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Miyashita T, Senshu M, Ibi K, Yamanaka H, Nejishima H, Fukami T, Nakajima M. Evaluation of lens opacity due to inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis using rat lens explant cultures. Toxicology 2022; 465:153064. [PMID: 34890705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced lens opacity has the potential to cause blindness and is of concern in drug development. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis is one of the causes of lens opacity. Lens opacity is only observed after chronic administration in in vivo nonclinical studies in drug development. Thus, to save resources (e.g., time and cost) and to reduce burden on animals, it is required to develop in vitro evaluation systems that can predict and avoid the risk of lens opacity earlier and easier. In this study, we investigated whether rat lens explant cultures could be useful for the evaluation of drug-induced lens opacity via inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. Nineteen drugs, including statins, allylamine, thiocarbamate, azole, and morpholine, which inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, as well as a negative control (acetaminophen, rosiglitazone and troglitazone), were used. Rat lens explants were treated with drugs for 13 days at concentrations close to IC50 values or higher against cholesterol biosynthesis, and lens opacity (severity and region) was evaluated. In most cases, region-specific lens opacity limited in the equator to posterior pole, as observed in vivo was observed at IC50 values or higher concentrations. The severity of opacity was likely to be related to the inhibitory potency toward cholesterol biosynthesis, concentration of drugs distributed in the lens, or time of exposure. Furthermore, GSH levels were also involved in the deterioration of lens opacity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that rat lens explant cultures can be useful to assess the potential drug-induced lens opacity associated with inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and to elucidate the mechanisms of lens opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Miyashita
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan; Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Masanori Senshu
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan
| | - Kanata Ibi
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamanaka
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nejishima
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 301, Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Dewi CU, O'Connor MD. Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Define Initiating Molecular Mechanisms of Cataract for Anti-Cataract Drug Discovery. Cells 2019; 8:E1269. [PMID: 31627438 PMCID: PMC6830331 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cataract is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Currently, restoration of vision in cataract patients requires surgical removal of the cataract. Due to the large and increasing number of cataract patients, the annual cost of surgical cataract treatment amounts to billions of dollars. Limited access to functional human lens tissue during the early stages of cataract formation has hampered efforts to develop effective anti-cataract drugs. The ability of human pluripotent stem (PS) cells to make large numbers of normal or diseased human cell types raises the possibility that human PS cells may provide a new avenue for defining the molecular mechanisms responsible for different types of human cataract. Towards this end, methods have been established to differentiate human PS cells into both lens cells and transparent, light-focusing human micro-lenses. Sensitive and quantitative assays to measure light transmittance and focusing ability of human PS cell-derived micro-lenses have also been developed. This review will, therefore, examine how human PS cell-derived lens cells and micro-lenses might provide a new avenue for development of much-needed drugs to treat human cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Umala Dewi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
| | - Michael D O'Connor
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
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Aleo MD, Doshna CM, Baltrukonis D, Fortner JH, Drupa CA, Navetta KA, Fritz CA, Potter DM, Verdugo ME, Beierschmitt WP. Lens cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition: A common mechanism of cataract formation in laboratory animals by pharmaceutical products. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1348-1361. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay H. Fortner
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Groton Connecticut
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Qi L, Zhou Y, Li W, Zheng M, Zhong R, Jin X, Lin Y. Effect of Moringa oleifera stem extract on hydrogen peroxide-induced opacity of cultured mouse lens. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:144. [PMID: 31226981 PMCID: PMC6588927 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moringa oleifera, also known as horseradish tree or drumstick tree, has strong antioxidant properties. In the present study, we investigated the potential effect of Moringa oleifera stem extract (MOSE) on cataract formation induced by oxidative stress in cultured mouse lenses. METHODS Mouse lenses cultured in vitro were pretreated with MOSE (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) for 24 h. Then, 1 mM hydrogen peroxide was added, and mouse lenses were cultured for a further 24 h. The medium was then changed to normal culture medium. After 48 h, lens opacification, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured in lens tissues. In addition, the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a nuclear receptor with potential benefits to improve vision-threatening eye diseases, was assayed. RESULTS MOSE (1 mg/mL) alleviated lens opacification, reduced ROS generation, increased GSH content, and elevated SOD and CAT activities in cultured lenses. Moreover, MOSE upregulated the expressions of SOD, CAT, and PPARα. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that MOSE alleviates oxidative stress-induced cataract formation, and the mechanism of the effect is mainly related to its improvement of the endogenous antioxidant system in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijie Li
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mali Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruisheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361005 People’s Republic of China
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Naderi A, Zahed R, Aghajanpour L, Amoli FA, Lashay A. Long term features of diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:213-220. [PMID: 31028750 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes and a leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults. To assess whether the Wistar rat with Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes is a suitable animal model of human proliferative diabetic retinopathy we evaluated the vascular changes to assess the diabetic retinopathy (DR) stages in this model. After two weeks of intraperitoneal STZ (55 mg/kg) injection in male Wistar rats (270-300 g), they were considered diabetic with persistent blood glucose levels ≥ 16.65 mmol/L. The diabetic and control rats were investigated after 1, 3, 6 and 9 months by electroretinography, Evans blue assay, dextran fluorescence retinal angiography, and retinal histopathological studies. Retinal vascular permeability in the diabetic groups increased significantly in all diabetic groups. The amplitude of a- and b-waves decreased significantly in all diabetic groups compared with the age-matched control groups. The latent time of a-waves in the diabetic groups was delayed at 3 months of diabetes and this delay remained relatively constant till 9 months following the onset of diabetes. Although the latent time of b-wave in the diabetic groups increased slightly, a significant difference was found right at 9 months of diabetes. Vascular density and branching point numbers significantly decreased in the diabetic eyes at 3 and 6 months while they increased at 9 months, which was not significant. Intraretinal hemorrhage and ischemic changes were detected in the half of diabetic rats after 6 months and considered as preproliferative stage of diabetic retinopathy. Although preproliferative changes were detected in all diabetic rats at 9 months, half of them showed vitreous neovascularization attached to retina and retinal folds which can be considered as proliferative stage of DR. Intraretinal hemorrhage, extensive leakage of fluorescein, retinal folds, and vitreous neovascularization were the most prominent findings of severe and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in a fraction of the STZ-induced diabetic rats which were comparable to that of the human patients. STZ-induced diabetic rats can be considered to be a potentially useful model for studies on pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Naderi
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Zahed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Aghajanpour
- Stem Cell Preparation Unit, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Asadi Amoli
- Department of Pathology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Lashay
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Huu VAN, Luo J, Zhu J, Zhu J, Patel S, Boone A, Mahmoud E, McFearin C, Olejniczak J, de Gracia Lux C, Lux J, Fomina N, Huynh M, Zhang K, Almutairi A. Light-responsive nanoparticle depot to control release of a small molecule angiogenesis inhibitor in the posterior segment of the eye. J Control Release 2015; 200:71-7. [PMID: 25571784 PMCID: PMC4384820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapies for macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy require intravitreal injections every 4-8 weeks. Injections are uncomfortable, time-consuming, and carry risks of infection and retinal damage. However, drug delivery via noninvasive methods to the posterior segment of the eye has been a major challenge due to the eye's unique anatomy and physiology. Here we present a novel nanoparticle depot platform for on-demand drug delivery using a far ultraviolet (UV) light-degradable polymer, which allows noninvasively triggered drug release using brief, low-power light exposure. Nanoparticles stably retain encapsulated molecules in the vitreous, and can release cargo in response to UV exposure up to 30 weeks post-injection. Light-triggered release of nintedanib (BIBF 1120), a small molecule angiogenesis inhibitor, 10 weeks post-injection suppresses choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in rats. Light-sensitive nanoparticles are biocompatible and cause no adverse effects on the eye as assessed by electroretinograms (ERG), corneal and retinal tomography, and histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Anh Nguyen Huu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, United States; Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Jing Luo
- Shiley Eye Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Jie Zhu
- Shiley Eye Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Jing Zhu
- Shiley Eye Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Sherrina Patel
- Shiley Eye Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Alexander Boone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Enas Mahmoud
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Cathryn McFearin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Jason Olejniczak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Caroline de Gracia Lux
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Jacques Lux
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Nadezda Fomina
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Michelle Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Kang Zhang
- Shiley Eye Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States; KACST-UCSD Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Adah Almutairi
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, United States; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, United States; Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, United States; KACST-UCSD Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, University of California, San Diego, United States.
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Stem Cells and the Ocular Lens: Implications for Cataract Research and Therapy. STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0787-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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