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Bhakta-Yadav MS, Burra K, Alhamdan N, Allex-Buckner CP, Sulentic CEW. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor differentially modulates the expression profile of antibody isotypes in a human B-cell line. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:276-288. [PMID: 38526216 PMCID: PMC11131011 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental contaminant and high affinity ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In animal models, AhR activation by TCDD generally inhibits antibody secretion. However, it is less clear if this translates to human antibody production. Using a human Burkitt lymphoma B-cell line (CL-01) that can be stimulated to secrete Ig and undergo class switch recombination to other Ig isotypes, the current study evaluated the effects of AhR activation or antagonism on the human Ig isotypic expression profile with CD40L+IL-4 stimulation. Our results suggest that AhR agonists (TCDD and indirubin) have little to no effect on IgM or IgA secretion, which were also not induced with stimulation. However, AhR activation significantly inhibited stimulation-induced IgG secretion, an effect reversed by the AhR antagonist CH223191. Evaluation of Ig heavy chain (IgH) constant region gene expression (ie Cμ, Cγ1-4, Cα1-2, and Cε that encode for IgM, IgG1-4, IgA1-2, and IgE, respectively) demonstrated differential effects. While Cμ and Cα2 transcripts were unaffected by stimulation or AhR agonists, AhR activation significantly inhibited stimulation-induced Cγ2-4 and Cε mRNA transcripts, which was reversed by AhR antagonism. Notably, AhR antagonism in the absence of exogenous AhR ligands significantly increased IgG and IgA secretion as well as the expression of Cγ2-4 and Cε. These results suggest that modulation of AhR activity differentially alters the IgH isotypic expression profile and antibody secretion that may be partly dependent on cellular stimulation. Since a variety of chemicals from anthropogenic, industrial, pharmaceutical, dietary, and bacterial sources bind the AhR, the ability of environmental exposures to alter AhR activity (i.e. activate or inhibit) may have a direct influence on immune function and antibody-relevant disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili S Bhakta-Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Kaulini Burra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Nasser Alhamdan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Clayton P Allex-Buckner
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Courtney E W Sulentic
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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Zhou J, Blevins LK, Crawford RB, Kaminski NE. Role of Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 and Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase in the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor- Mediated Impairment of the IgM Response in Human CD5 + Innate-Like B Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884203. [PMID: 35558082 PMCID: PMC9088000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate-like B cells (ILBs) are a heterogeneous population B cells which participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. This diverse subset of B cells is characterized by the expression of CD5 and has been shown to secrete high levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the absence of infection or vaccination. Further, CD5+ ILBs have been shown to express high basal levels of lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), which are particularly sensitive to stimulation by interferon gamma (IFNγ). Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a cytosolic ligand-activated transcription factor, results in suppressed IgM responses and is dependent on LCK. A recent study showed that CD5+ ILBs are particularly sensitive to AHR activation as evidenced by a significant suppression of the IgM response compared to CD5- B cells, which were refractory. Therefore, the objective of this study was to further investigate the role of LCK and PD-1 signaling in AHR-mediated suppression of CD5+ ILBs. In addition, studies were conducted to establish whether IFNγ alters the levels of LCK and PD-1 in CD5+ ILBs. We found that AHR activation led to a significant upregulation of total LCK and PD-1 proteins in CD5+ ILBs, which correlated with suppression of IgM. Interestingly, treatment with recombinant IFNγ reduced LCK protein levels and reversed AHR-mediated IgM suppression in CD5+ ILBs in a similar manner as LCK inhibitors. Collectively, these results support a critical role for LCK and PD-1 in AHR-mediated suppression of the IgM response in human CD5+ ILBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lance K. Blevins
- Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Robert B. Crawford
- Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Norbert E. Kaminski
- Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Foxx CL, Nagy MR, King AE, Albin D, DeKrey GK. TCDD exposure alters fecal IgA concentrations in male and female mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:25. [PMID: 35449084 PMCID: PMC9026712 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) can alter diurnal rhythms including those for innate lymphoid cell numbers, cytokine and hormone levels, and feeding behaviors. Because immune responses and antibody levels are modulated by exposure to AhR agonists, we hypothesized that some of the variation previously reported for the effects of AhR activation on fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels could be explained by dysregulation of the diurnal sIgA rhythm. Methods C57Bl/6 J mice were exposed to peanut oil or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 10 or 40 μg/Kg) and fecal sIgA levels were determined in samples collected every 4 h over 4 days. Results Fecal sIgA concentrations were not significantly different between light and dark phases of the photoperiod in either male or female mice, and there were no significant circadian rhythms observed, but TCDD exposure significantly altered both fecal mesor sIgA and serum IgA concentrations, in parallel, in male (increased) and female (biphasic) mice. Conclusions AhR activation can contribute to the regulation of steady state IgA/sIgA concentrations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40360-022-00563-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Foxx
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA
| | - Madeline R Nagy
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA
| | - Aspen E King
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA
| | - Dreycey Albin
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA
| | - Gregory K DeKrey
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639, USA.
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Wajda A, Łapczuk-Romańska J, Paradowska-Gorycka A. Epigenetic Regulations of AhR in the Aspect of Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6404. [PMID: 32899152 PMCID: PMC7504141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors contribute to autoimmune disease manifestation, and as regarded today, AhR has become an important factor in studies of immunomodulation. Besides immunological aspects, AhR also plays a role in pharmacological, toxicological and many other physiological processes such as adaptive metabolism. In recent years, epigenetic mechanisms have provided new insight into gene regulation and reveal a new contribution to autoimmune disease pathogenesis. DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin alterations, microRNA and consequently non-genetic changes in phenotypes connect with environmental factors. Increasing data reveals AhR cross-roads with the most significant in immunology pathways. Although study on epigenetic modulations in autoimmune diseases is still not well understood, therefore future research will help us understand their pathophysiology and help to find new therapeutic strategies. Present literature review sheds the light on the common ground between remodeling chromatin compounds and autoimmune antibodies used in diagnostics. In the proposed review we summarize recent findings that describe epigenetic factors which regulate AhR activity and impact diverse immunological responses and pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wajda
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Łapczuk-Romańska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland;
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Snyder AD, Ochs SD, Johnson BE, Sulentic CEW. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-induced activation of the human IGH hs1.2 enhancer: Mutational analysis of putative regulatory binding motifs. Mol Immunol 2020; 120:164-178. [PMID: 32146146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human hs1.2 enhancer within the Ig heavy chain gene (IGH) is polymorphic and associated with a number of autoimmune diseases. The polymorphic region is characterized by tandem repeats of an ∼53-bp invariant sequence containing possible binding sites for several transcription factors. Our previous studies suggest the human hs1.2 enhancer is sensitive to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an environmental toxicant and high affinity ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). TCDD induced hs1.2 enhancer activity in an AhR-dependent manner and the number of invariant sequences influenced the magnitude of activity. To better understand the regulation of human hs1.2 enhancer activity, the objective of the current study was to utilize mutational analysis and luciferase reporter constructs to evaluate the contribution of putative transcription factor binding sites to overall hs1.2 enhancer activity and modulation by TCDD. Basal and LPS-induced activity of the hs1.2 enhancer appeared to be most affected by mutation of sites outside of the invariant sequence or deletion of the entire invariant sequence; whereas sites influencing the effect of TCDD were dependent on the cellular activation state (i.e. unstimulated vs. LPS stimulation) and relatively independent of the putative AhR binding site within the invariant sequence. These results suggest that AhR activation affects human hs1.2 activity through an as yet undetermined non-canonical pathway. A better understanding regarding the role of the hs1.2 enhancer in human Ig expression and how AhR ligands modulate its activity may lead to insights into overall Ig regulation and mechanisms of dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Snyder
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States
| | - Sharon D Ochs
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States
| | - Brooke E Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States
| | - Courtney E W Sulentic
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, United States.
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Blevins LK, Zhou J, Crawford R, Kaminski NE. TCDD-mediated suppression of naïve human B cell IgM secretion involves aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated reduction in STAT3 serine 727 phosphorylation and is restored by interferon-γ. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109447. [PMID: 31678681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental contaminant formed as a byproduct in organic synthesis and burning of organic materials. TCDD has potent immunotoxic effects in B lymphocytes resulting in decreased cellular activation and suppressed IgM secretion following activation with CD40 ligand. Previous work from our lab demonstrated that TCDD treatment of naïve human B cells resulted in significant increases in the levels of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, which corresponded with suppression of IgM secretion. STAT3 is a critical B cell transcription factor for B cell activation and secretion of immunoglobulins (Ig). STAT3 dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus following phosphorylation as a result of cytokine receptor signaling. We hypothesized that TCDD-mediated increases in SHP-1 could result in decreased STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation. Interestingly, only modest changes in the levels of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation were observed. By contrast, TCDD significantly reduced levels of STAT3 serine phosphorylation as early as 12h post B cell activation. These results corresponded with decreased inhibitory phosphorylation of the serine specific phosphatase PP2a, which is regulated by SHP-1. Further, studies revealed that interferon gamma (IFNγ), which signals through the type II interferon receptor, can non-canonically induce STAT3 activation via Src kinase activity. Indeed, treatment of human B cells with IFNγ resulted in increased STAT3 serine phosphorylation and reversed TCDD-mediated suppression of the IgM response. Together, these data putatively identify a key event in the mechanism by which TCDD induces suppression of Ig secretion and demonstrate the potential of IFNγ as a means to reverse this effect in primary human B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance K Blevins
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Robert Crawford
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, MIchigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Chen G, Luo X, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhu F, Wang W. Interleukin-1β Promotes Schwann Cells De-Differentiation in Wallerian Degeneration via the c-JUN/AP-1 Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:304. [PMID: 31338026 PMCID: PMC6629865 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) de-differentiate in Wallerian degeneration (WD) following nerve injury and, by doing so, can actively promote nerve repair and functional recovery. An innate-immune response is an important component of the complex of events referred to as WD. Damaged peripheral nervous system SCs produce IL-1β and other inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that, in addition to a role in immune responses, IL-1β participates in de-differentiation and proliferation of SCs. qPCR and ELISA demonstrated that expression of IL-1β mRNAs and protein increased after nerve injury. Immunofluorescent staining and western blotting demonstrated that expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was significantly increased and levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) were significantly decreased after IL-1β exposure compared with control groups in vitro WD. Additionally, qPCR demonstrated that IL-1β elevated expression of the de-differentiation gene p75NTR and decreased expression of myelination locus MPZ and promoted SCs de-differentiation. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining, western blotting, qPCR and ELISA revealed that IL-1β promoted c-JUN expression and activation of AP-1 activity of SCs in an in vitro WD model. Finally, Immunofluorescent staining illustrated that IL-1β elevated expression of Ki67 in SCs nuclei, the apoptosis of SCs were detected by TUNEL. SCs of WD produce IL-1β which promotes SCs de-differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chang HC, Huang DY, Wu NL, Kannagi R, Wang LF, Lin WW. BLIMP1 transcriptionally induced by EGFR activation and post-translationally regulated by proteasome and lysosome is involved in keratinocyte differentiation, migration and inflammation. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 92:151-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zhou J, Zhang Q, Henriquez JE, Crawford RB, Kaminski NE. Lymphocyte-Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase (LCK) is Involved in the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Impairment of Immunoglobulin Secretion in Human Primary B Cells. Toxicol Sci 2018; 165:322-334. [PMID: 29860352 PMCID: PMC6659013 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a cytosolic ligand-activated transcription factor involved in xenobiotic sensing, cell cycle regulation, and cell development. In humans, the activation of AHR by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a high affinity AHR-ligand, impairs the secretion of immunoglobulin M (IgM) to suppress humoral immunity. However, the mechanisms bridging the activation of AHR and the impairment of IgM secretion by human primary B cells remain poorly understood. Recent transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) in AHR-activated human primary B cells. LCK is a well-characterized tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates critical signaling proteins involved in activation and cytokine production in T cells. Conversely, the role of LCK in human primary B cells is not well understood. In the current studies, we have verified the transcriptomic finding by detecting AHR-mediated upregulation of LCK protein in human primary B cells. We also confirmed the role of AHR in the upregulation of LCK by using a specific AHR antagonist, which abolished the AHR-mediated increase of LCK. Furthermore, we have confirmed the role of LCK in the AHR-mediated suppression of IgM by using LCK specific inhibitors, which restored the IgM secretion by human B cells in the presence of TCDD. Collectively, the current studies demonstrate a novel role of LCK in IgM response and provide new insights into the mechanism for AHR-mediated impairment of immunoglobulin secretion by human primary B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Georgia 30322
| | - Joseph E Henriquez
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Zhou J, Henriquez J, Crawford R, Kaminski N. Suppression of the IgM Response by Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Human Primary B Cells Involves Impairment of Immunoglobulin Secretory Processes. Toxicol Sci 2018; 163:319-329. [PMID: 29462421 PMCID: PMC6659029 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is well established at suppressing humoral immunity. Previous studies in mouse B cells revealed that decreased IgM production was due to a significant suppression in the mRNA levels of the immunoglobulin M components (IgH, IgJ, and Igκ chains) and subsequent decrease in IgM synthesis. In contrast, the current study shows that activation of AHR in human B cells also results in a significant suppression of the number of IgM-secreting cells, but this is not due to a decrease in the transcription or translation of IgH, IgJ, and Igκ chains. Instead, the reduced humoral response is due to the impairment of IgM secretion. This is further evidenced by an accumulation of intracellular IgM in human B cells, which indicates that activation of AHR alters distinct regulatory pathways in human and mouse B cells leading to the suppressed primary IgM response. Collectively, these results demonstrate that although AHR activation mediates suppression of humoral immune responses across many different animal species, the mechanism of action is not necessarily conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology
| | - Joseph Henriquez
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | | | - Norbert Kaminski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Kovalova N, Nault R, Crawford R, Zacharewski TR, Kaminski NE. Comparative analysis of TCDD-induced AhR-mediated gene expression in human, mouse and rat primary B cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 316:95-106. [PMID: 27913140 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental pollutant that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) resulting in altered gene expression. In vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies have demonstrated that B cells are directly impaired by TCDD, and are a sensitive target as evidenced by suppression of antibody responses. The window of sensitivity to TCDD-induced suppression of IgM secretion among mouse, rat and human B cells is similar. Specifically, TCDD must be present within the initial 12h post B cell stimulation, indicating that TCDD disrupts early signaling network(s) necessary for B lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that TCDD treatment across three different species (mouse, rat and human) triggers a conserved, B cell-specific mechanism that is involved in TCDD-induced immunosuppression. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to identify B cell-specific orthologous genes that are differentially expressed in response to TCDD in primary mouse, rat and human B cells. Time course studies identified TCDD-elicited differential expression of 515 human, 2371 mouse and 712 rat orthologous genes over the 24-h period. 28 orthologs were differentially expressed in response to TCDD in all three species. Overrepresented pathways enriched in all three species included cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton and pathways in cancer. Differentially expressed genes functionally associated with cell-cell signaling in humans, immune response in mice, and oxidation reduction in rats. Overall, these results suggest that despite the conservation of the AhR and its signaling mechanism, TCDD elicits species-specific gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kovalova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Rance Nault
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Robert Crawford
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Timothy R Zacharewski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Viñas R, Goldblum RM, Watson CS. Rapid estrogenic signaling activities of the modified (chlorinated, sulfonated, and glucuronidated) endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/endo.25411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Hao N, Whitelaw ML. The emerging roles of AhR in physiology and immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:561-70. [PMID: 23856287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is traditionally defined as a transcriptional regulator involved in adaptive xenobiotic response, however, emerging evidence supports physiological functions of AhR in normal cell development and immune response. The role of AhR in immunomodulation is multi-dimensional. On the one hand, activation of AhR by TCDD and other ligands leads to profound immunosuppression, potentially via skewed Th1/Th2 cell balance toward Th1 dominance, and boosted Treg cell differentiation. On the other hand, activation of AhR can also induce Th17 cell polarization and increase the severity of autoimmune disease. In addition to T lymphocytes, the AhR also appears to play a vital role in B cell maturation, and regulates the activity of macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils following lipopolysaccharide challenge or influenza virus infection. In these scenarios, activation of AhR is associated with decreased host response and reduced survival. Furthermore, gene knock out studies suggest that AhR is indispensable for the postnatal maintenance of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and skin-resident dendritic epidermal gamma delta T cells, providing a potential link between AhR and gut immunity and wound healing. It is well accepted that the magnitude and the type of immune response is dependent on the local cytokine milieu and the AhR appears to be one of the key factors involved in the fine turning of this cytokine balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hao
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science (Biochemistry), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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Chen YJ, Hung CM, Kay N, Chen CC, Kao YH, Yuan SS. Progesterone receptor is involved in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin-stimulated breast cancer cells proliferation. Cancer Lett 2012; 319:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Rasmussen DL, Pfau JC. Asbestos activates CH12.LX B-lymphocytes via macrophage signaling. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 9:129-40. [PMID: 22133189 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.631953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of asbestos exposure on the development and progression of autoimmunity is becoming increasingly recognized as a public health issue. Epidemiological studies have shown an association between exposure to airborne silicates, such as asbestos, and autoimmunity, but the etiology remains unresolved. B1a B-lymphocytes have been implicated in autoimmune responses in mice, and splenic B1a cell numbers are altered following asbestos exposure. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible role of B1a B-lymphocytes in the production of pathogenic autoantibodies by testing the hypothesis that B1a B-lymphocytes directly react with asbestos and increase production of antibodies. The B1a-like B-lymphocyte model, CH12.LX, was exposed to asbestos in vitro via direct and indirect mechanisms. The effect was determined of these exposures on the rate of proliferation and on production of various immunoglobulin classes. Direct exposure elicited no measurable response by the CH12.LX cells. Culturing the CH12.LX cells in media from asbestos-exposed RAW 264.7 macrophages, however, decreased the proliferation rate and stimulated the cells to increase production of the immunoglobulin isotypes IgG₁, IgG₃, and IgA. It was discovered that asbestos stimulated the macrophages to increase production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Recombinant murine IL-6 caused similar results seen with the macrophage media, indicating a role of IL-6 in stimulating a response by the B1a B-lymphocytes to asbestos. In correlation with the in vitro data, it was determined ex vivo that exposure of peritoneal cells (from C57Bl/6 mice) to asbestos caused an increase in the expression of IL-6 and TNFα, as well as of surface expression of IgA on the peritoneal B1a B-lymphocytes. These data demonstrate that asbestos leads to immunologic changes consistent with activation of B1a B-lymphocytes. This study also provides a model for analyzing the critical steps that may be involved in asbestos-induced autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Rasmussen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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Lu H, Crawford RB, Kaplan BLF, Kaminski NE. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated disruption of the CD40 ligand-induced activation of primary human B cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:251-60. [PMID: 21807014 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of the primary antibody response is particularly sensitive to suppression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice; however, surprisingly little is known concerning the effects of TCDD on humoral immunity or B cell function in humans. Results from a limited number of previous studies, primarily employing in vitro activation models, suggested that human B cell effector function is suppressed by TCDD. The present study sought to extend these findings by investigating, in primary human B cells, the effects of TCDD on several critical stages leading to antibody secretion including activation and plasmacytic differentiation using an in vitro CD40 ligand activation model. These studies revealed important differences in the response of human and mouse B cells to TCDD, the most striking being altered expression of plasmacytic differentiation regulators, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 and paired box protein 5, in mouse but not human B cells. The activation of human B cells was profoundly impaired by TCDD, as evidenced by decreased expression of activation markers CD80, CD86, and CD69. The impaired activation correlated with decreased cell viability, which prevented the progression of human B cells toward plasmacytic differentiation. TCDD treatment also attenuated the early activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and Akt signaling in human B cells. Collectively, the present study provided experimental evidence for novel mechanisms by which TCDD impairs the effector function of primary human B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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c-Jun/AP-1 transcription factor regulates laminin-1-induced neurite outgrowth in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: Role of multiple signaling pathways. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1915-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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McClure EA, North CM, Kaminski NE, Goodman JI. Changes in DNA methylation and gene expression during 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced suppression of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IgM response in splenocytes. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:339-48. [PMID: 21212295 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin and a potent B-cell activator capable of inducing a humoral immune response. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a well-established immunotoxicant that can suppress humoral immune responses, including those initiated by LPS stimulation. In murine models, TCDD-induced suppression of the LPS-activated primary immunoglobulin M (IgM) response is observed both in vivo and in vitro and is typically evaluated as a decrease in the number of IgM antibody-forming cells. The TCDD-induced suppression of the primary humoral immune response occurs, at least in part, upstream of IgM production. The current study was designed as an initial test of our hypothesis that altered DNA methylation, an epigenetic event, is involved in the LPS-induced IgM response by splenocytes as is the suppression of this response by TCDD. Splenocyte-derived DNA from mice treated in vivo with sesame oil + PBS, LPS, TCDD, or LPS + TCDD was used for the current investigation. DNA methylation was evaluated using a technique that permits assessment of the methylation status of multiple genomic regions simultaneously in an unbiased fashion (no specific genes or genomic regions are preselected). Additionally, the expression of selected genes was determined. Our results indicate that treatment with LPS or TCDD can alter DNA methylation and, importantly, combined TCDD + LPS results in altered DNA methylation that was not simply the addition of the changes discerned in the individual treatment groups. Thus, we have identified cross talk between LPS and TCDD at the level of DNA methylation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A McClure
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Sulentic CEW, Kaminski NE. The long winding road toward understanding the molecular mechanisms for B-cell suppression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S171-91. [PMID: 20952503 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppression of humoral immune responses by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was first reported in the mid-1970s. Since this initial observation, much effort has been devoted by many laboratories toward elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the profound impairment of humoral immune responses by TCDD, which is characterized by decreased B cell to plasma cell differentiation and suppression of immunoglobulin production. These efforts have led to a significant body of research demonstrating a direct effect of TCDD on B-cell maturation and function as well as a requisite but as yet undefined role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in these effects. Likewise, a number of molecular targets putatively involved in mediating B-cell dysfunction by TCDD, and other AhR ligands, have been identified. However, our current understanding has primarily relied on findings from mouse models, and the translation of this knowledge to effects on human B cells and humoral immunity in humans is less clear. Therefore, a current challenge is to determine how TCDD and the AhR affect human B cells. Efforts have been made in this direction but continued progress in developing adequate human models is needed. An in-depth discussion of these advances and limitations in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms putatively involved in the suppression of B-cell function by TCDD as well as the implications on human diseases associated in epidemiological studies with exposure to TCDD and dioxin-like compounds is the primary focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E W Sulentic
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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