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Liang R, Zhu W, Gao Y, Zhao C, Zhang C, Xu L, Zuo Y, Lv Y, Zhao M, Li C, Gao J, Mei J, Gong X, Zhang L, Shen S, Yang C, Ren J, Liu Y, Wang Z, Wang P, Zhou J, Wang F, Wu J, Chen J, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Dong X, Han F. Clinical features, polysomnography, and genetics association study of restless legs syndrome in clinic based Chinese patients: A multicenter observational study. Sleep Med 2024; 117:123-130. [PMID: 38531167 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To systemically describe the clinical features, polysomnography (PSG) finding, laboratory tests and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a clinic based Chinese primary restless legs syndrome (RLS) population. METHODS This observational study, conducted from January 2020 to October 2021 across 22 sleep labs in China, recruited 771 patients diagnosed with RLS following the 2014 RLSSG criteria. Clinical data, PSG testing, and laboratory examination and SNPs of patients with RLS were collected. A total of 32 SNPs in 24 loci were replicated using the Asian Screening Array chip, employing data from the Han Chinese Genomes Initiative as controls. RESULTS In this study with 771 RLS patients, 645 had primary RLS, and 617 has DNA available for SNP study. Among the 645 primary RLS, 59.7% were women. 33% had a family history of RLS, with stronger familial influence in early-onset cases. Clinical evaluations showed 10.4% had discomfort in body parts other than legs. PSG showed that 57.1% of RLS patients had periodic leg movement index (PLMI) of >5/h and 39.1% had PLMI >15/h, respectively; 73.8% of RLS patients had an Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) > 5/h, and 45.3% had an AHI >15/h. The laboratory examinations revealed serum ferritin levels <75 ng/ml in 31.6%, and transferrin saturation (TSAT) of <45% in 88.7% of RLS patients. Seven new SNPs in 5 genes showed a significant allelic association with Chinese primary RLS, with one previously reported (BTBD9) and four new findings (TOX3, PRMT6, DCDC2C, NOS1). CONCLUSIONS Chinese RLS patients has specific characters in many aspects. A high family history with RLS not only indicates strong genetic influence, but also reminds us to consider the familial effect in the epidemiological study. Newly developed sequencing technique with large samples remains to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Liang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Gao
- PKU-UPenn Sleep Center, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chi Zhang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liyue Xu
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Zuo
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhui Lv
- The Sleep Center, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Sleep Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nan Ning, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhua Mei
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Lisan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxia Shen
- Department of Neurology, Yulin No.2 Hospital, Yulin, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunbin Yang
- The Sleep Center, People's Hospital of JinChang, JinChang, Gansu, China
| | - Jilin Ren
- The Sleep Center, People's Hospital of JinChang, JinChang, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- The Sleep Center, WeiNan Central Hospital, WeiNan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zan Wang
- The Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Sleep Medicine Department, Sanya Central Hospital, The Third People's Hospital of Hainan, China
| | - Jinxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Sleep Center, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanmei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunrong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qinhuangdao HaiGang Hospital, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaosong Dong
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Han
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Silvani A, Ghorayeb I, Manconi M, Li Y, Clemens S. Putative Animal Models of Restless Legs Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Evaluation of Their Face and Construct Validity. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:154-178. [PMID: 36536233 PMCID: PMC10119375 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder that severely affects sleep. It is characterized by an urge to move the legs, which is often accompanied by periodic limb movements during sleep. RLS has a high prevalence in the population and is usually a life-long condition. While its origins remain unclear, RLS is initially highly responsive to treatment with dopaminergic agonists that target D2-like receptors, in particular D2 and D3, but the long-term response is often unsatisfactory. Over the years, several putative animal models for RLS have been developed, mainly based on the epidemiological and neurochemical link with iron deficiency, treatment efficacy of D2-like dopaminergic agonists, or genome-wide association studies that identified risk factors in the patient population. Here, we present the first systematic review of putative animal models of RLS, provide information about their face and construct validity, and report their role in deciphering the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that may cause or contribute to RLS. We propose that identifying the causal links between genetic risk factors, altered organ functions, and changes to molecular pathways in neural circuitry will eventually lead to more effective new treatment options that bypass the side effects of the currently used therapeutics in RLS, especially for long-term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Imad Ghorayeb
- Département de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep Medicine Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stefan Clemens
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder characterized by an urge to move that appears during rest or is exacerbated by rest, that occurs in the evening or night and that disappears during movement or is improved by movement. Symptoms vary considerably in age at onset, frequency and severity, with severe forms affecting sleep, quality of life and mood. Patients with RLS often display periodic leg movements during sleep or resting wakefulness. RLS is considered to be a complex condition in which predisposing genetic factors, environmental factors and comorbidities contribute to the expression of the disorder. RLS occurs alone or with comorbidities, for example, iron deficiency and kidney disease, but also with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and neurological, rheumatological and respiratory disorders. The pathophysiology is still unclear, with the involvement of brain iron deficiency, dysfunction in the dopaminergic and nociceptive systems and altered adenosine and glutamatergic pathways as hypotheses being investigated. RLS is poorly recognized by physicians and it is accordingly often incorrectly diagnosed and managed. Treatment guidelines recommend initiation of therapy with low doses of dopamine agonists or α2δ ligands in severe forms. Although dopaminergic treatment is initially highly effective, its long-term use can result in a serious worsening of symptoms known as augmentation. Other treatments include opioids and iron preparations.
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Seo JE, Yeom JW, Jeon S, Cho CH, Jeong S, Lee HJ. Association Between CLOCK Gene Variants and Restless Legs Syndrome in Koreans. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:1125-1130. [PMID: 34732029 PMCID: PMC8600210 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have suggested various causes of restless legs syndrome (RLS), including iron and dopamine concentrations in the brain. Genetic influences have also been reported in many studies. There is also a possibility that circadian clock genes may be involved because symptoms of RLS worsen at night. We investigated whether CLOCK and NPAS2 gene polymorphisms were associated with RLS. METHODS A total of 227 patients with RLS and 229 non-RLS matched controls were assessed according to the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group diagnostic criteria. Genotyping was performed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and high-resolution melting curve analyses. RESULTS Although the genotype distributions of the CLOCK variants (rs1801260 and rs2412646) were not significantly different between patients with RLS and non-RLS controls, the allele frequencies of CLOCK rs1801260 showed marginally significant differences between the two groups (X2 =2.98, p=0.085). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the distribution of CLOCK haplotypes (rs1801260-rs2412646) between patients with RLS and non-RLS controls (p=0.013). The distributions of allelic, genotypic, and haplotypic variants of NPAS2 (rs2305160 and rs6725296) were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CLOCK variants may be associated with decreased susceptibility to RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yeom
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hyun Cho
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Chronobiology Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bae H, Kim KT, Heo MH, Do YR, Cho YW. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome in patients with iron deficiency anemia in Korea. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:1447-1452. [PMID: 33704047 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES While the prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome (RLS) are known to vary according to ethnicity, a detailed evaluation of this condition among patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has not yet been reported in an Asian population. We investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of RLS in patients with IDA in Korea compared with age- and sex-matched patients diagnosed with idiopathic RLS. METHODS This prospective single-center study was performed at a regional university hospital. Consecutive patients with IDA were enrolled over a 4-year period. Clinical interviews and laboratory tests were conducted at the first visit. RLS diagnosis was confirmed through face-to-face interviews. We randomly selected patients with idiopathic RLS without comorbid medical disorders from our sleep center dataset as control patients. The clinical characteristics of both groups were compared. RESULTS We enrolled 124 patients with IDA. Fifty (40.3%) patients were diagnosed with RLS, with 82% exhibiting severe to very severe symptoms. Patients with IDA and RLS were older and reported more sleep deterioration than patients with IDA without RLS. Patients with IDA and RLS also had a more depressed mood and higher periodic limb movement index scores than patients with idiopathic RLS. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of RLS among patients with IDA in Korea was high, with the majority having severe to very severe symptoms. Patients with IDA and RLS had poorer sleep quality and more emotional problems than patients with IDA without RLS. Therefore, patients with IDA should be screened for RLS to prevent adverse effects on the quality of sleep and life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoeun Bae
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Keun Tae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Hwa Heo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Rok Do
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong Won Cho
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Huang Y, Wang P, Morales R, Luo Q, Ma J. Map2k5-Deficient Mice Manifest Phenotypes and Pathological Changes of Dopamine Deficiency in the Central Nervous System. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:651638. [PMID: 34168549 PMCID: PMC8217467 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.651638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MAP2K5, a member of the MAPK family, is associated with central nervous system disorders. However, neural functional of Map2k5 from animal models were not well examined so far. Here, we established a Map2k5-targeted knockout mouse model to investigate the behavior phenotypes and its underlying molecular mechanism. Our results showed that female Map2k5 mutant mice manifested decreased circadian-dependent ambulatory locomotion, coordination, and fatigue. Male Map2k5 mutant mice displayed impairment in open field exploration and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response (ASR) when compared with wild-type controls. Furthermore, Map2k5 mutant mice showed a decreased dopaminergic cell survival and tyrosine hydroxylase levels in nigrostriatal pathway, indicating a crucial role of MAP2K5 in regulating dopamine system in the central nervous system. In conclusion, this is the first study demonstrating that Map2k5 mutant mice displayed phenotypes by disturbing the dopamine system in the central nervous system, implicating Map2k5 mutant mouse as a promising model for many dopamine related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Ma
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Koleini N, Shapiro JS, Geier J, Ardehali H. Ironing out mechanisms of iron homeostasis and disorders of iron deficiency. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e148671. [PMID: 34060484 DOI: 10.1172/jci148671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron plays an important role in mammalian physiological processes. It is a critical component for the function of many proteins, including enzymes that require heme and iron-sulfur clusters. However, excess iron is also detrimental because of its ability to catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species. As a result, cellular and systemic iron levels are tightly regulated to prevent oxidative damage. Iron deficiency can lead to a number of pathological conditions, the most prominent being anemia. Iron deficiency should be corrected to improve adult patients' symptoms and to facilitate normal growth during fetal development and childhood. However, inappropriate use of intravenous iron in chronic conditions, such as cancer and heart failure, in the absence of clear iron deficiency can lead to unwanted side effects. Thus, this form of therapy should be reserved for certain patients who cannot tolerate oral iron and need rapid iron replenishment. Here, we will review cellular and systemic iron homeostasis and will discuss complications of iron deficiency.
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8
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Memon MD, Faiz S, Zaveri MP, Perry JC, Schuetz TM, Cancarevic I. Unraveling the Mysteries of Restless Leg Syndrome. Cureus 2020; 12:e10951. [PMID: 33083159 PMCID: PMC7567326 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Restless leg syndrome (RLS) or Willis-Ekbom disease (WED) is an under-diagnosed, chronic, and progressive primary sensory-motor disorder. It is characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable and sometimes painful sensations, with a diurnal variation. RLS can lead to severe sleep disturbances, a usual cause of consultation. The pathophysiology is known partially, and it is believed that there is an association between the different variants of genetic mutations combined with dopaminergic and brain iron dysregulation, which plays an important role. The data used for this study were extracted from the articles found in the PubMed database that discuss different gene variants, pathophysiology, and various methods of treatment. They also highlight the role of iron in the pathogenesis of RLS as it is required for the synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase, which is the rate-limiting step for dopamine synthesis. This review article provides a clinically useful overview of RLS in terms of pathophysiological findings, its genetic associations, and therapeutic options by using the currently available literature. Because RLS presents with vague symptoms and shares similarities with many other diseases, it might be overlooked by many physicians resulting in underdiagnosis and under-treatment. While these discoveries provide a breakthrough in understanding the details of RLS, further studies are recommended as these studies are limited to animal models and provide a limited representation of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad D Memon
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sadaf Faiz
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mitul P Zaveri
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jamal C Perry
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Tayná M Schuetz
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ivan Cancarevic
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Adult Movement Defects Associated with a CORL Mutation in Drosophila Display Behavioral Plasticity. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1697-1706. [PMID: 32161085 PMCID: PMC7202012 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.400648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The CORL family of CNS-specific proteins share a Smad-binding region with mammalian SnoN and c-Ski protooncogenes. In this family Drosophila CORL has two mouse and two human relatives. Roles for the mouse and human CORL proteins are largely unknown. Based on genome-wide association studies linking the human CORL proteins Fussel15 and Fussel18 with ataxia, we tested the hypothesis that dCORL mutations will cause adult movement disorders. For our initial tests, we conducted side by side studies of adults with the small deletion Df(4)dCORL and eight control strains. We found that deletion mutants exhibit three types of behavioral plasticity. First, significant climbing defects attributable to loss of dCORL are eliminated by age. Second, significant phototaxis defects due to loss of dCORL are partially ameliorated by age and are not due to faulty photoreceptors. Third, Df(4)dCORL males raised in groups have a lower courtship index than males raised as singles though this defect is not due to loss of dCORL. Subsequent tests showed that the climbing and phototaxis defects were phenocpied by dCORL21B and dCORL23C two CRISPR generated mutations. Overall, the finding that adult movement defects due to loss of dCORL are subject to age-dependent plasticity suggests new hypotheses for CORL functions in flies and mammals.
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Zhu XY, Wu TT, Wang HM, Li X, Ni LY, Chen TJ, Qiu MY, Shen J, Liu T, Ondo WG, Wu YC. Correlates of Nonanemic Iron Deficiency in Restless Legs Syndrome. Front Neurol 2020; 11:298. [PMID: 32425874 PMCID: PMC7205016 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a well-known cause of secondary restless legs syndrome (RLS). Iron deficiency without anemia (IDNA) is insidious, and its association with RLS is less evaluated. We investigate prevalence and features of IDNA in a consecutive cohort of patients with RLS. Methods: We included sequential primary RLS patients and RLS patients with IDA. We also recruited age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RLS mimics and other comorbidities were carefully excluded. Results: One-hundred and ninety-six RLS patients without anemia, 26 RLS patients with IDA, and 63 controls were included. 42.3% of RLS patients without anemia had iron deficiency. Women were much more susceptible for IDNA with a relative risk of 5.51 (p < 0.0001). Women with IDNA and RLS had younger age both at interview and at RLS onset compared to women with RLS without iron deficiency (NID) (P < 0.01). IDNA RLS patients showed a tendency to higher risk of severe/very severe tiredness or sleepiness during the day as compared to NID RLS patients. Furthermore, IDNA RLS patients had longer duration of RLS (P < 0.01 in men, P < 0.05 in women) and younger age at onset (only in men, P < 0.05) compared to IDA RLS patients. Conclusion: IDNA is frequent in RLS and iron deficiency may be severe despite a normal hemoglobin level. Women are at much higher risk for IDNA, and IDNA in women presents some specific clinical features. Features of IDNA RLS are different from IDA RLS. Regular screening of peripheral iron parameters even in patients with normal blood counts is recommended for timely optimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Ming Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Yan Ni
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Yao Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Te Liu
- Geriatric Laboratory, Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - William G Ondo
- Department of Neurology, Methodist Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yun-Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhu XY, Wu TT, Wang HM, Ni LY, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang XJ, Chen YJ, Cui XX, Ondo WG, Wu YC. Clinical features and subtypes of restless legs syndrome in Chinese population: a study of 359 patients. Sleep Med 2019; 59:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Chen J, Huang P, He Y, Shen J, Du J, Cui S, Chen S, Ma J. IL1B polymorphism is associated with essential tremor in Chinese population. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:99. [PMID: 31092216 PMCID: PMC6518722 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic risk factors of essential tremor (ET) in Chinese Population. METHODS A total of 225 ET patients (25 ET patients also had restless legs syndrome (RLS) and were excluded from final analysis) and 229 controls were recruited. The diagnosis of ET was based on the Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorders Society on tremor. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to detect 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven candidate genes for RLS (HMOX1, HMOX2, VDR, IL17A, IL1B, NOS1 and ADH1B). RESULTS We found that one SNP was associated with the risk of ET in Chinese population after adjusting for age and gender: rs1143633 of IL1B (odds ratio [OR] =2.57, p = 0.003, recessive model), and the statistical result remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Then, we performed a query in Genotype-tissue Expression (GTEx), Brain eQTL Almanac (Braineac) databases and Blood expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) browser. The significant association was only found between genotype at rs1143633 and IL1B expression level of putamen and white matter in Braineac database, which was more prominent with homozygous (GG) carriers. CONCLUSIONS Our study firstly reported the association of IL1B polymorphism with the risk of ET in Chinese population. However, the association might only suggest a marker of IL1B SNP associated with ET instead of the casual variant. Further studies are needed to confirm our finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yachao He
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junyi Shen
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Juanjuan Du
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shishuang Cui
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jianfang Ma
- Department of Neurology & Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Chen P, Ijomone OM, Lee KH, Aschner M. Caenorhabditis elegans and its applicability to studies on restless legs syndrome. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 84:147-174. [PMID: 31229169 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disorder in the United States. This disorder is characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, although the symptoms vary in a wide range. The pathobiology of RLS has been linked to iron (Fe) deficiency and dopaminergic (DAergic) dysfunction. Several genetic factors have been reported to increase the risk of RLS. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a well-established animal model with a fully sequenced genome, which is highly conserved with mammals. Given the detailed knowledge of its genomic architecture, ease of genetic manipulation and conserved biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, as well as its small size, ease of maintenance, speedy generation time and large brood size, C. elegans provides numerous advantages in studying RLS-associated gene-environment interactions. Here we will review current knowledge about RLS symptoms, pathology and treatments, and discuss the application of C. elegans in RLS study, including the worm homologous genes and methods that could be performed to advance the pathophysiology RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Omamuyovwi Meashack Ijomone
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Kun He Lee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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14
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Zhang L, Fu YH. The molecular genetics of human sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 51:422-428. [PMID: 30144347 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for many years that genetic influences account for some of the individual differences in human sleep parameters, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. With major advances of molecular biology and the recognition of heritable sleep behaviors in humans over the past 30 years, a number of genetic variants have been identified to be associated with human sleep timing, duration and quality, both in healthy individuals and under pathological conditions. Some of these variants were further validated and characterized in animal models, shedding light on the mechanism of how these variants likely alter sleep in humans, which may provide new insights into developing more effective treatments to improve human sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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CORL Expression and Function in Insulin Producing Neurons Reversibly Influences Adult Longevity in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2979-2990. [PMID: 30006413 PMCID: PMC6118311 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CORL proteins (known as SKOR in mice, Fussel in humans and fussel in Flybase) are a family of CNS specific proteins related to Sno/Ski oncogenes. Their developmental and adult roles are largely unknown. A Drosophila CORL (dCORL) reporter gene is expressed in all Drosophila insulin-like peptide 2 (dILP2) neurons of the pars intercerebralis (PI) of the larval and adult brain. The transcription factor Drifter is also expressed in the PI in a subset of dCORL and dILP2 expressing neurons and in several non-dILP2 neurons. dCORL mutant virgin adult brains are missing all dILP2 neurons that do not also express Drifter. This phenotype is also seen when expressing dCORL-RNAi in neurosecretory cells of the PI. dCORL mutant virgin adults of both sexes have a significantly shorter lifespan than their parental strain. This longevity defect is completely reversed by mating (lifespan increases over 50% for males and females). Analyses of dCORL mutant mated adult brains revealed a complete rescue of dILP2 neurons without Drifter. Taken together, the data suggest that dCORL participates in a neural network connecting the insulin signaling pathway, longevity and mating. The conserved sequence and CNS specificity of all CORL proteins imply that this network may be operating in mammals.
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Chen J, Huang P, He Y, Shen J, Du J, cui S, Cui P, Chen S, Ma J. A haplotype of MAP2K5/SKOR1 was associated with essential tremor in Chinese population. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 53:118-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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CORL Expression in the Drosophila Central Nervous System Is Regulated by Stage Specific Interactions of Intertwined Activators and Repressors. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2527-2536. [PMID: 29848623 PMCID: PMC6027887 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CORL proteins (SKOR in mice and Fussel in humans) are a subfamily of central nervous system (CNS) specific proteins related to Sno/Ski oncogenes. Their developmental and homeostatic roles are largely unknown. We previously showed that Drosophila CORL (dCORL; fussel in Flybase) functions between the Activin receptor Baboon and Ecdysone Receptor-B1 (EcR-B1) activation in mushroom body neurons of third instar larval brains. To better understand dCORL regulation and function we generated a series of reporter genes. We examined the embryonic and larval CNS and found that dCORL is regulated by stage specific interactions between intertwined activators and repressors spanning numerous reporters. The reporter AH.lacZ, which contains sequences 7-11kb upstream of dCORL exon1, reflects dCORL brain expression at all stages. Surprisingly, AH.lacZ was not detected in EcR-B1 expressing mushroom body neurons. In larvae AH.lacZ is coexpressed with Elav and the transcription factor Drifter in dILP2 insulin producing cells of the pars intercerebralis. The presence of dCORL in insulin producing cells suggests that dCORL functions non-autonomously in the regulation of EcR-B1 mushroom body activation via the modulation of insulin signaling. Overall, the high level of sequence conservation seen in all CORL/SKOR/Fussel family members and their common CNS specificity suggest that similarly complex regulation and a potential function in insulin signaling are associated with SKOR/Fussel proteins in mammals.
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