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Bonanini F, Singh M, Yang H, Kurek D, Harms AC, Mardinoglu A, Hankemeier T. A comparison between different human hepatocyte models reveals profound differences in net glucose production, lipid composition and metabolism in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2024; 437:114008. [PMID: 38499143 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are responsible for maintaining a stable blood glucose concentration during periods of nutrient scarcity. The breakdown of glycogen and de novo synthesis of glucose are crucial metabolic pathways deeply interlinked with lipid metabolism. Alterations in these pathways are often associated with metabolic diseases with serious clinical implications. Studying energy metabolism in human cells is challenging. Primary hepatocytes are still considered the golden standard for in vitro studies and have been instrumental in elucidating key aspects of energy metabolism found in vivo. As a result of several limitations posed by using primary cells, a multitude of alternative hepatocyte cellular models emerged as potential substitutes. Yet, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the precise applications for which these models accurately reflect the metabolic competence of primary hepatocytes. In this study, we compared primary hepatocytes, stem cell-derived hepatocytes, adult donor-derived liver organoids, immortalized Upcyte-hepatocytes and the hepatoma cell line HepG2s in their response to a glucose production challenge. We observed the highest net glucose production in primary hepatocytes, followed by organoids, stem-cell derived hepatocytes, Upcyte-hepatocytes and HepG2s. Glucogenic gene induction was observed in all tested models, as indicated by an increase in G6PC and PCK1 expression. Lipidomic analysis revealed considerable differences across the models, with organoids showing the closest similarity to primary hepatocytes in the common lipidome, comprising 347 lipid species across 19 classes. Changes in lipid profiles as a result of the glucose production challenge showed a variety of, and in some cases opposite, trends when compared to primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhulika Singh
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Hong Yang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Amy C Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Netherlands.
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Bacchetti F, Schito AM, Milanese M, Castellaro S, Alfei S. Anti Gram-Positive Bacteria Activity of Synthetic Quaternary Ammonium Lipid and Its Precursor Phosphonium Salt. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2761. [PMID: 38474008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic ammonium and phosphonium salts exert excellent antimicrobial effects by interacting lethally with bacterial membranes. Particularly, quaternary ammonium lipids have demonstrated efficiency both as gene vectors and antibacterial agents. Here, aiming at finding new antibacterial devices belonging to both classes, we prepared a water-soluble quaternary ammonium lipid (6) and a phosphonium salt (1) by designing a synthetic path where 1 would be an intermediate to achieve 6. All synthesized compounds were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Additionally, potentiometric titrations of NH3+ groups 1 and 6 were performed to further confirm their structure by determining their experimental molecular weight. The antibacterial activities of 1 and 6 were assessed first against a selection of multi-drug-resistant clinical isolates of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, observing remarkable antibacterial activity of both compounds against Gram-positive isolates of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus genus. Further investigations on a wider variety of strains of these species confirmed the remarkable antibacterial effects of 1 and 6 (MICs = 4-16 and 4-64 µg/mL, respectively), while 24 h-time-killing experiments carried out with 1 on different S. aureus isolates evidenced a bacteriostatic behavior. Moreover, both compounds 1 and 6, at the lower MIC concentration, did not show significant cytotoxic effects when exposed to HepG2 human hepatic cell lines, paving the way for their potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Castellaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy
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Kowalczyk M, Piwowarski JP, Wardaszka A, Średnicka P, Wójcicki M, Juszczuk-Kubiak E. Application of In Vitro Models for Studying the Mechanisms Underlying the Obesogenic Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) as Food Contaminants-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021083. [PMID: 36674599 PMCID: PMC9866663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) belong to the group of environmental contaminants, which can adversely affect human health. A growing body of evidence supports that chronic exposure to EDCs can contribute to a rapid increase in obesity among adults and children, especially in wealthy industrialized countries with a high production of widely used industrial chemicals such as plasticizers (bisphenols and phthalates), parabens, flame retardants, and pesticides. The main source of human exposure to obesogenic EDCs is through diet, particularly with the consumption of contaminated food such as meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, milk, and dairy products. EDCs can promote obesity by stimulating adipo- and lipogenesis of target cells such as adipocytes and hepatocytes, disrupting glucose metabolism and insulin secretion, and impacting hormonal appetite/satiety regulation. In vitro models still play an essential role in investigating potential environmental obesogens. The review aimed to provide information on currently available two-dimensional (2D) in vitro animal and human cell models applied for studying the mechanisms of obesogenic action of various industrial chemicals such as food contaminants. The advantages and limitations of in vitro models representing the crucial endocrine tissue (adipose tissue) and organs (liver and pancreas) involved in the etiology of obesity and metabolic diseases, which are applied to evaluate the effects of obesogenic EDCs and their disruption activity, were thoroughly and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kowalczyk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub P. Piwowarski
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.P.P.); (E.J.-K.)
| | - Artur Wardaszka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Średnicka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wójcicki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.P.P.); (E.J.-K.)
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4
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In Vitro Models for Studying Chronic Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911428. [PMID: 36232728 PMCID: PMC9569683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major clinical problem in terms of patient morbidity and mortality, cost to healthcare systems and failure of the development of new drugs. The need for consistent safety strategies capable of identifying a potential toxicity risk early in the drug discovery pipeline is key. Human DILI is poorly predicted in animals, probably due to the well-known interspecies differences in drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity targets. For this reason, distinct cellular models from primary human hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines cultured as 2D monolayers to emerging 3D culture systems or the use of multi-cellular systems have been proposed for hepatotoxicity studies. In order to mimic long-term hepatotoxicity in vitro, cell models, which maintain hepatic phenotype for a suitably long period, should be used. On the other hand, repeated-dose administration is a more relevant scenario for therapeutics, providing information not only about toxicity, but also about cumulative effects and/or delayed responses. In this review, we evaluate the existing cell models for DILI prediction focusing on chronic hepatotoxicity, highlighting how better characterization and mechanistic studies could lead to advance DILI prediction.
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Qiu Q, Chang T, Wu Y, Qu C, Chen H, Cheng Z. Liver injury long-term monitoring and fluorescent image-guided tumor surgery using self-assembly amphiphilic donor-acceptor NIR-II dyes. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 212:114371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mercado-Gómez M, Prieto-Fernández E, Goikoetxea-Usandizaga N, Vila-Vecilla L, Azkargorta M, Bravo M, Serrano-Maciá M, Egia-Mendikute L, Rodríguez-Agudo R, Lachiondo-Ortega S, Lee SY, Eguileor Giné A, Gil-Pitarch C, González-Recio I, Simón J, Petrov P, Jover R, Martínez-Cruz LA, Ereño-Orbea J, Delgado TC, Elortza F, Jiménez-Barbero J, Nogueiras R, Prevot V, Palazon A, Martínez-Chantar ML. The spike of SARS-CoV-2 promotes metabolic rewiring in hepatocytes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:827. [PMID: 35978143 PMCID: PMC9383691 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a multi-organ damage that includes hepatic dysfunction, which has been observed in over 50% of COVID-19 patients. Liver injury in COVID-19 could be attributed to the cytopathic effects, exacerbated immune responses or treatment-associated drug toxicity. Herein we demonstrate that hepatocytes are susceptible to infection in different models: primary hepatocytes derived from humanized angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 mice (hACE2) and primary human hepatocytes. Pseudotyped viral particles expressing the full-length spike of SARS-CoV-2 and recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) bind to ACE2 expressed by hepatocytes, promoting metabolic reprogramming towards glycolysis but also impaired mitochondrial activity. Human and hACE2 primary hepatocytes, where steatosis and inflammation were induced by methionine and choline deprivation, are more vulnerable to infection. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system increases the susceptibility of primary hepatocytes to infection with pseudotyped viral particles. Metformin, a common therapeutic option for hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients known to partially attenuate fatty liver, reduces the infection of human and hACE2 hepatocytes. In summary, we provide evidence that hepatocytes are amenable to infection with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, and we propose that metformin could be a therapeutic option to attenuate infection by SARS-CoV-2 in patients with fatty liver. SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infects human hepatocytes leading to metabolic reprogramming towards glycolysis and impaired mitochondrial activity, and metformin can reduce infection under steatotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mercado-Gómez
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Endika Prieto-Fernández
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Naroa Goikoetxea-Usandizaga
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura Vila-Vecilla
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), ProteoRedISCIII, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Bravo
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marina Serrano-Maciá
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Leire Egia-Mendikute
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rubén Rodríguez-Agudo
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Sofia Lachiondo-Ortega
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - So Young Lee
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Eguileor Giné
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Clàudia Gil-Pitarch
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Irene González-Recio
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jorge Simón
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Petar Petrov
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology Joint Research Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology Joint Research Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Dep. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Alfonso Martínez-Cruz
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Teresa Cardoso Delgado
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), ProteoRedISCIII, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER Fisiopatología de a Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain Lab, UMR-S1172 INSERM, DISTALZ, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Asis Palazon
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - María L Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Scheffschick A, Babel J, Sperling S, Nerusch J, Herzog N, Seehofer D, Damm G. Primary-like Human Hepatocytes Genetically Engineered to Obtain Proliferation Competence as a Capable Application for Energy Metabolism Experiments in In Vitro Oncologic Liver Models. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081195. [PMID: 36009822 PMCID: PMC9405410 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fatty liver disease is an increasing health concern in Westernized countries. A fatty liver can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer arising from hepatocytes, the major cells of the liver. How HCC may develop from the fatty liver is not known, and good cellular systems to investigate this are lacking. Recently, hepatocytes that can multiply continuously have been generated and suggested for hepatocyte research. In this study, we compared these continuously multiplying human hepatocytes to normal human hepatocytes and liver cancer cells, both within the state of fatty liver or not. We identified that these multiplying hepatocytes displayed many similarities to the liver cancer cells in terms of energy metabolism and concluded that these hepatocytes could be a pre-cancer model for liver cancer research and would be a valuable tool for HCC research. Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver, is the most common cause of liver diseases in Western countries. NAFLD is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, in vitro evaluation of hepatic cancerogenesis fails due to a lack of liver models displaying a proliferation of hepatocytes. Originally designed to overcome primary human hepatocyte (PHH) shortages, upcyte hepatocytes were engineered to obtain continuous proliferation and, therefore, could be a suitable tool for HCC research. We generated upcyte hepatocytes, termed HepaFH3 cells, and compared their metabolic characteristics to HepG2 hepatoma cells and PHHs isolated from resected livers. For displaying NAFLD-related HCCs, we induced steatosis in all liver models. Lipid accumulation, lipotoxicity and energy metabolism were characterized using biochemical assays and Western blot analysis. We showed that proliferating HepaFH3 cells resemble HepG2, both showing a higher glucose uptake rate, lactate levels and metabolic rate compared to PHHs. Confluent HepaFH3 cells displayed some similarities to PHHs, including higher levels of the transaminases AST and ALT compared to proliferating HepaFH3 cells. We recommend proliferating HepaFH3 cells as a pre-malignant cellular model for HCC research, while confluent HepaFH3 cells could serve as PHH surrogates for energy metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scheffschick
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Babel
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sperling
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Nerusch
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalie Herzog
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-97-39656
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Lemm S, Köhler S, Wodtke R, Jung F, Küpper JH, Pietzsch J, Laube M. Investigation of Radiotracer Metabolic Stability In Vitro with CYP-Overexpressing Hepatoma Cell Lines. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152447. [PMID: 35954291 PMCID: PMC9368227 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of novel radiotracers toward their metabolic stability is an essential part of their development. While in vitro methods such as liver microsome assays or ex vivo blood or tissue samples provide information on overall stability, little or no information is obtained on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme and isoform-specific contribution to the metabolic fate of individual radiotracers. Herein, we investigated recently established CYP-overexpressing hepatoblastoma cell lines (HepG2) for their suitability to study the metabolic stability of radiotracers in general and to gain insight into CYP isoform specificity. Wildtype HepG2 and CYP1A2-, CYP2C19-, and CYP3A4-overexpressing HepG2 cells were incubated with radiotracers, and metabolic turnover was analyzed. The optimized protocol, covering cell seeding in 96-well plates and analysis of supernatant by radio thin-layer-chromatography for higher throughput, was transferred to the evaluation of three 18F-labeled celecoxib-derived cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (coxibs). These investigations revealed time-dependent degradation of the intact radiotracers, as well as CYP isoform- and substrate-specific differences in their metabolic profiles. HepG2 CYP2C19 proved to be the cell line showing the highest metabolic turnover for each radiotracer studied here. Comparison with human and murine liver microsome assays showed good agreement with the human metabolite profile obtained by the HepG2 cell lines. Therefore, CYP-overexpressing HepG2 cells provide a good complement for assessing the metabolic stability of radiotracers and allow the analysis of the CYP isoform-specific contribution to the overall radiotracer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Lemm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Köhler
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Laube
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Moreno-Torres M, Guzmán C, Petrov PD, Jover R. Valproate and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Activate Transcription of the Human Vitamin D Receptor Gene through a Proximal GC-Rich DNA Region Containing Two Putative Sp1 Binding Sites. Nutrients 2022; 14:2673. [PMID: 35807853 PMCID: PMC9268083 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 pleiotropic biological actions through transcription regulation of target genes. The expression levels of this ligand-activated nuclear receptor are regulated by multiple mechanisms both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Vitamin D3 is the natural VDR activator, but other molecules and signaling pathways have also been reported to regulate VDR expression and activity. In this study, we identify valproic acid (VPA) and natural short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as novel transcriptional activators of the human VDR (hVDR) gene. We further report a comprehensive characterization of VPA/SCFA-responsive elements in the 5' regulatory region of the hVDR gene. Two alternative promoter DNA regions (of 2.4 and 3.8 kb), as well as subsequent deletion fragments, were cloned in pGL4-LUC reporter vector. Transfection of these constructs in HepG2 and human Upcyte hepatocytes followed by reporter assays demonstrated that a region of 107 bp (from -107 to -1) upstream of the transcription start site in exon 1a is responsible for most of the increase in transcriptional activity in response to VPA/SCFAs. This short DNA region is GC-rich, does not contain an apparent TATA box, and includes two bona fide binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1. Our results substantiate the hypothesis that VPA and SCFAs facilitate the activity of Sp1 on novel Sp1 responsive elements in the hVDR gene, thus promoting VDR upregulation and signaling. Elevated hepatic VDR levels have been associated with liver steatosis and, therefore, our results may have clinical relevance in epileptic pediatric patients on VPA therapy. Our results could also be suggestive of VDR upregulation by SCFAs produced by gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno-Torres
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.); (P.D.P.)
- CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Petar D. Petrov
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.); (P.D.P.)
- CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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10
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Messelmani T, Morisseau L, Sakai Y, Legallais C, Le Goff A, Leclerc E, Jellali R. Liver organ-on-chip models for toxicity studies and risk assessment. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2423-2450. [PMID: 35694831 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a key organ that plays a pivotal role in metabolism and ensures a variety of functions in the body, including homeostasis, synthesis of essential components, nutrient storage, and detoxification. As the centre of metabolism for exogenous molecules, the liver is continuously exposed to a wide range of compounds, such as drugs, pesticides, and environmental pollutants. Most of these compounds can cause hepatotoxicity and lead to severe and irreversible liver damage. To study the effects of chemicals and drugs on the liver, most commonly, animal models or in vitro 2D cell cultures are used. However, data obtained from animal models lose their relevance when extrapolated to the human metabolic situation and pose ethical concerns, while 2D static cultures are poorly predictive of human in vivo metabolism and toxicity. As a result, there is a widespread need to develop relevant in vitro liver models for toxicology studies. In recent years, progress in tissue engineering, biomaterials, microfabrication, and cell biology has created opportunities for more relevant in vitro models for toxicology studies. Of these models, the liver organ-on-chip (OoC) has shown promising results by reproducing the in vivo behaviour of the cell/organ or a group of organs, the controlled physiological micro-environment, and in vivo cellular metabolic responses. In this review, we discuss the development of liver organ-on-chip technology and its use in toxicity studies. First, we introduce the physiology of the liver and summarize the traditional experimental models for toxicity studies. We then present liver OoC technology, including the general concept, materials used, cell sources, and different approaches. We review the prominent liver OoC and multi-OoC integrating the liver for drug and chemical toxicity studies. Finally, we conclude with the future challenges and directions for developing or improving liver OoC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Messelmani
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Lisa Morisseau
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cécile Legallais
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Anne Le Goff
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Eric Leclerc
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Rachid Jellali
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
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11
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Bonanini F, Kurek D, Previdi S, Nicolas A, Hendriks D, de Ruiter S, Meyer M, Clapés Cabrer M, Dinkelberg R, García SB, Kramer B, Olivier T, Hu H, López-Iglesias C, Schavemaker F, Walinga E, Dutta D, Queiroz K, Domansky K, Ronden B, Joore J, Lanz HL, Peters PJ, Trietsch SJ, Clevers H, Vulto P. In vitro grafting of hepatic spheroids and organoids on a microfluidic vascular bed. Angiogenesis 2022; 25:455-470. [PMID: 35704148 PMCID: PMC9519670 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With recent progress in modeling liver organogenesis and regeneration, the lack of vasculature is becoming the bottleneck in progressing our ability to model human hepatic tissues in vitro. Here, we introduce a platform for routine grafting of liver and other tissues on an in vitro grown microvascular bed. The platform consists of 64 microfluidic chips patterned underneath a 384-well microtiter plate. Each chip allows the formation of a microvascular bed between two main lateral vessels by inducing angiogenesis. Chips consist of an open-top microfluidic chamber, which enables addition of a target tissue by manual or robotic pipetting. Upon grafting a liver microtissue, the microvascular bed undergoes anastomosis, resulting in a stable, perfusable vascular network. Interactions with vasculature were found in spheroids and organoids upon 7 days of co-culture with space of Disse-like architecture in between hepatocytes and endothelium. Veno-occlusive disease was induced by azathioprine exposure, leading to impeded perfusion of the vascularized spheroid. The platform holds the potential to replace animals with an in vitro alternative for routine grafting of spheroids, organoids, or (patient-derived) explants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Delilah Hendriks
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huili Hu
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Devanjali Dutta
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter J Peters
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Mai P, Hampl J, Baca M, Brauer D, Singh S, Weise F, Borowiec J, Schmidt A, Küstner JM, Klett M, Gebinoga M, Schroeder IS, Markert UR, Glahn F, Schumann B, Eckstein D, Schober A. MatriGrid® Based Biological Morphologies: Tools for 3D Cell Culturing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050220. [PMID: 35621498 PMCID: PMC9138054 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent trends in 3D cell culturing has placed organotypic tissue models at another level. Now, not only is the microenvironment at the cynosure of this research, but rather, microscopic geometrical parameters are also decisive for mimicking a tissue model. Over the years, technologies such as micromachining, 3D printing, and hydrogels are making the foundation of this field. However, mimicking the topography of a particular tissue-relevant substrate can be achieved relatively simply with so-called template or morphology transfer techniques. Over the last 15 years, in one such research venture, we have been investigating a micro thermoforming technique as a facile tool for generating bioinspired topographies. We call them MatriGrid®s. In this research account, we summarize our learning outcome from this technique in terms of the influence of 3D micro morphologies on different cell cultures that we have tested in our laboratory. An integral part of this research is the evolution of unavoidable aspects such as possible label-free sensing and fluidic automatization. The development in the research field is also documented in this account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mai
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Jörg Hampl
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (A.S.); Tel.: +49-3677-6933387 (A.S.)
| | - Martin Baca
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Dana Brauer
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Sukhdeep Singh
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Frank Weise
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Justyna Borowiec
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - André Schmidt
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (A.S.); (U.R.M.)
| | - Johanna Merle Küstner
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Maren Klett
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gebinoga
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Insa S. Schroeder
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (A.S.); (U.R.M.)
| | - Felix Glahn
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (F.G.); (B.S.); (D.E.)
| | - Berit Schumann
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (F.G.); (B.S.); (D.E.)
| | - Diana Eckstein
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle, Germany; (F.G.); (B.S.); (D.E.)
| | - Andreas Schober
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.); (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.W.); (J.B.); (J.M.K.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (A.S.); Tel.: +49-3677-6933387 (A.S.)
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13
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Romaldini A, Spanò R, Catalano F, Villa F, Poggi A, Sabella S. Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Graphene Oxide Trigger Acute-Phase Response and Impairment of Phase-I Xenobiotic Metabolism in Upcyte® Hepatocytes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:867728. [PMID: 35662849 PMCID: PMC9161028 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.867728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of graphene oxide on hepatic functional cells represents a crucial evaluation step for its potential application in nanomedicine. Primary human hepatocytes are the gold standard for studying drug toxicity and metabolism; however, current technical limitations may slow down the large-scale diffusion of this cellular tool for in vitro investigations. To assess the potential hepatotoxicity of graphene oxide, we propose an alternative cell model, the second-generation upcyte® hepatocytes, which show metabolic and functional profiles akin to primary human hepatocytes. Cells were acutely exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of graphene oxide (≤80 μg/ml) for 24 h and stress-related cell responses (such as apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response) were evaluated, along with a broad investigation of graphene oxide impact on specialized hepatic functions. Results show a mild activation of early apoptosis but not oxidative stress or inflammatory response in our cell model. Notably, while graphene oxide clearly impacted phase-I drug-metabolism enzymes (e.g., CYP3A4, CYP2C9) through the inhibition of gene expression and metabolic activity, conversely, no effect was observed for phase-II enzyme GST and phase-III efflux transporter ABCG2. The GO-induced impairment of CYP3A4 occurs concomitantly with the activation of an early acute-phase response, characterized by altered levels of gene expression and protein production of relevant acute-phase proteins (i.e., CRP, Albumin, TFR, TTR). These data suggest that graphene oxide induces an acute phase response, which is in line with recent in vivo findings. In conclusion, upcyte® hepatocytes appear a reliable in vitro model for assessing nanomaterial-induced hepatotoxicity, specifically showing that sub-lethal doses of graphene oxide have a negative impact on the specialized hepatic functions of these cells. The impairment of the cytochrome P450 system, along with the activation of an acute-phase response, may suggest potential detrimental consequences for human health, as altered detoxification from xenobiotics and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Romaldini
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - R. Spanò
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - F. Catalano
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - F. Villa
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Poggi
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - S. Sabella
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: S. Sabella,
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14
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Depletion of HIF-1α by Inducible Cre/loxP Increases the Sensitivity of Cultured Murine Hepatocytes to Ionizing Radiation in Hypoxia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101671. [PMID: 35626708 PMCID: PMC9139307 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the main oxygen sensor which regulates adaptation to cellular hypoxia. The aim of this study was to establish cultured murine hepatocyte derived cells (mHDC) as an in vitro model and to analyze the role of HIF-1α in apoptosis induction, DNA damage repair and sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). We have crossed C57/BL6 mice that bear loxP sites flanking exon 2 of Hif1a with mice which carry tamoxifen-inducible global Cre expression. From the offspring, we have established transduced hepatocyte cultures which are permanently HIF-1α deficient after tamoxifen treatment. We demonstrated that the cells produce albumin, acetylcholine esterase, and the cytokeratins 8 and 18 which functionally characterizes them as hepatocytes. In moderate hypoxia, HIF-1α deficiency increased IR-induced apoptosis and significantly reduced the surviving fraction of mHDC as compared to HIF-1α expressing cells in colony formation assays. Furthermore, HIF-1α knockout cells displayed increased IR-induced DNA damage as demonstrated by increased generation and persistence of γH2AX foci. HIF-1α deficient cells showed delayed DNA repair after IR in hypoxia in neutral comet assays which may indicate that non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair capacity was affected. Overall, our data suggest that HIF-1α inactivation increases radiation sensitivity of mHDC cells.
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15
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Seirup M, Sengupta S, Swanson S, McIntosh BE, Collins M, Chu LF, Cheng Z, Gorkin DU, Duffin B, Bolin JM, Argus C, Stewart R, Thomson JA. Rapid changes in chromatin structure during dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes in vitro. Genomics 2022; 114:110330. [PMID: 35278615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to screen drug candidates for hepatotoxicity, but hepatocytes quickly dedifferentiate and lose their mature metabolic function in culture. Attempts have been made to better recapitulate the in vivo liver environment in culture, but the full spectrum of signals required to maintain hepatocyte function ex vivo remains elusive. To elucidate molecular changes that accompany, and may contribute to dedifferentiation of hepatocytes ex vivo, we performed lineage tracing and comprehensive profiling of alterations in their gene expression profiles and chromatin landscape during culture. First, using genetically tagged hepatocytes we demonstrate that expression of the fetal gene alpha-fetoprotein in cultured hepatocytes comes from cells that previously expressed the mature gene albumin, and not from a population of albumin-negative precursor cells, proving mature hepatocytes undergo true dedifferentiation in culture. Next we studied the dedifferentiation process in detail through bulk RNA-sequencing of hepatocytes cultured over an extended period. We identified three distinct phases of dedifferentiation: an early phase, where mature hepatocyte genes are rapidly downregulated in a matter of hours; a middle phase, where fetal genes are activated; and a late phase, where initially rare contaminating non-parenchymal cells proliferate, taking over the culture. Lastly, to better understand the signaling events that result in the rapid downregulation of mature genes in hepatocytes, we examined changes in chromatin accessibility in these cells during the first 24 h of culture using Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq). We find that drastic and rapid changes in chromatin accessibility occur immediately upon the start of culture. Using binding motif analysis of the areas of open chromatin sharing similar temporal profiles, we identify several candidate transcription factors potentially involved in the dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Seirup
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America; Endsulin, Madison, WI, United States of America.
| | - Srikumar Sengupta
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America; Upside Foods, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Scott Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Brian E McIntosh
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America; Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Mike Collins
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Li-Fang Chu
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Zhang Cheng
- The Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - David U Gorkin
- The Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Bret Duffin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M Bolin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Cara Argus
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America; Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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16
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Stanley LA, Wolf CR. Through a glass, darkly? HepaRG and HepG2 cells as models of human phase I drug metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:46-62. [PMID: 35188018 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2039688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic and safety assessment of drug candidates is becoming increasingly dependent upon in vitro models of hepatic metabolism and toxicity. Predominant among these is the HepG2 cell line, although HepaRG is becoming increasingly popular because of its perceived closer resemblance to human hepatocytes. We review the functionality of these cell lines in terms of Phase I protein expression, basal cytochrome P450-dependent activity, and utility in P450 induction studies. Our analysis indicates that HepG2 cells are severely compromised: proteomic studies show that they express few key proteins in common with hepatocytes and they lack drug-metabolizing capacity. Differentiated HepaRGs are more hepatocyte-like than HepG2s, but they also have limitations, and it is difficult to assess their utility because of the enormous variability in data reported, possibly arising from the complex differentiation protocols required to obtain hepatocyte-like cells. This is exacerbated by the use of DMSO in the induction protocol, together with proprietary supplements whose composition is a commercial secret. We conclude that, while currently available data on the utility of HepaRG generates a confusing picture, this line does have potential utility in drug metabolism studies. However, to allow studies to be compared directly a standardized, reproducible differentiation protocol is essential and the cell line's functionality in terms of known mechanisms of P450 regulation must be demonstrated. We, therefore, support the development of regulatory guidelines for the use of HepaRGs in induction studies as a first step in generating a database of consistent, reliable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Stanley
- Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, UK.,School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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17
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Oxidative-stress and long-term hepatotoxicity: comparative study in Upcyte human hepatocytes and hepaRG cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1021-1037. [PMID: 35156134 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most common and serious adverse drug reactions and a major cause of drug development failure and withdrawal. Although different molecular mechanisms are implicated in DILI, enhanced ROS levels have been described as a major mechanism. Human-derived cell models are increasingly used in preclinical safety assessment because they provide quick and relatively inexpensive information in early stages of drug development. We have analyzed and compared the phenotype and functionality of two liver cell models (Upcyte human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells) to demonstrate their suitability for long-term hepatotoxicity assessments and mechanistic studies. The transcriptomic and functional analysis revealed the maintenance of phase I and phase II enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes along time in culture, although the differences found between both test systems underlie the differential sensitivity to hepatotoxins. The evaluation of several mechanisms of cell toxicity, including oxidative stress, by high-content screening, demonstrated that, by combining the stable phenotype of liver cells and repeated-dose exposure regimes to 12 test compounds at clinically relevant concentrations, both Upcyte hepatocytes and HepaRG offer suitable properties to be used in routine screening assays for toxicological assessments during drug preclinical testing.
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18
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Santamaria R, Ballester M, Garcia-Llorens G, Martinez F, Blazquez M, Ribes-Koninckx C, Castell JV, Wuestefeld T, Bort R. Derivation of healthy hepatocyte-like cells from a female patient with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency through X-inactivation selection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2308. [PMID: 35145162 PMCID: PMC8831560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous cell replacement therapy for inherited metabolic disorders requires the correction of the underlying genetic mutation in patient's cells. An unexplored alternative for females affected from X-linked diseases is the clonal selection of cells randomly silencing the X-chromosome containing the mutant allele, without in vivo or ex vivo genome editing. In this report, we have isolated dermal fibroblasts from a female patient affected of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and obtained clones based on inactivation status of either maternally or paternally inherited X chromosome, followed by differentiation to hepatocytes. Hepatocyte-like cells derived from these clones display indistinct features characteristic of hepatocytes, but express either the mutant or wild type OTC allele depending on X-inactivation pattern. When clonally derived hepatocyte-like cells were transplanted into FRG® KO mice, they were able to colonize the liver and recapitulate OTC-dependent phenotype conditioned by X-chromosome inactivation pattern. This approach opens new strategies for cell therapy of X-linked metabolic diseases and experimental in vitro models for drug development for such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Santamaria
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, CIBERehd, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Ballester
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, CIBERehd, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillem Garcia-Llorens
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, CIBERehd, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Martinez
- Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Blazquez
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, CIBERehd, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Ribes-Koninckx
- Coeliac Disease and Inmunopathology Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, CIBERehd, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Torsten Wuestefeld
- Laboratory for In Vivo Genetics & Gene Therapy, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR & National Cancer Centre Singapore, School of Biological Science, SingHealth & Adj. Ass.-Prof. Nanyang Technological University, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Roque Bort
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, CIBERehd, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
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19
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YOSHIDA T, KOBAYASHI M, UOMOTO S, OHSHIMA K, HARA E, KATOH Y, TAKAHASHI N, HARADA T, USUI T, ELBADAWY M, SHIBUTANI M. The Potential of Organoids in Toxicologic Pathology: Role of toxicologic pathologists in <i>in vitro</i> chemical hepatotoxicity assessment. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:225-235. [PMID: 35832897 PMCID: PMC9256002 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori YOSHIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mio KOBAYASHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Suzuka UOMOTO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kanami OHSHIMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Emika HARA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka KATOH
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Naofumi TAKAHASHI
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Takanori HARADA
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toxicology Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Tatsuya USUI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mohamed ELBADAWY
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto SHIBUTANI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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20
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Pelechá M, Villanueva-Bádenas E, Timor-López E, Donato MT, Tolosa L. Cell Models and Omics Techniques for the Study of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Focusing on Stem Cell-Derived Cell Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:86. [PMID: 35052590 PMCID: PMC8772881 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the leading cause of chronic liver disease in western countries. The molecular mechanisms leading to NAFLD are only partially understood, and effective therapeutic interventions are clearly needed. Therefore, preclinical research is required to improve knowledge about NAFLD physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic targets. Primary human hepatocytes, human hepatic cell lines, and human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells exhibit different hepatic phenotypes and have been widely used for studying NAFLD pathogenesis. In this paper, apart from employing the different in vitro cell models for the in vitro assessment of NAFLD, we also reviewed other approaches (metabolomics, transcriptomics, and high-content screening). We aimed to summarize the characteristics of different cell types and methods and to discuss their major advantages and disadvantages for NAFLD modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pelechá
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
| | - Estela Villanueva-Bádenas
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Timor-López
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Heintze T, Wilhelm D, Schmidlin T, Hofmann U, Zanger UM, Schwab M, Klein K. Effects of Diminished NADPH:cytochrome P450 Reductase in Human Hepatocytes on Lipid and Bile Acid Homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:769703. [PMID: 34867397 PMCID: PMC8634102 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the obligate electron donor for microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of endogenous substances like bile acids and other steroids as well as in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. P450 oxidoreductase also supports other redox enzymes in fatty acid and cholesterol pathways. Recently, we have established CRISPR/Cas9-mediated POR knockdown in a human hepatic cell model, HepaRG, and demonstrated the differential effects of limited POR expression on CYP activity. The aim of the present work was to systematically investigate the impact of POR knockdown with a focus on the expression of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) genes and related regulators. Functional consequences have been assessed using quantitative mass spectrometry for targeted metabolomics covering bile acids, and cholesterol and its precursors, and for untargeted proteomics. In addition to the previously described alteration of RNA expression of CYP genes, we showed significant downregulation of transcriptional regulators of drug metabolism and transport, including NR1I3 (CAR), NR1I2 (PXR), NR1H4 (FXR), and NR1H3 (LXRα) in cells with POR gene disruption. Furthermore, POR knockdown resulted in deregulated bile acid and cholesterol biosynthesis demonstrated by low levels of cholic acid derivates and increased concentrations of chenodeoxycholic acid derivates, respectively. Systemic effects of POR knockdown on global protein expression were indicated by downregulation of several metabolic pathways including lipid metabolism and biological oxidation reactions. The deduced protein network map corroborates CYP enzymes as direct interaction partners, whereas changes in lipid metabolism and homeostasis are the result of indirect effects. In summary, our results emphasize a widespread role of POR in various metabolic pathways and provide the first human data on the effects of diminished POR expression on drug and endogenous metabolism in a genomeedited HepaRG cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Heintze
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Denise Wilhelm
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thierry Schmidlin
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence IFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Segovia-Zafra A, Di Zeo-Sánchez DE, López-Gómez C, Pérez-Valdés Z, García-Fuentes E, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Villanueva-Paz M. Preclinical models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI): Moving towards prediction. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3685-3726. [PMID: 35024301 PMCID: PMC8727925 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) encompasses the unexpected harms that prescription and non-prescription drugs, herbal and dietary supplements can cause to the liver. iDILI remains a major public health problem and a major cause of drug attrition. Given the lack of biomarkers for iDILI prediction, diagnosis and prognosis, searching new models to predict and study mechanisms of iDILI is necessary. One of the major limitations of iDILI preclinical assessment has been the lack of correlation between the markers of hepatotoxicity in animal toxicological studies and clinically significant iDILI. Thus, major advances in the understanding of iDILI susceptibility and pathogenesis have come from the study of well-phenotyped iDILI patients. However, there are many gaps for explaining all the complexity of iDILI susceptibility and mechanisms. Therefore, there is a need to optimize preclinical human in vitro models to reduce the risk of iDILI during drug development. Here, the current experimental models and the future directions in iDILI modelling are thoroughly discussed, focusing on the human cellular models available to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and the most used in vivo animal iDILI models. We also comment about in silico approaches and the increasing relevance of patient-derived cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Segovia-Zafra
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel E. Di Zeo-Sánchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Zeus Pérez-Valdés
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Platform ISCIII de Ensayos Clínicos, UICEC-IBIMA, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
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23
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Moreno-Torres M, García-Llorens G, Moro E, Méndez R, Quintás G, Castell JV. Factors that influence the quality of metabolomics data in in vitro cell toxicity studies: a systematic survey. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22119. [PMID: 34764412 PMCID: PMC8586040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) is a global strategy and regulation policy of the EU that aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment through the better and earlier identification of the intrinsic properties of chemical substances. It entered into force on 1st June 2007 (EC 1907/2006). REACH and EU policies plead for the use of robust high-throughput "omic" techniques for the in vitro investigation of the toxicity of chemicals that can provide an estimation of their hazards as well as information regarding the underlying mechanisms of toxicity. In agreement with the 3R's principles, cultured cells are nowadays widely used for this purpose, where metabolomics can provide a real-time picture of the metabolic effects caused by exposure of cells to xenobiotics, enabling the estimations about their toxicological hazards. High quality and robust metabolomics data sets are essential for precise and accurate hazard predictions. Currently, the acquisition of consistent and representative metabolomic data is hampered by experimental drawbacks that hinder reproducibility and difficult robust hazard interpretation. Using the differentiated human liver HepG2 cells as model system, and incubating with hepatotoxic (acetaminophen and valproic acid) and non-hepatotoxic compounds (citric acid), we evaluated in-depth the impact of several key experimental factors (namely, cell passage, processing day and storage time, and compound treatment) and instrumental factors (batch effect) on the outcome of an UPLC-MS metabolomic analysis data set. Results showed that processing day and storage time had a significant impact on the retrieved cell's metabolome, while the effect of cell passage was minor. Meta-analysis of results from pathway analysis showed that batch effect corrections and quality control (QC) measures are critical to enable consistent and meaningful estimations of the effects caused by compounds on cells. The quantitative analysis of the changes in metabolic pathways upon bioactive compound treatment remained consistent despite the concurrent causes of metabolomic data variation. Thus, upon appropriate data retrieval and correction and by an innovative metabolic pathway analysis, the metabolic alteration predictions remained conclusive despite the acknowledged sources of variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno-Torres
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillem García-Llorens
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Erika Moro
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Méndez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quintás
- Health and Biomedicine, LEITAT Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain.
- Unidad Analítica, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Vicente Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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24
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Petrov PD, Soluyanova P, Sánchez-Campos S, Castell JV, Jover R. Molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxic cholestasis by clavulanic acid: Role of NRF2 and FXR pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112664. [PMID: 34767876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of β-lactamase positive bacterial infections with a combination of amoxicillin (AMOX) and clavulanic acid (CLAV) causes idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) in a relevant number of patients, often with features of intrahepatic cholestasis. This study aims to determine serum bile acid (BA) levels in amoxicillin/clavulanate (A+C)-iDILI patients and to investigate the mechanism of cholestasis by A+C in human in vitro hepatic models. In six A+C-iDILI patients, significant elevations of serum primary conjugated BA definitely demonstrated A+C-induced cholestasis. In cultured human Upcyte hepatocytes and HepG2 cells, CLAV was more cytotoxic than AMOX, and, at subcytotoxic concentrations, it altered the expression of more than 1,300 genes. CLAV, but not AMOX, downregulated the expression of key genes for BA transport (BSEP, NTCP, OSTα and MDR2) and synthesis (CYP7A1 and CYP8B1). CLAV also caused early oxidative stress, with reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, along with induction of antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) target genes. Activation of NRF2 by sulforaphane also resulted in downregulation of NTCP, OSTα, ABCG5, CYP7A1 and CYP8B1. CLAV also inhibited the BA-sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), in agreement with the downregulation of FXR targets BSEP, OSTα and ABCG5. We conclude that CLAV, the culprit molecule in A+C, downregulates several key biliary transporters by modulating NRF2 and FXR signaling, thus likely promoting intrahepatic cholestasis. On top of that, increased ROS production and GSH depletion may aggravate the cholestatic injury by A+C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar D Petrov
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- CIBERehd, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Biomedicine Institute (IBIOMED), University of León, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Dep. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Dep. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Spain.
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25
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Three-Dimensional Liver Culture Systems to Maintain Primary Hepatic Properties for Toxicological Analysis In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910214. [PMID: 34638555 PMCID: PMC8508724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the major reason for failures in drug development and withdrawal of approved drugs from the market. Two-dimensional cultures of hepatocytes often fail to reliably predict DILI: hepatoma cell lines such as HepG2 do not reflect important primary-like hepatic properties and primary human hepatocytes (pHHs) dedifferentiate quickly in vitro and are, therefore, not suitable for long-term toxicity studies. More predictive liver in vitro models are urgently required in drug development and compound safety evaluation. This review discusses available human hepatic cell types for in vitro toxicology analysis and their usage in established and emerging three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Generally, 3D cultures maintain or improve primary hepatic functions (including expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes) of different liver cells for several weeks of culture, thus allowing long-term and repeated-dose toxicity studies. Spheroid cultures of pHHs have been comprehensively tested, but also other cell types such as HepaRG benefit from 3D culture systems. Emerging 3D culture techniques include usage of induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived hepatocytes and primary-like upcyte cells, as well as advanced culture techniques such as microfluidic liver-on-a-chip models. In-depth characterization of existing and emerging 3D hepatocyte technologies is indispensable for successful implementation of such systems in toxicological analysis.
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26
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Sharin T, Gyasi H, Jones SP, Crump D, O'Brien JM. Concentration- and time-dependent induction of Cyp1a and DNA damage response by benzo(a)pyrene in LMH three-dimensional spheroids. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:319-327. [PMID: 33956355 DOI: 10.1002/em.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In vitro liver toxicity tests performed using cell lines cultured as two-dimensional (2D) monolayer have limited CYP450 activity and may be inadequate for screening chemicals that require activation to exert toxicity. Metabolic competence is greatly improved using three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. In this study, Cyp1a induction, and subsequent DNA damage response induced by benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were compared in 2D monolayer cells and 3D spheroids of the chicken hepatic cell line, LMH. Cells were exposed to BaP (0.1-100 μM) for different durations: 8, 24, 35, or 48 hr. Cyp1a activity, mRNA expression of Cyp1a and DNA damage response (DDR) genes, and phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX) were determined using the EROD assay, a customized PCR array, and flow cytometry, respectively. EROD activity was induced at 8 hr and achieved maximal induction at 24 hr in spheroids; earlier time points than for monolayer cells. In spheroids, BaP exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in Cyp1a4 mRNA expression at 8 hr followed by upregulation of DDR genes at 24 hr, whereas Cyp1a4 mRNA induction was only observed at 48 hr in monolayer cells. Cyp1a5 mRNA was induced at 8 hr in monolayer cells but maximum induction was greater in spheroids. An increase in γH2AX was observed at 24 hr in spheroids; this endpoint was not evaluated in monolayer cells. These results suggest that BaP metabolism precedes the DNA damage response and occurs earlier in 3D spheroids. This study demonstrates that LMH 3D spheroids could be a suitable metabolically-competent in vitro model to measure genotoxicity of chemicals that require metabolic activation by Cyp1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnia Sharin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helina Gyasi
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie P Jones
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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27
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López-Riera M, Conde I, Castell JV, Jover R. A Novel MicroRNA Signature for Cholestatic Drugs in Human Hepatocytes and Its Translation into Novel Circulating Biomarkers for Drug-Induced Liver Injury Patients. Toxicol Sci 2020; 173:229-243. [PMID: 31198949 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) diagnosis and classification (hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed) relies on traditional clinical biomarkers (eg ALT and ALP), despite limitations such as extrahepatic interferences, narrow dynamic ranges, and low mechanistic value. microRNAs may be very useful for complementing traditional DILI biomarkers but most studies in this direction have considered only paracetamol poisoning. Thus the value of microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers for idiosyncratic DILI has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we first examined the effect of model cholestatic drugs on the human hepatocyte miRNome by RNAseq and RT-qPCR. Results demonstrated that chlorpromazine, cyclosporin A, and ANIT induced (miR-21-3p, -21-5p, -22-3p, -27a-5p, -1260b, -34a-5p, and -98-5p) and repressed (-122-5p, -192-5p, -30c-5p, -424-5p, and -16-5p) specific miRNAs in sandwich-cultured upcyte hepatocytes. However, no common signature was found for cholestatic drugs. Next we investigated the levels of these miRNA in human serum and found that most were also significantly altered in cholestatic/mixed DILI patients upon hospital/ambulatory admission. However, miR-122-5p, -192-5p, -34a-5p, and -22-3p demonstrated a much more significant induction in patients with hepatocellular DILI, thus revealing better specificity for hepatocellular damage. Time-course analyses demonstrated that -1260b and -146 had a very similar profile to ALP, but with wider dynamic ranges, while -16-5p and -451a showed a negative correlation. Conversely, -122-5p and -192-5p correlated with ALT but with wider dynamic ranges and faster recoveries. Finally, the 122/451a and 122/16 ratios showed excellent prediction performances in both the study [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) >0.93] and the validation cohort (AUROC > 0.82), and can, therefore, be postulated for the first time as circulating miRNA biomarkers for idiosyncratic DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia López-Riera
- *Unidad Mixta en Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Conde
- *Unidad Mixta en Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain.,Medicina Digestiva, Sección Hepatología, Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- *Unidad Mixta en Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- *Unidad Mixta en Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Matsui T, Miyamoto N, Saito F, Shinozawa T. Molecular Profiling of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cells and their Application for Drug Safety Study. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:807-828. [PMID: 32321398 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200422090952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced toxicity remains one of the leading causes of discontinuation of the drug candidate and post-marketing withdrawal. Thus, early identification of the drug candidates with the potential for toxicity is crucial in the drug development process. With the recent discovery of human- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) and the establishment of the differentiation protocol of human iPSC into the cell types of interest, the differentiated cells from human iPSC have garnered much attention because of their potential applicability in toxicity evaluation as well as drug screening, disease modeling and cell therapy. In this review, we expanded on current information regarding the feasibility of human iPSC-derived cells for the evaluation of drug-induced toxicity with a focus on human iPSCderived hepatocyte (iPSC-Hep), cardiomyocyte (iPSC-CMs) and neurons (iPSC-Neurons). Further, we CSAHi, Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells, reported our gene expression profiling data with DNA microarray using commercially available human iPSC-derived cells (iPSC-Hep, iPSC-CMs, iPSC-Neurons), their relevant human tissues and primary cultured human cells to discuss the future direction of the three types of human iPSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikatsu Matsui
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi), Japan
| | - Norimasa Miyamoto
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi), Japan
| | - Fumiyo Saito
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi), Japan
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Sharin T, Crump D, O'Brien JM. Evaluation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Response in LMH 3D Spheroids. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1693-1701. [PMID: 32452045 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether the immortalized chicken hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, leghorn male hepatoma (LMH), had a comparable aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) response to primary chicken embryonic hepatocytes (CEHs) when used in a well-established assay for chemical screening and prioritization. The LMH cells were grown as 2-dimensional (2D) confluent cells and 3D spheroids to determine the optimal cell culture states for chemical screening. Cytochrome P450 1A4 and 1A5 (CYP1A) activity and gene expression were compared between CEHs and LMH cells grown in 2 culture states following exposure to the dioxin-like compound 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126). The CYP1A activity was measured using the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay, and changes in mRNA expression associated with the AhR pathway were determined using a custom-designed polymerase chain reaction array. Among LMH cell culture states (i.e., 2D vs 3D), EROD induction was observed only in 3D LMH spheroids. Similarly, 3D spheroids had the greatest number of changes in AhR-related genes compared with confluent cells. Overall, these results suggest that LMH cells grown as 3D spheroids have a metabolic and gene expression profile that is comparable to that of CEH, and may represent a suitable animal-free alternative for in vitro screening of chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1693-1701. © 2020 SETAC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Avian Proteins/genetics
- Avian Proteins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chickens/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls/metabolism
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls/toxicity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnia Sharin
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Development of a QSAR model to predict hepatic steatosis using freely available machine learning tools. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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The Vitamin D Receptor Regulates Glycerolipid and Phospholipid Metabolism in Human Hepatocytes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030493. [PMID: 32213983 PMCID: PMC7175212 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) must be relevant to liver lipid metabolism because VDR deficient mice are protected from hepatosteatosis. Therefore, our objective was to define the role of VDR on the overall lipid metabolism in human hepatocytes. We developed an adenoviral vector for human VDR and performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of cultured human hepatocytes upon VDR activation by vitamin D (VitD). Twenty percent of the VDR responsive genes were related to lipid metabolism, including MOGAT1, LPGAT1, AGPAT2, and DGAT1 (glycerolipid metabolism); CDS1, PCTP, and MAT1A (phospholipid metabolism); and FATP2, SLC6A12, and AQP3 (uptake of fatty acids, betaine, and glycerol, respectively). They were rapidly induced (4–6 h) upon VDR activation by 10 nM VitD or 100 µM lithocholic acid (LCA). Most of these genes were also upregulated by VDR/VitD in mouse livers in vivo. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) metabolomics demonstrated intracellular accumulation of triglycerides, with concomitant decreases in diglycerides and phosphatidates, at 8 and 24 h upon VDR activation. Significant alterations in phosphatidylcholines, increases in lyso-phosphatidylcholines and decreases in phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens were also observed. In conclusion, active VitD/VDR signaling in hepatocytes triggers an unanticipated coordinated gene response leading to triglyceride synthesis and to important perturbations in glycerolipids and phospholipids.
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32
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Schulz C, Kammerer S, Küpper JH. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase expression and enzymatic activity in primary-like human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells for in vitro biotransformation studies. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:249-260. [PMID: 31561354 PMCID: PMC6918903 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human hepatocyte in vitro cell culture systems are important models for drug development and toxicology studies in the context of liver xenobiotic metabolism. Often, such culture systems are used to elucidate the biotransformation of xenobiotics or drugs and further investigate drug and drug metabolite effects on biological systems in terms of potential therapeutic benefit or toxicity. Human hepatocytes currently used for such in vitro studies are mostly primary cells or cell lines derived from liver cancers. Both approaches have limitations such as low proliferation capacity and progressive dedifferentiation found in primary cells or lack of liver functions in cell lines, which makes it difficult to reliably predict biotransformation of xenobiotics in patients. In order to overcome these limitations, HepaFH3 cells and Upcyte® hepatocytes representing primary-like hepatocytes of the first and second generation are increasingly used. Based on primary human hepatocyte cells transduced for stable expression of Upcyte® proliferation genes, they are mitotically active and exhibit liver functions over an extended period, making them comparable to primary human hepatocytes. These hepatocyte models show active liver metabolism such as urea and glycogen formation as well as biotransformation of xenobiotics. The latter is based on the expression, activity and inducibility of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) as essential phase I reaction components. However, for further characterisation in terms of performance and existing limitations, additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in phase I reactions. One prerequisite is sufficient activity of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) functionally connected as electron donor to those CYP enzymes. OBJECTIVE: For Upcyte® hepatocytes and HepaFH3 cells, it is so far unknown to what extent POR is expressed, active, and may exert CYP-modulating effects. Here we studied POR expression and corresponding enzyme activity in human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 and compared this with HepaFH3 and Upcyte® hepatocytes representing proliferating primary-like hepatocytes. METHODS: POR expression of those hepatocyte models was determined at mRNA and protein level using qRT-PCR, Western Blot and immunofluorescence staining. Kinetic studies on POR activity in isolated microsomes were performed by a colorimetric method. RESULTS: The investigated hepatocyte models showed remarkable differences at the level of POR expression. Compared to primary-like hepatocytes, POR expression of HepG2 cells was 4-fold higher at mRNA and 2-fold higher at protein level. However, this higher expression did not correlate with corresponding enzyme activity levels in isolated microsomes, which were comparable between all cell systems tested. A tendency of higher POR activity in HepG2 cells compared to HepaFH3 (p = 0.0829) might be present. Compared to primary human hepatocyte microsomes, POR activity was considerably lower in all hepatocyte models. CONCLUSION: In summary, our study revealed that POR expression and activity were clearly detectable in all in vitro hepatocyte models with the highest POR expression in cancer cell line HepG2. However, POR activity was lower in tested hepatocyte models when compared to human primary hepatocyte microsomes. Whether this was caused by e.g. polymorphisms or metabolic differences of investigated hepatocyte models will be target for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulz
- Fraunhofer Project Group PZ-Syn of the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany, located at the Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg
| | - Sarah Kammerer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
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33
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Petrov PD, Fernández-Murga L, Conde I, Martínez-Sena T, Guzmán C, Castell JV, Jover R. Epistane, an anabolic steroid used for recreational purposes, causes cholestasis with elevated levels of cholic acid conjugates, by upregulating bile acid synthesis (CYP8B1) and cross-talking with nuclear receptors in human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:589-607. [PMID: 31894354 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids are testosterone derivatives, used by body-builders to increase muscle mass. Epistane (EPI) is an orally administered 17α-alkylated testosterone derivative with 2a-3a epithio ring. We identified four individuals who, after EPI consumption, developed long-lasting cholestasis. The bile acid (BA) profile of three patients was characterized, as well the molecular mechanisms involved in this pathology. The serum BA pool was increased from 14 to 61-fold, basically on account of primary conjugated BA (cholic acid (CA) conjugates), whereas secondary BA were very low. In in vitro experiments with cultured human hepatocytes, EPI caused the accumulation of glycoCA in the medium. Moreover, as low as 0.01 μM EPI upregulated the expression of key BA synthesis genes (CYP7A1, by 65% and CYP8B1, by 67%) and BA transporters (NTCP, OSTA and BSEP), and downregulated FGF19. EPI increased the uptake/accumulation of a fluorescent BA analogue in hepatocytes by 50-70%. Results also evidenced, that 40 μM EPI trans-activated the nuclear receptors LXR and PXR. More importantly, 0.01 μM EPI activated AR in hepatocytes, leading to an increase in the expression of CYP8B1. In samples from a human liver bank, we proved that the expression of AR was positively correlated with that of CYP8B1 in men. Taken together, we conclude that EPI could cause cholestasis by inducing BA synthesis and favouring BA accumulation in hepatocytes, at least in part by AR activation. We anticipate that the large phenotypic variability of BA synthesis enzymes and transport genes in man provide a putative explanation for the idiosyncratic nature of EPI-induced cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar D Petrov
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Fernández-Murga
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Conde
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Unidad de Hepatotoxicidad Clínica, Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Sección Hepatología, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Martínez-Sena
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Vicente Castell
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Jellali R, Lereau Bernier M, Tauran Y, Gilard F, Danoy M, Kido T, Miyajima A, Sakai Y, Leclerc E. Metabolomic profiling during the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells. Differentiation 2019; 112:17-26. [PMID: 31869687 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are potentially an invaluable source of cells for regenerative medicine, disease modeling and drug discovery. However, the differentiation of hiPSCs into fully functional hepatocytes remains a major challenge. Despite the importance of the information carried by metabolomes, the exploitation of metabolomics for characterizing and understanding hiPSC differentiation remains largely unexplored. Here, to increase knowledge of hiPSC maturation into mature hepatocytes, we investigated their metabolomics profiles during sequential step-by-step differentiation: definitive endoderm (DE), specification into hepatocytes (HB-pro (hepatoblast progenitors)), progenitor hepatocytes (Pro-HEP) and mature hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). Metabolomics analysis illustrated a switch from glycolysis-based respiration in DE step to oxidative phosphorylation in HLCs step. DE was characterized by fatty acid beta oxidation, sorbitol metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway, and glutamine and glucose metabolisms as various potential energy sources. The complex lipid metabolism switch was monitored via the reduction of lipid production from DE to HLCs step, whereas high glycerol production occurred mainly in HLCs. The nitrogen cycle, via urea production, was also a typical mechanism revealed in HLCs step. Our analysis may contribute to better understanding of differentiation and suggest new targets for improving iPSC maturation into functional hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Jellali
- CNRS UMR 7338, Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologies de Compiègne, France.
| | - Myriam Lereau Bernier
- CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yannick Tauran
- CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan; LMI CNRS UMR5615, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université D'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Saclay Plant Sciences, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Mathieu Danoy
- CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Taketomo Kido
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- CIBIS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Eric Leclerc
- CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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35
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Ballester M, Bolonio M, Santamaria R, Castell JV, Ribes-Koninckx C, Bort R. Direct conversion of human fibroblast to hepatocytes using a single inducible polycistronic vector. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:317. [PMID: 31685034 PMCID: PMC6829923 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into induced hepatocyte-like cells through the expression of a set of transcription factors. Although the generation of induced hepatocyte-like cells by HNF4A, HNF1A, and FOXA3 expression has proven to be a robust experimental strategy, using multiple lentivirus results in a highly variable heterogeneous population. METHODS We designed and implemented a novel approach based on the delivery of reprogramming factors and green fluorescent protein in a single doxycycline-inducible lentiviral vector using 2A self-cleaving peptides. RESULTS Fibroblasts infected with the lentiviral vector can be amplified in basic fibroblast culture media in the absence of doxycycline without induction of hepatic genes. Upon switching to hepatic maturation media containing doxycycline, cells stop proliferating, activate hepatic gene transcription, and perform metabolic functions characteristic of hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Our strategy can generate an unlimited source of homogeneously induced hepatocyte-like cells from different genetic background donors, capable of performing typical hepatic functions suitable for drug research and other in vitro applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ballester
- Experimental Hepatology Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe and CIBERehd, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Bolonio
- Experimental Hepatology Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe and CIBERehd, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Coeliac Disease and Inmunopathology Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramon Santamaria
- Experimental Hepatology Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe and CIBERehd, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe and CIBERehd, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Ribes-Koninckx
- Coeliac Disease and Inmunopathology Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roque Bort
- Experimental Hepatology Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe and CIBERehd, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
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36
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Mišík M, Nersesyan A, Ropek N, Huber WW, Haslinger E, Knasmueller S. Use of human derived liver cells for the detection of genotoxins in comet assays. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 845:402995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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37
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Donato MT, Tolosa L. Stem-cell derived hepatocyte-like cells for the assessment of drug-induced liver injury. Differentiation 2019; 106:15-22. [PMID: 30844688 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major cause of drug discovery failure in clinical trials and a leading cause of liver disease. Current preclinical drug testing does not predict hepatotoxicity which highlights the importance of developing highly predictive cell-based models. The use of stem cell technology and differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) could provide a stable source of hepatocytes for multiple applications, including drug screening. HLCs derived from both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells have been used to accurately predict hepatotoxicity as well as to test individual-specific toxicity. Although there are still many limitations, mainly related to the lack of fully maturity of the HLCs derived from pluripotent stem cells, they could provide a relative unlimited and consistent supply of cells with stable phenotype, that could be obtained from different donors, enabling the generation of a library of HLCs representative of the variability of human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, 46026, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, 46026, Spain
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38
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Tolosa L, Jiménez N, Pelechá M, Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Donato MT. Long-term and mechanistic evaluation of drug-induced liver injury in Upcyte human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:519-532. [PMID: 30426164 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes one of the most frequent reasons of restricted-use warnings as well as withdrawals of drugs in postmarketing and poses an important concern for the pharmaceutical industry. The current hepatic in vivo and in vitro models for DILI detection have shown clear limitations, mainly for studies of long-term hepatotoxicity. For this reason, we here evaluated the potential of using Upcytes human hepatocytes (UHH) for repeated-dose long-term exposure to drugs. The UHH were incubated with 15 toxic and non-toxic compounds for up to 21 days using a repeated-dose approach, and, in addition to conventional examination of effects on viability, the mechanisms implicated in cell toxicity were also assessed by means of high-content screening. The UHH maintained the expression and activity levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes for up to 21 days of culture and became more sensitive to the toxic compounds after extended exposures, showing inter-donor differences which would reflect variability among the population. The assay also allowed to detect the main mechanisms implicated in the toxicity of each drug as well as identifying special susceptibilities depending on the donor. UHH can be used for a long-term repeated detection of DILI at clinically relevant concentrations and also offers key mechanistic features of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. This system is therefore a promising tool in preclinical testing of human relevance that could help to reduce and/or replace animal testing for drug adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Jiménez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pelechá
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Fernández-Murga ML, Petrov PD, Conde I, Castell JV, Goméz-Lechón MJ, Jover R. Advances in drug-induced cholestasis: Clinical perspectives, potential mechanisms and in vitro systems. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:196-212. [PMID: 29990576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing research, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a serious issue of increasing importance to the medical community that challenges health systems, pharmaceutical industries and drug regulatory agencies. Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) represents a frequent manifestation of DILI in humans, which is characterised by an impaired canalicular bile flow resulting in a detrimental accumulation of bile constituents in blood and tissues. From a clinical point of view, cholestatic DILI generates a wide spectrum of presentations and can be a diagnostic challenge. The drug classes mostly associated with DIC are anti-infectious, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, psychotropic and cardiovascular agents, steroids, and other miscellaneous drugs. The molecular mechanisms of DIC have been investigated since the 1980s but they remain debatable. It is recognised that altered expression and/or function of hepatobiliary membrane transporters underlies some forms of cholestasis, and this and other concomitant mechanisms are very likely in DIC. Deciphering these processes may pave the ways for diagnosis, prognosis and prevention, for which currently major gaps and caveats exist. In this review, we summarise recent advances in the field of DIC, including clinical aspects, the potential mechanisms postulated so far and the in vitro systems that can be useful to investigate and identify new cholestatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leonor Fernández-Murga
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Petar D Petrov
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Conde
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - M José Goméz-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
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40
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Kammerer S, Küpper JH. Human hepatocyte systems for in vitro toxicology analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-179012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kammerer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
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41
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Petrov PD, Fernández-Murga ML, López-Riera M, Goméz-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Jover R. Predicting drug-induced cholestasis: preclinical models. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:721-738. [PMID: 29888962 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1487399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In almost 50% of patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI), the bile flow from the liver to the duodenum is impaired, a condition known as cholestasis. However, this toxic response only appears in a small percentage of the treated patients (idiosyncrasy). Prediction of drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is challenging and emerges as a safety issue that requires attention by professionals in clinical practice, regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical companies, and research institutions. Area covered: The current synopsis focuses on the state-of-the-art in preclinical models for cholestatic DILI prediction. These models differ in their goal, complexity, availability, and applicability, and can widely be classified in experimental animals and in vitro models. Expert opinion: Drugs are a growing cause of cholestasis, but the progress made in explaining mechanisms and differences in susceptibility is not growing at the same rate. We need reliable models able to recapitulate the features of DIC, particularly its idiosyncrasy. The homogeneity and the species-specific differences move animal models away from a fair predictability. However, in vitro human models are improving and getting closer to the real hepatocyte phenotype, and they will likely be the choice in the near future. Progress in this area will not only need reliable predictive models but also mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar D Petrov
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain
| | - M Leonor Fernández-Murga
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain
| | - Mireia López-Riera
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain
| | - M José Goméz-Lechón
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose V Castell
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- a Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe) , Unidad de Hepatología Experimental , Valencia , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain.,c Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Its Role in Developing Cholestasis: An In Vitro Study on Different Liver Cell Types. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66:e28-e35. [PMID: 29095348 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer used in many polyvinylchloride medical devices and is washed out easily. Thereby critically ill infants can become exposed to DEHP concentrations significantly exceeding the recommended threshold. We suspect DEHP to play an important role in the development of intestinal failure-associated liver disease. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the direct influence of DEHP on different liver cell types. METHODS HepG2, human upcyte hepatocytes, primary murine hepatocytes, LX-2, human upcyte hepatic stellate cells, and liver organoids were cultured with DEHP (0.5-500 μmol/L) and parameters including cytotoxicity, cell-cell interactions, and expression of metabolizing enzymes were investigated. RESULTS DEHP modulated the expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, reduced the formation of bile canaliculi and cell polarity, and inhibited Cyp-activity in hepatocytes. DEHP had a toxic effect on LX-2 and induced the fibrogenic activation of hepatic stellate cells. The mode of action of DEHP was different in monolayer cultures compared to 3D-liver organoids, which were more sensitive to DEHP. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that DEHP modulates expression and activity of drug-detoxifying liver enzymes in humans at a clinically relevant concentration. Furthermore, it may contribute to the development of cholestasis and fibrosis. These findings strongly support the opinion, that there is a significant potential for serious adverse effects of DEHP derived from medical devices on human health, especially in very young infants with immature livers.
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Ren Z, Chen S, Ning B, Guo L. Use of Liver-Derived Cell Lines for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Schaefer M, Morinaga G, Matsui A, Schänzle G, Bischoff D, Süssmuth RD. Quantitative Expression of Hepatobiliary Transporters and Functional Uptake of Substrates in Hepatic Two-Dimensional Sandwich Cultures: A Comparative Evaluation of Upcyte and Primary Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 46:166-177. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Sgodda M, Dai Z, Zweigerdt R, Sharma AD, Ott M, Cantz T. A Scalable Approach for the Generation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Organoids with Sensitive Hepatotoxicity Features. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1490-1504. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sgodda
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhen Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Junior Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department for Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Junior Research Group MicroRNA in Liver Regeneration, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Ott
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, Germany
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46
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Prediction of liver toxicity and mode of action using metabolomics in vitro in HepG2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:893-906. [PMID: 28965233 PMCID: PMC5818600 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver toxicity is a leading systemic toxicity of drugs and chemicals demanding more human-relevant, high throughput, cost effective in vitro solutions. In addition to contributing to animal welfare, in vitro techniques facilitate exploring and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity. New ‘omics technologies can provide comprehensive information on the toxicological mode of action of compounds, as well as quantitative information about the multi-parametric metabolic response of cellular systems in normal and patho-physiological conditions. Here, we combined mass-spectroscopy metabolomics with an in vitro liver toxicity model. Metabolite profiles of HepG2 cells treated with 35 test substances resulted in 1114 cell supernatants and 3556 intracellular samples analyzed by metabolomics. Control samples showed relative standard deviations of about 10–15%, while the technical replicates were at 5–10%. Importantly, this procedure revealed concentration–response effects and patterns of metabolome changes that are consistent for different liver toxicity mechanisms (liver enzyme induction/inhibition, liver toxicity and peroxisome proliferation). Our findings provide evidence that identifying organ toxicity can be achieved in a robust, reliable, human-relevant system, representing a non-animal alternative for systemic toxicology.
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A new approach for the assessment of the toxicity of polyphenol-rich compounds with the use of high content screening analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180022. [PMID: 28662177 PMCID: PMC5491109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of in vitro tested compounds is usually evaluated based on AC50 values calculated from dose-response curves. However, there is a large group of compounds for which a standard four-parametric sigmoid curve fitting may be inappropriate for estimating AC50. In the present study, 22 polyphenol-rich compounds were prioritized from the least to the most toxic based on the total area under and over the dose-response curves (AUOC) in relation to baselines. The studied compounds were ranked across three key cell indicators (mitochondrial membrane potential, cell membrane integrity and nuclear size) in a panel of five cell lines (HepG2, Caco-2, A549, HMEC-1, and 3T3), using a high-content screening (HCS) assay. Regarding AUOC score values, naringin (negative control) was the least toxic phenolic compound. Aronox, spent hop extract and kale leaf extract had very low cytotoxicity with regard to mitochondrial membrane potential and cell membrane integrity, as well as nuclear morphology (nuclear area). Kaempferol (positive control) exerted strong cytotoxic effects on the mitochondrial and nuclear compartments. Extracts from buckthorn bark, walnut husk and hollyhock flower were highly cytotoxic with regard to the mitochondrion and cell membrane, but not the nucleus. We propose an alternative algorithm for the screening of a large number of agents and for identifying those with adverse cellular effects at an early stage of drug discovery, using high content screening analysis. This approach should be recommended for series of compounds producing a non-sigmoidal cell response, and for agents with unknown toxicity or mechanisms of action.
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The ascendance of microphysiological systems to solve the drug testing dilemma. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO185. [PMID: 28670475 PMCID: PMC5481853 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs is a process obstructed with manifold security and efficacy concerns. Although animal models are still widely used to meet the diligence required, they are regarded as outdated tools with limited predictability. Novel microphysiological systems intend to create systemic models of human biology. Their ability to host 3D organoid constructs in a controlled microenvironment with mechanical and electrophysiological stimuli enables them to create and maintain homeostasis. These platforms are, thus, envisioned to be superior tools for testing and developing substances such as drugs, cosmetics and chemicals. We will present reasons why microphysiological systems are required for the emerging demands, highlight current technological and regulatory obstacles, and depict possible solutions from state-of-the-art platforms from major contributors. Microphysiological systems are devices constructed for the cocultivation of miniaturized human organ equivalents. They are commonly placed into a continuous stream of nutrient solution. The microphysiological tools aim to reshape current development, toxicity testing and efficacy assessment of therapeutic agents, food additives, chemicals and environmental pollutants. We are on the verge of initiating a paradigm shift away from established, but often misleading animal and single tissue culture techniques toward the generation of predictive data for a compound's safety and efficacy prior to its exposure to humans.
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Goldring C, Antoine DJ, Bonner F, Crozier J, Denning C, Fontana RJ, Hanley NA, Hay DC, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Juhila S, Kitteringham N, Silva-Lima B, Norris A, Pridgeon C, Ross JA, Sison Young R, Tagle D, Tornesi B, van de Water B, Weaver RJ, Zhang F, Park BK. Stem cell-derived models to improve mechanistic understanding and prediction of human drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2017; 65:710-721. [PMID: 27775817 PMCID: PMC5266558 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Current preclinical drug testing does not predict some forms of adverse drug reactions in humans. Efforts at improving predictability of drug-induced tissue injury in humans include using stem cell technology to generate human cells for screening for adverse effects of drugs in humans. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells means that it may ultimately be possible to develop personalized toxicology to determine interindividual susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. However, the complexity of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury means that no current single-cell model, whether of primary liver tissue origin, from liver cell lines, or derived from stem cells, adequately emulates what is believed to occur during human drug-induced liver injury. Nevertheless, a single-cell model of a human hepatocyte which emulates key features of a hepatocyte is likely to be valuable in assessing potential chemical risk; furthermore, understanding how to generate a relevant hepatocyte will also be critical to efforts to build complex multicellular models of the liver. Currently, hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from stem cells still fall short of recapitulating the full mature hepatocellular phenotype. Therefore, we convened a number of experts from the areas of preclinical and clinical hepatotoxicity and safety assessment, from industry, academia, and regulatory bodies, to specifically explore the application of stem cells in hepatotoxicity safety assessment and to make recommendations for the way forward. In this short review, we particularly discuss the importance of benchmarking stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells to their terminally differentiated human counterparts using defined phenotyping, to make sure the cells are relevant and comparable between labs, and outline why this process is essential before the cells are introduced into chemical safety assessment. (Hepatology 2017;65:710-721).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Crozier
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Denning
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Manchester; Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, UK
| | - David C. Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Satu Juhila
- R&D, In Vitro Biology, Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | - Neil Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Alan Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Pridgeon
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James A. Ross
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rowena Sison Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Danilo Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Belen Tornesi
- Abbvie Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bob van de Water
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S), Suresnes, 92284, Cedex France
| | - Fang Zhang
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Donato MT, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L. Using high-content screening technology for studying drug-induced hepatotoxicity in preclinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:201-211. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1271784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
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