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Lee JD, Bae JS, Kim HY, Song SW, Kim JC, Lee BM, Kim KB. Repeated-dose toxicity and toxicokinetic study of isobutylparaben in rats subcutaneously treated for 13 weeks. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2231-2246. [PMID: 38619594 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Parabens have historically served as antimicrobial preservatives in a range of consumables such as food, beverages, medications, and personal care products due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties. Traditionally, these compounds were believed to exhibit low toxicity, causing minimal irritation, and possessing limited sensitization potential. However, recent evidence suggests that parabens might function as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Consequently, extensive research is underway to elucidate potential human health implications arising from exposure to these substances. Among these parabens, particular concerns have been raised regarding the potential adverse effects of iso-butylparaben (IBP). Studies have specifically highlighted its potential for inducing hormonal disruption, significant ocular damage, and allergic skin reactions. This study aimed to evaluate the prolonged systemic toxicity, semen quality, and estrus cycle in relation to endocrine disruption endpoints, alongside assessing the toxicokinetic behavior of IBP in Sprague-Dawley rats following a 13-week repeated subcutaneous administration. The rats were administered either the vehicle (4% Tween 80) or IBP at dosage levels of 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. Blood collection for toxicokinetic study was conducted on three specified days: day 1 (1st), day 30 (2nd), and day 91 (3rd). Systemic toxicity assessment and potential endocrine effects were based on various parameters including mortality rates, clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmological findings, urinalysis, hematological and clinical biochemistry tests, organ weights, necropsy and histopathological findings, estrus cycle regularity, semen quality, and toxicokinetic behavior. The findings revealed that IBP induced local irritation at the injection site in males at doses ≥ 10 mg/kg/day and in females at 50 mg/kg/day; however, systemic toxicity was not observed. Consequently, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for IBP was determined to be 50 mg/kg/day in rats of both sexes, indicating no impact on the endocrine system. The toxicokinetics of IBP exhibited dose-dependent systemic exposure, reaching a maximum dose of 50 mg/kg/day, and repeated administration over 13 weeks showed no signs of accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Dae Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, CORESTEMCHEMON Inc., 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-Myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 17162, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, CORESTEMCHEMON Inc., 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-Myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwanl University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Pulcastro H, Ziv-Gal A. Parabens effects on female reproductive health - Review of evidence from epidemiological and rodent-based studies. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108636. [PMID: 38876430 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Parabens have been used as antimicrobial preservatives since the 1920s. The prevalent use of parabens increases their detection in the environment and in women's biological samples including reproductive tissues. Recent studies suggest parabens may alter endocrine function and thus female reproductive health may be affected. In this literature review, we summarize findings on parabens and female reproduction while focusing on epidemiological and rodent-based studies. The topics reviewed include paraben effects on cyclicity, pregnancy, newborn and pubertal development, reproductive hormones, and ovarian and uterine specific outcomes. Overall, the scientific literature on paraben effects on female reproduction is limited and with some conflicting results. Yet, some epidemiological and/or rodent-based experimental studies report significant findings in relation to paraben effects on cyclicity, fertility, gestation length, birth weight, postnatal development and pubertal onset, hormone levels, and hormone signaling in reproductive tissues. Future epidemiological and experimental studies are needed to better understand paraben effects on female reproduction while focusing on human related exposures including mixtures, physiologic concentrations of parabens, and multi-generational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pulcastro
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ayelet Ziv-Gal
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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3
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Kim JY, Park Y, Lee SH, Park E, Lee H. Comparative study on estrogen receptor alpha dimerization and transcriptional activity of parabens. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:153-161. [PMID: 38223674 PMCID: PMC10786792 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parabens are used as preservatives in various household products, including oral products, cosmetics, and hair/body washes. In recent years, the widespread use of parabens has raised concerns due to the potential health risks associated with their estrogenic effects. In the present study, we evaluated and compared the estrogenic activity of parabens using two cell-based in vitro tests: (1) bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) dimerization using HEK293 cells that were stably transfected with ERα-fused NanoLuc luciferase (Nluc) and HaloTag (HT) expression vector, and (2) stably transfected transcriptional activation (STTA) assays using ERα-HeLa9903 cells. The following parabens were tested using the BRET-based ERα dimerization assay and showed estrogenic activity (PC20 values): methyl paraben (MP, 5.98 × 10-5 M), ethyl paraben (EP, 3.29 × 10-5 M), propylparaben (PP, 3.09 × 10-5 M), butyl paraben (BP, 2.58 × 10-5 M), isopropyl paraben (IsoPP, 1.37 × 10-5 M), and isobutyl paraben (IsoBP, 1.43 × 10-5 M). Except MP, all other parabens tested using the STTA assay also showed estrogenic activity: EP, 7.57 × 10-6 M; PP, 1.18 × 10-6 M; BP, 3.02 × 10-7 M; IsoPP, 3.58 × 10-7 M; and IsoBP, 1.80 × 10-7 M. Overall, EP, PP, BP, IsoPP, and IsoBP tested positive for estrogenic activity using both assays. These findings demonstrate that most parabens, albeit not all, induce ERα dimerization and possess estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Yooheon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Jung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi‐do 13120 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae‐Jeung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi‐do 13120 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999 Republic of Korea
- Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, 21565 Republic of Korea
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Balwierz R, Biernat P, Jasińska-Balwierz A, Siodłak D, Kusakiewicz-Dawid A, Kurek-Górecka A, Olczyk P, Ochędzan-Siodłak W. Potential Carcinogens in Makeup Cosmetics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4780. [PMID: 36981689 PMCID: PMC10048826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Facial makeup cosmetics are commonly used products that are applied to the skin, and their ingredients come into contact with it for many years. Consequently, they should only contain substances that are considered safe or used within an allowable range of established concentrations. According to current European laws, all cosmetics approved for use should be entirely safe for their users, and the responsibility for this lies with manufacturers, distributors, and importers. However, the use of cosmetics can be associated with undesirable effects due to the presence of certain chemical substances. An analysis of 50 random facial makeup cosmetics commercially available on the European Union market and manufactured in six European countries was carried out, concerning the presence of substances with potential carcinogenic properties, as described in recent years in the literature. Nine types of facial makeup cosmetics were selected, and their compositions, as declared on the labels, were analyzed. The carcinogens were identified with information present in the European CosIng database and according to the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee's (IRAC) classification. As a result, the following potential carcinogens were identified: parabens (methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben), ethoxylated compounds (laureth-4, lautreth-7, or ethylene glycol polymers known as PEG), formaldehyde donors (imidazolidinyl urea, quaternium 15, and DMDM hydantoin), and ethanolamine and their derivatives (triethanolamine and diazolidinyl urea), as well as carbon and silica. In conclusion, all of the analyzed face makeup cosmetics contain potential carcinogenic substances. The literature review confirmed the suppositions regarding the potential carcinogenic effects of selected cosmetic ingredients. Therefore, it seems necessary to carry out studies on the long-term exposure of compounds present in cosmetics and perhaps introduce stricter standards and laws regulating the potential presence of carcinogens and their activity in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Biernat
- Department of Drug Forms Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Dawid Siodłak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kurek-Górecka
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Paweł Olczyk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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5
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Xu X, Wu H, Terry PD, Zhao L, Chen J. Impact of Paraben Exposure on Adiposity-Related Measures: An Updated Literature Review of Population-Based Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316268. [PMID: 36498342 PMCID: PMC9740922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid that are commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Humans are exposed to parabens when they use these products and through diet. There are growing concerns that paraben exposure can adversely impact human health. The endocrine-disrupting and obesogenic properties of parabens have been observed in animal studies and in vitro, prompting the increase in population-based studies of paraben exposure and adiposity-related endpoints. In this review, we summarize epidemiological studies published between 2017 and 2022 that examined paraben exposure in utero, between birth and adolescence, and in adulthood, in relation to adiposity-related measures. Overall, these studies provide some evidence that suggests that paraben exposure, especially during critical development windows, is associated with adiposity-related measures. However, we have noted several limitations in these studies, including the predominance of cross-sectional studies, inconsistent sample collection procedures, and small sample sizes, which should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Xu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Haoying Wu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul D. Terry
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.C.)
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6
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Bernal K, Touma C, Erradhouani C, Boronat-Belda T, Gaillard L, Al Kassir S, Le Mentec H, Martin-Chouly C, Podechard N, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Langouet S, Brion F, Knoll-Gellida A, Babin PJ, Sovadinova I, Babica P, Andreau K, Barouki R, Vondracek J, Alonso-Magdalena P, Blanc E, Kim MJ, Coumoul X. Combinatorial pathway disruption is a powerful approach to delineate metabolic impacts of endocrine disruptors. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3107-3123. [PMID: 35957500 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and chronic liver diseases among others, has been rising for several years. Epidemiology and mechanistic (in vivo, in vitro and in silico) toxicology have recently provided compelling evidence implicating the chemical environment in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In this review, we will describe the biological processes that contribute to the development of metabolic diseases targeted by metabolic disruptors, and will propose an integrated pathophysiological vision of their effects on several organs. With regard to these pathomechanisms, we will discuss the needs, and the stakes of evolving the testing and assessment of endocrine disruptors to improve the prevention and management of metabolic diseases that have become a global epidemic since the end of last century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Bernal
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Charbel Touma
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Chedi Erradhouani
- Université Paris Cité, France.,Ecotoxicologie des substances et des milieux, Parc ALATA, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Talía Boronat-Belda
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Gaillard
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Sara Al Kassir
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM U1211, MRGM, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Hélène Le Mentec
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Normand Podechard
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouet
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes, France
| | - François Brion
- Ecotoxicologie des substances et des milieux, Parc ALATA, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anja Knoll-Gellida
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM U1211, MRGM, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM U1211, MRGM, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Iva Sovadinova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karine Andreau
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Etienne Blanc
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Min Ji Kim
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, France
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Zhou S, Lu H, Zhang X, Shi X, Jiang S, Wang L, Lu Q. Paraben exposures and their interactions with ESR1/2 genetic polymorphisms on hypertension. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113651. [PMID: 35690089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widely used paraben preservatives have been frequently detected in human urine, and shown to disrupt the endocrine system. Recently, several epidemiologic studies have investigated the associations between paraben exposures and hypertension risk, but findings are inconsistent. Genetic susceptibility variation may contribute to the conflicting results. This study aimed to explore the associations of paraben exposures and their interactions with estrogen receptor genes 1 and 2 (ESR1 and ESR2) polymorphisms with hypertension. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study involving 396 hypertension cases and 396 controls in Wuhan, China. The urinary paraben concentrations were determined using a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer. The genotyping of ESR1 and ESR2 was performed using the Applied Biosystems 3730 XL sequencer. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations between urinary paraben concentrations and hypertension risk. Gene-environment interactions were estimated on both multiplicative and additive scales. The results showed that urinary ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and ∑parabens (∑PBs) levels were positively associated with the risk of hypertension (Ptrend<0.05). Compared with their reference groups, subjects in the highest tertile of EtP, PrP, and ∑PBs had a 4.05-fold (95% CI: 2.56, 6.41), 2.72-fold (95% CI: 1.76, 4.20), and 1.60-fold (95% CI: 1.08, 2.36) increased risk of hypertension, respectively. When stratified by sex, the hypertensive effect of EtP was more pronounced in males (Pinteraction = 0.012). Furthermore, interaction analysis showed that PrP exposure interacted with ESR1 rs2234693 polymorphism on hypertension risk, with the significance of multiplicative (Pinteraction = 0.043) and additive (RERI = 1.27, AP = 0.52). Our results suggested that paraben exposure was positively related to hypertension risk, and that ESR1 rs2234693 polymorphism might modify the parabens exposure-related hypertensive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueting Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shunli Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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8
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Lee H, Park J, Park K. Effects of consumer products chemicals ingredients and their mixtures on the estrogen receptor/androgen receptor transcriptional activation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134866. [PMID: 35533928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the environmental pollutants or industrial chemicals, the chemicals in consumer products may pose higher levels of risks, depending on how the chemicals are used in the products and how humans interact with the products. Recently, endocrine disrupting chemicals in cosmetics, personal care products, cleaners, sunscreens, and vinyl products were analytically quantified and many active chemicals including phthalates, parabens and bisphenols were detected. This indicates a wide range of exposures from common products. In this study, 35 chemicals known to be ingredients of consumer products were selected and screened for the transactivation of estrogen receptors and androgen receptors. From the results of individual chemicals, the activity of binary/ternary mixture prepared from the agonists for the ER transcription activity was measured, and compared to the predicted values obtained by the full logistic model. The measured and the predicted values were found to be very similar. This study may suggest that prediction of mixture activity by proper models would be one of the supportive tools for the risk assessment and sound regulation of chemical mixtures which have potential endocrine disrupting effects in consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handule Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, South Korea
| | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, South Korea.
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9
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Wei F, Mortimer M, Cheng H, Sang N, Guo LH. Parabens as chemicals of emerging concern in the environment and humans: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146150. [PMID: 34030374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are one of the most widely used preservatives in food, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PCPs) because of their advantageous properties and low toxicity based on the early assessments. However, recent research indicates that parabens may act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and thus, are considered as chemicals of emerging concern that have adverse human health effects. To provide the basis for future human health studies, we reviewed relevant literature, published between 2005 and 2020, regarding the levels of parabens in the consumer products (pharmaceuticals, PCPs and food), environmental matrices and humans, including susceptible populations, such as pregnant women and children. The analysis showed that paraben detection rates in consumer products, environmental compartments and human populations are high, while the levels vary greatly by country and paraben type. The concentrations of parabens reported in pregnant women (~20-120 μg/L) were an order of magnitude higher than in the general population. Paraben concentrations in food and pharmaceuticals were at the ng/g level, while the levels in PCPs reached mg/g levels. Environmental concentrations ranged from ng/L-μg/L in surface waters to tens of μg/g in wastewater and indoor dust. The levels of human exposure to parabens appear to be higher in the U.S. and EU countries than in China and India, which may change with the increasing production of parabens in the latter countries. The review provides context for future studies to connect paraben exposure levels with human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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10
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Popescu M, Feldman TB, Chitnis T. Interplay Between Endocrine Disruptors and Immunity: Implications for Diseases of Autoreactive Etiology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:626107. [PMID: 33833678 PMCID: PMC8021784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.626107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex-bias of disease susceptibility has remained a puzzling aspect of several autoimmune conditions, including post-infection viral autoimmunity. In the last half of the twentieth century, the incidence rate of female-biased autoimmunity has steadily increased independent of medical advances. This has suggested a role for environmental factors, such as endocrine disrupting chemicals, which have been described to interfere with endocrine signaling. Endocrine involvement in the proper function of innate and adaptive immunity has also been defined, however, these two areas have rarely been reviewed in correlation. In addition, studies addressing the effects of endocrine disruptors have reported findings resulting from a broad range of exposure doses, schedules and models. This experimental heterogeneity adds confusion and may mislead the translation of findings to human health. Our work will normalize results across experiments and provide a necessary summary relevant to human exposure. Through a novel approach, we describe how different categories of ubiquitously used environmental endocrine disruptors interfere with immune relevant endocrine signaling and contribute to autoimmunity. We hope this review will guide identification of mechanisms and concentration-dependent EDC effects important not only for the sex-bias of autoimmunity, but also for other conditions of immune dysfunction, including post-infection autoreactivity such as may arise following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Simplex virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Popescu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Talia B Feldman
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Vandenberg LN, Bugos J. Assessing the Public Health Implications of the Food Preservative Propylparaben: Has This Chemical Been Safely Used for Decades. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:54-70. [PMID: 33415721 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parabens are chemicals containing alkyl-esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, which give them antimicrobial, antifungal, and preservative properties. Propylparaben (PP) is one paraben that has been widely used in personal care products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. In this review, we address the ongoing controversy over the safety of parabens, and PP specifically. These chemicals have received significant public attention after studies published almost 20 years ago suggested plausible associations between PP exposures and breast cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Here, we use key characteristics, a systematic approach to evaluate the endocrine disrupting properties of PP based on features of "known" endocrine disruptors, and consider whether its classification as a "weak" estrogen should alleviate public health concerns over human exposures. We also review the available evidence from rodent and human studies to illustrate how the large data gaps that exist in hazard assessments raise concerns about current evaluations by regulatory agencies that PP use is safe. Finally, we address the circular logic that is used to suggest that because PP has been used for several decades, it must be safe. We conclude that inadequate evidence has been provided for the safe use of PP in food, cosmetics, and consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 171C Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Jennifer Bugos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 171C Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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12
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Boberg J, Johansson HKL, Axelstad M, Olsen GPM, Johansen M, Holmboe SA, Andersson AM, Svingen T. Using assessment criteria for pesticides to evaluate the endocrine disrupting potential of non-pesticide chemicals: Case butylparaben. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:105996. [PMID: 32771829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties depend on the use of the chemical rather than its intrinsic properties. Within the EU, the only criteria currently in place for identifying an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) are those developed for biocidal and plant protection products. We argue that ECHA/EFSA guidance for assessing endocrine disrupting properties of biocidal and plant protection products can be applied to all chemicals independent of their intended use. We have assessed the REACH-registered compound butylparaben (CAS 94-36-8), a preservative used primarily in cosmetics. Based on scientific evidence of adverse reproductive effects and endocrine activity, the open literature suggest that butylparaben is an EDC. By applying the ECHA/EFSA guidance for pesticides and biocides, we identify butylparaben as a compound with endocrine disrupting properties. Even though available data is markedly different from that for biocides and pesticides, it was possible to reach this conclusion. More generally, we propose that the ECHA/EFSA guidance can and should be used for identification of EDC regardless of their intended application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Hanna K L Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gustav P M Olsen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias Johansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stine A Holmboe
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Quantitative screening of parabens in Ready-to-eat foodstuffs available in the Saudi market using high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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14
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Maske P, Dighe V, Mote C, Vanage G. n-Butylparaben exposure through gestation and lactation impairs spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis causing reduced fertility in the F1 generation male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:112957. [PMID: 31672375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are class of preservatives used in vast majority of commercial products, and a potential Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC). The present study was undertaken to delineate the effects of n-butylparaben on F1 male progeny exposed maternally through gestation and lactation via subcutaneous route. The F0 dams were given subcutaneous injections of n-butylparaben from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21 with doses of 10, 100, 1000 mg/kg Bw/day in corn oil. The F1 male rats were monitored for pubertal development and sexual maturation; these were sacrificed on PND 30, 45 and 75. On PND 75, these F1 male rats were subjected for fertility assessment with unexposed female rats. A delayed testicular descent at 100 and 1000 mg/kg Bw dose and delayed preputial separation at 10 mg/kg Bw dose was observed in exposed F1 male rats. Decreased sperm count, motility and Daily Sperm Production was observed at 100 mg/kg Bw dose at PND 75. Interestingly, the sperm transit time in the epididymis was accelerated at this dose. Significant perturbed testicular expression of steroid receptors (ERα and β, AR), INSL3 and StAR genes with increased T and LH levels indicates direct effect on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. These F1 generation adult rats were sub-fertile with increased (%) pre- and post-implantation loss at 100 and 1000 mg/kg Bw/day dose. This is the first report on n-butylparaben highlighting the involvement of testicular leydig cells with accelerated sperm transit time leading to reduced fertility in the maternally exposed F1 male rats through estrogenic/anti-androgenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Maske
- National Centre for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas Dighe
- National Centre for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Mote
- Krantisinh Nana Patil College of Veterinary Science, Shirval, Maharashtra, India
| | - Geeta Vanage
- National Centre for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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15
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Nghiem MN, Nguyen VT, Jeung E, Vo TTB. Alternate antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug resistant
Salmonella
spp. isolated from retail meats in Vietnam using RNA‐sequencing analysis. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minh N. Nghiem
- Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Viet T. Nguyen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Medical Military University Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Eui‐Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyChungbuk National University Cheongju South Korea
| | - Thuy T. B. Vo
- Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
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16
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Dogan S, Tongur T, Erkaymaz T, Erdogan G, Unal B, Sik B, Simsek T. Traces of intact paraben molecules in endometrial carcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31158-31165. [PMID: 31463755 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is the most commonly encountered gynecological cancer in women worldwide and is also one of the popular models of the hormone-dependent carcinomas. This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the concentrations of five paraben molecules (methylparaben, ethylparaben, N-propylparaben, benzylparaben, isobutylparaben + N-butylparaben) in the endometrial and myometrial tissue samples of patients diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma and benign gynecologic diseases. A total of 88 patients were included in the study and chemical analysis was performed on 176 tissue samples. The study group comprised of 33 patients with endometrial carcinoma and 6 patients with endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia. The control group comprised of 49 patients. One endometrial and one myometrial tissue samples were collected from each patient. The analyses were performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). At least one type of paraben molecule was detected in 23.07% (9/39) of the patients in the study group, and in 2.04% (1/49) of the patients in the control group; this difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = .002). N-Propylparaben and isobutyl + N-butylparaben were the most frequently detected (in 7/10 of the samples) paraben molecules in the study. Tumor characteristics (tumor diameter, myometrial invasion, architectural grade, nuclear grade, lymphovascular space invasion, and tumor stage) were comparable between the two groups of endometrial carcinoma (paraben-detected and paraben-undetected groups). In conclusion, paraben molecules were more frequently detected in the endometrial carcinoma tissue samples than in the normal endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Dogan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Timur Tongur
- Food Safety and Research Institute, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Taner Erkaymaz
- Food Safety and Research Institute, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gulgun Erdogan
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Betul Unal
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bulent Sik
- Food Safety and Research Institute, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tayup Simsek
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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17
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Fruhauf S, Novak B, Nagl V, Hackl M, Hartinger D, Rainer V, Labudová S, Adam G, Aleschko M, Moll WD, Thamhesl M, Grenier B. Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Zearalenone to its Metabolites Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (HZEN) and Decarboxylated Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (DHZEN) Diminishes its Estrogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080481. [PMID: 31434326 PMCID: PMC6722729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN)-degrading enzymes are a promising strategy to counteract the negative effects of this mycotoxin in livestock. The reaction products of such enzymes need to be thoroughly characterized before technological application as a feed additive can be envisaged. Here, we evaluated the estrogenic activity of the metabolites hydrolyzed zearalenone (HZEN) and decarboxylated hydrolyzed zearalenone (DHZEN) formed by hydrolysis of ZEN by the zearalenone-lactonase Zhd101p. ZEN, HZEN, and DHZEN were tested in two in vitro models, the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay (0.01–500 nM) and an estrogen-sensitive yeast bioassay (1–10,000 nM). In addition, we compared the impact of dietary ZEN (4.58 mg/kg) and equimolar dietary concentrations of HZEN and DHZEN on reproductive tract morphology as well as uterine mRNA and microRNA expression in female piglets (n = 6, four weeks exposure). While ZEN increased cell proliferation and reporter gene transcription, neither HZEN nor DHZEN elicited an estrogenic response, suggesting that these metabolites are at least 50–10,000 times less estrogenic than ZEN in vitro. In piglets, HZEN and DHZEN did not increase vulva size or uterus weight. Moreover, RNA transcripts altered upon ZEN treatment (EBAG9, miR-135a-5p, miR-187-3p and miR-204-5p) were unaffected by HZEN and DHZEN. Our study shows that both metabolites exhibit markedly reduced estrogenicity in vitro and in vivo, and thus provides an important basis for further evaluation of ZEN-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerhard Adam
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (IAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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18
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An BH, Jeong H, Kim JH, Park S, Jeong JH, Kim MJ, Chang M. Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Transcriptional Activities of Spent Coffee Grounds and Spent Coffee Grounds Compost, and Their Phenolic Acid Constituents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8649-8659. [PMID: 31283213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are the most abundant coffee byproduct and are generally discarded as waste. The horticultural use of SCG and SCG compost (SCGC) has become popular due to a growing interest in environmentally friendly measures for waste disposal. Estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals in the soil can be absorbed by plants and subsequently by humans who consume these plants. The objectives of this study are to determine the phytochemical profiles of extracts of SCG and SCGC and to evaluate the estrogen-like activities of SCG, SCGC, and the major coffee phenolic acids, specifically, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (CQA), caffeic acid, and ferulic acid. Their inductive effects on estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated gene transcription have been examined in cultured cell lines. CQA was the most abundant phenolic acid in SCG and SCGC and was further examined for its ER-mediated estrogen-like activity using various assays. This is the first study to report the estrogen-like signaling activities of coffee byproducts and their major constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Ha An
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences , Sookmyung Women's University , 100 Chungparo 47-gil , Seoul 04310 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesoo Jeong
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences , Sookmyung Women's University , 100 Chungparo 47-gil , Seoul 04310 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Yonsei University , 85 Songdogwahak-ro , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sujeong Park
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences , Sookmyung Women's University , 100 Chungparo 47-gil , Seoul 04310 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Yonsei University , 85 Songdogwahak-ro , Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science , Sookmyung Women's University , 100 Chungparo 47-gil , Seoul 04310 , Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Women's Health , Sookmyung Women's University , 100 Chungparo 47-gil , Seoul 04310 , Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Chang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science , Sookmyung Women's University , 100 Chungparo 47-gil , Seoul 04310 , Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Women's Health , Sookmyung Women's University , 100 Chungparo 47-gil , Seoul 04310 , Republic of Korea
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19
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El-Ishaq A, Alshawsh MA, Chik ZB. Evaluating the oestrogenic activities of aqueous root extract of Asparagus africanus Lam in female Sprague-Dawley rats and its phytochemical screening using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7254. [PMID: 31355056 PMCID: PMC6644626 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagus africanus Lam. is a plant used traditionally for natal care. This study evaluates the oestrogenic activities of aqueous root extract and screens for possible bioactive phytochemicals. Oestrogenicity of A. africanus was evaluated in ovariectomised rats treated with 50, 200, and 800 mg/kgBW doses twice daily for three days. Ethinyl estradiol (EE)1 mg/kg was used as positive control, and hormonal analysis and gene expression were carried out. The findings demonstrated that the extract produced a dose-dependent increase in the oestrogen levels with a significant increase compared to untreated rats. Pre-treatment with oestrogen receptor antagonist (ORA) prior to A. africanus treatment reversed the trend. Gene expression analysis on rats treated with 200 mg/kgBW A. africanus showed significant (p < 0.005) upregulation of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα), while pre-treating animals with (ORA) significantly (p < 0.005) increased the expression of calbindin 3 (Calb3) in the EE group as compared to the untreated rats. The GC/MS results showed the presence of steroidal saponins such as stigmasterol and sarsasapogenin. These might be the bioactive constituents that exhibited these activities. The oestrogenic properties of A. africanus revealed in this study could contribute to the antifertility properties of the plant. However, further pharmacological studies are required to confirm the antifertility effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar El-Ishaq
- Science Laboratory Technology Department, School of Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, Yobe, Nigeria
- University of Malaya Bioequivalence Testing Centre (UBAT), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed A. Alshawsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Bin Chik
- University of Malaya Bioequivalence Testing Centre (UBAT), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
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20
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Maske P, Dighe V, Vanage G. n-butylparaben exposure during perinatal period impairs fertility of the F1 generation female rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:114-123. [PMID: 30218874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are a class of preservatives widely used in the majority of personal care products, cosmetics, medicines, and food products. However, current literature suggests its plausible role as an endocrine disruptor, hence the present study was undertaken to delineate the effects of n-butyl paraben on perinatally exposed F1 female rats. F0 dams were exposed subcutaneously to n-butylparaben from gestation day 6 (GD 6) to postnatal day (PND) 21 with doses of 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg Bw/day in corn oil. The F1 female rats were monitored for pubertal development and sexual maturation through PND 30, 45, and 75; which were subsequently subjected to fertility assessment at PND 75. Perinatal exposure to n-butylparaben resulted in- This study documents impaired steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis might be the prime reason for the reduced fertility of F1 female rats. Hence, our study suggests that health monitors need to counsel potential females planning for pregnancy to avoid exposure to parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Maske
- National Centre for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India
| | - Vikas Dighe
- National Centre for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India
| | - Geeta Vanage
- National Centre for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India.
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21
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Nowak K, Ratajczak-Wrona W, Górska M, Jabłońska E. Parabens and their effects on the endocrine system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:238-251. [PMID: 29596967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Preservatives (ingredients which inhibit growth of microorganisms) are used to prolong shelf life of various foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Parabens are one of the most popular preservatives used in the aforementioned products and is currently being used worldwide. Parabens are easily absorbed by the human body. Thus, it is important to discuss about their safety with respect to human physiology. In view of the current literature, which classifies parabens as a group of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), it seems that the precise assessment of their influence on the human endocrine system is particularly important. Disruption of the endocrine homoeostasis might lead to multidirectional implications causing disruption of fitness and functions of the body. Therefore, in this review article, we aimed to summarize the current literature on properties, occurrence, and metabolism of parabens as well as to present recent progress in knowledge about their influence on the human endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Maria Górska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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22
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Guerra MT, Sanabria M, Leite GAA, Borges CS, Cucielo MS, Anselmo-Franci JA, Foster WG, Kempinas WG. Maternal exposure to butyl paraben impairs testicular structure and sperm quality on male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1273-1289. [PMID: 27444704 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are hormonally active chemicals widely used as preservatives in foods and are frequently detected in human fluids and tissues. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of maternal butyl paraben (BP) exposure on male sexual development. Pregnant Wistar rats received corn oil (control group), or BP at doses of 10, 100, or 200 mg/kg, subcutaneously, from gestational day 12 until postnatal day 21. Our results demonstrated that developmental BP exposure significantly increased the number of adult Leydig cells and the circulating concentrations of testosterone and attenuated FSH and LH concentrations at 200 mg/kg. BP exposure adversely affected spermatogenesis kinetics at doses of 10 and 200 mg/kg and provoked a decrease in the immunostaining of EsR1 and AR at 200 mg/kg. The sperm motility was impaired at the 10 mg/kg dose, and sperm head abnormalities were increased in all BP dose groups. We suggest that BP impairs testicular structure and function in the rat, affecting sperm quality. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1273-1289, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina T Guerra
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito De Rubião Jr S/N, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Marciana Sanabria
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito De Rubião Jr S/N, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel A A Leite
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito De Rubião Jr S/N, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Cibele S Borges
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito De Rubião Jr S/N, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Maira S Cucielo
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito De Rubião Jr S/N, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Janete A Anselmo-Franci
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, USP, Avenida Do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040904, Brazil
| | - W G Foster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - W G Kempinas
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito De Rubião Jr S/N, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
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Guerra MT, Sanabria M, Cagliarani SV, Leite GAA, Borges CDS, De Grava Kempinas W. Long-term effects of in utero and lactational exposure to butyl paraben in female rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:776-788. [PMID: 27120489 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are used as preservatives in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries, and are frequently detected as contaminants in human fluids and tissues. The endocrine disrupting effects of parabens in female rodents include uterotrophic response, steroidogenesis impairment, and ovarian disturbances. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of maternal butyl paraben (BP) exposure on female sexual development. Pregnant Wistar rats were treated subcutaneously with either corn oil or BP at doses of 10, 100, or 200 mg/kg, from gestational day (GD) 12 until GD 20 for female foetal gonad evaluation, and from GD 12 until the end of lactation to evaluate sexual parameters on the female offspring. Immature female rats were also used in the uterotrophic assay to evaluate the possible estrogenic action of parabens. Our results revealed that, in this experimental protocol, BP did not show estrogenic activity at the doses used and did not impair sexual development and fertility capacity in the female rats, but impaired sexual behavior. We conclude that brain sexual development may be more sensitive to BP effects and we speculate that doses higher than 100 mg/kg (the male lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for rodent reproductive parameters) would be necessary to promote damages in the female reproduction, regarding the same protocol of exposure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 776-788, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Trevizan Guerra
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marciana Sanabria
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephannie Vieira Cagliarani
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibele Dos Santos Borges
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilma De Grava Kempinas
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Parabens Accelerate Ovarian Dysfunction in a 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide-Induced Ovarian Failure Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020161. [PMID: 28208728 PMCID: PMC5334715 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used preservatives in basic necessities such as cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. In previous studies, xenoestrogenic actions of parabens were reported in an immature rat model and a rat pituitary cell line (GH3 cells). The relationship between parabens and ovarian failure has not been described. In the present study, the influence of parabens on ovarian folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis was investigated. A disruptor of ovarian small pre-antral follicles, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD, 40 mg/kg), was used to induce premature ovarian failure (POF). Methylparaben (MP, 100 mg/kg), propylparaben (PP, 100 mg/kg), and butylparaben (BP, 100 mg/kg) dissolved in corn oil were treated in female 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rat for 5 weeks. Estrus cycle status was checked daily by vaginal smear test. Ovarian follicle development and steroid synthesis were investigated through real-time PCR and histological analyses. Diestrus phases in the VCD, PP, and BP groups were longer than that in the vehicle group. VCD significantly decreased mRNA level of folliculogenesis-related genes (Foxl2, Kitl and Amh). All parabens significantly increased the Amh mRNA level but unchanged Foxl2 and Kitlg acting in primordial follicles. VCD and MP slightly increased Star and Cyp11a1 levels, which are related to an initial step in steroidogenesis. VCD and parabens induced an increase in FSH levels in serum and significantly decreased the total number of follicles. Increased FSH implies impairment in ovarian function due to VCD or parabens. These results suggest that VCD may suppress both formation and development of follicles. In particular, combined administration of VCD and parabens accelerated inhibition of the follicle-developmental process through elevated AMH level in small antral follicles.
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25
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Sun L, Yu T, Guo J, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Xiao X, Sun Y, Xiao H, Li J, Zhu D, Sai L, Li J. The estrogenicity of methylparaben and ethylparaben at doses close to the acceptable daily intake in immature Sprague-Dawley rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25173. [PMID: 27121550 PMCID: PMC4848538 DOI: 10.1038/srep25173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogenicity of parabens at human exposure levels has become a focus of concern due to the debate over whether the estrogenicity of parabens is strong enough to play a role in the increased incidence of breast cancer. In this study, the uterotrophic activities of methylparaben (MP) and ethylparaben (EP) at doses close to the acceptable daily intake as allocated by JECFA were demonstrated in immature Sprague-Dawley rats by intragastric administration, and up-regulations of estrogen-responsive biomarker genes were found in uteri of the rats by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR). At the same time, the urinary concentrations of MP and EP, as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in rats that received the same doses of MP and EP, were found to be near the high urinary levels reported in human populations in recent years. These results show the in vivo estrogenicity of MP and EP at human exposure levels, and indicate that populations exposed to large amounts of MP and EP may have a high burden of estrogenicity-related diseases. In addition, a molecular docking simulation showed interaction between the parabens and the agonist-binding pocket of human estrogen receptor α (hERα).
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Affiliation(s)
- Libei Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Yu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jilong Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Hu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingli Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Han Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyu Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Desheng Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linlin Sai
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Ji’nan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Jun Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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26
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Lee D, Ahn C, An BS, Jeung EB. Induction of the Estrogenic Marker Calbindn-D₉k by Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:14610-25. [PMID: 26593928 PMCID: PMC4661670 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interrupting the hormonal balance of an organism by interfering with hormones and their target receptors gives rise to various problems such as developmental disorders. Collectively, these reagents are known as endocrine disruptors (EDs). Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMSs) are a group of silicone polymers that including octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). In the present study, we examined the estrogenicity of D4 through in vitro and in vivo assays that employed calcium-binding protein 9K (calbindin-D9k; CaBP-9K) as a biomarker. For in vitro investigation, GH3 rat pituitary cells were exposed to vehicle, 17β-estradiol (E2), or D4 with/without ICI 182 780 (ICI). CaBP-9K and progesterone receptor (PR) both were up-regulated by E2 and D4 which were completely blocked by ICI. Transcription of estrogen receptor α (ER α) was decreased by E2 and D4 but increased by ICI. D4 was also administered to immature female rats for an uterotrophic (UT) assay and detection of CaBP-9K. Ethinyl estradiol (EE) or D4 was administered subcutaneously with or without ICI. Although uterine weight was not significant altered by D4, an effect thought to be due to cytochrome P450 (CYP), it induced CaBP-9K and PR gene expression. Based on these results we reveal that D4 has estrogenic potential proven under in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongoh Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 362-763, Korea.
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 362-763, Korea.
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of National Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 627-706, Korea.
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 362-763, Korea.
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27
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Kim MJ, Kwack SJ, Lim SK, Kim YJ, Roh TH, Choi SM, Kim HS, Lee BM. Toxicological evaluation of isopropylparaben and isobutylparaben mixture in Sprague–Dawley rats following 28 days of dermal exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:544-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Application of microwave-assisted micro-solid-phase extraction for determination of parabens in human ovarian cancer tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1000:192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Stoffmonographie für Parabene – Referenzwerte für Parabene im Urin von Erwachsenen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-014-2055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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30
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Kim TS, Kim CY, Lee HK, Kang IH, Kim MG, Jung KK, Kwon YK, Nam HS, Hong SK, Kim HS, Yoon HJ, Rhee GS. Estrogenic Activity of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Parabens Based on the Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-α Transcriptional Activation Assay (OECD TG 455). Toxicol Res 2013; 27:181-4. [PMID: 24278570 PMCID: PMC3834384 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of estrogenic activity on dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro diphenyl dichloro ethylene (DDE), dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and parabens was compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guideline 455 (TG455). The estrogenic activity of DDT was 58,000-fold (PC50, 1.67 × 10−6 M) less than 17β-estradiol(E2) (PC50, 2.88 × 10-11 M) but DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane and PBDE did not show any estrogenic activity in this assay system. In the case of paraben compounds, the rank of relative transcriptional activation (logRTA) was butyl paraben −1.63752 (PC50, 1.25 × 10−7M) > isobutyl paraben −2.34008 (PC50, 6.3 × 10−7M) > ethyl paraben −2.64016 (PC50, 1.26 × 10−6 M) > isopropyl paraben −2.73993 (PC50, 1.58 × 10−6M) > propyl paraben −2.84164 (PC50, 2.0 × 10−6 M). Our data suggest that OECD test guideline TG455 may be useful as a screening tool for potential endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Sung Kim
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 643 Yeonje-ri, Gangoe-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-951, Korea
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31
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Gazin V, Marsden E, Marguerite F. Oral Propylparaben Administration to Juvenile Male Wistar Rats Did Not Induce Toxicity in Reproductive Organs. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:392-401. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Louis GW, Hallinger DR, Stoker TE. The effect of triclosan on the uterotrophic response to extended doses of ethinyl estradiol in the weanling rat. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 36:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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33
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The estrogenic effects of benzylparaben at low doses based on uterotrophic assay in immature SD rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 53:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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34
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Andersson H, Rehm S, Stanislaus D, Wood CE. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee (SRPC) Paper. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:921-34. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312466959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hormonally mediated effects on the female reproductive system may manifest as pathologic changes of endocrine-responsive organs and altered reproductive function. Identification of these effects requires proper assessment, which may include investigative studies to profile female reproductive hormones. Here, we briefly describe normal hormonal patterns across the estrous or menstrual cycle and provide general guidance on measuring female reproductive hormones and characterizing hormonal disturbances in nonclinical toxicity studies. Although species used in standard toxicity studies share basic features of reproductive endocrinology, there are important species differences that affect both study design and interpretation of results. Diagnosing female reproductive hormone disturbances can be complicated by many factors, including estrous/menstrual cyclicity, diurnal variation, and age- and stress-related factors. Thus, female reproductive hormonal measurements should not generally be included in first-tier toxicity studies of standard design with groups of unsynchronized intact female animals. Rather, appropriately designed and statistically powered investigative studies are recommended in order to properly identify ovarian and/or pituitary hormone changes and bridge these effects to mechanistic evaluations and safety assessments. This article is intended to provide general considerations and approaches for these types of targeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Andersson
- Pathology Sciences, Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Innovative Medicines, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Dinesh Stanislaus
- Reproductive Toxicology, Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles E. Wood
- National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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35
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Lee HR, Jeung EB, Cho MH, Kim TH, Leung PCK, Choi KC. Molecular mechanism(s) of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their potent oestrogenicity in diverse cells and tissues that express oestrogen receptors. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 17:1-11. [PMID: 23279634 PMCID: PMC3823132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds present in the environment which can interfere with hormone synthesis and normal physiological functions of male and female reproductive organs. Most EDCs tend to bind to steroid hormone receptors including the oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR). As EDCs disrupt the actions of endogenous hormones, they may induce abnormal reproduction, stimulation of cancer growth, dysfunction of neuronal and immune system. Although EDCs represent a significant public health concern, there are no standard methods to determine effect of EDCs on human beings. The mechanisms underlying adverse actions of EDC exposure are not clearly understood. In this review, we highlighted the toxicology of EDCs and its effect on human health, including reproductive development in males and females as shown in in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, this review brings attention to the toxicity of EDCs via interaction of genomic and non-genomic signalling pathways through hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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36
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VO THUYT, AN BEUMSOO, YANG HYUN, JUNG EUIMAN, HWANG INHO, JEUNG EUIBAE. Calbindin-D9k as a sensitive molecular biomarker for evaluating the synergistic impact of estrogenic chemicals on GH3 rat pituitary cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1233-40. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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37
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Ahn HJ, An BS, Jung EM, Yang H, Choi KC, Jeung EB. Parabens inhibit the early phase of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovaries of neonatal rats. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 79:626-36. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Dhanirama D, Gronow J, Voulvoulis N. Cosmetics as a potential source of environmental contamination in the UK. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:1597-1608. [PMID: 22988620 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2011.640353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) are frequently used in cosmetic formulations and can potentially reach the environment at concentrations that may cause harm. A methodology was developed to assess over 120 chemicals assembled from product ingredient listings to identify and validate potential CECs in cosmetics, based on Annex XIII of REACH legislation. Ten potential CECs were identified: polydimethylsiloxane, butylated hydroxylanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene, triclosan, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, butylparaben, diethyl phthalate, octinoxate methoxycinnamate and benzophenone. These chemicals were quantified based on their consumption and concentrations in cosmetics and percentage market penetration. The initial predicted environmental concentrations (PEC initial) were estimated to determine their exposure to the environment. With the exception of BHA, the PEC initial highlighted levels of exposure to the environment that triggered the need for further investigation of the chemicals. These chemicals were linked to cosmetics to highlight products with the potential to cause environmental harm. Skin care products had the highest quantities of CECs, with titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanomaterials being dominant potential contaminants. Further research is required to assess the exposure pathways and fate of these chemicals to determine environmental risks associated with their use and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danelle Dhanirama
- Imperial College, London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ UK
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39
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Jung EM, An BS, Yang H, Choi KC, Jeung EB. Biomarker genes for detecting estrogenic activity of endocrine disruptors via estrogen receptors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:698-711. [PMID: 22690157 PMCID: PMC3367271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are compounds used in various industrial products, drugs, and cosmetics. They can be found in the environment and disturb the endocrine and reproductive systems, resulting in adverse effects to humans and wildlife such as birth defects and developmental disorders. Since several EDs have a structure similar to that of endogenous steroid hormones such as estrogens, they intend to have an affinity for steroid hormone receptors and alter hormone-mediated metabolism by binding to these receptors. EDs are therefore a global concern and assays should be developed to efficiently determine whether these compounds are detrimental to biological systems. Diverse experimental methods may help determine the endocrine disrupting potential of EDs and evaluate the adverse effects of a single and/or combination of these reagents. Currently, biomarkers have been employed to objectively measure EDs potency and understand the underlying mechanisms. Further studies are required to develop ideal screening methods and biomarkers to determine EDs potency at environmentally relevant concentrations. In this review, we describe the biomarkers for estrogenicity of EDs identified both in vitro and in vivo, and introduce a biomarker, cabindin-D9k (CaBP-9k), that may be used to assess estrogenic activity of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Man Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Korea.
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40
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Jung EM, An BS, Choi KC, Jeung EB. Potential estrogenic activity of triclosan in the uterus of immature rats and rat pituitary GH3 cells. Toxicol Lett 2012; 208:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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41
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Yang H, Nguyen TT, An BS, Choi KC, Jeung EB. Synergistic effects of parabens on the induction of calbindin-D9k gene expression act via a progesterone receptor-mediated pathway in GH3 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:134-44. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111422402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the endocrine-disrupting bioactivity of parabens is weakly estrogenic (parabens are xenoestrogens), their combined synergistic effect is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of methyl paraben (MP), ethyl paraben (EP), propyl paraben (PP), isopropyl paraben (IPP), butyl paraben (BP), and isobutyl paraben (IBP), either alone or in combination (MP + EP + PP + BP; PP + IPP; and BP + IBP) on the induction of the estrogenic biomarker gene, calbindin-D9k( CaBP-9k), in rat pituitary lactosomatotrophic GH3 cells. The expression of CaBP-9k mRNA and protein was analyzed using real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. After 24 h of treatment, a significant increase in CaBP-9k expression was observed. This was dependent upon the length of the paraben alkyl chains (shortest in MP and longest in IBP). Interestingly, the synergistic effects of these paraben combinations were observed at a dose (10−5 M) of these parabens, which induced the highest expression of CaBP-9k mRNA and protein. To investigate the involvement of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs), through which parabens exert their effects, the expression levels of ERα and PR-B were also examined. The expression of ERα mRNA and protein fluctuated after paraben treatment in GH3 cells, which was not significant. However, the expression level of ERα gene was induced when cotreated with 17β-estradiol (E2) and ICI 182, 780 (estrogen receptor antagonist). The different combinations of parabens induced the expression of the PR-B gene, which was abolished by cotreatment with ICI 182,780. The expression patterns of CaBP-9k and PR-B genes appeared to be similar in response to paraben treatments. This implied that CaBP-9k expression in GH3 cells may be induced by parabens via a PR-mediated pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that exposure to multiple parabens at low concentrations may increase their synergistic estrogenic activities in GH3 cells through a PR-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - T-T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - B-S An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - K-C Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - E-B Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Vo TTB, Jung EM, Choi KC, Yu FH, Jeung EB. Estrogen receptor α is involved in the induction of Calbindin-D(9k) and progesterone receptor by parabens in GH3 cells: a biomarker gene for screening xenoestrogens. Steroids 2011; 76:675-81. [PMID: 21473877 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of paraben, a xenoestrogen with known endocrine disrupting bioactivity were evaluated. We used the induction of an estrogenic biomarker gene - Calbindin-D(9k) (CaBP-9k) to investigate the xenoestrogenic activity of a panel of parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl-, and isobutylparabens) in GH3 rat pituitary cancer cell line. Following 24-h treatment, a significant increase in CaBP-9k expression of transcript and protein was dependent on the concentration-treated as well as the linear length of the alkyl chain from methyl- to isobutylparabens. Interestingly, co-treatment with fulvestrant, a pure antiestrogen largely reversed the paraben-dependent induction of CaBP-9k mRNA and protein in GH3 cell line. To better understand the mechanism of CaBP-9k induction by these endocrine disrupting compounds, we measured the levels of estrogen receptor (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression following parabens exposure. Also, we monitored the transiently transfected with plasmids containing of estrogen response element (ERE) sequence into GH3. In the GH3 cells, a large increase in PR mRNA and protein was observed in a concentration-dependent manner after parabens treatment that was effectively blocked in the presence of antagonist of 17β-estradiol (fulvestrant). And, luciferase activity was expressed from the putative ERE and expression was stimulated by parabens. To confirm that ERα signaling is involved in parabens induction of CaBP-9k and PR mRNA and protein, we treated GH3 cells with an antiestrogen, fulvestrant, which blocked the paraben-induced upregulation of CaBP-9k and PR. Taken together, these results indicate that CaBP-9k and PR is induced by parabens via the ER pathway in GH3 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T B Vo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Tyl RW, Marr MC, Brown SS, Dolbow EA, Myers CB. Validation of the intact rat weanling uterotrophic assay with notes on the formulation and analysis of the positive control chemical in vehicle. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:694-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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