC, Beversdorf DQ. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): An essential nutrient and a nutraceutical for brain health and diseases. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:3-13. [PMID: 28314621 PMCID: PMC9087135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enriched in phospholipids in the brain and retina, is known to play multi-functional roles in brain health and diseases. While arachidonic acid (AA) is released from membrane phospholipids by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), DHA is linked to action of the Ca2+-independent iPLA2. DHA undergoes enzymatic conversion by 15-lipoxygenase (Alox 15) to form oxylipins including resolvins and neuroprotectins, which are powerful lipid mediators. DHA can also undergo non-enzymatic conversion by reacting with oxygen free radicals (ROS), which cause the production of 4-hydoxyhexenal (4-HHE), an aldehyde derivative which can form adducts with DNA, proteins and lipids. In studies with both animal models and humans, there is evidence that inadequate intake of maternal n-3 PUFA may lead to aberrant development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). What is less certain is whether consumption of n-3 PUFA is important in maintaining brain health throughout one's life span. Evidence mostly from non-human studies suggests that DHA intake above normal nutritional requirements might modify the risk/course of a number of diseases of the brain. This concept has fueled much of the present interest in DHA research, in particular, in attempts to delineate mechanisms whereby DHA may serve as a nutraceutical and confer neuroprotective effects. Current studies have revealed ability for the oxylipins to regulation of cell redox homeostasis through the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/Antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) anti-oxidant pathway, and impact signaling pathways associated with neurotransmitters, and modulation of neuronal functions involving brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). This review is aimed at describing recent studies elaborating these mechanisms with special regard to aging and Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Dennis Y Chuang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark Hannink
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey K Yao
- Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Q Beversdorf
- Department of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychological Sciences, and the Thompson Center, William and Nancy Thompson Endowed Chair in Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
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22
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Miller TM, Poloyac SM, Anderson KB, Waddell BL, Messamore E, Yao JK. A rapid UPLC-MS/MS assay for eicosanoids in human plasma: Application to evaluate niacin responsivity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:153-159. [PMID: 28111064 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed to simultaneously quantify hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE), dihydroxyeicosatrienoic (DiHETrE), epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), and prostaglandin metabolites of arachidonic acid in human plasma. Sample preparation consisted of solid phase extraction with Oasis HLB (30mg) cartridges for all metabolites. Separation of HETEs, EETs, and DiHETrEs was achieved on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 1.7µm (100×2.1mm) reversed-phase column (Waters Corp, Millford, MA) with negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. A second injection of the same extracted sample allowed for separation and assessment of prostaglandin metabolites under optimized UPLC-MS/MS conditions. Additionally, the endogenous levels of these metabolites in five different matrices were determined in order to select the optimal matrix for assay development. Human serum albumin was shown to have the least amount of endogenous metabolites, a recovery efficiency of 79-100% and a matrix effect of 71 - 100%. Linear calibration curves ranging from 0.416 to 66.67ng/ml were validated. Inter-assay and intra-assay variance was less than 15% at most concentrations. This method was successfully applied to quantify metabolite levels in plasma samples of healthy control subjects receiving niacin administration to evaluate the association between niacin administration and eicosanoid plasma level response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia M Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Kacey B Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Brooke L Waddell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States
| | - Erik Messamore
- Department of Psychiatry, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, United States; Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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23
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Messamore E. The niacin response biomarker as a schizophrenia endophenotype: A status update. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:95-97. [PMID: 28688777 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, it is recognized that the behavioral syndrome of schizophrenia is not a unitary disease with a single underlying cause. Rather, it may have several possible etiologies, and its symptoms may arise from multiple causes. Such heterogeneity could account for some of the difficulties in elucidating its genetics, and may also explain clinical observations of variable medication response in schizophrenia. The ability to categorize schizophrenia using objectively recognizable, physiologically-based subtypes promises to make our understanding of schizophrenia more comprehensive and could provide some clues for more personalized treatment. This paper will review the extent to which an abnormally blunted skin flush response to niacin satisfies the criteria for a schizophrenia endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Messamore
- Best Practices in Schizophrenia Treatment (BeST) Center, Department of Psychiatry, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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24
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Sun L, Yang X, Jiang J, Hu X, Qing Y, Wang D, Yang T, Yang C, Zhang J, Yang P, Wang P, Cai C, Wang J, He L, Wan C. Identification of the Niacin-Blunted Subgroup of Schizophrenia Patients from Mood Disorders and Healthy Individuals in Chinese Population. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:896-907. [PMID: 29077970 PMCID: PMC6007359 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental disease caused by complex genetic and environmental factors. The pathological process and clinical manifestation of SZ are heterogeneous among patients, which hampers precise diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Since no objective marker for SZ has been established today, to identify a subgroup of the patients with homogeneous biochemical traits will provide a new angle for both researchers and clinicians to understand and manage the disease. In this study, we employed the niacin skin-flushing test in Chinese population and confirmed a niacin-blunted subgroup of SZ patients distinguishable from mood disorders (MD) and normal individuals. This subgroup accounted for 30.67% of the total SZ patients with a specificity of 88.37% in male subjects and 83.75% in female subjects. We support the notion that bluntness in niacin skin test might reflect abnormalities in membrane fatty acid composition, which could be induced by increased PLA2 enzyme activity, in vivo oxidative stress or lipid metabolism imbalance in SZ. Further studies are encouraged to clarify the molecular origins of niacin-bluntness in SZ, which would provide extra clues for etiological research in schizophrenia and for new targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Sun
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhan Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qing
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqi Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yang
- The Fourth People’s Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Fourth People’s Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Changqun Cai
- The Fourth People’s Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunling Wan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China. tel: 0086-021-62833148, fax: 0086-021-62822491, e-mail:
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25
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Langbein K, Schmidt U, Schack S, Biesel NJ, Rudzok M, Amminger GP, Berger M, Sauer H, Smesny S. State marker properties of niacin skin sensitivity in ultra-high risk groups for psychosis - An optical reflection spectroscopy study. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:377-384. [PMID: 28602647 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Impaired niacin sensitivity (NS) is one of the most replicated findings in untreated schizophrenia, and reflects a disturbance of prostaglandin-mediated pathways in association with deregulated arachidonic acid metabolism, pro-inflammatory activation, and vasomotor function. In ultra-high risk individuals (UHR) increased NS was reported recently, pointing towards dynamic alterations of the underlying pathomechanisms in the period preceding psychosis. However, these characteristics are still unresolved in the diverse UHR groups. We tested the hypothesis that NS is attenuated in patients who have transitioned to psychosis and in the Brief Limited Intermittent Psychotic Symptoms (BLIPS, UHR-B) and/or the attenuated symptoms (UHR-A) groups, while it is unchanged or increased in the genetic risk group (UHR-G). Sensitivity to three concentrations (0.1-0.001M) of aqueous methylnicotinate was tested in 84 UHR patients, 105 first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) and 180 healthy individuals (HC), using optical reflection spectroscopy (ORS). The UHR subgroup and transition/non-transition outcomes were assessed according to PACE criteria using the CAARMS. Psychopathology was assessed using SANS, SAPS, and BPRS or SCL-90-R self-ratings. In 0.001M data, decreased NS was found in the UHR-B (n=12), UHR-A (n=45) and the transition groups (n=13), similar to the result in FEP. NS in the UHR-G (n=27) and HC groups did not differ. In the UHR-B and FEP groups, NS and positive symptom scores were inversely correlated. These state marker properties could be used to characterize the intensity of the underlying pathomechanisms during the onset of psychosis or to identify UHR individuals that might benefit from related indicated prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Langbein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Schack
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie J Biesel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Rudzok
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - G Paul Amminger
- Orygen - The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Maximus Berger
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
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26
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Hill LJ, Williams AC. Meat Intake and the Dose of Vitamin B 3 - Nicotinamide: Cause of the Causes of Disease Transitions, Health Divides, and Health Futures? Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704662. [PMID: 28579801 PMCID: PMC5419340 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and vitamin B3 - nicotinamide - intake was high during hunter-gatherer times. Intake then fell and variances increased during and after the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Health, height, and IQ deteriorated. Low dietary doses are buffered by 'welcoming' gut symbionts and tuberculosis that can supply nicotinamide, but this co-evolved homeostatic metagenomic strategy risks dysbioses and impaired resistance to pathogens. Vitamin B3 deficiency may now be common among the poor billions on a low-meat diet. Disease transitions to non-communicable inflammatory disorders (but longer lives) may be driven by positive 'meat transitions'. High doses of nicotinamide lead to reduced regulatory T cells and immune intolerance. Loss of no longer needed symbiotic 'old friends' compounds immunological over-reactivity to cause allergic and auto-immune diseases. Inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumers and loss of methyl groups or production of toxins may cause cancers, metabolic toxicity, or neurodegeneration. An optimal dosage of vitamin B3 could lead to better health, but such a preventive approach needs more equitable meat distribution. Some people may require personalised doses depending on genetic make-up or, temporarily, when under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Róg J, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. Omega – 3 fatty acids in schizophrenia – part I: importance in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cpp-2016-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the increasing offer of antipsychotic drugs, the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia is still unsatisfactory. Drug resistance, lack of complete remission and the increasing risk of metabolic complications are the reasons why the new forms of therapy in schizophrenia among which unsaturated essential fatty acids omega 3 (EFAs ω-3) affecting the proper functioning of nervous system, are mentioned, are being looked for.
Fatty acids represent 50-60% of the dry weight of the brain and diet is one of the factors that influence the value of each of the fat fractions in the neuron membranes. Patients with schizophrenia tend to have irregular nutritional status concerning essential fatty acids ω-3, which might result from metabolic disorders or irregular consumption of fatty acids.
Apart from being a review of the literature on this subject, this very paper characterizes essential fatty acids ω-3, their metabolism, the most important sources in the diet and the opinions of experts in the field about the recommended intake. It pays attention to the role of essential fatty acids in both the structure and functioning of the central nervous system is, as well as their role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, with particular emphasis on the membrane concept by David Horrobin. The assessment of the errors in consumption and metabolism of essential fatty acids are described as well.
The evidence was found both in epidemiological and modeling studies. It supports the participation of EFAs in etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Further research is needed, both observational and interventional, as to the role of essential fatty acids ω-3 in the functioning of the CNS as well as the development and course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Róg
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University in Lublin
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