1
|
Kerr SC, Shehnaz S, Paudel L, Manivannan MS, Shaw LM, Johnson A, Velasquez JTJ, Tanurdžić M, Cazzonelli CI, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Prentis PJ. Advancing tree genomics to future proof next generation orchard production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1321555. [PMID: 38312357 PMCID: PMC10834703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1321555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The challenges facing tree orchard production in the coming years will be largely driven by changes in the climate affecting the sustainability of farming practices in specific geographical regions. Identifying key traits that enable tree crops to modify their growth to varying environmental conditions and taking advantage of new crop improvement opportunities and technologies will ensure the tree crop industry remains viable and profitable into the future. In this review article we 1) outline climate and sustainability challenges relevant to horticultural tree crop industries, 2) describe key tree crop traits targeted for improvement in agroecosystem productivity and resilience to environmental change, and 3) discuss existing and emerging genomic technologies that provide opportunities for industries to future proof the next generation of orchards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Kerr
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Saiyara Shehnaz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucky Paudel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mekaladevi S Manivannan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Lindsay M Shaw
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda Johnson
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jose Teodoro J Velasquez
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Miloš Tanurdžić
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Prentis
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Okamoto K, Inoue T, Nagano T, Miyazaki S, Takahashi I, Asami T, Okada K, Okada K, Nakajima M. Chemical screening of inhibitors specific for MdDOX-Co that cause an apple columnar tree-shape. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 88:63-69. [PMID: 37791963 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
MdDOX-Co, the ectopic expression of which is considered to cause the apple columnar tree shape, belongs to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2ODD) family. It adds a hydroxyl group to position 12 of gibberellins (GAs). However, the 2ODD enzymes related to GA biosynthesis and catabolism are phylogenetically distinct from MdDOX-Co. Thus, it is possible that substrates other than GAs exist in MdDOX-Co. To identify the previously unidentified substrate(s) of MdDOX-Co, we searched for MdDOX-Co-specific inhibitors. Chemical screening using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to investigate the effects of 2400 compounds that inhibited the catalytic reaction of MdDOX-Co, but not the catabolic reaction of GA 2-oxidase, an enzyme involved in GA catabolism. By applying two positive compounds in Arabidopsis, a chemical 3-((2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)thio)-5,7-dimethyl-5H-pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,4,2]dithiazine-1,1-dioxide designated as TPDD that did not inhibit GA biosynthesis was selected. The structure-activity relationships among the TPDD analogs were also obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Inoue
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunesato Nagano
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Miyazaki
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okada
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi J, Zhang F, Wang Y, Zhang S, Wang F, Ma Y. The cytochrome P450 gene, MdCYP716B1, is involved in regulating plant growth and anthracnose resistance in apple. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111832. [PMID: 37586420 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Apple is one of the main cultivated fruit trees worldwide. Both biotic and abiotic stresses, especially fungal diseases, have serious effects on the growth and fruit quality of apples. Cytochrome P450, the largest protein family in plants, is critical for plant growth and stress responses. However, the function of apple P450 remains poorly understood. In our previous study, 'Hanfu' autotetraploid showed dwarfism and fungal resistance phenotypes compared to 'Hanfu' diploid. Digital gene expression sequencing analysis revealed that the transcript level of MdCYP716B1 was significantly downregulated in the autotetraploid apple cultivar 'Hanfu'. In this study, we identified and cloned the MdCYP716B1 gene from 'Hanfu' apples. The MdCYP716B1 protein fused to a green fluorescent protein was localized in the cytoplasm. We constructed the plant overexpression vector and RNAi vector of MdCYP716B1, and the apple 'GL-3' was transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to obtain transgenic plants. Overexpressing and RNAi silencing transgenic plants exhibited an increase and decrease in plant height to 'GL-3', respectively. RNAi silencing transgenic plants displayed increased resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, whereas overexpression transgenic plants were more sensitive to C. gloeosporioides. According to transcriptome analysis, the transcript levels of gibberellin biosynthesis genes were upregulated in MdCYP716B1-overexpression plants. In contrast with 'GL-3', GA3 accumulation was rose in MdCYP716B1-OE lines and impaired in MdCYP716B1-RNAi lines. Collectively, our data indicate that MdCYP716B1 regulates plant growth and resistance to fungal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Shi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yangshu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China.
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Yuan M, Dang S, Zhou J, Zhang Y. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of transcription factors and hormones during flower bud differentiation in 'Red Globe' grape under red‒blue light. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8932. [PMID: 37264033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Grape is a globally significant fruit-bearing crop, and the grape flower bud differentiation essential to fruit production is closely related to light quality. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of grape flower bud differentiation under red‒blue light, the transcriptome and hormone content were determined at four stages of flower bud differentiation. The levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in grape flower buds at all stages of differentiation under red‒blue light were higher than those in the control. However, the levels of cytokinins (CKs) and gibberellic acid (giberellins, GAs) fluctuated continuously over the course of flower bud differentiation. Moreover, many differentially expressed genes were involved in auxin, CK, GA, and the ABA signal transduction pathways. There were significant differences in the AUX/IAA, SAUR, A-RR, and ABF gene expression levels between the red‒blue light treatment and the control buds, especially in regard to the ABF genes, the expression levels of which were completely different between the two groups. The expression of GBF4 and AI5L2 in the control was always low, while the expression under red‒blue light increased. AI5L7 and AI5L5 expression levels showed an upwards trend in the control plant buds and gradually decreased in red‒blue light treatment plant buds. Through weighted gene coexpression network analysis, we determined that the transcription factors WRK48 (WRKY family), EF110 (ERF family), ABR1, CAMTA3 (CAMTA family), and HSFA3 (HSF family) may be involved in the regulation of the GBF4 gene. This study lays a foundation for further analysis of grape flower bud differentiation regulation under red‒blue light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Miao Yuan
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Shizhuo Dang
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Veerabagu M, van der Schoot C, Turečková V, Tarkowská D, Strnad M, Rinne PLH. Light on perenniality: Para-dormancy is based on ABA-GA antagonism and endo-dormancy on the shutdown of GA biosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1785-1804. [PMID: 36760106 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Perennial para- and endo-dormancy are seasonally separate phenomena. Whereas para-dormancy is the suppression of axillary buds (AXBs) by a growing shoot, endo-dormancy is the short-day elicited arrest of terminal and AXBs. In hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) compromising the apex releases para-dormancy, whereas endo-dormancy requires chilling. ABA and GA are implicated in both phenomena. To untangle their roles, we blocked ABA biosynthesis with fluridone (FD), which significantly reduced ABA levels, downregulated GA-deactivation genes, upregulated the major GA3ox-biosynthetic genes, and initiated branching. Comprehensive GA-metabolite analyses suggested that FD treatment shifted GA production to the non-13-hydroxylation pathway, enhancing GA4 function. Applied ABA counteracted FD effects on GA metabolism and downregulated several GA3/4 -inducible α- and γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases that hydrolyze callose at plasmodesmata (PD), thereby enhancing PD-callose accumulation. Remarkably, ABA-deficient plants repressed GA4 biosynthesis and established endo-dormancy like controls but showed increased stress sensitivity. Repression of GA4 biosynthesis involved short-day induced DNA methylation events within the GA3ox2 promoter. In conclusion, the results cast new light on the roles of ABA and GA in dormancy cycling. In para-dormancy, PD-callose turnover is antagonized by ABA, whereas in short-day conditions, lack of GA4 biosynthesis promotes callose deposition that is structurally persistent throughout endo-dormancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo J, Zhao Y, Chu Y, Li Y, Song Y, Pan Q, Qiu Z, Yu B, Zhu Y. Screening Candidate Genes at the Co Locus Conferring to the Columnar Growth Habit in Apple ( Malus × Domestica Borkh.). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050964. [PMID: 37239324 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The columnar growth trait of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is genetically controlled by the Columnar (Co) locus on 10 chromosomes, including several candidate genes. Except for MdCo31, other candidate genes at the Co locus are less elucidated. In this study, a strategy of step-by-step screening was adopted to select 11 candidate genes by experimental cloning, transient expression, and genetic transformation. There existed several SNPs in four genes by sequence alignment in columnar and non-columnar apples. Two genes were detected in the nucleus and three genes in the cell membrane, other genes were located in multiple cellular structures by subcellular location. Ectopic expression demonstrated that more branching occurred in MdCo38-OE by upregulating NtPIN1 and NtGA2ox and enlarged leaves in MdCo41-OE tobaccos by upregulating NtCCDs. Transcripts of MdCo38 and MdCo41 were associated with the Co genotypes in apples. The results indicate that MdCo38 and MdCo41 are involved in the columnar growth phenotype in apple, probably through altering polar auxin transport, active gibberellin levels, and strigolactone biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Chu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuru Li
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqi Song
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhannan Qiu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuandi Zhu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guan J, Li J, Yao Q, Liu Z, Feng H, Zhang Y. Identification of two tandem genes associated with primary rosette branching in flowering Chinese cabbage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083528. [PMID: 36600928 PMCID: PMC9806259 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Branching is an important agronomic trait determining plant architecture and yield; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying branching in the stalk vegetable, flowering Chinese cabbage, remain unclear. The present study identified two tandem genes responsible for primary rosette branching in flowering Chinese cabbage by GradedPool-Seq (GPS) combined with Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping. A 900 kb candidate region was mapped in the 28.0-28.9 Mb interval of chromosome A07 through whole-genome sequencing of three graded-pool samples from the F2 population derived by crossing the branching and non-branching lines. KASP genotyping narrowed the candidate region to 24.6 kb. Two tandem genes, BraA07g041560.3C and BraA07g041570.3C, homologous to AT1G78440 encoding GA2ox1 oxidase, were identified as the candidate genes. The BraA07g041560.3C sequence was identical between the branching and non-branching lines, but BraA07g041570.3C had a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) mutation in the first exon (290th bp, A to G). In addition, an ERE cis-regulatory element was absent in the promoter of BraA07g041560.3C, and an MYB cis-regulatory element in the promoter of BraA07g041570.3C in the branching line. Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment decreased the primary rosette branch number in the branching line, indicating the significant role of GA in regulating branching in flowering Chinese cabbage. These results provide valuable information for revealing the regulatory mechanisms of branching and contributing to the breeding programs of developing high-yielding species in flowering Chinese cabbage.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang L, Guo J, Chu Y, Pan Q, Zhu Y. MdCo31 interacts with an RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 32 to regulate dwarf growth with short internodes in columnar apple. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111496. [PMID: 36240910 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The dominant Co locus controls the columnar growth phenotype of apple (Malus × domestica) trees. Candidate gene MdCo31, encoding 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, causes dwarf growth with short internodes in transgenic plants by reducing the abundance of biologically active gibberellin. However, the pathway regulating MdCo31 in the dwarfism of apple trees remains unclear. In this study, expression of MdCo31 was proved to be negatively correlated with internode length in F1 populations created by crossing columnar parents, and with dwarfism in transgenic apple plantlets. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid screening identified the RNA polymerase II transcription subunit MdMED32 as putative interactor of MdCo31. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, co-immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed this interaction both in vivo and in vitro. Ectopic expression of MdMED32 in Nicotiana tabacum led to a dwarf phenotype, similar to that of MdCo31 transgenic apple plants. Expression of GA2ox1 and GA20ox1, encoding key enzymes of gibberellin metabolism, was upregulated in transgenic plants. Transient transcriptional activity demonstrated that MdMED32 functioned as an activator, promoting expression of MdGA2ox1 and MdGA20ox1. These findings indicate that the interaction between MdCo31 and MdMED32 functions in the regulation of internode length in columnar apple.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yu Chu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuandi Zhu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Han T, Yu J, Zhuang J, Wang Z, Sun X, Zhang Y. The Characterization of Columnar Apple Gene MdCoL Promoter and Its Response to Abscisic Acid, Brassinosteroid and Gibberellic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810781. [PMID: 36142696 PMCID: PMC9505010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Columnar apple was an important germplasm resource to develop compact cultivars for labor-saving cultivation and to study fruit tree architecture. MdCoL is a strong candidate gene for controlling the columnar phenotype in apple. In this study, a 2000 bp upstream region of MdCoL was cloned as a full-length promoter, named MdCoLp1. To gain a better understanding of the characterization of the MdCoL promoter, cis-acting elements and the binding sites of transcription factors were predicted and analyzed, and four binary expression vectors consisting of the GUS reporter gene under the control of the MdCoL promoter was transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana to analyze the response to abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellic acid (GA3) of MdCoL promoters. Multiple transcription factors involving TCP, BEL1 and BES1/BZR1 and other transcription factor (TF) binding sites were predicted on the promoter of MdCoL. Histochemical staining showed that both full-length and 5′ truncated promoters could initiate GUS expression. The GUS activity was the most in leaf and stem, and mainly concentrated in the fibrovascular tissue, followed by root, and the least activity was observed in silique and flower. In addition, MdCoL expression was mainly localized in the quiescent center (QC) and lateral root growing point of root tip and the vascular tissue of stem and leaf by in situ hybridization. The results of exogenous hormones treatment showed that ABA and BR could activate the activity of the MdCoL promoter, while GA3 had opposite effects. In columnar apple seedlings, ABA treatment could upregulate the expression of MdCoL, but GA3 and BR restrained the transcription level of MdCoL. These results provide the foundation for deciphering the regulatory network of hormones affecting MdCoL transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jie Zhuang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Molecular Mechanisms Regulating the Columnar Tree Architecture in Apple. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The columnar apple cultivar ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ was discovered as a spontaneous mutant from the top of a ‘McIntosh’ tree in the early 1960s. ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ exhibits the columnar growth phenotype: compact and sturdy growth, short internodes, and very few lateral shoots. Classical genetic analysis revealed that the columnar growth phenotype of ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ is controlled by a single dominant gene, Co. This review focuses on the advances made toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of columnar growth in the last decade. Molecular studies have shown that an 8.2 kb insertion in the intergenic region of the Co locus is responsible for the columnar growth phenotype of ‘McIntosh Wijcik’, implying that the insertion affects the expression patterns of adjacent genes. Among the candidate genes in the Co region, the expression pattern of MdDOX-Co, putatively encoding 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (DOX), was found to vary between columnar and non-columnar apples. Recent studies have found three functions of MdDOX-Co: facilitating bioactive gibberellin deficiency, increasing strigolactone levels, and positively regulating abscisic acid levels. Consequently, changes in these plant hormone levels caused by the ectopic expression of MdDOX-Co in the aerial organs of ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ can lead to dwarf trees with fewer lateral branches. These findings will contribute to the breeding and cultivation of new columnar apple cultivars with improved fruit quality.
Collapse
|
11
|
Fan G, Andrés J, Olbricht K, Koskela E, Hytönen T. Natural Variation in the Control of Flowering and Shoot Architecture in Diploid Fragaria Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832795. [PMID: 35310677 PMCID: PMC8926021 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In perennial fruit and berry crops of the Rosaceae family, flower initiation occurs in late summer or autumn after downregulation of a strong repressor TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1), and flowering and fruiting takes place the following growing season. Rosaceous fruit trees typically form two types of axillary shoots, short flower-bearing shoots called spurs and long shoots that are, respectively, analogous to branch crowns and stolons in strawberry. However, regulation of flowering and shoot architecture differs between species, and environmental and endogenous controlling mechanisms have just started to emerge. In woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.), long days maintain vegetative meristems and promote stolon formation by activating TFL1 and GIBBERELLIN 20-OXIDASE4 (GA20ox4), respectively, while silencing of these factors by short days and cool temperatures induces flowering and branch crown formation. We characterized flowering responses of 14 accessions of seven diploid Fragaria species native to diverse habitats in the northern hemisphere and selected two species with contrasting environmental responses, Fragaria bucharica Losinsk. and Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. ex J. Gay for detailed studies together with Fragaria vesca. Similar to F. vesca, short days at 18°C promoted flowering in F. bucharica, and the species was induced to flower regardless of photoperiod at 11°C after silencing of TFL1. F. nilgerrensis maintained higher TFL1 expression level and likely required cooler temperatures or longer exposure to inductive treatments to flower. We also found that high expression of GA20ox4 was associated with stolon formation in all three species, and its downregulation by short days and cool temperature coincided with branch crown formation in F. vesca and F. nilgerrensis, although the latter did not flower. F. bucharica, in contrast, rarely formed branch crowns, regardless of flowering or GA20ox4 expression level. Our findings highlighted diploid Fragaria species as rich sources of genetic variation controlling flowering and plant architecture, with potential applications in breeding of Rosaceous crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxun Fan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Javier Andrés
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Klaus Olbricht
- Thaer-Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elli Koskela
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Hytönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, Kent, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Above-ground plant architecture is dictated to a large extent by the fates and growth rates of aerial plant meristems. Shoot apical meristem gives rise to the fundamental plant form by generating new leaves. However, the fates of axillary meristems located in leaf axils have a great influence on plant architecture and affect the harvest index, yield potential and cultural practices. Improving plant architecture by breeding facilitates denser plantations, better resource use efficiency and even mechanical harvesting. Knowledge of the genetic mechanisms regulating plant architecture is needed for precision breeding, especially for determining feasible breeding targets. Fortunately, research in many crop species has demonstrated that a relatively small number of genes has a large effect on axillary meristem fates. In this review, we select a number of important horticultural and agricultural plant species as examples of how changes in plant architecture affect the cultivation practices of the species. We focus specifically on the determination of the axillary meristem fate and review how plant architecture may change even drastically because of altered axillary meristem fate. We also explain what is known about the genetic and environmental control of plant architecture in these species, and how further changes in plant architectural traits could benefit the horticultural sector.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun X, Wen C, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhu J, Zhang Y. The apple columnar gene candidate MdCoL and the AP2/ERF factor MdDREB2 positively regulate ABA biosynthesis by activating the expression of MdNCED6/9. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1065-1076. [PMID: 33238313 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MdCoL, which encodes a putative 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase, is a strong candidate gene for control of the columnar growth phenotype in apple. However, the mechanism by which MdCoL produces the columnar trait is unclear. Here, we show that MdCoL influences abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis through its interactions with the MdDREB2 transcription factor. Expression analyses and transgenic tobacco studies have confirmed that MdCoL is likely a candidate for control of the columnar phenotype. Furthermore, the ABA level in columnar apple trees is significantly higher than that in standard apple trees. A protein interaction experiment has showed that MdCoL interacts with MdDREB2. Transient expression and electrophoretic mobility shift assays have demonstrated that MdDREB2 binds directly to the DRE motif in the MdNCED6 and MdNCED9 (MdNCED6/9) gene promoters, thereby activating the transcription of these ABA biosynthesis genes. In addition, a higher ABA content has been detected following co-overexpression of MdCoL-MdDREB2 when compared with the overexpression of MdCoL or MdDREB2 alone. Taken together, our results indicate that an interaction between MdCoL and MdDREB2 promotes the expression of MdNCED6/9 and increases ABA levels, a phenomenon that may underlie the columnar growth phenotype in apple.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Cuiping Wen
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jihua Xu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yihe Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Watanabe D, Takahashi I, Jaroensanti-Tanaka N, Miyazaki S, Jiang K, Nakayasu M, Wada M, Asami T, Mizutani M, Okada K, Nakajima M. The apple gene responsible for columnar tree shape reduces the abundance of biologically active gibberellin. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1026-1034. [PMID: 33211343 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of the apple 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (DOX, 2ODD) gene, designated MdDOX-Co, is thought to cause the columnar shape of apple trees. However, the mechanism underlying the formation of such a unique tree shape remains unclear. To solve this problem, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing MdDOX-Co contained reduced levels of biologically active gibberellin (GA) compared with wild type. In summary: (i) with biochemical approaches, the gene product MdDOX-Co was shown to metabolize active GA A4 (GA4 ) to GA58 (12-OH-GA4 ) in vitro. MdDOX-Co also metabolized its precursors GA12 and GA9 to GA111 (12-OH-GA12 ) and GA70 (12-OH-GA9 ), respectively; (ii) Of the three 12-OH-GAs, GA58 was still active physiologically, but not GA70 or GA111 ; (iii) Arabidopsis MdDOX-Co OE transformants converted exogenously applied deuterium-labeled (d2 )-GA12 to d2 -GA111 but not to d2 -GA58 , whereas transformants converted applied d2 -GA9 to d2 -GA58 ; (iv) GA111 is converted poorly to GA70 by GA 20-oxidases in vitro when GA12 is efficiently metabolized to GA9 ; (v) no GA58 was detected endogenously in MdDOX-Co OE transformants. Overall, we conclude that 12-hydroxylation of GA12 by MdDOX-Co prevents the biosynthesis of biologically active GAs in planta, resulting in columnar phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naiyanate Jaroensanti-Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sho Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakayasu
- Functional Phytochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Wada
- Division of Apple Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 92-24 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0123, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Functional Phytochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okada
- Division of Apple Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 92-24 Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0123, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|