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Lu Y, Yang W, Zhang X, Wu L, Li Y, Wang X, Huai Y. Unraveling the complexity of rapid eye movement microstates: insights from nonlinear EEG analysis. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae105. [PMID: 38695327 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is conventionally treated as a unified state, it comprises two distinct microstates: phasic and tonic REM. Recent research emphasizes the importance of understanding the interplay between these microstates, hypothesizing their role in transient shifts between sensory detachment and external awareness. Previous studies primarily employed linear metrics to probe cognitive states, such as oscillatory power, while in this study, we adopt Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC), to examine the nonlinear features of electroencephalographic (EEG) data from the REM microstates and to gain complementary insights into neural dynamics during REM sleep. Our findings demonstrate a noteworthy reduction in LZC during phasic REM compared to tonic REM states, signifying diminished EEG complexity in the former. Additionally, we noted a negative correlation between decreased LZC and delta band power, along with a positive correlation with alpha band power. This study highlights the potential of nonlinear EEG metrics, particularly LZC, in elucidating the distinct features of REM microstates. Overall, this research contributes to advancing our understanding of the complex dynamics within REM sleep and opens new avenues for exploring its implications in both clinical and nonclinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Longhua District Rehabilitation Medical Equipment Development and Transformation Joint Key Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Longhua District Rehabilitation Medical Equipment Development and Transformation Joint Key Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Longhua District Rehabilitation Medical Equipment Development and Transformation Joint Key Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Longhua District Rehabilitation Medical Equipment Development and Transformation Joint Key Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Huai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Longhua District Rehabilitation Medical Equipment Development and Transformation Joint Key Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Shuster AE, Chen PC, Niknazar H, McDevitt EA, Lopour B, Mednick SC. Novel Electrophysiological Signatures of Learning and Forgetting in Human Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1517232024. [PMID: 38670803 PMCID: PMC11170679 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1517-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the known behavioral benefits of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, discrete neural oscillatory events in human scalp electroencephalography (EEG) linked with behavior have not been discovered. This knowledge gap hinders mechanistic understanding of the function of sleep, as well as the development of biophysical models and REM-based causal interventions. We designed a detection algorithm to identify bursts of activity in high-density, scalp EEG within theta (4-8 Hz) and alpha (8-13 Hz) bands during REM sleep. Across 38 nights of sleep, we characterized the burst events (i.e., count, duration, density, peak frequency, amplitude) in healthy, young male and female human participants (38; 21F) and investigated burst activity in relation to sleep-dependent memory tasks: hippocampal-dependent episodic verbal memory and nonhippocampal visual perceptual learning. We found greater burst count during the more REM-intensive second half of the night (p < 0.05), longer burst duration during the first half of the night (p < 0.05), but no differences across the night in density or power (p > 0.05). Moreover, increased alpha burst power was associated with increased overnight forgetting for episodic memory (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we show that increased REM theta burst activity in retinotopically specific regions was associated with better visual perceptual performance. Our work provides a critical bridge between discrete REM sleep events in human scalp EEG that support cognitive processes and the identification of similar activity patterns in animal models that allow for further mechanistic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pin-Chun Chen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Hamid Niknazar
- Sleep and Cognition Lab, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | - Beth Lopour
- Sleep and Cognition Lab, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Sleep and Cognition Lab, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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3
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Yao CW, Fiamingo G, Lacourse K, Frenette S, Postuma RB, Montplaisir JY, Lina JM, Carrier J. Technical challenges in REM sleep microstructure classification: A study of patients with REM sleep behaviour disorder. J Sleep Res 2024:e14208. [PMID: 38606675 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
While commonly treated as a uniform state in practice, rapid eye movement sleep contains two distinct microstructures-phasic (presence of rapid eye movement) and tonic (no rapid eye movement). This study aims to identify technical challenges during rapid eye movement sleep microstructure visual classification in patients with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, and to propose solutions to enhance reliability between scorers. Fifty-seven sleep recordings were randomly allocated into three subsequent batches (n = 10, 13 and 34) for scoring. To reduce single-centre bias, we recruited three raters/scorers, with each trained from a different institution. Two raters independently scored each 30-s rapid eye movement sleep into 10 × fSEM3-s phasic/tonic microstructures based on the AASM guidelines. The third rater acted as an "arbitrator" to resolve opposite opinions persisting during the revision between batches. Besides interrater differences in artefact rejection rate, interrater variance frequently occurred due to transitioning between microstructures and moderate-to-severe muscular/electrode artefact interference. To enhance interrater agreement, a rapid eye movement scoring schematic graph was developed, incorporating proxy electrode use, filters and cut-offs for microstructure transitioning. To assess potential effectiveness of the schematic graph proposed, raters were instructed to systematically apply it in scoring for the third batch. Of the 34 recordings, 27 reached a Cohen's kappa score above 0.8 (i.e. almost perfect agreement between raters), significantly improved from the prior batches (p = 0.0003, Kruskal-Wallis test). Our study illustrated potential solutions and guidance for challenges that may be encountered during rapid eye movement sleep microstructure classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C William Yao
- Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Research center of the CIUSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Fiamingo
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Research center of the CIUSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Karine Lacourse
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Research center of the CIUSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia Frenette
- Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Research center of the CIUSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Research center of the CIUSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques Y Montplaisir
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Research center of the CIUSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Lina
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Research center of the CIUSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Research center of the CIUSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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4
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Gao JX, Yan G, Li XX, Xie JF, Spruyt K, Shao YF, Hou YP. The Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital (PGO) Waves in Dreaming: An Overview. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1350. [PMID: 37759951 PMCID: PMC10526299 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is the main sleep correlate of dreaming. Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves are a signature of REM sleep. They represent the physiological mechanism of REM sleep that specifically limits the processing of external information. PGO waves look just like a message sent from the pons to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the visual thalamus, the occipital cortex, and other areas of the brain. The dedicated visual pathway of PGO waves can be interpreted by the brain as visual information, leading to the visual hallucinosis of dreams. PGO waves are considered to be both a reflection of REM sleep brain activity and causal to dreams due to their stimulation of the cortex. In this review, we summarize the role of PGO waves in potential neural circuits of two major theories, i.e., (1) dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem; (2) PGO waves signaling to the cortex. In addition, the potential physiological functions during REM sleep dreams, such as memory consolidation, unlearning, and brain development and plasticity and mood regulation, are discussed. It is hoped that our review will support and encourage research into the phenomenon of human PGO waves and their possible functions in dreaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.-X.G.); (G.Y.); (X.-X.L.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Guizhong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.-X.G.); (G.Y.); (X.-X.L.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Xin-Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.-X.G.); (G.Y.); (X.-X.L.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Jun-Fan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.-X.G.); (G.Y.); (X.-X.L.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Karen Spruyt
- NeuroDiderot-INSERM, Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Yu-Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.-X.G.); (G.Y.); (X.-X.L.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Yi-Ping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.-X.G.); (G.Y.); (X.-X.L.); (J.-F.X.)
- Sleep Medicine Center of Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
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5
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van den Berg NH, Gibbings A, Baena D, Pozzobon A, Al-Kuwatli J, Ray LB, Fogel SM. Eye movements during phasic versus tonic rapid eye movement sleep are biomarkers of dissociable electroencephalogram processes for the consolidation of novel problem-solving skills. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad151. [PMID: 37246548 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hallmark eye movement (EM) bursts that occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are markers of consolidation for procedural memory involving novel cognitive strategies and problem-solving skills. Examination of the brain activity associated with EMs during REM sleep might elucidate the processes involved in memory consolidation, and may uncover the functional significance of REM sleep and EMs themselves. Participants performed a REM-dependent, novel procedural problem-solving task (i.e. the Tower of Hanoi; ToH) before and after intervals of either overnight sleep (n = 20) or a daytime 8-hour wake period (n = 20). In addition, event-related spectral perturbation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) time-locked to EMs occurring either in bursts (i.e. phasic REM), or in isolation (i.e. tonic REM), were compared to sleep on a non-learning control night. ToH improvement was greater following sleep compared to wakefulness. During sleep, prefrontal theta (~2-8 Hz) and central-parietal-occipital sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) activity (~8-16 Hz) time-locked to EMs, were greater on the ToH night versus control night, and during phasic REM sleep, were both positively correlated with overnight memory improvements. Furthermore, SMR power during tonic REM increased significantly from the control night to ToH night, but was relatively stable from night to night during phasic REM. These results suggest that EMs are markers of learning-related increases in theta and SMR during phasic and tonic REM sleep. Phasic and tonic REM sleep may be functionally distinct in terms of their contribution to procedural memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Gibbings
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Baena
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Laura B Ray
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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6
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Vitali H, Campus C, De Giorgis V, Signorini S, Gori M. The vision of dreams: from ontogeny to dream engineering in blindness. J Clin Sleep Med 2022; 18:2051-2062. [PMID: 35499135 PMCID: PMC9340600 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the origin of dreams remain one of the great unknowns in science. In the 21st century, studies in the field have focused on 3 main topics: functional networks that underlie dreaming, neural correlates of dream contents, and signal propagation. We review neuroscientific studies about dreaming processes, focusing on their cortical correlations. The involvement of frontoparietal regions in the dream-retrieval process allows us to discuss it in light of the Global Workspace theory of consciousness. However, dreaming in distinct sleep stages maintains relevant differences, suggesting that multiple generators are implicated. Then, given the strong influence of light perception on sleep regulation and the mostly visual content of dreams, we investigate the effect of blindness on the organization of dreams. Blind individuals represent a worthwhile population to clarify the role of perceptual systems in dream generation, and to make inferences about their top-down and/or bottom-up origin. Indeed, congenitally blind people maintain the ability to produce visual dreams, suggesting that bottom-up mechanisms could be associated with innate body schemes or multisensory integration processes. Finally, we propose the new dream-engineering technique as a tool to clarify the mechanisms of multisensory integration during sleep and related mental activity, presenting possible implications for rehabilitation in sensory-impaired individuals. The Theory of Proto-consciousness suggests that the interaction of brain states underlying waking and dreaming ensures the optimal functioning of both. Therefore, understanding the origin of dreams and capabilities of our brain during a dreamlike state, we could introduce it as a rehabilitative tool. CITATION Vitali H, Campus C, De Giorgis V, Signorini S, Gori M. The vision of dreams: from ontogeny to dream engineering in blindness. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(8):2051-2062.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Vitali
- U-VIP: Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- U-VIP: Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Monica Gori
- U-VIP: Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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7
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Ioannides AA, Orphanides GA, Liu L. Rhythmicity in heart rate and its surges usher a special period of sleep, a likely home for PGO waves. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:118-141. [PMID: 35243361 PMCID: PMC8867048 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High amplitude electroencephalogram (EEG) events, like unitary K-complex (KC), are used to partition sleep into stages and hence define the hypnogram, a key instrument of sleep medicine. Throughout sleep the heart rate (HR) changes, often as a steady HR increase leading to a peak, what is known as a heart rate surge (HRS). The hypnogram is often unavailable when most needed, when sleep is disturbed and the graphoelements lose their identity. The hypnogram is also difficult to define during normal sleep, particularly at the start of sleep and the periods that precede and follow rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Here, we use objective quantitative criteria that group together periods that cannot be assigned to a conventional sleep stage into what we call REM0 periods, with the presence of a HRS one of their defining properties. Extended REM0 periods are characterized by highly regular sequences of HRS that generate an infra-low oscillation around 0.05 Hz. During these regular sequence of HRS, and just before each HRS event, we find avalanches of high amplitude events for each one of the mass electrophysiological signals, i.e. related to eye movement, the motor system and the general neural activity. The most prominent features of long REM0 periods are sequences of three to five KCs which we label multiple K-complexes (KCm). Regarding HRS, a clear dissociation is demonstrated between the presence or absence of high gamma band spectral power (55-95 Hz) of the two types of KCm events: KCm events with strong high frequencies (KCmWSHF) cluster just before the peak of HRS, while KCm between HRS show no increase in high gamma band (KCmNOHF). Tomographic estimates of activity from magnetoencephalography (MEG) in pre-KC periods (single and multiple) showed common increases in the cholinergic Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in the alpha band. The direct contrast of KCmWSHF with KCmNOHF showed increases in all subjects in the high sigma band in the base of the pons and in three subjects in both the delta and high gamma bands in the medial Pontine Reticular Formation (mPRF), the putative Long Lead Initial pulse (LLIP) for Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital (PGO) waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A. Ioannides
- Lab. for Human Brain Dynamics, AAI Scientific Cultural Services Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus
| | - Gregoris A. Orphanides
- Lab. for Human Brain Dynamics, AAI Scientific Cultural Services Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus
- The English School, Nicosia, 1684, Cyprus
| | - Lichan Liu
- Lab. for Human Brain Dynamics, AAI Scientific Cultural Services Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus
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8
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Baumgartner AJ, Kushida CA, Summers MO, Kern DS, Abosch A, Thompson JA. Basal Ganglia Local Field Potentials as a Potential Biomarker for Sleep Disturbance in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:765203. [PMID: 34777232 PMCID: PMC8581299 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.765203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances, specifically decreases in total sleep time and sleep efficiency as well as increased sleep onset latency and wakefulness after sleep onset, are highly prevalent in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Impairment of sleep significantly and adversely impacts several comorbidities in this patient population, including cognition, mood, and quality of life. Sleep disturbances and other non-motor symptoms of PD have come to the fore as the effectiveness of advanced therapies such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) optimally manage the motor symptoms. Although some studies have suggested that DBS provides benefit for sleep disturbances in PD, the mechanisms by which this might occur, as well as the optimal stimulation parameters for treating sleep dysfunction, remain unknown. In patients treated with DBS, electrophysiologic recording from the stimulating electrode, in the form of local field potentials (LFPs), has led to the identification of several findings associated with both motor and non-motor symptoms including sleep. For example, beta frequency (13–30 Hz) oscillations are associated with worsened bradykinesia while awake and decrease during non-rapid eye movement sleep. LFP investigation of sleep has largely focused on the subthalamic nucleus (STN), though corresponding oscillatory activity has been found in the globus pallidus internus (GPi) and thalamus as well. LFPs are increasingly being recognized as a potential biomarker for sleep states in PD, which may allow for closed-loop optimization of DBS parameters to treat sleep disturbances in this population. In this review, we discuss the relationship between LFP oscillations in STN and the sleep architecture of PD patients, current trends in utilizing DBS to treat sleep disturbance, and future directions for research. In particular, we highlight the capability of novel technologies to capture and record LFP data in vivo, while patients continue therapeutic stimulation for motor symptoms. These technological advances may soon allow for real-time adaptive stimulation to treat sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Baumgartner
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clete A Kushida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael O Summers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Drew S Kern
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aviva Abosch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - John A Thompson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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9
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Simor P, Bogdány T, Bódizs R, Perakakis P. Cortical monitoring of cardiac activity during rapid eye movement sleep: the heartbeat evoked potential in phasic and tonic rapid-eye-movement microstates. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab100. [PMID: 33870427 PMCID: PMC8633618 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental physiological state that facilitates neural recovery during periods of attenuated sensory processing. On the other hand, mammalian sleep is also characterized by the interplay between periods of increased sleep depth and environmental alertness. Whereas the heterogeneity of microstates during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep was extensively studied in the last decades, transient microstates during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep received less attention. REM sleep features two distinct microstates: phasic and tonic. Previous studies indicate that sensory processing is largely diminished during phasic REM periods, whereas environmental alertness is partially reinstated when the brain switches into tonic REM sleep. Here, we investigated interoceptive processing as quantified by the heartbeat evoked potential (HEP) during REM microstates. We contrasted the HEPs of phasic and tonic REM periods using two separate databases that included the nighttime polysomnographic recordings of healthy young individuals (N = 20 and N = 19). We find a differential HEP modulation of a late HEP component (after 500 ms post-R-peak) between tonic and phasic REM. Moreover, the late tonic HEP component resembled the HEP found in resting wakefulness. Our results indicate that interoception with respect to cardiac signals is not uniform across REM microstates, and suggest that interoceptive processing is partially reinstated during tonic REM periods. The analyses of the HEP during REM sleep may shed new light on the organization and putative function of REM microstates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN – Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamás Bogdány
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bódizs
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pandelis Perakakis
- Department of Social, Organisational, and Differential Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Brain, Mind, & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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10
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Zuzuárregui JRP, Ostrem JL. The Impact of Deep Brain Stimulation on Sleep in Parkinson's Disease: An update. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:393-404. [PMID: 32250316 PMCID: PMC7242854 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) can have a significant impact on sleep. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for motor features of PD, but less is understood about the impact DBS may have on sleep architecture and various sleep issues commonly seen in PD. Objective: To review the impact of DBS on various sleep issues in PD. Methods: We reviewed the literature regarding the impact of DBS on sleep patterns, nocturnal motor and non-motor symptoms, and sleep disorders in PD. Results: Objective sleep measures on polysomnography (PSG), including sleep latency and wake after sleep onset improve after subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus interna (GPi) DBS. Subjective sleep measures, nocturnal motor symptoms, and some non-motor symptoms (nocturia) also may improve. Current evidence suggests STN DBS has no impact on Rapid Eye Movement Behavior Disorder (RBD), while STN DBS may improve symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). There are no studies that have evaluated the impact of GPi DBS on RBD, while it is unclear if GPi has an effect on RLS in PD. Conclusion: DBS therapy at either site appears to improve objective and subjective sleep parameters in patients with PD. Most likely, the improvement of motor and some non-motor nocturnal symptoms leads to an increase in total sleep time by up to an hour, as well as reduction of sleep fragmentation. DBS most likely has no impact on RBD, while there is evidence that STN DBS appears to help reduce RLS severity. Further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill L Ostrem
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Zahed H, Zuzuarregui JRP, Gilron R, Denison T, Starr PA, Little S. The Neurophysiology of Sleep in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1526-1542. [PMID: 33826171 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are among the most common nonmotor complications of Parkinson's disease (PD), can present in prodromal stages, and progress with advancing disease. In addition to being a symptom of neurodegeneration, sleep disturbances may also contribute to disease progression. Currently, limited options exist to modulate sleep disturbances in PD. Studying the neurophysiological changes that affect sleep in PD at the cortical and subcortical level may yield new insights into mechanisms for reversal of sleep disruption. In this article, we review cortical and subcortical recording studies of sleep in PD with a particular focus on dissecting reported electrophysiological changes. These studies show that slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep are both notably disrupted in PD. We further explore the impact of these electrophysiological changes and discuss the potential for targeting sleep via stimulation therapy to modify PD-related motor and nonmotor symptoms. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Zahed
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ro'ee Gilron
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy Denison
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip A Starr
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Simon Little
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Impaired reach-to-grasp kinematics in parkinsonian patients relates to dopamine-dependent, subthalamic beta bursts. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:53. [PMID: 34188058 PMCID: PMC8242004 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive beta-band oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus are key neural features of Parkinson’s disease. Yet the distinctive contributions of beta low and high bands, their dependency on striatal dopamine, and their correlates with movement kinematics are unclear. Here, we show that the movement phases of the reach-to-grasp motor task are coded by the subthalamic bursting activity in a maximally-informative beta high range. A strong, three-fold correlation linked beta high range bursts, imbalanced inter-hemispheric striatal dopaminergic tone, and impaired inter-joint movement coordination. These results provide new insight into the neural correlates of motor control in parkinsonian patients, paving the way for more informative use of beta-band features for adaptive deep brain stimulation devices.
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13
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MacDonald KJ, Cote KA. Contributions of post-learning REM and NREM sleep to memory retrieval. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 59:101453. [PMID: 33588273 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has become clear that sleep after learning has beneficial effects on the later retrieval of newly acquired memories. The neural mechanisms underlying these effects are becoming increasingly clear as well, particularly those of non-REM sleep. However, much is still unknown about the sleep and memory relationship: the sleep state or features of sleep physiology that associate with memory performance often vary by task or experimental design, and the nature of this variability is not entirely clear. This paper describes pertinent features of sleep physiology and provides a detailed review of the scientific literature indicating beneficial effects of post-learning sleep on memory retrieval. This paper additionally introduces a hypothesis which attributes these beneficial effects of post-learning sleep to separable processes of memory reinforcement and memory refinement whereby reinforcement supports one's ability to retrieve a given memory and refinement supports the precision of that memory retrieval in the context of competitive alternatives. It is observed that features of non-REM sleep are involved in a post-learning substantiation of memory representations that benefit memory performance; thus, memory reinforcement is primarily attributed to non-REM sleep. Memory refinement is primarily attributed to REM sleep given evidence of bidirectional synaptic plasticity in REM sleep and findings from studies of selective REM sleep deprivation.
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14
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Wasserman D, Bindman D, Nesbitt AD, Cash D, Milosevic M, Francis PT, Chaudhuri KR, Leschziner GD, Ferini-Strambi L, Ballard C, Eccles A, Rosenzweig I. Striatal Dopaminergic Deficit and Sleep in Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Behaviour Disorder: An Explorative Study. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1-9. [PMID: 33447113 PMCID: PMC7802085 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s267037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is increasingly recognised as an important precursor disease state of alpha-synucleinopathies. This parasomnia is characterized by a history of recurrent nocturnal dream enactment behaviour, loss of skeletal muscle atonia, and increased phasic muscle activity during REM sleep. Neuroimaging studies of striatal dopamine transporter uptake tracer signaling suggest increasing dopaminergic deficit across the continuum of the alpha-synucleinopathies, with early sleep dysfunction suggestive of early caudate dysfunction. Henceforth, we set out to investigate the relationship between early sleep changes and the striatal dopaminergic availability in iRBD. METHODS Twelve patients with iRBD, who had undergone a video polysomnography and a neuroimaging assessment of striatal dopamine transporter (DaT) uptake tracer signaling, and 22 matched controls who had similarly undergone a video polysomnography were retrospectively identified. Data were statistically analyzed to identify altered sleep parameters and correlate them with striatal dopamine transporter uptake tracer signaling. RESULTS The iRBD patients exhibited an increased number of periodic limb movements during sleep (P=0.001), compared to 22 age-matched healthy subjects. In addition, several significant links were found between regional DaT-uptakes and sleep architecture. Correlational analyses suggested a strong positive association between sleep fragmentation and dopamine deficiency in left caudate (r=-0.630, P=0.028), whilst an increased uptake in the whole striatum was strongly linked to the sleep efficiency, and to a lesser degree to the length of sleep duration. DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a close relationship between dopaminergic availability in striatum and the quality of sleep in iRBD. Taken together, our exploratory findings suggest that subtle but functionally significant striatal changes in early stages of iRBD may contribute to the further shaping of sleep architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wasserman
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dorothea Bindman
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander D Nesbitt
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Headache Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- BRAIN, Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Milan Milosevic
- School of Public Health "Andrija Stampar", University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paul T Francis
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Movement Disorders Unit, King's College Hospital, Department of Clinical and Basic Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guy D Leschziner
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Amy Eccles
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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15
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Coupling of hippocampal theta and ripples with pontogeniculooccipital waves. Nature 2020; 589:96-102. [PMID: 33208951 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus has a major role in encoding and consolidating long-term memories, and undergoes plastic changes during sleep1. These changes require precise homeostatic control by subcortical neuromodulatory structures2. The underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon, however, remain unknown. Here, using multi-structure recordings in macaque monkeys, we show that the brainstem transiently modulates hippocampal network events through phasic pontine waves known as pontogeniculooccipital waves (PGO waves). Two physiologically distinct types of PGO wave appear to occur sequentially, selectively influencing high-frequency ripples and low-frequency theta events, respectively. The two types of PGO wave are associated with opposite hippocampal spike-field coupling, prompting periods of high neural synchrony of neural populations during periods of ripple and theta instances. The coupling between PGO waves and ripples, classically associated with distinct sleep stages, supports the notion that a global coordination mechanism of hippocampal sleep dynamics by cholinergic pontine transients may promote systems and synaptic memory consolidation as well as synaptic homeostasis.
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16
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Challamel MJ, Hartley S, Debilly G, Lahlou S, Franco P. A video polysomnographic study of spontaneous smiling during sleep in newborns. J Sleep Res 2020; 30:e13129. [PMID: 32748500 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to confirm the link between spontaneous smiling and active sleep in newborns, and to identify the role of the cortex in the generation of spontaneous smiles. A total of 12 healthy newborns born at term and three infants with major congenital abnormalities (two with hydranencephaly and one with a left hemispherectomy) were evaluated by video and polysomnography during a 3-hr sleep period. Smiles were graded and their association with isolated rapid eye movements and grouped rapid eye movements was analysed. In all, 383 smiles were recorded of which 377 occurred during active sleep. Smiles were shown to be significantly associated with active sleep (p < .0001) and with grouped rapid eye movements (p < .0001). Bilateral smiles were more frequent than asymmetrical smiles. Among asymmetrical smiles, left-sided smiles were more frequent than right-sided smiles (p < .0001). Maternal stimulation during active sleep did not increase smiles. Smiling was absent during active sleep only in the infant with total hydranencephaly in whom nearly all cortical tissue was absent. In conclusion, smiling occurs in healthy newborns, almost exclusively in active sleep and is associated with grouped rapid eye movements. In infants with major congenital abnormalities, smiling is abolished only when nearly all of the cerebral cortex is absent. These results support the hypothesis of the role of active sleep in the stimulation of neuronal circuits responsible for spontaneous smiling and emphasise the importance of cortical areas in newborn smiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Josèphe Challamel
- Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, University Lyon1, Lyon, France.,Pediatric Sleep Unit, Department of Pediatric Epilepsy, Sleep and Neurological Functional Explorations, Women's Mother's Children's Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Hartley
- Sleep Unit, Physiology Department, AP-HP Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines University, Garches, France
| | - Gabriel Debilly
- Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, University Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Saadi Lahlou
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.,Director Paris Institute for Advanced Study, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Franco
- Integrative Physiology of Brain Arousal System, CRNL, INSERM-U1028, University Lyon1, Lyon, France.,Pediatric Sleep Unit, Department of Pediatric Epilepsy, Sleep and Neurological Functional Explorations, Women's Mother's Children's Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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17
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Simor P, van der Wijk G, Nobili L, Peigneux P. The microstructure of REM sleep: Why phasic and tonic? Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Hasegawa H, Selway R, Gnoni V, Beniczky S, Williams SCR, Kryger M, Ferini-Strambi L, Goadsby P, Leschziner GD, Ashkan K, Rosenzweig I. The subcortical belly of sleep: New possibilities in neuromodulation of basal ganglia? Sleep Med Rev 2020; 52:101317. [PMID: 32446196 PMCID: PMC7679363 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early studies posited a relationship between sleep and the basal ganglia, but this relationship has received little attention recently. It is timely to revisit this relationship, given new insights into the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia and the physiology of sleep, which has been made possible by modern techniques such as chemogenetic and optogenetic mapping of neural circuits in rodents and intracranial recording, functional imaging, and a better understanding of human sleep disorders. We discuss the functional anatomy of the basal ganglia, and review evidence implicating their role in sleep. Whilst these studies are in their infancy, we suggest that the basal ganglia may play an integral role in the sleep-wake cycle, specifically by contributing to a thalamo-cortical-basal ganglia oscillatory network in slow-wave sleep which facilitates neural plasticity, and an active state during REM sleep which enables the enactment of cognitive and emotional networks. A better understanding of sleep mechanisms may pave the way for more effective neuromodulation strategies for sleep and basal ganglia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutomo Hasegawa
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London (KCL), UK; Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Richard Selway
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Valentina Gnoni
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London (KCL), UK; Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sandor Beniczky
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Meir Kryger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Peter Goadsby
- NIHR-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guy D Leschziner
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London (KCL), UK; Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital (GSTT) & Clinical Neurosciences, KCL, UK
| | | | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London (KCL), UK; Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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19
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Andrillon T, Kouider S. The vigilant sleeper: neural mechanisms of sensory (de)coupling during sleep. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Horne J. REM sleep vs exploratory wakefulness: Alternatives within adult ‘sleep debt’? Sleep Med Rev 2020; 50:101252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Christensen JAE, Aubin S, Nielsen T, Ptito M, Kupers R, Jennum P. Rapid eye movements are reduced in blind individuals. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12866. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. E. Christensen
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Biomedical Engineering Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Sébrina Aubin
- Department of Neuroscience University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Harland Sanders Chair in Visual ScienceSchool of Optometry University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Tore Nielsen
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine Department of Psychiatry University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Maurice Ptito
- Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Harland Sanders Chair in Visual ScienceSchool of Optometry University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ron Kupers
- Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Poul Jennum
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
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22
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Bernardi G, Betta M, Ricciardi E, Pietrini P, Tononi G, Siclari F. Regional Delta Waves In Human Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2686-2697. [PMID: 30737310 PMCID: PMC6445986 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2298-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the EEG slow wave of sleep is typically considered to be a hallmark of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, recent work in mice has shown that slow waves can also occur in REM sleep. Here, we investigated the presence and cortical distribution of negative delta (1-4 Hz) waves in human REM sleep by analyzing high-density EEG sleep recordings obtained in 28 healthy subjects. We identified two clusters of delta waves with distinctive properties: (1) a frontal-central cluster characterized by ∼2.5-3.0 Hz, relatively large, notched delta waves (so-called "sawtooth waves") that tended to occur in bursts, were associated with increased gamma activity and rapid eye movements (EMs), and upon source modeling displayed an occipital-temporal and a frontal-central component and (2) a medial-occipital cluster characterized by more isolated, slower (<2 Hz), and smaller waves that were not associated with rapid EMs, displayed a negative correlation with gamma activity, and were also found in NREM sleep. Therefore, delta waves are an integral part of REM sleep in humans and the two identified subtypes (sawtooth and medial-occipital slow waves) may reflect distinct generation mechanisms and functional roles. Sawtooth waves, which are exclusive to REM sleep, share many characteristics with ponto-geniculo-occipital waves described in animals and may represent the human equivalent or a closely related event, whereas medial-occipital slow waves appear similar to NREM sleep slow waves.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The EEG slow wave is typically considered a hallmark of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, but recent work in mice has shown that it can also occur in REM sleep. By analyzing high-density EEG recordings collected in healthy adult individuals, we show that REM sleep is characterized by prominent delta waves also in humans. In particular, we identified two distinctive clusters of delta waves with different properties: a frontal-central cluster characterized by faster, activating "sawtooth waves" that share many characteristics with ponto-geniculo-occipital waves described in animals and a medial-occipital cluster containing slow waves that are more similar to NREM sleep slow waves. These findings indicate that REM sleep is a spatially and temporally heterogeneous state and may contribute to explaining its known functional and phenomenological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bernardi
- Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland,
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies, IT-55100 Lucca, Italy, and
| | - Monica Betta
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies, IT-55100 Lucca, Italy, and
| | - Emiliano Ricciardi
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies, IT-55100 Lucca, Italy, and
| | - Pietro Pietrini
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies, IT-55100 Lucca, Italy, and
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53719
| | - Francesca Siclari
- Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland,
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23
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Chen Y, Gong C, Hao H, Guo Y, Xu S, Zhang Y, Yin G, Cao X, Yang A, Meng F, Ye J, Liu H, Zhang J, Sui Y, Li L. Automatic Sleep Stage Classification Based on Subthalamic Local Field Potentials. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 27:118-128. [PMID: 30605104 PMCID: PMC6544463 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2018.2890272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Sleep disorders are common complications of PD and affected by subthalamic DBS treatment. To achieve more precise neuromodulation, chronicsleepmonitoringand closed-loop DBS toward sleep-wake cycles could potentially be utilized. Local field potential (LFP) signals that are sensed by the DBS electrode could be processed as primary feedback signals. This is the first study to systematically investigate the sleep-stage classification based on LFPs in subthalamic nucleus (STN). With our newly developed recording and transmission system, STN-LFPs were collected from 12 PD patients during wakefulness and nocturnal polysomnography sleep monitoring at one month after DBS implantation. Automatic sleep-stage classificationmodels were built with robust and interpretable machine learning methods (support vector machine and decision tree). The accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity of the classification reached high values (above90% at most measures) at group and individual levels. Features extracted in alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-35 Hz), and gamma (35-50 Hz) bandswere found to contribute the most to the classification. These results will directly guide the engineering development of implantable sleepmonitoring and closed-loopDBS and pave the way for a better understanding of the STN-LFP sleep patterns.
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24
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Frauscher B, Joshi S, von Ellenrieder N, Nguyen DK, Dubeau F, Gotman J. Sharply contoured theta waves are the human correlate of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves in the primary visual cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1526-1533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.04.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Weber FD. Sleep: Eye-Opener Highlights Sleep's Organization. Curr Biol 2018; 28:R217-R220. [PMID: 29510110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
What can eyes tell us about what happens during sleep? Their movements split sleep into two distinct states - rapid-eye-movement (REM) or non-REM sleep. A new study now reveals that periodic pupil constrictions are linked to non-REM sleep plunging into deeper offline states and back about every minute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik D Weber
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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26
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Sheng Q, Xue Y, Wang Y, Chen AQ, Liu C, Liu YH, Chu HY, Chen L. The Subthalamic Neurons are Activated by Both Orexin-A and Orexin-B. Neuroscience 2017; 369:97-108. [PMID: 29138106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus is an important nucleus in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia circuit and therefore is involved in motor control under both normal and pathological conditions. Morphological studies reveal that the subthalamic nucleus receives relatively dense orexinergic projections originating from the hypothalamus. Both orexin-1 (OX1) and orexin-2 (OX2) receptors are expressed in the subthalamic nucleus. To explore the functions of orexinergic system in the subthalamic nucleus, extracellular electrophysiological recordings and behavioral tests were performed in the present study. Exogenous application of orexin-A significantly increased the spontaneous firing rate from 5.70 ± 0.66 Hz to 9.87 ± 1.18 Hz in 64.00% subthalamic neurons recorded. OX1 receptors are involved in orexin-A-induced excitation. Application of orexin-B increased the firing rate from 7.47 ± 0.92 Hz to 11.85 ± 1.39 Hz in 80.95% subthalamic neurons recorded, entirely through OX2 receptors. Both OX1 and OX2 receptor antagonists decreased the firing rate in 43.75% and 62.50% subthalamic neurons recorded respectively, suggesting the involvement of endogenous orexinergic system in the control of spontaneous firing activity. Further elevated body swing test revealed that microinjection of orexins and the receptor antagonists into the subthalamic nucleus induced contralateral-biased swing and ipsilateral-biased swing, respectively. Taken together, the present study suggests that orexins play important roles in the subthalamic nucleus which may provide further evidence for the involvement of subthalamic orexinergic tone in Parkinson's disease. SIGNIFICANCE Previous morphological studies indicate that the subthalamic nucleus receives orexinergic innervation and expresses both OX1 and OX2 receptors. Using in vivo multibarrel electrophysiological recordings, the present study revealed that exogenous application of orexin-A and orexin-B increased the spontaneous firing rate of the subthalamic neurons through OX1 and OX2 receptors. Endogenous orexinergic system was involved in the control of spontaneous firing of the subthalamic neurons. Further behavioral test revealed that intrasubthalamic application of orexins and the receptor antagonists induced biased swing behavior. The present study may provide further evidence for the involvement of subthalamic orexinergic tone in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sheng
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - An-Qi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun-Hai Liu
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hong-Yan Chu
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Gott JA, Liley DTJ, Hobson JA. Towards a Functional Understanding of PGO Waves. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:89. [PMID: 28316568 PMCID: PMC5334507 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital (PGO) waves are biphasic field potentials identified in a range of mammalian species that are ubiquitous with sleep, but can also be identified in waking perception and eye movement. Their role in REM sleep and visual perception more broadly may constitute a promising avenue for further research, however what was once an active field of study has recently fallen into stasis. With the reality that invasive recordings performed on animals cannot be replicated in humans; while animals themselves cannot convey experience to the extent required to elucidate how PGO waves factor into awareness and behavior, innovative solutions are required if significant research outcomes are to ever be realized. Advances in non-invasive imaging technologies and sophistication in imaging methods now offer substantial scope to renew the study of the electrophysiological substrates of waking and dreaming perception. Among these, Magnetoencephalogram (MEG) stands out through its capacity to measure deep brain activations with high temporal resolution. With the current trend in sleep and dream research to produce translational findings of psychopathological and medical significance, in addition to the clear links that PGO wave generation sites share, pharmacologically, with receptors involved in expression of mental illness; there is a strong case to support scientific research into PGO waves and develop a functional understanding of their broader role in human perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod A Gott
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David T J Liley
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J Allan Hobson
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Vijayan S, Lepage KQ, Kopell NJ, Cash SS. Frontal beta-theta network during REM sleep. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28121613 PMCID: PMC5266493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We lack detailed knowledge about the spatio-temporal physiological signatures of REM sleep, especially in humans. By analyzing intracranial electrode data from humans, we demonstrate for the first time that there are prominent beta (15–35 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) oscillations in both the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the DLPFC during REM sleep. We further show that these theta and beta activities in the ACC and the DLPFC, two relatively distant but reciprocally connected regions, are coherent. These findings suggest that, counter to current prevailing thought, the DLPFC is active during REM sleep and likely interacting with other areas. Since the DLPFC and the ACC are implicated in memory and emotional regulation, and the ACC has motor areas and is thought to be important for error detection, the dialogue between these two areas could play a role in the regulation of emotions and in procedural motor and emotional memory consolidation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18894.001 Over the course of a night we cycle through several different stages of sleep. During one of these stages, our eyes move rapidly from side to side behind our closed eyelids. This movement gives this stage its name: rapid eye movement sleep, or REM sleep for short. Most other muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep, possibly to prevent us from acting out the vivid dreams that also occur during this stage of sleep. But despite the distinctive properties of REM sleep, relatively little is known about about why we need it or how the brain generates it. Vijayan et al. have now obtained new insights into the brain activity that underlies REM sleep by recording from the brains of human patients with epilepsy. The patients all had electrodes temporarily inserted into their brains to help neurologists identify the area of the brain that was responsible for their seizures. By recording from these electrodes overnight, Vijayan et al. were able to study the activity of individual brain regions while the patients slept. Analysis of the recordings revealed rhythmic waves of neuronal activity in areas at the front of the brain during REM sleep. Two types of brain waves dominated: theta waves, which are relatively slow waves with a frequency of 4–8 cycles per second (Hertz), and beta waves, which are faster with a frequency of 15–35 Hertz. These theta and beta waves were especially pronounced in two subregions of the frontal lobe of the brain, called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The discovery of prominent rhythmic activity in the DLPFC was unexpected. This is because previous studies had shown that this region, which is involved in decision-making and planning, was relatively inactive during REM sleep. Indeed it had been suggested that the limited activity of the DLPFC subregion might be responsible for the often bizarre and illogical nature of our dreams. Instead, Vijayan et al. showed that the ACC and the DLPFC coordinate their activity during REM sleep. The next challenge is to find out whether this dual activity helps support other roles that the two regions share in common, such as the strengthening of memories and the regulation of emotions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18894.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Vijayan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Kyle Q Lepage
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Nancy J Kopell
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
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Prerau MJ, Brown RE, Bianchi MT, Ellenbogen JM, Purdon PL. Sleep Neurophysiological Dynamics Through the Lens of Multitaper Spectral Analysis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:60-92. [PMID: 27927806 PMCID: PMC5343535 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00062.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During sleep, cortical and subcortical structures within the brain engage in highly structured oscillatory dynamics that can be observed in the electroencephalogram (EEG). The ability to accurately describe changes in sleep state from these oscillations has thus been a major goal of sleep medicine. While numerous studies over the past 50 years have shown sleep to be a continuous, multifocal, dynamic process, long-standing clinical practice categorizes sleep EEG into discrete stages through visual inspection of 30-s epochs. By representing sleep as a coarsely discretized progression of stages, vital neurophysiological information on the dynamic interplay between sleep and arousal is lost. However, by using principled time-frequency spectral analysis methods, the rich dynamics of the sleep EEG are immediately visible-elegantly depicted and quantified at time scales ranging from a full night down to individual microevents. In this paper, we review the neurophysiology of sleep through this lens of dynamic spectral analysis. We begin by reviewing spectral estimation techniques traditionally used in sleep EEG analysis and introduce multitaper spectral analysis, a method that makes EEG spectral estimates clearer and more accurate than traditional approaches. Through the lens of the multitaper spectrogram, we review the oscillations and mechanisms underlying the traditional sleep stages. In doing so, we will demonstrate how multitaper spectral analysis makes the oscillatory structure of traditional sleep states instantaneously visible, closely paralleling the traditional hypnogram, but with a richness of information that suggests novel insights into the neural mechanisms of sleep, as well as novel clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Prerau
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ritchie E Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts
| | - Matt T Bianchi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | - Patrick L Purdon
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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Kim YE, Jeon BS, Paek SH, Yun JY, Yang HJ, Kim HJ, Ehm G, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Kim JY. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder after bilateral subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 22:315-9. [PMID: 25439757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well known. We evaluated the change in the incidence of probable RBD after bilateral STN DBS in PD patients. Ninety patients with PD treated with bilateral STN DBS underwent retrospective assessment of RBD by interview before and after DBS. Forty-seven (52.2%) of the 90 patients had RBD preoperatively. RBD was resolved only in one patient and persisted in 46 patients at 1 year after DBS. RBD developed de novo in 16 patients (de novo RBD group) within 1 year after DBS, resulting in 62 (68.9%) of the 90 patients having RBD 1 year after DBS. Patients with RBD at any time within 1 year after DBS (RBD group, n = 63) were older than the patients without RBD (non-RBD group, n = 27). The sum of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) axial score for the "on" state was lower in the RBD group than in the non-RBD group after DBS (p = 0.029). Comparing the de novo RBD group and non-RBD group, the UPDRS Part III and total score and the levodopa equivalent daily doses for the "on" states decreased more in the de novo RBD group than in the non-RBD group (p < 0.05). The incidence of clinical RBD increased after bilateral STN DBS because de novo RBD developed and pre-existing RBD persisted after DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea; Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom S Jeon
- Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Ha Paek
- Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery and Movement Disorder Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Yun
- Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Jun Yang
- Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanhee Ehm
- Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Seoul National University, Metropolitan Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Parkinson's Disease Study Group, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Departments of Neurology, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ramaligam V, Chen MC, Saper CB, Lu J. Perspectives on the rapid eye movement sleep switch in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 2013; 14:707-13. [PMID: 23768838 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in mammals is associated with wakelike cortical and hippocampal activation and concurrent postural muscle atonia. Research during the past 5 decades has revealed the details of the neural circuitry regulating REM sleep and muscle atonia during this state. REM-active glutamatergic neurons in the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) of the dorsal pons are critical for generation for REM sleep atonia. Descending projections from SLD glutamatergic neurons activate inhibitory premotor neurons in the ventromedial medulla (VMM) and in the spinal cord to antagonize the glutamatergic supraspinal inputs on the motor neurons during REM sleep. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) consists of simple behaviors (i.e., twitching, jerking) and complex behaviors (i.e., defensive behavior, talking). Animal research has lead to the hypothesis that complex behaviors in RBD are due to SLD pathology, while simple behaviors of RBD may be due to less severe SLD pathology or dysfunction of the VMM, ventral pons, or spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vetrivelan Ramaligam
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Horne J. Why REM sleep? Clues beyond the laboratory in a more challenging world. Biol Psychol 2013; 92:152-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts 02301, USA
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Neuronal Oscillations in Sleep: Insights from Functional Neuroimaging. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:154-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Seijo F, Saiz A, Lozano B, Santamarta E, Alvarez-Vega M, Seijo E, Fernández de León R, Fernández-González F, Pascual J. Neuromodulation of the posterolateral hypothalamus for the treatment of chronic refractory cluster headache: Experience in five patients with a modified anatomical target. Cephalalgia 2011; 31:1634-41. [PMID: 22116943 DOI: 10.1177/0333102411430264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posterior hypothalamus has been found to be effective in the treatment of refractory chronic cluster headache (CCH). METHODS We report the long-term outcomes of five patients with refractory CCH on whom stimulation of a modified target of approximately 3 mm in radius, which included the posterolateral hypothalamus, the fasciculus mammillotegmentalis, the fasciculus mammillothalamicus and the fasciculus medialis telencephali, was performed. The stereotaxic coordinates were 4 mm from the third ventricle wall, 2 mm from behind the mid-intercommissural point and 5 mm from under the intercommissural line. RESULTS All patients became pain-free for 1-2 weeks after the procedure, but then needed an average of 54 days to optimize stimulation parameters. After a mean follow-up of 33 months, two remain pain-free, two have an excellent response (>90% decrease in attack frequency) and in one the attacks have been reduced by half. There were no serious adverse events. Permanent myosis and euphoria/well-being feeling were seen in three patients. Other adverse events, such as diplopia, dizziness, global headache of cervical dystonia, were seen transiently related to an increase in stimulation parameters. Attacks reappeared transiently in two patients as a result of cable rupture and when the stimulator was disconnected. CONCLUSIONS Our results supports the efficacy of DBS in very refractory CCH with a slightly modified hypothalamic target conceived to avoid the lateral ventricle wall so as to extend the stimulated brain area and to decrease the morbidity of potential haemorrhagic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Seijo
- University Hospital Central de Asturias, Spain
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Nishida N, Murakami T, Kadoh K, Tohge R, Yamanegi M, Saiki H, Ueda K, Matsumoto S, Ishikawa M, Takahashi JA, Toda H. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation restores normal rapid eye movement sleep in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26:2418-22. [PMID: 22109851 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Parkinson's disease, sleep disturbance is a common occurrence. METHODS We evaluated sleep in 10 patients with Parkinson's disease (age, 57.5 ± 9.8 years; disease duration, 12.3 ± 2.7 years) before and after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation using the Parkinson's disease sleep scale and polysomnography. RESULTS Their total sleep scale scores and daytime sleepiness subscale scores significantly improved after subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation. The novel findings from this study significantly increased normal rapid eye movement sleep, and decreased abnormal rapid eye movement sleep without atonia after deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. The improved total sleep scale score correlated with decreased wakefulness after sleep onset. Moreover, improved daytime sleepiness correlated with increased normal rapid eye movement sleep time. Sleep improvement did not significantly correlate with resolution of motor complication or reduced dopaminergic dosages. CONCLUSIONS Subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation may have beneficial effects on sleep disturbance in advanced Parkinson's disease by restoring sleep architecture and normal rapid eye movement sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namiko Nishida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute and Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Gottesmann C. To what extent do neurobiological sleep-waking processes support psychoanalysis? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 92:233-90. [PMID: 20870071 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(10)92012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Sigmund Freud's thesis was that there is a censorship during waking that prevents memory of events, drives, wishes, and feelings from entering the consciousness because they would induce anxiety due to their emotional or ethical unacceptability. During dreaming, because the efficiency of censorship is decreased, latent thought contents can, after dream-work involving condensation and displacement, enter the dreamer's consciousness under the figurative form of manifest content. The quasi-closed dogma of psychoanalytic theory as related to unconscious processes is beginning to find neurobiological confirmation during waking. Indeed, there are active processes that suppress (repress) unwanted memories from entering consciousness. In contrast, it is more difficult to find neurobiological evidence supporting an organized dream-work that would induce meaningful symbolic content, since dream mentation most often only shows psychotic-like activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Gottesmann
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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RIVERA-GARCÍA ANAPAULA, RAMÍREZ-SALADO IGNACIO, CORSI-CABRERA MARÍA, CALVO JOSÉMARÍA. Facial muscle activation during sleep and its relation to the rapid eye movements of REM sleep. J Sleep Res 2011; 20:82-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Frauscher B, Brandauer E, Gschliesser V, Falkenstetter T, Furtner MT, Ulmer H, Poewe W, Högl B. A descriptive analysis of neck myoclonus during routine polysomnography. Sleep 2010; 33:1091-6. [PMID: 20815192 PMCID: PMC2910539 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/33.8.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Although episodes of neck myoclonus (head jerks) in REM sleep have a characteristic appearance, they have so far not been described systematically in video-polysomnography. This study assesses the occurrence, frequency, and characteristics of neck myoclonus in REM sleep in a prospective sleep disorder cohort, and investigates clinical correlates and associations with medication. SETTING University hospital sleep disorders center. PARTICIPANTS Two-hundred twenty-eight mixed sleep disorder patients. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS REM sleep was screened visually for short "stripe-shaped" movement-induced artifacts visible vertically over the EEG leads in polysomnographic registration. If such artifact was present, the synchronized video was inspected for the presence of neck myoclonus. Out of 205 patients, 54.6% (n = 112) had neck myoclonus during REM sleep. The mean neck myoclonus index was 1.0 +/- 2.7/h REM sleep. Younger patients had a higher neck myoclonus index than older patients (< 45 years versus 45-60 years versus > 60 years: 1.8 +/- 4.2 versus 0.6 +/- 1.1 versus 0.5 +/- 1.1; P = 0.004). Ninety-five percent of subjects < 45 years had a neck myoclonus index between 0 and 9.4/h; 95% of subjects > 45 years had a neck myoclonus index between 0 and 2.7/h. Patients on benzodiazepine treatment had no neck myoclonus (0/112 vs. 13/93; P < 0.001). In 23 patients, additional surface neck EMG was performed. EMG activation associated with neck myoclonus had a mean duration of 0.6 +/- 0.4 sec. Correlation between duration of neck EMG activation and movement-induced EEG artifact duration was very high (rho = 0.96; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Neck myoclonus is common during REM sleep and more frequent in younger individuals. This could indicate that neck myoclonus during REM sleep is a physiological phenomenon. If there is a cut-off distinguishing normal from excessive has to be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Frauscher
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate arousal thresholds (ATs) in tonic and phasic episodes of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and to compare the frequency spectrum of these sub-states of REM to non-REM (NREM) stages of sleep. We found the two REM stages to differ with regard to behavioural responses to external acoustic stimuli. The AT in tonic REM was indifferent from that in sleep stage 2, and ATs in phasic REM were similar to those in slow-wave sleep (stage 4). NREM and REM stages of similar behavioural thresholds were distinctly different with regard to their frequency pattern. These data provide further evidence that REM sleep should not be regarded a uniform state. Regarding electroencephalogram frequency spectra, we found that the two REM stages were more similar to each other than to NREM stages with similar responsivity. Ocular activity such as ponto-geniculo-occipital-like waves and microsaccades are discussed as likely modulators of behavioural responsiveness and cortical processing of auditory information in the two REM sub-states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummehan Ermis
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany
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