1
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Liu A, Ellis D, Mhatre A, Brahmankar S, Seto J, Nielsen DR, Varman AM. Biomanufacturing of value-added chemicals from lignin. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 89:103178. [PMID: 39098292 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Lignin valorization faces persistent biomanufacturing challenges due to the heterogeneous and toxic carbon substrates derived from lignin depolymerization. To address the heterogeneous nature of aromatic feedstocks, plant cell wall engineering and 'lignin first' pretreatment methods have recently emerged. Next, to convert the resulting aromatic substrates into value-added chemicals, diverse microbial host systems also continue to be developed. This includes microbes that (1) lack aromatic metabolism, (2) metabolize aromatics but not sugars, and (3) co-metabolize both aromatics and sugars, each system presenting unique pros and cons. Considering the intrinsic complexity of lignin-derived substrate mixtures, emerging and non-model microbes with native metabolism for aromatics appear poised to provide the greatest impacts on lignin valorization via biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arren Liu
- Biological Design Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dylan Ellis
- Chemical Engineering Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Apurv Mhatre
- Chemical Engineering Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sumant Brahmankar
- Chemical Engineering Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jong Seto
- Chemical Engineering Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David R Nielsen
- Biological Design Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Chemical Engineering Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Arul M Varman
- Biological Design Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Chemical Engineering Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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2
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Gomes D, Rodrigues JL, Rodrigues LR. Step-by-step optimization of a heterologous pathway for de novo naringenin production in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:435. [PMID: 39126431 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Naringenin is a plant polyphenol, widely explored due to its interesting biological activities, namely anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Due to its potential applications and attempt to overcome the industrial demand, there has been an increased interest in its heterologous production. The microbial biosynthetic pathway to produce naringenin is composed of tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and chalcone isomerase (CHI). Herein, we targeted the efficient de novo production of naringenin in Escherichia coli by performing a step-by-step validation and optimization of the pathway. For that purpose, we first started by expressing two TAL genes from different sources in three different E. coli strains. The highest p-coumaric acid production (2.54 g/L) was obtained in the tyrosine-overproducing M-PAR-121 strain carrying TAL from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (FjTAL). Afterwards, this platform strain was used to express different combinations of 4CL and CHS genes from different sources. The highest naringenin chalcone production (560.2 mg/L) was achieved by expressing FjTAL combined with 4CL from Arabidopsis thaliana (At4CL) and CHS from Cucurbita maxima (CmCHS). Finally, different CHIs were tested and validated, and 765.9 mg/L of naringenin was produced by expressing CHI from Medicago sativa (MsCHI) combined with the other previously chosen genes. To our knowledge, this titer corresponds to the highest de novo production of naringenin reported so far in E. coli. KEY POINTS: • Best enzyme and strain combination were selected for de novo naringenin production. • After genetic and operational optimizations, 765.9 mg/L of naringenin was produced. • This de novo production is the highest reported so far in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gomes
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana L Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Ligia R Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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3
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Xiang L, Zhang X, Lei Y, Wu J, Yan G, Chen W, Li S, Wang W, Jin JM, Liang C, Tang SY. Designing a highly efficient type III polyketide whole-cell catalyst with minimized byproduct formation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:93. [PMID: 38961423 PMCID: PMC11223281 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are classified into three types based on their enzyme structures. Among them, type III PKSs, catalyzing the iterative condensation of malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) with a CoA-linked starter molecule, are important synthases of valuable natural products. However, low efficiency and byproducts formation often limit their applications in recombinant overproduction. RESULTS Herein, a rapid growth selection system is designed based on the accumulation and derepression of toxic acyl-CoA starter molecule intermediate products, which could be potentially applicable to most type III polyketides biosynthesis. This approach is validated by engineering both chalcone synthases (CHS) and host cell genome, to improve naringenin productions in Escherichia coli. From directed evolution of key enzyme CHS, beneficial mutant with ~ threefold improvement in capability of naringenin biosynthesis was selected and characterized. From directed genome evolution, effect of thioesterases on CHS catalysis is first discovered, expanding our understanding of byproduct formation mechanism in type III PKSs. Taken together, a whole-cell catalyst producing 1082 mg L-1 naringenin in flask with E value (evaluating product specificity) improved from 50.1% to 96.7% is obtained. CONCLUSIONS The growth selection system has greatly contributed to both enhanced activity and discovery of byproduct formation mechanism in CHS. This research provides new insights in the catalytic mechanisms of CHS and sheds light on engineering highly efficient heterologous bio-factories to produce naringenin, and potentially more high-value type III polyketides, with minimized byproducts formation.
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Grants
- 2022M713331 the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- Grant No. 31970080, 31971337, 31961133016 and 31971382 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Grant No. 31970080, 31971337, 31961133016 and 31971382 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Grant No. 31970080, 31971337, 31961133016 and 31971382 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Grant 2021YFC2100502, 2021YFC2103300, 2018YFA0900701, and 2021YFC2103901 the National Key Research and Development Program of China
- Grant 2021YFC2100502, 2021YFC2103300, 2018YFA0900701, and 2021YFC2103901 the National Key Research and Development Program of China
- YJKYYQ20210032 Instrument Developing Project of Chinese Academy of Science
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Affiliation(s)
- La Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jieyuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangru Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shizhong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Chaoning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shuang-Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Chua J, Hanko EK, Yiakoumetti A, Stoney RA, Chromy J, Valdehuesa KNG, Hollywood KA, Yan C, Takano E, Breitling R. Bioproduction of methylated phenylpropenes and isoeugenol in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng Commun 2024; 18:e00237. [PMID: 38799229 PMCID: PMC11127157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropenes are a class of natural products that are synthesised by a vast range of plant species and hold considerable promise in the flavour and fragrance industries. Many in vitro studies have been carried out to elucidate and characterise the enzymes responsible for the production of these volatile compounds. However, there is a scarcity of studies demonstrating the in vivo production of phenylpropenes in microbial cell factories. In this study, we engineered Escherichia coli to produce methylchavicol, methyleugenol and isoeugenol from their respective phenylacrylic acid precursors. We achieved this by extending and modifying a previously optimised heterologous pathway for the biosynthesis of chavicol and eugenol. We explored the potential of six S-adenosyl l-methionine (SAM)-dependent O-methyltransferases to produce methylchavicol and methyleugenol from chavicol and eugenol, respectively. Additionally, we examined two isoeugenol synthases for the production of isoeugenol from coniferyl acetate. The best-performing strains in this study were able to achieve titres of 13 mg L-1 methylchavicol, 59 mg L-1 methyleugenol and 361 mg L-1 isoeugenol after feeding with their appropriate phenylacrylic acid substrates. We were able to further increase the methyleugenol titre to 117 mg L-1 by supplementation with methionine to facilitate SAM recycling. Moreover, we report the biosynthesis of methylchavicol and methyleugenol from l-tyrosine through pathways involving six and eight enzymatic steps, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chua
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Erik K.R. Hanko
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Yiakoumetti
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A. Stoney
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Chromy
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kris Niño G. Valdehuesa
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Hollywood
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Cunyu Yan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Eriko Takano
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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5
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Peng B, Zhang L, He S, Oerlemans R, Quax WJ, Groves MR, Haslinger K. Engineering a Plant Polyketide Synthase for the Biosynthesis of Methylated Flavonoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:529-539. [PMID: 38109879 PMCID: PMC10786038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Homoeriodictyol and hesperetin are naturally occurring O-methylated flavonoids with many health-promoting properties. They are produced in plants in low abundance and as complex mixtures of similar compounds that are difficult to separate. Synthetic biology offers the opportunity to produce various flavonoids in a targeted, bottom-up approach in engineered microbes with high product titers. However, the production of O-methylated flavonoids is currently still highly inefficient. In this study, we investigated and engineered a combination of enzymes that had previously been shown to support homoeriodictyol and hesperetin production in Escherichia coli from fed O-methylated hydroxycinnamic acids. We determined the crystal structures of the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of the pathway, chalcone synthase from Hordeum vulgare, in three ligand-bound states. Based on these structures and a multiple sequence alignment with other chalcone synthases, we constructed mutant variants and assessed their performance in E. coli toward producing methylated flavonoids. With our best mutant variant, HvCHS (Q232P, D234 V), we were able to produce homoeriodictyol and hesperetin at 2 times and 10 times higher titers than reported previously. Our findings will facilitate further engineering of this enzyme toward higher production of methylated flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Zhang
- XB20
Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Siqi He
- Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Oerlemans
- XB20
Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Quax
- Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R. Groves
- XB20
Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Haslinger
- Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
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6
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Gu J, Qiu Q, Yu Y, Sun X, Tian K, Chang M, Wang Y, Zhang F, Huo H. Bacterial transformation of lignin: key enzymes and high-value products. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:2. [PMID: 38172947 PMCID: PMC10765951 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Lignin, a natural organic polymer that is recyclable and inexpensive, serves as one of the most abundant green resources in nature. With the increasing consumption of fossil fuels and the deterioration of the environment, the development and utilization of renewable resources have attracted considerable attention. Therefore, the effective and comprehensive utilization of lignin has become an important global research topic, with the goal of environmental protection and economic development. This review focused on the bacteria and enzymes that can bio-transform lignin, focusing on the main ways that lignin can be utilized to produce high-value chemical products. Bacillus has demonstrated the most prominent effect on lignin degradation, with 89% lignin degradation by Bacillus cereus. Furthermore, several bacterial enzymes were discussed that can act on lignin, with the main enzymes consisting of dye-decolorizing peroxidases and laccase. Finally, low-molecular-weight lignin compounds were converted into value-added products through specific reaction pathways. These bacteria and enzymes may become potential candidates for efficient lignin degradation in the future, providing a method for lignin high-value conversion. In addition, the bacterial metabolic pathways convert lignin-derived aromatics into intermediates through the "biological funnel", achieving the biosynthesis of value-added products. The utilization of this "biological funnel" of aromatic compounds may address the heterogeneous issue of the aromatic products obtained via lignin depolymerization. This may also simplify the separation of downstream target products and provide avenues for the commercial application of lignin conversion into high-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Gu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Qing Qiu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xuejian Sun
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Kejian Tian
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Menghan Chang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Hongliang Huo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun, 130117, China.
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130117, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130117, China.
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7
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Peng B, Dai L, Iacovelli R, Driessen AJM, Haslinger K. Heterologous Naringenin Production in the Filamentous Fungus Penicillium rubens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20782-20792. [PMID: 38103029 PMCID: PMC10755750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Naringenin is a natural product with several reported bioactivities and is the key intermediate for the entire class of plant flavonoids. The translation of flavonoids into modern medicine as pure compounds is often hampered by their low abundance in nature and their difficult chemical synthesis. Here, we investigated the possibility to use the filamentous fungus Penicillium rubens as a host for flavonoid production. P. rubens is a well-characterized, highly engineered, traditional "workhorse" for the production of β-lactam antibiotics. We integrated two plant genes encoding enzymes in the naringenin biosynthesis pathway into the genome of the secondary metabolite-deficient P. rubens 4xKO strain. After optimization of the fermentation conditions, we obtained an excellent molar yield of naringenin from fed p-coumaric acid (88%) with a titer of 0.88 mM. Along with product accumulation over 36 h, however, we also observed rapid degradation of naringenin. Based on high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, we propose a naringenin degradation pathway in P. rubens 4xKO, which is distinct from other flavonoid-converting pathways reported in fungi. Our work demonstrates that P. rubens is a promising host for recombinant flavonoid production, and it represents an interesting starting point for further investigation into the utilization of plant biomass by filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Dai
- Molecular
Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences
and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Iacovelli
- Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J. M. Driessen
- Molecular
Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences
and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Haslinger
- Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Effendi SSW, Ng IS. Challenges and opportunities for engineered Escherichia coli as a pivotal chassis toward versatile tyrosine-derived chemicals production. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108270. [PMID: 37852421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Growing concerns over limited fossil resources and associated environmental problems are motivating the development of sustainable processes for the production of high-volume fuels and high-value-added compounds. The shikimate pathway, an imperative pathway in most microorganisms, is branched with tyrosine as the rate-limiting step precursor of valuable aromatic substances. Such occurrence suggests the shikimate pathway as a promising route in developing microbial cell factories with multiple applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Therefore, an increasing number of studies have focused on this pathway to enable the biotechnological manufacture of pivotal and versatile aromatic products. With advances in genome databases and synthetic biology tools, genetically programmed Escherichia coli strains are gaining immense interest in the sustainable synthesis of chemicals. Engineered E. coli is expected to be the next bio-successor of fossil fuels and plants in commercial aromatics synthesis. This review summarizes successful and applicable genetic and metabolic engineering strategies to generate new chassis and engineer the iterative pathway of the tyrosine route in E. coli, thus addressing the opportunities and current challenges toward the realization of sustainable tyrosine-derived aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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9
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Riedel F, Bartolomé MP, Enrico LLT, Fink-Straube C, Duong CN, Gherlone F, Huang Y, Valiante V, Del Campo A, Sankaran S. Engineered living materials for the conversion of a low-cost food-grade precursor to a high-value flavonoid. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1278062. [PMID: 38090710 PMCID: PMC10715425 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1278062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofactories allow the upscaled production of high-value compounds in biotechnological processes. This is particularly advantageous for compounds like flavonoids that promote better health through their antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer and other beneficial effects but are produced in small quantities in their natural plant-based hosts. Bacteria like E. coli have been genetically modified with enzyme cascades to produce flavonoids like naringenin and pinocembrin from coumaric or cinnamic acid. Despite advancements in yield optimization, the production of these compounds still involves high costs associated with their biosynthesis, purification, storage and transport. An alternative production strategy could involve the direct delivery of the microbial biofactories to the body. In such a strategy, ensuring biocontainment of the engineered microbes in the body and controlling production rates are major challenges. In this study, these two aspects are addressed by developing engineered living materials (ELMs) consisting of probiotic microbial biofactories encapsulated in biocompatible hydrogels. Engineered probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 able to efficiently convert cinnamic acid into pinocembrin were encapsulated in poly(vinyl alcohol)-based hydrogels. The biofactories are contained in the hydrogels for a month and remain metabolically active during this time. Control over production levels is achieved by the containment inside the material, which regulates bacteria growth, and by the amount of cinnamic acid in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Riedel
- INM—Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Lara Luana Teruel Enrico
- INM—Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Fabio Gherlone
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infections Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Huang
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infections Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Vito Valiante
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infections Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Aránzazu Del Campo
- INM—Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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10
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Hanko EKR, Correia J, Souza CS, Green A, Chromy J, Stoney R, Yan C, Takano E, Lousa D, Soares CM, Breitling R. Microbial production of the plant flavanone hesperetin from caffeic acid. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:343. [PMID: 37978406 PMCID: PMC10656822 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hesperetin is an important O-methylated flavonoid produced by citrus fruits and of potential pharmaceutical relevance. The microbial biosynthesis of hesperetin could be a viable alternative to plant extraction, as plant extracts often yield complex mixtures of different flavonoids making it challenging to isolate pure compounds. In this study, hesperetin was produced from caffeic acid in the microbial host Escherichia coli. We combined a previously optimised pathway for the biosynthesis of the intermediate flavanone eriodictyol with a combinatorial library of plasmids expressing three candidate flavonoid O-methyltransferases. Moreover, we endeavoured to improve the position specificity of CCoAOMT7, a flavonoid O-methyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana that has been demonstrated to O-methylate eriodictyol in both the para- and meta-position, thus leading to a mixture of hesperetin and homoeriodictyol. RESULTS The best performing flavonoid O-methyltransferase in our screen was found to be CCoAOMT7, which could produce up to 14.6 mg/L hesperetin and 3.8 mg/L homoeriodictyol from 3 mM caffeic acid in E. coli 5-alpha. Using a platform for enzyme engineering that scans the mutational space of selected key positions, predicting their structures using homology modelling and inferring their potential catalytic improvement using docking simulations, we were able to identify a CCoAOMT7 mutant with a two-fold higher position specificity for hesperetin. The mutant's catalytic activity, however, was considerably diminished. Our findings suggest that hesperetin can be created from central carbon metabolism in E. coli following the introduction of a caffeic acid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik K R Hanko
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - João Correia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Caio S Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alison Green
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jakub Chromy
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Ruth Stoney
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Cunyu Yan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Eriko Takano
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Diana Lousa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Yiakoumetti A, Hanko EKR, Zou Y, Chua J, Chromy J, Stoney RA, Valdehuesa KNG, Connolly JA, Yan C, Hollywood KA, Takano E, Breitling R. Expanding flavone and flavonol production capabilities in Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1275651. [PMID: 37920246 PMCID: PMC10619664 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1275651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavones and flavonols are important classes of flavonoids with nutraceutical and pharmacological value, and their production by fermentation with recombinant microorganisms promises to be a scalable and economically favorable alternative to extraction from plant sources. Flavones and flavonols have been produced recombinantly in a number of microorganisms, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae typically being a preferred production host for these compounds due to higher yields and titers of precursor compounds, as well as generally improved ability to functionally express cytochrome P450 enzymes without requiring modification to improve their solubility. Recently, a rapid prototyping platform has been developed for high-value compounds in E. coli, and a number of gatekeeper (2S)-flavanones, from which flavones and flavonols can be derived, have been produced to high titers in E. coli using this platform. In this study, we extended these metabolic pathways using the previously reported platform to produce apigenin, chrysin, luteolin and kaempferol from the gatekeeper flavonoids naringenin, pinocembrin and eriodictyol by the expression of either type-I flavone synthases (FNS-I) or type-II flavone synthases (FNS-II) for flavone biosynthesis, and by the expression of flavanone 3-dioxygenases (F3H) and flavonol synthases (FLS) for the production of the flavonol kaempferol. In our best-performing strains, titers of apigenin and kaempferol reached 128 mg L-1 and 151 mg L-1 in 96-DeepWell plates in cultures supplemented with an additional 3 mM tyrosine, though titers for chrysin (6.8 mg L-1) from phenylalanine, and luteolin (5.0 mg L-1) from caffeic acid were considerably lower. In strains with upregulated tyrosine production, apigenin and kaempferol titers reached 80.2 mg L-1 and 42.4 mg L-1 respectively, without the further supplementation of tyrosine beyond the amount present in the rich medium. Notably, the highest apigenin, chrysin and luteolin titers were achieved with FNS-II enzymes, suggesting that cytochrome P450s can show competitive performance compared with non-cytochrome P450 enzymes in prokaryotes for the production of flavones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Madhavan A, Arun KB, Alex D, Anoopkumar AN, Emmanual S, Chaturvedi P, Varjani S, Tiwari A, Kumar V, Reshmy R, Awasthi MK, Binod P, Aneesh EM, Sindhu R. Microbial production of nutraceuticals: Metabolic engineering interventions in phenolic compounds, poly unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids synthesis. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:2092-2104. [PMID: 37273565 PMCID: PMC10232702 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals have attained substantial attention due to their health-boosting or disease-prevention characteristics. Growing awareness about the potential of nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of diseases affecting human has led to an increase in the market value of nutraceuticals in several billion dollars. Nevertheless, limitations in supply and isolation complications from plants, animals or fungi, limit the large-scale production of nutraceuticals. Microbial engineering at metabolic level has been proved as an environment friendly substitute for the chemical synthesis of nutraceuticals. Extensively used microbial systems such as E. coli and S. cerevisiae have been modified as versatile cell factories for the synthesis of diverse nutraceuticals. This review describes current interventions in metabolic engineering for synthesising some of the therapeutically important nutraceuticals (phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids). We focus on the interventions in enhancing product yield through engineering at gene level or pathway level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014 India
| | - K. B. Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014 India
| | - Deepthy Alex
- Department of Biotechnology, Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum, Kerala 695015 India
| | - A. N. Anoopkumar
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Research in Emerging Tropical Diseases (CRET‑D), University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala India
| | - Shibitha Emmanual
- Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’s College, Thrissur, Kerala 680121 India
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute for Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31 MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Paryavaran Bhavan, CHH Road, Sector 10 A, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382010 India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201301 India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, J & K 180001 India
| | - R. Reshmy
- Department of Science and Humanities, Providence College of Engineering, Chengannur, Kerala 689122 India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695019 India
| | - Embalil Mathachan Aneesh
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Research in Emerging Tropical Diseases (CRET‑D), University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, Kerala 691505 India
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Jiang L, Gao Y, Han L, Zhang W, Fan P. Designing plant flavonoids: harnessing transcriptional regulation and enzyme variation to enhance yield and diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1220062. [PMID: 37575923 PMCID: PMC10420081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant synthetic biology has emerged as a powerful and promising approach to enhance the production of value-added metabolites in plants. Flavonoids, a class of plant secondary metabolites, offer numerous health benefits and have attracted attention for their potential use in plant-based products. However, achieving high yields of specific flavonoids remains challenging due to the complex and diverse metabolic pathways involved in their biosynthesis. In recent years, synthetic biology approaches leveraging transcription factors and enzyme diversity have demonstrated promise in enhancing flavonoid yields and expanding their production repertoire. This review delves into the latest research progress in flavonoid metabolic engineering, encompassing the identification and manipulation of transcription factors and enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as the deployment of synthetic biology tools for designing metabolic pathways. This review underscores the importance of employing carefully-selected transcription factors to boost plant flavonoid production and harnessing enzyme promiscuity to broaden flavonoid diversity or streamline the biosynthetic steps required for effective metabolic engineering. By harnessing the power of synthetic biology and a deeper understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis, future researchers can potentially transform the landscape of plant-based product development across the food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, ultimately benefiting consumers worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leiqin Han
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Zhang X, Cao Y, Liu Y, Lei Y, Zhai R, Chen W, Shi G, Jin JM, Liang C, Tang SY. Designing glucose utilization "highway" for recombinant biosynthesis. Metab Eng 2023; 78:235-247. [PMID: 37394056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
cAMP receptor protein (CRP) is known as a global regulatory factor mainly mediating carbon source catabolism. Herein, we successfully engineered CRP to develop microbial chassis cells with improved recombinant biosynthetic capability in minimal medium with glucose as single carbon source. The obtained best-performing cAMP-independent CRPmu9 mutant conferred both faster cell growth and a 133-fold improvement in expression level of lac promoter in presence of 2% glucose, compared with strain under regulation of CRPwild-type. Promoters free from "glucose repression" are advantageous for recombinant expression, as glucose is a frequently used inexpensive carbon source in high-cell-density fermentations. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the CRP mutant globally rewired cell metabolism, displaying elevated tricarboxylic acid cycle activity; reduced acetate formation; increased nucleotide biosynthesis; and improved ATP synthesis, tolerance, and stress-resistance activity. Metabolites analysis confirmed the enhancement of glucose utilization with the upregulation of glycolysis and glyoxylate-tricarboxylic acid cycle. As expected, an elevated biosynthetic capability was demonstrated with vanillin, naringenin and caffeic acid biosynthesis in strains regulated by CRPmu9. This study has expanded the significance of CRP optimization into glucose utilization and recombinant biosynthesis, beyond the conventionally designated carbon source utilization other than glucose. The Escherichiacoli cell regulated by CRPmu9 can be potentially used as a beneficial chassis for recombinant biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yufeng Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Yingsheng (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanyan Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruixue Zhai
- Yingsheng (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guizhi Shi
- Yingsheng (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Chaoning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shuang-Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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15
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Lan HN, Liu RY, Liu ZH, Li X, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Biological valorization of lignin to flavonoids. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108107. [PMID: 36758651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most affluent natural aromatic biopolymer on the earth, which is the promising renewable source for valuable products to promote the sustainability of biorefinery. Flavonoids are a class of plant polyphenolic secondary metabolites containing the benzene ring structure with various biological activities, which are largely applied in health food, pharmaceutical, and medical fields. Due to the aromatic similarity, microbial conversion of lignin derived aromatics to flavonoids could facilitate flavonoid biosynthesis and promote the lignin valorization. This review thereby prospects a novel valorization route of lignin to high-value natural products and demonstrates the potential advantages of microbial bioconversion of lignin to flavonoids. The biodegradation of lignin polymers is summarized to identify aromatic monomers as momentous precursors for flavonoid synthesis. The biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids in both plants and strains are introduced and compared. After that, the key branch points and important intermediates are clearly discussed in the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids. Moreover, the most significant enzyme reactions including Claisen condensation, cyclization and hydroxylation are demonstrated in the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids. Finally, current challenges and potential future strategies are also discussed for transforming lignin into various flavonoids. The holistic microbial conversion routes of lignin to flavonoids could make a sustainable production of flavonoids and improve the feasibility of lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Na Lan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ruo-Ying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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16
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Tamošiūnas PL, Pērkons I, Kukk K. Yeast-based system for in vivo evaluation of alleles of the anthocyanin production pathway. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:156. [PMID: 37039815 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce anthocyanins to incite the pollination and seed dispersion performed by pigment-attracted animals. These natural blue-to-red-coloured pigments can be used as food colourants and antioxidants. For this purpose, microbial bioproduction of anthocyanins has become of industrial interest in recent years. 20 new alleles of anthocyanin production pathway genes were extracted and characterised for protein expression level and stability using a developed single-PCR product gene-entry system for tagged protein synthesis in yeast S. cerevisiae. Enzymatic activities of these proteins in the episomally complemented in vivo systems were compared by HPLC-MS analysis. Results show that the codon optimisation of the anthocyanin pathway genes is not essential for the effective heterologous expression in yeast. Elevating the cellular abundance of CHS and F3H enzymes can increase anthocyanidin production from supplemented precursors. New alleles VmF3Hv1 and VuCHS were shown to have the best performance in the analysed system. System complementation with flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase substantially increases total anthocyanidin production. The described single-entry yeast episomal complementation system is a convenient and rapid tool for the complex evaluation of new alleles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingus Pērkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes st. 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Kaia Kukk
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites st. 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
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17
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Tous Mohedano M, Mao J, Chen Y. Optimization of Pinocembrin Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 12:144-152. [PMID: 36534476 PMCID: PMC9872169 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoid pinocembrin and its derivatives have gained increasing interest for their benefits on human health. While pinocembrin and its derivatives can be produced in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yields remain low. Here, we describe novel strategies for improved de novo biosynthesis of pinocembrin from glucose based on overcoming existing limitations in S. cerevisiae. First, we identified cinnamic acid as an inhibitor of pinocembrin synthesis. Second, by screening for more efficient enzymes and optimizing the expression of downstream genes, we reduced cinnamic acid accumulation. Third, we addressed other limiting factors by boosting the availability of the precursor malonyl-CoA, while eliminating the undesired byproduct 2',4',6'-trihydroxy dihydrochalcone. After optimizing cultivation conditions, 80 mg/L pinocembrin was obtained in a shake flask, the highest yield reported for S. cerevisiae. Finally, we demonstrated that pinocembrin-producing strains could be further engineered to generate 25 mg/L chrysin, another interesting flavone. The strains generated in this study will facilitate the production of flavonoids through the pinocembrin biosynthetic pathway.
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Ni R, Niu M, Fu J, Tan H, Zhu TT, Zhang J, Lou HX, Zhang P, Li JX, Cheng AX. Molecular and structural characterization of a promiscuous chalcone synthase from the fern species Stenoloma chusanum. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1935-1951. [PMID: 35920566 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The key enzymes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway have been extensively studied in seed plants, but relatively less in ferns. In this study, two 4-Coumarate: coenzyme A ligases (Sc4CL1 and Sc4CL2) and one novel chalcone synthase (ScCHS1) were functionally characterized by mining the Stenoloma chusanum transcriptome database. Recombinant Sc4CLs were able to esterify various hydroxycinnamic acids to corresponding acyl-coenzyme A (CoA). ScCHS1 could catalyze p-coumaroyl-CoA, cinnamoyl-CoA, caffeoyl-CoA, and feruloyl-CoA to form naringenin, pinocembrin, eriodictyol, and homoeriodictyol, respectively. Moreover, enzymatic kinetics studies revealed that the optimal substrates of ScCHS1 were feruloyl-CoA and caffeoyl-CoA, rather than p-coumaroyl-CoA, which was substantially different from the common CHSs. Crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that the amino acid residues, Leu87, Leu97, Met165, and Ile200, located in the substrate-binding pocket near the B-ring of products, could exert a significant impact on the unique catalytic activity of ScCHS1. Furthermore, overexpression of ScCHS1 in tt4 mutants could partially rescue the mutant phenotypes. Finally, ScCHS1 and Sc4CL1 were used to synthesize flavanones and flavones with multi-substituted hydroxyl and methoxyl B-ring in Escherichia coli, which can effectively eliminate the need for the cytochrome P450 hydroxylation/O-methyltransferase from simple phenylpropanoid acids. In summary, the identification of these important Stenoloma enzymes provides a springboard for the future production of various flavonoids in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Meng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian-Xu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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Isogai S, Tominaga M, Kondo A, Ishii J. Plant Flavonoid Production in Bacteria and Yeasts. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.880694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, a major group of secondary metabolites in plants, are promising for use as pharmaceuticals and food supplements due to their health-promoting biological activities. Industrial flavonoid production primarily depends on isolation from plants or organic synthesis, but neither is a cost-effective or sustainable process. In contrast, recombinant microorganisms have significant potential for the cost-effective, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and selective industrial production of flavonoids, making this an attractive alternative to plant-based production or chemical synthesis. Structurally and functionally diverse flavonoids are derived from flavanones such as naringenin, pinocembrin and eriodictyol, the major basic skeletons for flavonoids, by various modifications. The establishment of flavanone-producing microorganisms can therefore be used as a platform for producing various flavonoids. This review summarizes metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for the microbial production of flavanones. In addition, we describe directed evolution strategies based on recently-developed high-throughput screening technologies for the further improvement of flavanone production. We also describe recent progress in the microbial production of structurally and functionally complicated flavonoids via the flavanone modifications. Strategies based on synthetic biology will aid more sophisticated and controlled microbial production of various flavonoids.
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Wu X, Liu J, Liu D, Yuwen M, Koffas MAG, Zha J. Biosynthesis of eriodictyol from tyrosine by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:86. [PMID: 35568867 PMCID: PMC9107716 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eriodictyol is a bioactive flavonoid compound that shows potential applications in medicine development and food processing. Microbial synthesis of eriodictyol has been attracting increasing attention due to several benefits. In this study, we employed a GRAS strain Corynebacterium glutamicum as the host to produce eriodictyol directly from tyrosine. Results We firstly optimized the biosynthetic module of naringenin, the upstream intermediate for eriodictyol production, through screening of different gene orthologues. Next, to improve the level of the precursor malonyl-CoA necessary for naringenin production, we introduced matB and matC from Rhizobium trifolii into C. glutamicum to convert extracellular malonate to intracellular malonyl-CoA. This combinatorial engineering resulted in around 35-fold increase in naringenin production from tyrosine compared to the initial recombinant C. glutamicum. Subsequently, the hpaBC genes from E. coli encoding 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase were expressed in C. glutamicum to synthesize eriodictyol from naringenin. Further optimization of the biotransformation process parameters led to the production of 14.10 mg/L eriodictyol. Conclusions The biosynthesis of the ortho-hydroxylated flavonoid eriodictyol in C. glutamicum was achieved for the first time via functional expression of E. coli hpaBC, providing a baseline strain for biosynthesis of other complex flavonoids. Our study demonstrates the potential application of C. glutamicum as a host microbe for the biosynthesis of value-added natural compounds from tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miaomiao Yuwen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
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21
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Gurdo N, Volke DC, Nikel PI. Merging automation and fundamental discovery into the design–build–test–learn cycle of nontraditional microbes. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1148-1159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Boada Y, Santos-Navarro FN, Picó J, Vignoni A. Modeling and Optimization of a Molecular Biocontroller for the Regulation of Complex Metabolic Pathways. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:801032. [PMID: 35425808 PMCID: PMC9001882 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.801032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving optimal production in microbial cell factories, robustness against changing intracellular and environmental perturbations requires the dynamic feedback regulation of the pathway of interest. Here, we consider a merging metabolic pathway motif, which appears in a wide range of metabolic engineering applications, including the production of phenylpropanoids among others. We present an approach to use a realistic model that accounts for in vivo implementation and then propose a methodology based on multiobjective optimization for the optimal tuning of the gene circuit parts composing the biomolecular controller and biosensor devices for a dynamic regulation strategy. We show how this approach can deal with the trade-offs between the performance of the regulated pathway, robustness to perturbations, and stability of the feedback loop. Using realistic models, our results suggest that the strategies for fine-tuning the trade-offs among performance, robustness, and stability in dynamic pathway regulation are complex. It is not always possible to infer them by simple inspection. This renders the use of the multiobjective optimization methodology valuable and necessary.
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Van Brempt M, Peeters AI, Duchi D, De Wannemaeker L, Maertens J, De Paepe B, De Mey M. Biosensor-driven, model-based optimization of the orthogonally expressed naringenin biosynthesis pathway. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:49. [PMID: 35346204 PMCID: PMC8962593 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapidly expanding synthetic biology toolbox allows engineers to develop smarter strategies to tackle the optimization of complex biosynthetic pathways. In such a strategy, multi-gene pathways are subdivided in several modules which are each dynamically controlled to fine-tune their expression in response to a changing cellular environment. To fine-tune separate modules without interference between modules or from the host regulatory machinery, a sigma factor (σ) toolbox was developed in previous work for tunable orthogonal gene expression. Here, this toolbox is implemented in E. coli to orthogonally express and fine-tune a pathway for the heterologous biosynthesis of the industrially relevant plant metabolite, naringenin. To optimize the production of this pathway, a practical workflow is still imperative to balance all steps of the pathway. This is tackled here by the biosensor-driven screening, subsequent genotyping of combinatorially engineered libraries and finally the training of three different computer models to predict the optimal pathway configuration. Results The efficiency and knowledge gained through this workflow is demonstrated here by improving the naringenin production titer by 32% with respect to a random pathway library screen. Our best strain was cultured in a batch bioreactor experiment and was able to produce 286 mg/L naringenin from glycerol in approximately 26 h. This is the highest reported naringenin production titer in E. coli without the supplementation of pathway precursors to the medium or any precursor pathway engineering. In addition, valuable pathway configuration preferences were identified in the statistical learning process, such as specific enzyme variant preferences and significant correlations between promoter strength at specific steps in the pathway and titer. Conclusions An efficient strategy, powered by orthogonal expression, was applied to successfully optimize a biosynthetic pathway for microbial production of flavonoids in E. coli up to high, competitive levels. Within this strategy, statistical learning techniques were combined with combinatorial pathway optimization techniques and an in vivo high-throughput screening method to efficiently determine the optimal operon configuration of the pathway. This “pathway architecture designer” workflow can be applied for the fast and efficient development of new microbial cell factories for different types of molecules of interest while also providing additional insights into the underlying pathway characteristics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01775-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Van Brempt
- Centre For Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andries Ivo Peeters
- Centre For Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries Duchi
- Centre For Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien De Wannemaeker
- Centre For Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Maertens
- Centre For Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brecht De Paepe
- Centre For Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marjan De Mey
- Centre For Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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24
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Chee WKD, Yeoh JW, Dao VL, Poh CL. Highly Reversible Tunable Thermal-Repressible Split-T7 RNA Polymerases (Thermal-T7RNAPs) for Dynamic Gene Regulation. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:921-937. [PMID: 35089710 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a physical cue that is easy to apply, allowing cellular behaviors to be controlled in a contactless and dynamic manner via heat-inducible/repressible systems. However, existing heat-repressible systems are limited in number, rely on thermal sensitive mRNA or transcription factors that function at low temperatures, lack tunability, suffer delays, and are overly complex. To provide an alternative mode of thermal regulation, we developed a library of compact, reversible, and tunable thermal-repressible split-T7 RNA polymerase systems (Thermal-T7RNAPs), which fused temperature-sensitive domains of Tlpa protein with split-T7RNAP to enable direct thermal control of the T7RNAP activity between 30 and 42 °C. We generated a large mutant library with varying thermal performances via an automated screening framework to extend temperature tunability. Lastly, using the mutants, novel thermal logic circuitry was implemented to regulate cell growth and achieve active thermal control of the cell proportions within co-cultures. Overall, this technology expanded avenues for thermal control in biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kit David Chee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore
| | - Jing Wui Yeoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore
| | - Viet Linh Dao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore
| | - Chueh Loo Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore
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25
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Singh S, Yap WS, Ge XY, Min VLX, Choudhury D. Cultured meat production fuelled by fermentation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Gomes D, Rodrigues LR, Rodrigues JL. Perspectives on the design of microbial cell factories to produce prenylflavonoids. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 367:109588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Chee WKD, Yeoh JW, Dao VL, Poh CL. Thermogenetics: Applications come of age. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 55:107907. [PMID: 35041863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a ubiquitous physical cue that is non-invasive, penetrative and easy to apply. In the growing field of thermogenetics, through beneficial repurposing of natural thermosensing mechanisms, synthetic biology is bringing new opportunities to design and build robust temperature-sensitive (TS) sensors which forms a thermogenetic toolbox of well characterised biological parts. Recent advancements in technological platforms available have expedited the discovery of novel or de novo thermosensors which are increasingly deployed in many practical temperature-dependent biomedical, industrial and biosafety applications. In all, the review aims to convey both the exhilarating recent technological developments underlying the advancement of thermosensors and the exciting opportunities the nascent thermogenetic field holds for biomedical and biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kit David Chee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Jing Wui Yeoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Viet Linh Dao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Chueh Loo Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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28
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Mahmoud AM, Sayed AM, Ahmed OS, Abdel-Daim MM, Hassanein EHM. The role of flavonoids in inhibiting IL-6 and inflammatory arthritis. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:746-768. [PMID: 34994311 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220107105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the synovial joints. RA has well-known clinical manifestations and can cause progressive disability and premature death along with socioeconomic burdens. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in the pathology of RA where it can stimulate pannus formation, osteoclastogenesis, and oxidative stress. Flavonoids are plant metabolites with beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and others. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in a variety of plants, vegetables, and fruits. Many flavonoids have demonstrated anti-arthritic activity mediated mainly through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review thoroughly discusses the accumulate data on the role of flavonoids on IL-6 in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Osama S Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Egypt
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29
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Heath RS, Ruscoe RE, Turner NJ. The beauty of biocatalysis: sustainable synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:335-388. [PMID: 34879125 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 up to July 2021The market for cosmetics is consumer driven and the desire for green, sustainable and natural ingredients is increasing. The use of isolated enzymes and whole-cell organisms to synthesise these products is congruent with these values, especially when combined with the use of renewable, recyclable or waste feedstocks. The literature of biocatalysis for the synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics in the past five years is herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Heath
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Rebecca E Ruscoe
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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30
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Multi-level rebalancing of the naringenin pathway using riboswitch-guided high-throughput screening. Metab Eng 2021; 67:417-427. [PMID: 34416365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant microbes have emerged as promising alternatives to natural sources of naringenin-a key molecular scaffold for flavonoids. In recombinant strains, expression levels of the pathway genes should be optimized at both transcription and the translation stages to precisely allocate cellular resources and maximize metabolite production. However, the optimization of the expression levels of naringenin generally relies on evaluating a small number of variants from libraries constructed by varying transcription efficiency only. In this study, we introduce a systematic strategy for the multi-level optimization of biosynthetic pathways. We constructed a multi-level combinatorial library covering both transcription and translation stages using synthetic T7 promoter variants and computationally designed 5'-untranslated regions. Furthermore, we identified improved strains through high-throughput screening based on a synthetic naringenin riboswitch. The most-optimized strain obtained using this approach exhibited a 3-fold increase in naringenin production, compared with the parental strain in which only the transcription efficiency was modulated. Furthermore, in a fed-batch bioreactor, the optimized strain produced 260.2 mg/L naringenin, which is the highest concentration reported to date using glycerol and p-coumaric acid as substrates. Collectively, this work provides an efficient strategy for the expression optimization of the biosynthetic pathways.
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31
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Lou H, Hu L, Lu H, Wei T, Chen Q. Metabolic Engineering of Microbial Cell Factories for Biosynthesis of Flavonoids: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:4522. [PMID: 34361675 PMCID: PMC8348848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids belong to a class of plant secondary metabolites that have a polyphenol structure. Flavonoids show extensive biological activity, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, and antibacterial properties, so they are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. However, traditional sources of flavonoids are no longer sufficient to meet current demands. In recent years, with the clarification of the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids and the development of synthetic biology, it has become possible to use synthetic metabolic engineering methods with microorganisms as hosts to produce flavonoids. This article mainly reviews the biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids and the development of microbial expression systems for the production of flavonoids in order to provide a useful reference for further research on synthetic metabolic engineering of flavonoids. Meanwhile, the application of co-culture systems in the biosynthesis of flavonoids is emphasized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Lou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Lifei Hu
- Hubei Key Lab of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Health Food, Huangshi 435100, China;
| | - Hongyun Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Tianyu Wei
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (T.W.)
| | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (T.W.)
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32
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Prototyping of microbial chassis for the biomanufacturing of high-value chemical targets. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1055-1063. [PMID: 34100907 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering technologies have been employed with increasing success over the last three decades for the engineering and optimization of industrial host strains to competitively produce high-value chemical targets. To this end, continued reductions in the time taken from concept, to development, to scale-up are essential. Design-Build-Test-Learn pipelines that are able to rapidly deliver diverse chemical targets through iterative optimization of microbial production strains have been established. Biofoundries are employing in silico tools for the design of genetic parts, alongside combinatorial design of experiments approaches to optimize selection from within the potential design space of biological circuits based on multi-criteria objectives. These genetic constructs can then be built and tested through automated laboratory workflows, with performance data analysed in the learn phase to inform further design. Successful examples of rapid prototyping processes for microbially produced compounds reveal the potential role of biofoundries in leading the sustainable production of next-generation bio-based chemicals.
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Development of a growth coupled and multi-layered dynamic regulation network balancing malonyl-CoA node to enhance (2S)-naringenin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2021; 67:41-52. [PMID: 34052445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic heterogeneity and dynamic changes in metabolic fluxes are two inherent characteristics of microbial fermentation that limit the precise control of metabolisms, often leading to impaired cell growth and low productivity. Dynamic metabolic engineering addresses these challenges through the design of multi-layered and multi-genetic dynamic regulation network (DRN) that allow a single cell to autonomously adjust metabolic flux in response to its growth and metabolite accumulation conditions. Here, we developed a growth coupled NCOMB (Naringenin-Coumaric acid-Malonyl-CoA-Balanced) DRN with systematic optimization of (2S)-naringenin and p-coumaric acid-responsive regulation pathways for real-time control of intracellular supply of malonyl-CoA. In this scenario, the acyl carrier protein was used as a novel critical node for fine-tuning malonyl-CoA consumption instead of direct repression of fatty acid synthase commonly employed in previous studies. To do so, we first engineered a multi-layered DRN enabling single cells to concurrently regulate acpH, acpS, acpT, acs, and ACC in malonyl-CoA catabolic and anabolic pathways. Next, the NCOMB DRN was optimized to enhance the synergies between different dynamic regulation layers via a biosensor-based directed evolution strategy. Finally, a high producer obtained from NCOMB DRN approach yielded a 8.7-fold improvement in (2S)-naringenin production (523.7 ± 51.8 mg/L) with a concomitant 20% increase in cell growth compared to the base strain using static strain engineering approach, thus demonstrating the high efficiency of this system for improving pathway production.
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Consolidated Bioprocessing: Synthetic Biology Routes to Fuels and Fine Chemicals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051079. [PMID: 34069865 PMCID: PMC8157379 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The long road from emerging biotechnologies to commercial “green” biosynthetic routes for chemical production relies in part on efficient microbial use of sustainable and renewable waste biomass feedstocks. One solution is to apply the consolidated bioprocessing approach, whereby microorganisms convert lignocellulose waste into advanced fuels and other chemicals. As lignocellulose is a highly complex network of polymers, enzymatic degradation or “saccharification” requires a range of cellulolytic enzymes acting synergistically to release the abundant sugars contained within. Complications arise from the need for extracellular localisation of cellulolytic enzymes, whether they be free or cell-associated. This review highlights the current progress in the consolidated bioprocessing approach, whereby microbial chassis are engineered to grow on lignocellulose as sole carbon sources whilst generating commercially useful chemicals. Future perspectives in the emerging biofoundry approach with bacterial hosts are discussed, where solutions to existing bottlenecks could potentially be overcome though the application of high throughput and iterative Design-Build-Test-Learn methodologies. These rapid automated pathway building infrastructures could be adapted for addressing the challenges of increasing cellulolytic capabilities of microorganisms to commercially viable levels.
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Kittikunapong C, Ye S, Magadán-Corpas P, Pérez-Valero Á, Villar CJ, Lombó F, Kerkhoven EJ. Reconstruction of a Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Streptomyces albus J1074: Improved Engineering Strategies in Natural Product Synthesis. Metabolites 2021; 11:304. [PMID: 34064751 PMCID: PMC8150979 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces albus J1074 is recognized as an effective host for heterologous production of natural products. Its fast growth and efficient genetic toolbox due to a naturally minimized genome have contributed towards its advantage in expressing biosynthetic pathways for a diverse repertoire of products such as antibiotics and flavonoids. In order to develop precise model-driven engineering strategies for de novo production of natural products, a genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) was reconstructed for the microorganism based on protein homology to model species Streptomyces coelicolor while drawing annotated data from databases and literature for further curation. To demonstrate its capabilities, the Salb-GEM was used to predict overexpression targets for desirable compounds using flux scanning with enforced objective function (FSEOF). Salb-GEM was also utilized to investigate the effect of a minimized genome on metabolic gene essentialities in comparison to another Streptomyces species, S. coelicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheewin Kittikunapong
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Suhui Ye
- Department of Functional Biology, IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias) and ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.Y.); (P.M.-C.); (Á.P.-V.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
| | - Patricia Magadán-Corpas
- Department of Functional Biology, IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias) and ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.Y.); (P.M.-C.); (Á.P.-V.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
| | - Álvaro Pérez-Valero
- Department of Functional Biology, IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias) and ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.Y.); (P.M.-C.); (Á.P.-V.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
| | - Claudio J. Villar
- Department of Functional Biology, IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias) and ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.Y.); (P.M.-C.); (Á.P.-V.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Department of Functional Biology, IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias) and ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.Y.); (P.M.-C.); (Á.P.-V.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
| | - Eduard J. Kerkhoven
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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Escherichia coli as a platform microbial host for systems metabolic engineering. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:225-246. [PMID: 33956149 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based production of industrially important chemicals and materials from non-edible and renewable biomass has become increasingly important to resolve the urgent worldwide issues including climate change. Also, bio-based production, instead of chemical synthesis, of food ingredients and natural products has gained ever increasing interest for health benefits. Systems metabolic engineering allows more efficient development of microbial cell factories capable of sustainable, green, and human-friendly production of diverse chemicals and materials. Escherichia coli is unarguably the most widely employed host strain for the bio-based production of chemicals and materials. In the present paper, we review the tools and strategies employed for systems metabolic engineering of E. coli. Next, representative examples and strategies for the production of chemicals including biofuels, bulk and specialty chemicals, and natural products are discussed, followed by discussion on materials including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), proteins, and nanomaterials. Lastly, future perspectives and challenges remaining for systems metabolic engineering of E. coli are discussed.
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Ramzi AB, Baharum SN, Bunawan H, Scrutton NS. Streamlining Natural Products Biomanufacturing With Omics and Machine Learning Driven Microbial Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:608918. [PMID: 33409270 PMCID: PMC7779585 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.608918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing demands for the supply of biopharmaceuticals have propelled the advancement of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for biomanufacturing of bioactive natural products. Using metabolically engineered microbes as the bioproduction hosts, a variety of natural products including terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, and cannabinoids have been synthesized through the construction and expression of known and newly found biosynthetic genes primarily from model and non-model plants. The employment of omics technology and machine learning (ML) platforms as high throughput analytical tools has been increasingly leveraged in promoting data-guided optimization of targeted biosynthetic pathways and enhancement of the microbial production capacity, thereby representing a critical debottlenecking approach in improving and streamlining natural products biomanufacturing. To this end, this mini review summarizes recent efforts that utilize omics platforms and ML tools in strain optimization and prototyping and discusses the beneficial uses of omics-enabled discovery of plant biosynthetic genes in the production of complex plant-based natural products by bioengineered microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- EPSRC/BBSRC Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Carbonell P, Le Feuvre R, Takano E, Scrutton NS. In silico design and automated learning to boost next-generation smart biomanufacturing. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2020; 5:ysaa020. [PMID: 33344778 PMCID: PMC7737007 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for bio-based compounds produced from waste or sustainable sources is driving biofoundries to deliver a new generation of prototyping biomanufacturing platforms. Integration and automation of the design, build, test and learn (DBTL) steps in centers like SYNBIOCHEM in Manchester and across the globe (Global Biofoundries Alliance) are helping to reduce the delivery time from initial strain screening and prototyping towards industrial production. Notably, a portfolio of producer strains for a suite of material monomers was recently developed, some approaching industrial titers, in a tour de force by the Manchester Centre that was achieved in less than 90 days. New in silico design tools are providing significant contributions to the front end of the DBTL pipelines. At the same time, the far-reaching initiatives of modern biofoundries are generating a large amount of high-dimensional data and knowledge that can be integrated through automated learning to expedite the DBTL cycle. In this Perspective, the new design tools and the role of the learning component as an enabling technology for the next generation of automated biofoundries are discussed. Future biofoundries will operate under completely automated DBTL cycles driven by in silico optimal experimental planning, full biomanufacturing devices connectivity, virtualization platforms and cloud-based design. The automated generation of robotic build worklists and the integration of machine-learning algorithms will collectively allow high levels of adaptability and rapid design changes toward fully automated smart biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Carbonell
- Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) and Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.,Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosalind Le Feuvre
- Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) and Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Eriko Takano
- Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) and Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM) and Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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