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Alehashem M, Alcaraz AJ, Hogan N, Weber L, Siciliano SD, Hecker M. Linking pesticide exposure to neurodegenerative diseases: An in vitro investigation with human neuroblastoma cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173041. [PMID: 38723972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Although many organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been banned or restricted because of their persistence and linkage to neurodegenerative diseases, there is evidence of continued human exposure. In contrast, registered herbicides are reported to have a moderate to low level of toxicity; however, there is little information regarding their toxicity to humans or their combined effects with OCPs. This study aimed to characterize the mechanism of toxicity of banned OCP insecticides (aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, and lindane) and registered herbicides (trifluralin, triallate, and clopyralid) detected at a legacy contaminated pesticide manufacturing and packing site using SH-SY5Y cells. Cell viability, LDH release, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and caspase 3/7 activity were evaluated following 24 h of exposure to the biocides. In addition, RNASeq was conducted at sublethal concentrations to investigate potential mechanisms involved in cellular toxicity. Our findings suggested that aldrin and heptachlor were the most toxic, while dieldrin, lindane, trifluralin, and triallate exhibited moderate toxicity, and clopyralid was not toxic to SH-SY5Y cells. While aldrin and heptachlor induced their toxicity through damage to the cell membrane, the toxicity of dieldrin was partially attributed to necrosis and apoptosis. Moreover, toxic effects of lindane, trifluralin, and triallate, at least partially, were associated with ROS generation. Gene expression profiles suggested that decreased cell viability induced by most of the tested biocides was related to inhibited cell proliferation. The dysregulation of genes encoding for proteins with anti-apoptotic properties also supported the absence of caspase activation. Identified enriched terms showed that OCP toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells was mediated through pathways associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In conclusion, this study provides a basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of pesticide-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, it introduced SH-SY5Y cells as a relevant in vitro model for investigating the neurotoxicity of pesticides in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alehashem
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - A J Alcaraz
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - N Hogan
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Animal Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - L Weber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - S D Siciliano
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - M Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada.
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Li J, Zhu C, Xu Y, He H, Zhao C, Yan F. Molecular Mechanism Underlying ROS-Mediated AKH Resistance to Imidacloprid in Whitefly. INSECTS 2024; 15:436. [PMID: 38921151 PMCID: PMC11204299 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic insecticides used to control Bemisia tabaci include organophosphorus, pyrethroids, insect growth regulators, nicotinoids, and neonicotinoids. Among these, neonicotinoids have been used continuously, which has led to the emergence of high-level resistance to this class of chemical insecticides in the whitefly, making whitefly management difficult. The adipokinetic hormone gene (AKH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play roles in the development of insect resistance. Therefore, the roles of AKH and ROS in imidacloprid resistance in Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED; formerly biotype Q) were evaluated in this study. The expression level of AKH in resistant B. tabaci MED was significantly lower than that in sensitive B. tabaci (MED) (p < 0.05). AKH expression showed a decreasing trend. After AKH silencing by RNAi, we found that ROS levels as well as the expression levels of the resistance gene CYP6CM1 and its upstream regulatory factors CREB, ERK, and P38 increased significantly (p < 0.05); additionally, whitefly resistance to imidacloprid increased and mortality decreased (p < 0.001). These results suggest that AKH regulates the expression of resistance genes via ROS in Bemisia tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fengming Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (H.H.); (C.Z.)
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Pat Y, Ogulur I, Yazici D, Mitamura Y, Cevhertas L, Küçükkase OC, Mesisser SS, Akdis M, Nadeau K, Akdis CA. Effect of altered human exposome on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier integrity. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2133877. [PMID: 36262078 PMCID: PMC10606824 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2133877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution in the world and exposure of humans and nature to toxic substances is continuously worsening at a rapid pace. In the last 60 years, human and domestic animal health has been challenged by continuous exposure to toxic substances and pollutants because of uncontrolled growth, modernization, and industrialization. More than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced to our lives, mostly without any reasonable control of their health effects and toxicity. A plethora of studies show exposure to these harmful substances during this period with their implications on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier and increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in the context of the "epithelial barrier hypothesis". Exposure to these substances causes an epithelial injury with peri-epithelial inflammation, microbial dysbiosis and bacterial translocation to sub-epithelial areas, and immune response to dysbiotic bacteria. Here, we provide scientific evidence on the altered human exposome and its impact on epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagiz Pat
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ogulur
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Duygu Yazici
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Yasutaka Mitamura
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lacin Cevhertas
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Turkey
| | - Ozan C Küçükkase
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Sanne S Mesisser
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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4
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Correlation between in vitro toxicity of pesticides and in vivo risk guidelines in support of complex operating site risk management: A meta-analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Keswani C, Dilnashin H, Birla H, Roy P, Tyagi RK, Singh D, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Singh SP. Global footprints of organochlorine pesticides: a pan-global survey. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:149-177. [PMID: 34027568 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants widely used all over the world. These chlorinated hydrocarbons are toxic and often cause detrimental health effects because of their long shelf life and bioaccumulation in the adipose tissues of primates. OCP exposure to humans occurs through skin, inhalation and contaminated foods including milk and dairy products, whereas developing fetus and neonates are exposed through placental transfer and lactation, respectively. In 1960s, OCPs were banned in most developed countries, but because they are cheap and easily available, they are still widely used in most third world countries. The overuse or misuse of OCPs has been rising continuously which pose threats to environmental and human health. This review reports the comparative occurrence of OCPs in human and bovine milk samples around the globe and portrays the negative impacts encountered through the long history of OCP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Organochlorine Pesticides in Karst Soil: Levels, Distribution, and Source Diagnosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111589. [PMID: 34770109 PMCID: PMC8582917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Excessive reclamation and improper use of agrochemicals in karst areas leads to serious non-point source pollution, which is of great concern and needs to be controlled, since contaminants can easily pollute groundwater due to the thin patchy soil and developed karst structures. The occurrences of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in karst soil were investigated by analyzing 25 OCPs in the karst soils near the Three Gorges Dam, China. The total concentrations of OCPs ranged 161–43,100 (6410 ± 9620) pg/g, with the most abundant compounds being p,p′-DDT and mirex. The concentration differences between the orchard and vegetable field and between upstream and downstream presented the influences of land-use type and water transport on the OCP spatial distributions. Composition analysis indicated the possible fresh inputs of lindane, technical DDT, aldrin, endrin, mirex, and methoxychlor. Their illegal uses implied an insufficient agrochemical management system in undeveloped karst areas. Principal component analysis with multiple linear regression analysis characterized the dominant sources from current agricultural use and current veterinary use in the study area. OCPs in the soils might not pose significant cancer risk for the residents, but they need to be controlled due to their illegal uses and bioaccumulation effect via the food chain.
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Huang H, Liu H, Xiong S, Zeng F, Bu J, Zhang B, Liu W, Zhou H, Qi S, Xu L, Chen W. Rapid transport of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in multimedia environment from karst area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145698. [PMID: 33631579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karst groundwater is crucial, but particularly vulnerable to contaminants. Anthropologically derived pollutants on the surface-environment in karst areas could easily and rapidly enter groundwater through highly developed transmissible structures and threaten water safety. To investigate such transport, we analyzed 24 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the multimedia environment from the Zigui karst area of China, where agriculture is the predominant human activity. OCPs were frequently detected with the total OCP concentrations ranged from 228 to 7970 pg/g, 300 to 32,200 pg/L, 318 to 2250 pg/L, 149 to 2760 pg/g, and 752 to 12,000 pg/g in the soil, spring water, river water, spring sediment, and river sediment, respectively. HCB and p,p'-DDT were the most dominant OCP species. Isomeric and metabolic ratios indicated fresh inputs of Lindane, technical DDT, and Aldrin, although they have been banned in China. The spatial distributions, correlation analysis, and regression analysis suggested rapid OCP transport from the soil to the spring water, and from the soil and spring water to river water. OCPs in the soil and springs explained 92.3% and 89.0% of those in the spring water and river water, respectively. The solid transport with the fast-moving water was predominant for OCPs in sediments. Highly dynamic water systems and rapid OCP transport in the intro- and inter-medium suggested by our results substantiate the groundwater's vulnerability in karst areas. More studies on levels and transport of organic contaminants in karst systems and policy for protecting the karst groundwater are urgently required to control contaminant sources and ensure groundwater sustainability, since the karst water resources may suffer a potentially bleak future consisted of the decreased groundwater quantity and low water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Shandong Institute of Geological Survey, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Shuai Xiong
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Faming Zeng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jianwei Bu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Binzhou Ecological Environment Comprehensive Service Centre, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Li Xu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin 541004, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Ecological Environment Monitoring Station, Ninth Division, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tacheng, Xinjiang 834601, China.
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8
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Vandenberg LN, Najmi A, Mogus JP. Agrochemicals with estrogenic endocrine disrupting properties: Lessons Learned? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110860. [PMID: 32407980 PMCID: PMC9448509 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many agrochemicals have endocrine disrupting properties. A subset of these chemicals is characterized as "estrogenic". In this review, we describe several distinct ways that chemicals used in crop production can affect estrogen signaling. Using three agrochemicals as examples (DDT, endosulfan, and atrazine), we illustrate how screening tests such as the US EPA's EDSP Tier 1 assays can be used as a first-pass approach to evaluate agrochemicals for endocrine activity. We then apply the "Key Characteristics" approach to illustrate how chemicals like DDT can be evaluated, together with the World Health Organization's definition of an endocrine disruptor, to identify data gaps. We conclude by describing important issues that must be addressed in the evaluation and regulation of hormonally active agrochemicals including mixture effects, efforts to reduce vertebrate animal use, chemical prioritization, and improvements in hazard, exposure, and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
| | - Aimal Najmi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Joshua P Mogus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
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9
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Otuechere CA, Farombi EO. Pterocarpus mildbraedii (Harms) extract resolves propanil-induced hepatic injury via repression of inflammatory stress responses in Wistar rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13506. [PMID: 33047371 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pterocarpus mildbraedii (PME) is a green leafy vegetable from the Papilionaceae family. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of PME in Wistar rats exposed to experimental hepatotoxicity using propanil (PRP), a post-emergent herbicide. Animals were grouped as control, PRP, PME, and PME + PRP. After 7 days, the levels of stress-activated protein kinases/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT-3) were measured in rat liver. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, as well as protein expressions of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB p65), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined. Compared with PRP-treated rats, PME significantly reduced the hepatic MPO and NO levels. PME also diminished NFκB, iNOS, and COX-2 protein expressions in PRP-treated rats. This study showed that Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaves produce active principles with relevant anti-inflammatory potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Previous studies have shown that bioactive principles contained in medicinal plants can offer protection against chemically induced inflammation. Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaves, with rich content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential fatty acids, could be exploited as a therapeutic agent against pesticide-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. This current study has also shown that the potential of PME as a functional food is boosted by the presence of α-linolenic acid, an omega-3-fatty acid known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. Here, we elucidated the cellular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory action of PME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiagoziem Anariochi Otuechere
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Ghosh K, Chatterjee B, Jayaprasad AG, Kanade SR. The persistent organochlorine pesticide endosulfan modulates multiple epigenetic regulators with oncogenic potential in MCF-7 cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1612-1622. [PMID: 29054638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental cues and chemicals can potentially modulate the phenotypic expression of genome through alterations in the epigenetic mechanisms. Endosulfan is one of the extensively used organochlorine pesticides around the world which is known for its endocrine, neuro- and reproductive toxicity. This study was aimed to investigate the potential of α-endosulfan in modulation of multiple epigenetic enzymes in MCF-7 cells. The cells were treated with DMSO (control) or α-endosulfan (1 and 10μM) and the expression of various epigenetic enzymes was assayed by real-time PCR and immunoblotting, in addition to their activity assays. The results shows α-endosulfan, at 1 and 10μM concentration, significantly promoted viability of MCF-7 cells compared to untreated cells after 24h. The expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) was upregulated while the global DNA methylation status was initially affected, but later recovered. Total intracellular histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity was found to be significantly increased which was correlated with upregulation of class I HDACs (HDAC 1 and 3) while no significant alteration in the other HDAC classes was observed. The expression and activity of arginine and lysine methylation enzymes, protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), respectively, were also found to be modulated by α-endosulfan. We found increased expression of histones H3 and H4, trimethylated H3K27 (product of EZH2), symmetric dimethylation of H4R3 (product of PRMT5) and five different (unidentified) proteins whose arginine residues are symmetrically dimethylated (by increased level of PRMT5) were enhanced in response to 10μM α-endosulfan after 24h exposure window. Moreover, overexpression of basal level of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), suggests estrogenicity of α-endosulfan. In summary, our results shows modulatory impact of α-endosulfan on multiple cellular epigenetic regulators, known to possess oncogenic potential which might contribute to mechanistic insight of its action in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod 671314, Kerala, India
| | - Biji Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod 671314, Kerala, India
| | - Aparna Geetha Jayaprasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod 671314, Kerala, India
| | - Santosh R Kanade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod 671314, Kerala, India.
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11
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Sun X, Kong L, Zhou L. Protective effect of Fructus corni polysaccharide on hippocampal tissues and its relevant mechanism in epileptic rats induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:445-451. [PMID: 29977367 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effect of Fructus corni polysaccharide (PFC) on the hippocampus tissues in epileptic rats induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine, and to explore the underlying mechanism. The epileptic rat models were established using lithium chloride-pilocarpine treatment. According to the dosage of PFC, the rat models were divided into three groups: The low-dose (100 mg/kg/day), middle-dose (200 mg/kg/day) and high-dose (300 mg/kg/day) groups. The intervention for rat models lasted for 24 days. Subsequently, the production levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the mitochondrial membrane potential and the expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase [P-38, Janus kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2], cytochrome-C and caspase-3 in hippocampal tissues were detected. In addition, the structure of the CA-1 region of the hippocampus was also observed. Compared with the control group, the production levels of ROS were increased and the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased in the hippocampus tissues of rats in the model group. In addition, in the model group, it was observed that MDA content was increased, SOD activity was decreased, and the expressions of phosphorylated (p)-p38, p-JNK, cytochrome-c and caspase-3 were increased, compared with the control group. Furthermore, those abnormal variations of the indicators were reversed by the intervention of PFC. These findings suggest that PFC can ameliorate the secondary damage to the hippocampi of epileptic rats, and that the anti-oxidation and -apoptosis effects of PFC may be associated with the mechanism that provides a protective effect for hippocampal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Sun
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Lingting Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Gaotang County, Liaocheng, Shandong 252800, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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12
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Ghosh R, Siddarth M, Singh N, Tyagi V, Kare PK, Banerjee BD, Kalra OP, Tripathi AK. Organochlorine pesticide level in patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology and its association with renal function. Environ Health Prev Med 2017. [PMID: 29165145 DOI: 10.1186/s12199‐017‐0660‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involvement of agrochemicals have been suggested in the development of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu). The association between CKDu and blood level of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in CKDu patients has been examined in the present study. METHODS All the recruited study subjects (n = 300) were divided in three groups, namely, healthy control (n = 100), patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (n = 100), and patients with chronic kidney disease of known etiology (CKDk) (n = 100). Blood OCP levels of all three study groups were analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULTS Increased level of OCPs, namely α-HCH, aldrin, and β-endosulfan, were observed in CKDu patients as compared to healthy control and CKD patients of known etiology. The levels of these pesticides significantly correlated negatively with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and positively with urinary albumin of CKD patients. Logistic regression analysis revealed association of γ-HCH, p, p'-DDE, and β-endosulfan with CKDu on adjustment of age, sex, BMI, and total lipid content. CONCLUSIONS Increased blood level of certain organochlorine pesticides is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishila Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Manushi Siddarth
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Neeru Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Vipin Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Kare
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Om Prakash Kalra
- Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
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Ghosh R, Siddarth M, Singh N, Tyagi V, Kare PK, Banerjee BD, Kalra OP, Tripathi AK. Organochlorine pesticide level in patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology and its association with renal function. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:49. [PMID: 29165145 PMCID: PMC5664840 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Involvement of agrochemicals have been suggested in the development of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu). The association between CKDu and blood level of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in CKDu patients has been examined in the present study. Methods All the recruited study subjects (n = 300) were divided in three groups, namely, healthy control (n = 100), patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (n = 100), and patients with chronic kidney disease of known etiology (CKDk) (n = 100). Blood OCP levels of all three study groups were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results Increased level of OCPs, namely α-HCH, aldrin, and β-endosulfan, were observed in CKDu patients as compared to healthy control and CKD patients of known etiology. The levels of these pesticides significantly correlated negatively with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and positively with urinary albumin of CKD patients. Logistic regression analysis revealed association of γ-HCH, p, p′-DDE, and β-endosulfan with CKDu on adjustment of age, sex, BMI, and total lipid content. Conclusions Increased blood level of certain organochlorine pesticides is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishila Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Manushi Siddarth
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Neeru Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Vipin Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Kare
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Om Prakash Kalra
- Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
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14
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Kodrík D, Bednářová A, Zemanová M, Krishnan N. Hormonal Regulation of Response to Oxidative Stress in Insects-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25788-816. [PMID: 26516847 PMCID: PMC4632827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects, like other organisms, must deal with a wide variety of potentially challenging environmental factors during the course of their life. An important example of such a challenge is the phenomenon of oxidative stress. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of adipokinetic hormones (AKH) as principal stress responsive hormones in insects involved in activation of anti-oxidative stress response pathways. Emphasis is placed on an analysis of oxidative stress experimentally induced by various stressors and monitored by suitable biomarkers, and on detailed characterization of AKH’s role in the anti-stress reactions. These reactions are characterized by a significant increase of AKH levels in the insect body, and by effective reversal of the markers—disturbed by the stressors—after co-application of the stressor with AKH. A plausible mechanism of AKH action in the anti-oxidative stress response is discussed as well: this probably involves simultaneous employment of both protein kinase C and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate pathways in the presence of extra and intra-cellular Ca2+ stores, with the possible involvement of the FoxO transcription factors. The role of other insect hormones in the anti-oxidative defense reactions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Bednářová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Milada Zemanová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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15
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Dose-response analysis of the effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on gene expression in human hepatocytes. Mol Cell Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-015-0032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Guo FZ, Zhang LS, Wei JL, Li YB, Shi ZX, Yang YM, Zhou XQ, Sun ZW. Endosulfan induced the arrest of the cell cycle through inhibiting the signal pathway mediated by PKC-α and damaging the cytoskeleton in spermatogonial cells of mice in vitro. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle was firstly associated with endosulfan-induced spermatogonial cell toxicity through the signaling pathway mediated by PKC-α and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Zi Guo
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Lian-Shuang Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Jia-Liu Wei
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Yan-Bo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Zhi-Xiong Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Yu-Mei Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Xian-Qing Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
| | - Zhi-Wei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China 100069
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17
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Saleem U, Ejaz S, Ashraf M, Omer MO, Altaf I, Batool Z, Fatima R, Afzal M. Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin - in vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:1471-1479. [PMID: 25079996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan (EN) and Lambda-cyhalothrin (LC); individually and in combination. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains (TA98, TA100) were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC. Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant (p<0.05) increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly, the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umber Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Sohail Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ovais Omer
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Altaf
- Microbiology Section, Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Batool
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Fatima
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Msbah Afzal
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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18
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Plasmatic concentration of organochlorine lindane acts as metabolic disruptors in HepG2 liver cell line by inducing mitochondrial disorder. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:325-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Cortés-Eslava J, Gómez-Arroyo S, Arenas-Huertero F, Flores-Maya S, Díaz-Hernández ME, Calderón-Segura ME, Valencia-Quintana R, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ, Villalobos-Pietrini R. The role of plant metabolism in the mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of four organophosphorus insecticides in Salmonella typhimurium and in human cell lines. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1117-1125. [PMID: 23434078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study used a cell/microbe co-incubation assay to evaluate the effect of four organophosphorus insecticides (parathion-methyl, azinphos-methyl, omethoate, and methamidophos) metabolized by coriander (Coriandrum sativum). The reverse mutation of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 was used as an indicator of genetic damage. Treatments with these insecticides inhibited peroxidase activity in plant cells by between 17% (omethoate) and 98% (azinphos-methyl) and decreased plant protein content by between 36% (omethoate) and 99.6% (azinphos-methyl). Azinphos-methyl was the most toxic when applied directly. In the Ames test, treatments applied directly to strain TA100 killed the bacteria; however, the presence of plant metabolism detoxified the system and permitted the growth of bacteria. In strain TA98, plant metabolites of insecticides were mutagenic. This result suggests that the tested pesticides produce mutations through frameshifting. The same pesticides were applied to human skin (HaCaT) and lung (NL-20) cell lines to evaluate their effects on cell viability. Pesticides applied directly were more cytotoxic than the combination of pesticide plus coriander metabolic fraction. Omethoate and methamidophos did not affect the viability of HaCaT cells, but azinphos-methyl and parathion-methyl at 100 and 1000μgmL(-1) significantly decreased viability (p<0.05). The NL-20 cell line was remarkably sensitive to the direct application of insecticides. All of the treatment conditions caused decreases in NL-20 cell viability (e.g., viability decreased to 12.0% after parathion-methyl treatment, to 14.7% after azinphos-methyl treatment, and to 6.9% after omethoate treatment). Similar to the Ames test, all of the insecticides showed decreased toxicity in human cells when they were cultured in the presence of plant metabolism. In conclusion, when the studied organophosphorus insecticides were plant-metabolized, they induced mutations in the bacterial strain TA98. In human cell lines, plant metabolism reduced the cytotoxic properties of the insecticides, and human keratinocytes were more resistant to mortality than bronchial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Cortés-Eslava
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico
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20
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Chiappini F, Pontillo C, Randi AS, Alvarez L, Kleiman de Pisarev DL. Reactive Oxygen Species and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Mediate Hexachlorobenzene-Induced Cell Death in FRTL-5 Rat Thyroid Cells. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:276-90. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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21
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Gaytán BD, Loguinov AV, Lantz SR, Lerot JM, Denslow ND, Vulpe CD. Functional profiling discovers the dieldrin organochlorinated pesticide affects leucine availability in yeast. Toxicol Sci 2013; 132:347-58. [PMID: 23358190 PMCID: PMC3595527 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to organochlorinated pesticides such as dieldrin has been linked to Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, endocrine disruption, and cancer, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity behind these effects remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate, using a functional genomics approach in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that dieldrin alters leucine availability. This model is supported by multiple lines of congruent evidence: (1) mutants defective in amino acid signaling or transport are sensitive to dieldrin, which is reversed by the addition of exogenous leucine; (2) dieldrin sensitivity of wild-type or mutant strains is dependent upon leucine concentration in the media; (3) overexpression of proteins that increase intracellular leucine confer resistance to dieldrin; (4) leucine uptake is inhibited in the presence of dieldrin; and (5) dieldrin induces the amino acid starvation response. Additionally, we demonstrate that appropriate negative regulation of the Ras/protein kinase A pathway, along with an intact pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, is required for dieldrin tolerance. Many yeast genes described in this study have human orthologs that may modulate dieldrin toxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Gaytán
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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22
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George J, Shukla Y. Early changes in proteome levels upon acute deltamethrin exposure in mammalian skin system associated with its neoplastic transformation potential. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:629-42. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine George
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India
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23
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Bhatt DK, Nagda G. Modulation of acid phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase in hexachlorocyclohexane-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:439-44. [PMID: 23132770 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to elucidate the involvement of acid phosphatase (ACP) in metastasis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as an immediate compensatory alleviation mechanism for energy stress in liver lesions induced by hexachlorocyclohexane in Swiss mice. Animals were continuously exposed to hexachlorocyclohexane (500 ppm) for 2, 4, and 6 months. Neoplastic nodules and tumors developed after continuous exposure for 4 and 6 months, respectively. The distribution pattern of both enzymes markedly varied in neoplastic nodules and tumors. Intense ACP activity was more observed only in sinusoids and blood vessels of neoplastic nodule, whereas an overall increase in ACP activity was observed in the tumor. Noticeably, a significant decline in LDH activity was noted after 2 and 4 months of exposure, whereas LDH in a tumor region showed intense enzymatic activity. The role of acid phosphate in metastasis and LDH in oxidative stress during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by hexachlorocyclohexane has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar Bhatt
- Cancer Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mohanlal Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313 001, India.
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Shao B, Zhu L, Dong M, Wang J, Wang J, Xie H, Zhang Q, Du Z, Zhu S. DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by endosulfan exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1533-1540. [PMID: 22535316 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzo-dioxathiepin-3-oxide), an organochlorine pesticide, is prevalently used all around the world. It is considered to be a new candidate for the persistent organic pollutants group. Endosulfan residues in the environment may cause serious damage to ecosystems, especially in aquatic environments. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of endosulfan on antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage in zebrafish. Male and female zebrafish were separated and exposed to a control solution and four concentrations of endosulfan (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg L⁻¹) and were sampled after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. It is noteworthy that the present research explored the correlation among the three indicators induced by endosulfan. Low endosulfan concentrations (0.01 μg L⁻¹) induced a slight increase of SOD and CAT activity, which kept ROS in a stable level. High endosulfan concentration (10 μg L⁻¹) induced excessive ROS production which exceeded the capacity of the cellular antioxidants and exhausted the enzyme including CAT and SOD. The DNA damage of zebrafish was evaluated by single-cell gel electrophoresis and was enhanced with increasing endosulfan concentration. In conclusion, the present study showed that endosulfan (0.01-10 μg L⁻¹) has toxic effects on zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shao
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
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25
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Tellez-Bañuelos MC, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Santerre A, Casas-Solis J, Bravo-Cuellar A, Zaitseva G. Effects of low concentration of endosulfan on proliferation, ERK1/2 pathway, apoptosis and senescence in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) splenocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:1291-1296. [PMID: 22008288 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is a potent organochlorinated pesticide that is known to induce side effects in aquatic organisms, including Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia). It has been previously shown that endosulfan induces oxidative stress and non-specific activation of splenic macrophages and exacerbated serum interleukin-2 synthesis in Nile tilapia. Endosulfan may promote proliferation of T cells through MAP kinase (MAPK) activated signal transductions. The ERK family of MAPKs includes ERK1 and ERK2. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) molecules are involved in many aspects of cellular survival, and are important for apoptosis or oxidative stress-induced senescence. In order to study the mechanisms by which endosulfan affects fish health, the present study was aimed at evaluating the in vitro effects of this insecticide on proliferation, the ERK1/2 pathway, apoptosis and cell senescence in splenocytes from Nile tilapia. Lymphoproliferation was evaluated by colorimetric method using the WST-1 assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess pERK1/2, apoptosis and senescence, using Annexin V-FITC and β-galactosidase respectively. Experimental data showed that exposure to 7 μg mL(-1) of endosulfan per se increased cellular proliferation, but decreased the lymphoproliferative response to mitogenic stimulus with PMA + ionomycin. Splenocytes exposed to endosulfan for 15-180 min showed significantly higher levels of pERK1/2 than the non-exposed control. Endosulfan mediated a decrease in etoposide-induced apoptosis and provoked cell senescence. In conclusion, exposure of immune cells to a low concentration of endosulfan deregulates their function and may facilitate the development of multiple diseases.
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Song MO, Lee CH, Yang HO, Freedman JH. Endosulfan upregulates AP-1 binding and ARE-mediated transcription via ERK1/2 and p38 activation in HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2011; 292:23-32. [PMID: 22146149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide and has been implicated in neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression and teratogenicity. However, the molecular mechanism of endosulfan toxicity is not yet clear. Recent studies demonstrated that oxidative stress induced by endosulfan is involved in its toxicity and accumulating evidence suggests that endosulfan can modulate the activities of stress-responsive signal transduction pathways including extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2. However, none of the previous studies investigated the ability of endosulfan to modulate activating protein-1 (AP-1) binding and antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated transcription as an underlying mechanism of endosulfan toxicity. In this report, we show that treatment of HepG2 cells with endosulfan significantly increased oxidative stress-responsive transcription via AP-1 activation. In addition, endosulfan-induced transcription was enhanced in cells depleted of glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatment. Exposure to endosulfan resulted in a significant increase in the activities of MAPKs, ERK1/2 and p38. Endosulfan-induced increases in enzymatic activities of these MAPKs were consistent with MAPK phosphorylation. Endosulfan exposure also caused an increase in c-Jun phosphorylation. These results suggest a model for endosulfan toxicity in which endosulfan increases ERK1/2 and p38 activities and these activated MAPKs then increase c-Jun phosphorylation. Phosphorylated c-Jun, in turn, increases AP-1 activity, which results in activation of ARE-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ok Song
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Tyagi S, George J, Singh R, Bhui K, Shukla Y. Neoplastic Alterations Induced in Mammalian Skin Following Mancozeb Exposure Using In Vivo and In Vitro Models. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:155-67. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Tyagi
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
| | - Jasmine George
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
| | - Richa Singh
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
| | - Kulpreet Bhui
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
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Band PR, Abanto Z, Bert J, Lang B, Fang R, Gallagher RP, Le ND. Prostate cancer risk and exposure to pesticides in British Columbia farmers. Prostate 2011; 71:168-83. [PMID: 20799287 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several epidemiologic studies have reported an increased risk of prostate cancer among farmers. Our aim was to assess the risk of developing prostate cancer in relation to exposure to specific active compounds in pesticides. METHOD A case-control approach was used with 1,516 prostate cancer patients and 4,994 age-matched internal controls consisting of all other cancer sites excluding lung cancer and cancers of unknown primary site. Lifetime occupational history was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire and used in conjunction with a job exposure matrix to estimate the participants' lifetime cumulative exposure to approximately 180 active compounds in pesticides. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess prostate cancer risk, adjusting for potential confounding variables and effect modifiers. These include age, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, smoking, education, and proxy respondent. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The significant association between prostate cancer risk and exposure to DDT (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.04-2.70 for high exposure), simazine (OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.08-3.33 for high exposure), and lindane (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.15-3.55 for high exposure) is in keeping with those previously reported in the literature. We also observed a significant excess risk for several active ingredients that have not been previously reported in the literature such as dichlone, dinoseb amine, malathion, endosulfan, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and carbaryl. Some findings in our study were not consistent with those reported in the literature, including captan, dicamba, and diazinon. It is possible that these findings showed a real association and the inconsistencies reflected differences of characteristics between study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre R Band
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ozdem S, Nacitarhan C, Gulay MS, Hatipoglu FS, Ozdem SS. The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on endosulfan toxicity in rabbits. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27:437-46. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710388450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the endosulfan-induced alterations and the effect of vitamin C supplementation on endosulfan-induced alterations in serum biochemical markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in rabbits. Basal, 4th and 6th week serum levels of total oxidant status (TOS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total protein sulfhydryl (T-SH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were measured in rabbits administered endosulfan (1 mg/kg) alone or in combination with vitamin C (20 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Control rabbits received either vehicles or vitamin C. Serum TOS, TBARS and AOPP levels at 4th and 6th week were significantly higher whereas T-SH levels were significantly lower than basal values in endosulfan-administered rabbits. GST increased significantly at 4th week but decreased below basal value at 6th week. Similarly, TAC decreased significantly at 6th week. Vitamin C supplementation increased TAC at 4th and 6th weeks in controls and increased T-SH and GST and decreased TOS, TBARS and AOPP at 4th week in endosulfan-administered rabbits. TAC increased significantly at 6th week by vitamin C supplementation in endosulfan-administered rabbits. There were significant increments in TBARS and decrements in TAC and GST levels at 6th week compared to 4th week in endosulfan-administered rabbits. Present findings indicated to an increased and progressively uncompensated oxidant stress in endosulfan-administered rabbits that was substantially ameliorated by vitamin C supplementation through an improvement in antioxidant capacity. It was suggested that vitamin C supplementation might be helpful in preventing the detrimental effects of increased oxidative stress caused by endosulfan exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebahat Ozdem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey,
| | - Cahit Nacitarhan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet S Gulay
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Fatma S Hatipoglu
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Sadi S Ozdem
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Vijaya Padma V, Sowmya P, Arun Felix T, Baskaran R, Poornima P. Protective effect of gallic acid against lindane induced toxicity in experimental rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:991-8. [PMID: 21219962 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lindane is an organochlorine pesticide that persists in the environment, bioaccumulate through food chain and has a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. It induces cell damage by producing free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The aim of the present study is to investigate the protective effect of gallic acid (a plant derived polyphenol) against lindane induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats. Liver damage was assessed by hepatic serum marker enzymes like SGOT, SGPT and ALP and histopathological observation. Renal damage was observed by histopathological examination and serum markers like creatinine and urea. Treatment with lindane increased the levels of lipid peroxidation, serum marker enzyme activity with a concomitant decrease in GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx and GST. Histological alterations were also observed in kidney and liver tissue with lindane treatment. Co-treatment of gallic acid significantly prevented the lindane induced alterations in kidney and liver tissues with a decrease in LPO, serum marker enzyme activity and a significant increase in antioxidant levels. These results suggest that gallic acid has protective effect over lindane induced oxidative damage in rat liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vijaya Padma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Cassidy RA. Cancer and chlordane-treated homes: a pinch of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:1363-4. [PMID: 20572802 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.483304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Preta G, de Klark R, Chakraborti S, Glas R. MAP kinase-signaling controls nuclear translocation of tripeptidyl-peptidase II in response to DNA damage and oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ruan CJ, Zhang L, Chen DH, Li Z, Du GH, Sun L. Effects of trans-2,4-dimethoxystibene against the neurotoxicity induced by Abeta(25-35) both in vitro and in vivo. Neurosci Res 2010; 67:209-14. [PMID: 20346380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trans-2,4-dimethoxystibene (S(3)) is a synthetic stilbene. In this study, S(3) was investigated in terms of its neuroprotective effect against the toxicity induced by beta-amyloid(25-35) (Abeta(25-35)) both in vitro and in vivo. Protection by S(3) was studied at the in vivo level using a model of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Abeta(25-35) in mice. The consumption of S(3) (50mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the cognitive deficits and neuron apoptosis caused by i.c.v. injection of Abeta(25-35). At the same time, the decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) were markedly increased, and the increased acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity was significantly decreased in hippocampus and cortex. In vitro, SHY-SY5Y cells were co-cultured with Abeta(25-35), and then treated with S(3) immediately. Neuronal survival rates were increased, and this protection was associated with reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Jun Ruan
- Dept. of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China.
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Tellez-Bañuelos MC, Santerre A, Casas-Solis J, Zaitseva G. Endosulfan increases seric interleukin-2 like (IL-2L) factor and immunoglobulin M (IgM) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged with Aeromona hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:401-405. [PMID: 19944172 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is a persistent organochlorine insecticide which is extremely toxic to fish. It is known to induce immunological alterations in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) such as increases in phagocytic activity and reactive oxygen species production of spleen macrophages. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the effects of acute exposure to a sublethal concentration of endosulfan (7 ppb, 96 h) on parameters of the adaptive humoral immune response of the aforementioned aquatic organism. The effect of endosulfan on the capacity of immune cells to produce interleukin-2 like (IL-2L) factor and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in response to a challenge with (1/2) LD50 of the infectious bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila was evaluated. Experimental results indicate that short, sublethal, endosulfan exposure triggers a succession of events beginning with non-specific activation of macrophages followed by an exacerbated synthesis of the IL-2L factor by activated B cells. This leads to significantly increased secretion of IgM and could in turn facilitate autoantibody production and the development of autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cecilia Tellez-Bañuelos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Nogales Km 15.5, z.p. 45110, Las Agujas, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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35
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Liu H, Xu L, Zhao M, Liu W, Zhang C, Zhou S. Enantiomer-specific, bifenthrin-induced apoptosis mediated by MAPK signalling pathway in Hep G2 Cells. Toxicology 2009; 261:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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36
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Magnarelli G, Souza MS, D'Angelo AMPD. Heptachlor ando-p′DDT effects on protein kinase activities associated with human placenta particulate fractions. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:185-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vidau C, Brunet JL, Badiou A, Belzunces LP. Phenylpyrazole insecticides induce cytotoxicity by altering mechanisms involved in cellular energy supply in the human epithelial cell model Caco-2. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:589-97. [PMID: 19490841 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpyrazoles are relatively new insecticides designed to manage problematic insect resistance and public health hazards encountered with older pesticide families. In vitro cytotoxicity induced by the phenylpyrazole insecticides, Ethiprol and Fipronil, and Fipronil metabolites, sulfone and sulfide, was studied in Caco-2 cells. This cellular model was chosen because it made possible to mimic the primary site of oral exposure to xenobiotics, the intestinal epithelium. Assessment of the barrier function of Caco-2 epithelium was assessed by TEER measurement and showed a major loss of barrier integrity after exposure to Fipronil and its metabolites, but not to Ethiprol. The disruption of the epithelial barrier was attributed to severe ATP depletion independent of cell viability, as revealed by LDH release. The origin of energetic metabolism failure was investigated and revealed a transient enhancement of tetrazolium salt reduction and an increase in lactate production by Caco-2 cells, suggesting an increase in glucose metabolism by pesticides. Cellular symptoms observed in these experiments lead us to hypothesize that phenylpyrazole insecticides interacted with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Vidau
- INRA, UMR 406 A&E, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, Site Agroparc, F-84000 Avignon, Cedex 9, France
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Fenoglio C, Grosso A, Boncompagni E, Gandini C, Milanesi G, Barni S. Exposure to heptachlor: evaluation of the effects on the larval and adult epidermis of Rana kl. esculenta. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 91:151-160. [PMID: 18801586 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Widely used in the past against termites and soil insects, the chlorinated insecticide heptachlor (H) is a toxic contaminant which represents a risk for both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Like many organochlorine pesticides, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide (HE), with oxidation products synthesized by many plant and animal species, degrade slowly since many of the derived compounds are persistent. This increases the status of heptachlor as a hazardous pollutant. In the present experimental study we exposed specimens of Rana kl. esculenta, from the tadpole stage through to their complete metamorphosis, to three different concentrations of heptachlor (4, 40 and 400 ppb). Mortality and HE bioaccumulation were evaluated on all the experimental groups. Since amphibian integument directly interacts with the environmental constituents (water, air and soil), we investigated the toxic effects on the ventral epidermis of both tadpole and adult samples by employing such histo-cytopathological biomarkers as ultrastructural morphology, certain enzyme activities (acid and alkaline phosphatases, AcPase, and AlkPase; succinic dehydrogenase, SDH; alpha-naphtyl butyrate esterase, ANBE; nitric oxide synthase/NADPH diaphorase, NOS/NADPHd). Also, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the different conditions were evaluated. The results obtained were of ecological relevance, in particular as regards the effects of this environmental toxicant on the samples of tadpole epidermis. Severe morphological alterations were observed in the larval epidermal cells (apical and skein cells), whereas the cell epidermis (keratinocytes and mitochondria-rich cells) of the adult survivors showed changes in enzyme activities, particularly those involved in the protective response to xenobiotic injury. In general, morpho-histochemical studies, analysis of HE bioaccumulation and mortality showed a relation to the H doses employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fenoglio
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Bhatt DK, Bano M. Modulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenases during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by hexachlorocyclohexane in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 61:325-32. [PMID: 18951770 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The sequential distribution of key tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes have been investigated during hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Swiss mice. Animals were continuously exposed to HCH (500ppm) for 2, 4, and 6 months until liver tumor developed. The activity of TCA cycle enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) have been studied. The activity of all the enzymes declined after 2 months of exposure of HCH in the liver. The neoplastic nodules and tumors developed after an exposure of HCH for 4 and 6 months, respectively. Neoplastic nodule and tumor showed wide variations in the activity and distribution of TCA cycle enzymes. The decreasing pattern in the activity of enzymes persisted in the non-neoplastic and non-tumor regions of the liver except SDH. However, the cells in nodular area and tumor showed intense enzymatic activities at cellular level. In the nodular region SDH activity declined prominently, whereas the non-nodular area showed positive reaction. Conspicuously, the tumor showed islands of positive and negative zones for TCA cycle dehydrogenases. The significance and relevance of such a distribution pattern still remains a mystery. The results are discussed in the light of HCH-induced toxicity on energy metabolism in exposed animals and possible role of such enzymes in the tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar Bhatt
- Cancer Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India.
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40
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Pinocembrin protects rat brain against oxidation and apoptosis induced by ischemia–reperfusion both in vivo and in vitro. Brain Res 2008; 1216:104-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Antherieu S, Ledirac N, Luzy AP, Lenormand P, Caron JC, Rahmani R. Endosulfan decreases cell growth and apoptosis in human HaCaT keratinocytes: partial ROS-dependent ERK1/2 mechanism. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:177-86. [PMID: 17503468 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide described as a potential carcinogen in humans. This insecticide was recently reported to alter the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways and is suspected to affect cell growth and differentiation in human keratinocytes. This study was designed to assess the mitogenic, apoptogenic, and genotoxic effects of endosulfan on the HaCaT cell line. We first found that 25 microM endosulfan led to persistent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation with an accumulation of the phosphorylated form in the nucleus, probably caused by MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) inhibition. As previously described under sustained ERK1/2 activation, cell growth was decreased: delayed confluency and 35% decrease of BrdU incorporation was demonstrated in endosulfan-treated keratinocytes. In addition, endosulfan has been shown to generate transient reactive oxygen species (ROS), and blocking this oxidative stress by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) strongly prevented both persistent nuclear ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell growth decrease. Additional experiments demonstrated that unchanged endosulfan rather than its metabolites has mutagenic effects (Ames positive without S9) and increased DNA strand breaks (Comet assay) in HaCaT cells, via a ROS-dependent mechanism. Therefore, to assess the putative pro-apoptotic response of damaged cells, caspases 3/7 activity and poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) cleavage were measured. The results clearly indicated that endosulfan inhibited both spontaneous and staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these findings strongly support that endosulfan induces ROS generation leading to sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation and decrease in cell growth. Moreover, endosulfan was found to inhibit apoptosis and this could contribute to mutant cell survival and therefore have possible carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Antherieu
- INRA, UMR 1112 Réponses des Organismes aux Stress Environnementaux, Equipe de Toxicologie Cellulaire, Moléculaire et Génomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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Hatcher JM, Richardson JR, Guillot TS, McCormack AL, Di Monte DA, Jones DP, Pennell KD, Miller GW. Dieldrin exposure induces oxidative damage in the mouse nigrostriatal dopamine system. Exp Neurol 2007; 204:619-30. [PMID: 17291500 PMCID: PMC1896133 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have shown an association between pesticide exposure and an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we provide evidence that the insecticide dieldrin causes specific oxidative damage in the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system. We report that exposure of mice to low levels of dieldrin for 30 days resulted in alterations in dopamine-handling as evidenced by a decrease in dopamine metabolites, DOPAC (31.7% decrease) and HVA (29.2% decrease) and significantly increased cysteinyl-catechol levels in the striatum. Furthermore, dieldrin resulted in a 53% decrease in total glutathione, an increase in the redox potential of glutathione, and a 90% increase in protein carbonyls. Alpha-synuclein protein expression was also significantly increased in the striatum (25% increase). Finally, dieldrin caused a significant decrease in striatal expression of the dopamine transporter as measured by (3)H-WIN 35,428 binding and (3)H-dopamine uptake. These alterations occurred in the absence of dopamine neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta. These effects represent the ability of low doses of dieldrin to increase the vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons by inducing oxidative stress and suggest that pesticide exposure may act as a promoter of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M. Hatcher
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 712.8285
- Deptartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 712.8582
| | - Jason R. Richardson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 712.8285
- Deptartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 712.8582
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry-New Jersey/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, (732) 445.0174
| | - Thomas S. Guillot
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 712.8285
- Deptartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 712.8582
| | | | | | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 727.5970
| | - Kurt D. Pennell
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 712.8285
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332. (404) 894.9365
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 712.8285
- Deptartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, (404) 712.8582
- *Corresponding Author: Gary W. Miller, Ph.D., Emory University - Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building 505K, 615 Michael Street Atlanta, GA 30322, Phone: 404.712.8582, Fax: 404.727.3728,
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Bajpayee M, Pandey AK, Zaidi S, Musarrat J, Parmar D, Mathur N, Seth PK, Dhawan A. DNA damage and mutagenicity induced by endosulfan and its metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2006; 47:682-92. [PMID: 16933317 DOI: 10.1002/em.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is a widely used broad-spectrum organochlorine pesticide, which acts as a contact and stomach poison. Nontarget species, such as cattle, fish, birds, and even humans, are also affected. Studies on the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of endosulfan have been inconsistent and nothing is known about the genotoxicity of its metabolites. In the present study, endosulfan (as a commercial isomeric mixture and as the alpha- and beta-isomers), and metabolites of endosulfan (the sulfate, lactone, ether, hydroxyether, and diol derivatives) were assayed for their ability to induce DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human lymphocytes using the Comet assay and were assayed for their mutagenicity using the Salmonella reversion assay (Ames test with TA98, TA97a, TA102, TA104, and TA100, with and without S9 activation). The compounds produced statistically significant (P < 0.01), concentration-dependent (0.25-10 microM) increases in DNA damage in both CHO cells and human lymphocytes. Endosulfan lactone caused the most DNA damage in CHO cells, while the isomeric mixture of endosulfan produced the greatest response in lymphocytes. The test compounds also were mutagenic in Salmonella strains at concentrations of 1-20 mug/plate (P < 0.05), with TA98 being the most sensitive strain and the diol and hydroxyether metabolites producing the highest responses. The results indicate that exposure to sublethal doses of endosulfan and its metabolites induces DNA damage and mutation. The contribution of the metabolites to the genotoxicity of the parent compound in Salmonella and mammalian cells, however, is unclear, and the pathways leading to bacterial mutation and mammalian cell DNA damage appear to differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Bajpayee
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Huang D. The role of reactive oxygen species in the herbicide acetochlor-induced DNA damage on Bufo raddei tadpole liver. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 78:21-6. [PMID: 16513190 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
After exposure of Bufo raddei tadpoles to acetochlor (ACETO) for 14 days, malondialdehyde (MDA) and DNA-single strand break (DNA-SSB) in livers were analyzed. An enhanced accumulation of MDA suggests that ACETO causes oxidative stress, and the significant increase in the level of DNA-SSB indicates that ACETO induces DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner as well. On the basis of the fact that oxidative stress is caused by excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the present results, we speculate that ACETO-induced DNA damage may be a consequence of the generation of ROS. To evaluate this hypothesis, tadpoles were treated with ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or melatonin (MEL), prior to ACETO exposure. The decrease of DNA-SSB level and the increase of total antioxidant capability (TAC) show that ACETO-caused DNA damage can be attenuated by NAC and MEL. In addition, a negative correlation was observed between the extent of DNA damage and the level of TAC in tadpole liver. In conclusion, the results suggest that ACETO-induced DNA damage is mediated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
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