1
|
Thompson RA, Malone SC, Peltier D, Six D, Robertson N, Oliveira C, McIntire CD, Pockman WT, McDowell NG, Trowbridge AM, Adams HD. Local carbon reserves are insufficient for phloem terpene induction during drought in Pinus edulis in response to bark beetle-associated fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39149848 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Stomatal closure during drought inhibits carbon uptake and may reduce a tree's defensive capacity. Limited carbon availability during drought may increase a tree's mortality risk, particularly if drought constrains trees' capacity to rapidly produce defenses during biotic attack. We parameterized a new model of conifer defense using physiological data on carbon reserves and chemical defenses before and after a simulated bark beetle attack in mature Pinus edulis under experimental drought. Attack was simulated using inoculations with a consistent bluestain fungus (Ophiostoma sp.) of Ips confusus, the main bark beetle colonizing this tree, to induce a defensive response. Trees with more carbon reserves produced more defenses but measured phloem carbon reserves only accounted for c. 23% of the induced defensive response. Our model predicted universal mortality if local reserves alone supported defense production, suggesting substantial remobilization and transport of stored resin or carbon reserves to the inoculation site. Our results show that de novo terpene synthesis represents only a fraction of the total measured phloem terpenes in P. edulis following fungal inoculation. Without direct attribution of phloem terpene concentrations to available carbon, many studies may be overestimating the scale and importance of de novo terpene synthesis in a tree's induced defense response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Alex Thompson
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Shealyn C Malone
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Drew Peltier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Diana Six
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Nathan Robertson
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Celso Oliveira
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - William T Pockman
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ganthaler A, Guggenberger A, Stöggl W, Kranner I, Mayr S. Elevated nutrient supply can exert worse effects on Norway spruce than drought, viewed through chemical defence against needle rust. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1745-1757. [PMID: 37405989 PMCID: PMC10565715 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic factors such as water and nutrient availability can exert a dominant influence on the susceptibility of plants to various pathogens. Effects of abiotic environmental factors on phenolic compound concentrations in the plant tissue may represent one of the major underlying mechanisms, as these compounds are known to play a substantial role in plant resistance to pests. In particular, this applies to conifer trees, in which a large range of phenolic compounds are produced constitutively and/or induced by pathogen attack. We subjected Norway spruce saplings to water limitation and elevated nutrient supply over 2 years and subsequently controlled infection with the needle rust Chrysomyxa rhododendri (DC.) de Bary and analysed both constitutive and inducible phenolic compound concentrations in the needles as well as the degree of infection. Compared with the control group, both drought and fertilization profoundly modified the constitutive and pathogen-induced profiles of phenolic compounds, but had little impact on the total phenolic content. Fertilization predominantly affected the inducible phenolic response and led to higher infection rates by C. rhododendri. Drought stress, in contrast, mainly shaped the phenolic profiles in healthy plant parts and had no consequences on the plant susceptibility. The results show that specific abiotic effects on individual compounds seem to be decisive for the infection success of C. rhododendri, whereby the impaired induced response in saplings subjected to nutrient supplementation was most critical. Although drought effects were minor, they varied depending on the time and length of water limitation. The results indicate that prolonged drought periods in the future may not significantly alter the foliar defence of Norway spruce against C. rhododendri, but fertilization, often propagated to increase tree growth and forest productivity, can be counterproductive in areas with high pathogen pressure. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Guggenberger
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Constitutive and Induced Defenses in Long-lived Pines Do Not Trade Off but Are Influenced by Climate. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:746-760. [PMID: 35982356 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Plants resist herbivores and pathogens by using constitutive (baseline) and inducible (change in defense after an attack) defenses. Inducibility has long been predicted to trade off with constitutive defense, reflecting the economic use of resources. However, empirical evidence for such tradeoffs is variable, and we still lack understanding about when and where defense trade-offs occur. We tested for tradeoffs between constitutive and induced defenses in natural populations of three species of long-lived pines (Pinus balfouriana, P. flexilis, P. longaeva) that differ greatly in constitutive defense and resistance to mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae). We also assessed how climate influenced constitutive and inducible defenses. At seven high-elevation sites in the western U.S., we simulated MPB attack to induce defenses and measured concentrations of terpene-based phloem defenses on days 0, 15, and 30. Constitutive and induced defenses did not trade off among or within species. Simulated MPB attack induced large increases in defense concentrations in all species independent of constitutive levels. MPB and its symbiotic fungi typically kill trees and thus could be selective forces maintaining strong inducibility within and among species. The contrasting constitutive concentrations in these species could be driven by the adaptation for specializing in harsh, high-elevation environments (e.g., P. balfouriana and P. longaeva) or by competition (e.g., P. flexilis), though these hypotheses have not been empirically examined. Climate influenced defenses, with the greatest concentrations of constitutive and induced defenses occurring at the coldest and driest sites. The interactions between climate and defenses have implications for these species under climate change.
Collapse
|
4
|
Soderberg DN, Bentz BJ, Runyon JB, Hood SM, Mock KE. Chemical defense strategies, induction timing, growth, and trade‐offs in
Pinus aristata
and
Pinus flexilis. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David N. Soderberg
- Wildland Resources Department Utah State University Logan Utah USA
- Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Barbara J. Bentz
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Logan Utah USA
| | - Justin B. Runyon
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Sharon M. Hood
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana USA
| | - Karen E. Mock
- Wildland Resources Department Utah State University Logan Utah USA
- Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trujillo-Moya C, Ganthaler A, Stöggl W, Arc E, Kranner I, Schueler S, Ertl R, Espinosa-Ruiz A, Martínez-Godoy MÁ, George JP, Mayr S. Advances in understanding Norway spruce natural resistance to needle bladder rust infection: transcriptional and secondary metabolites profiling. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:435. [PMID: 35692040 PMCID: PMC9190139 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Needle rust caused by the fungus Chrysomyxa rhododendri causes significant growth decline and increased mortality of young Norway spruce trees in subalpine forests. Extremely rare trees with enhanced resistance represent promising candidates for practice-oriented reproduction approaches. They also enable the investigation of tree molecular defence and resistance mechanisms against this fungal disease. Here, we combined RNA-Seq, RT-qPCR and secondary metabolite analyses during a period of 38 days following natural infection to investigate differences in constitutive and infection-induced defence between the resistant genotype PRA-R and three susceptible genotypes. Results Gene expression and secondary metabolites significantly differed among genotypes from day 7 on and revealed already known, but also novel candidate genes involved in spruce molecular defence against this pathogen. Several key genes related to (here and previously identified) spruce defence pathways to needle rust were differentially expressed in PRA-R compared to susceptible genotypes, both constitutively (in non-symptomatic needles) and infection-induced (in symptomatic needles). These genes encoded both new and well-known antifungal proteins such as endochitinases and chitinases. Specific genetic characteristics concurred with varying phenolic, terpene, and hormone needle contents in the resistant genotype, among them higher accumulation of several flavonoids (mainly kaempferol and taxifolin), stilbenes, geranyl acetone, α-ionone, abscisic acid and salicylic acid. Conclusions Combined transcriptional and metabolic profiling of the Norway spruce defence response to infection by C. rhododendri in adult trees under subalpine conditions confirmed the results previously gained on artificially infected young clones in the greenhouse, both regarding timing and development of infection, and providing new insights into genes and metabolic pathways involved. The comparison of genotypes with different degrees of susceptibility proved that several of the identified key genes are differently regulated in PRA-R, and that the resistant genotype combines a strong constitutive defence with an induced response in infected symptomatic needles following fungal invasion. Genetic and metabolic differences between the resistant and susceptible genotypes indicated a more effective hypersensitive response (HR) in needles of PRA-R that prevents penetration and spread of the rust fungus and leads to a lower proportion of symptomatic needles as well as reduced symptom development on the few affected needles. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08661-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Trujillo-Moya
- Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture & Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests BFW, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erwann Arc
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvio Schueler
- Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture & Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests BFW, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- University of Veterinary Medicine, VetCore Facility for Research, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Espinosa-Ruiz
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Martínez-Godoy
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jan-Peter George
- Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture & Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests BFW, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Additive genetic variation in Pinus radiata bark chemistry and the chemical traits associated with variation in mammalian bark stripping. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 127:498-509. [PMID: 34663917 PMCID: PMC8626423 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are suggested as a major mechanism explaining genetic variation in herbivory levels in Pinus radiata. The potential to incorporate these chemical traits into breeding/deployment programmes partly depends on the presence of additive genetic variation for the relevant chemical traits. In this study, near-infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify the constitutive and induced levels of 54 compounds in the bark of trees from 74 P. radiata full-sib families. The trees sampled for chemistry were protected from browsing and induced levels were obtained by subjecting half of the trees to artificial bark stripping. The treatment effect on bark chemistry was assessed along with narrow-sense heritability, the significance of non-additive genetic effects and the additive genetic correlations of compounds with bark stripping by mammalian herbivores that was observed in unprotected replicates of the field trial. The results indicated: (i) significant additive genetic variation, with low-moderate narrow-sense heritability estimates for most compounds; (ii) while significant induced effects were detected for some chemicals, no significant genetic variation in inducibility was detected; and (iii) sugars, fatty acids and a diterpenoid positively genetically correlated while a sesquiterpenoid negatively genetically correlated with bark stripping by the mammalian herbivore, the Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus). At the onset of browsing, a trade-off with height was detected for selecting higher amounts of this sesquiterpenoid. However, overall, results showed potential to incorporate chemical traits into breeding/deployment programmes. The quantitative genetic analyses of the near infrared predicted chemical traits produced associations with mammalian bark stripping that mostly conform with those obtained using standard wet chemistry.
Collapse
|
7
|
Runnel K, Stephan JG, Jonsell M, Kutser K, Lõhmus A, Strengbom J, Tamm H, Ranius T. Do different growth rates of trees cause distinct habitat qualities for saproxylic assemblages? Oecologia 2021; 197:807-816. [PMID: 34657178 PMCID: PMC8585823 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In production forests, a common silvicultural objective is enhancing tree growth rates. The growth rate influences both mechanical and biochemical properties of wood, which may have an impact on dead wood inhabiting (i.e. saproxylic) species. In this study, we tested for the first time whether tree growth rates affect dead-wood associated assemblages in general and the occurrence of red-listed species in particular. We sampled saproxylic beetles (eclector traps) and fungi (DNA metabarcoding of wood samples) in dead trunks of Norway spruce (Picea abies), which had different growth rates within the same hemiboreal forests in Sweden. A high proportion of fungi showed a positive association to increasing tree growth. This resulted in higher fungal richness in fast-grown trees both at the trunk scale and across multiple studied trunks. Such patterns were not observed for saproxylic beetles. However, a set of species (both beetles and fungi) preferred slow-grown wood. Moreover, the total number of red-listed species was highest in slow-grown trunks. We conclude that dead wood from slow-grown trees hosts relatively fewer saproxylic species, but a part of these may be vulnerable to production forestry. It implies that slow-grown trees should be a target in nature conservation. However, where slow-grown trees are absent, for instance in forests managed for a high biomass production, increasing the volumes of dead wood from fast-grown trees may support many species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Runnel
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Jörg G Stephan
- SLU Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7007, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Jonsell
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kadi Kutser
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Asko Lõhmus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joachim Strengbom
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heidi Tamm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Thomas Ranius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Soderberg DN, Kyre B, Bonello P, Bentz BJ. Lignin concentrations in phloem and outer bark are not associated with resistance to mountain pine beetle among high elevation pines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250395. [PMID: 34555045 PMCID: PMC8460017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component in understanding plant-insect interactions is the nature of host defenses. Research on defense traits among Pinus species has focused on specialized metabolites and axial resin ducts, but the role of lignin in defense within diverse systems is unclear. We investigated lignin levels in the outer bark and phloem of P. longaeva, P. balfouriana, and P. flexilis; tree species growing at high elevations in the western United States known to differ in susceptibility to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB). Pinus longaeva and P. balfouriana are attacked by MPB less frequently than P. flexilis, and MPB brood production in P. longaeva is limited. Because greater lignification of feeding tissues has been shown to provide defense against bark beetles in related genera, such as Picea, we hypothesized that P. longaeva and P. balfouriana would have greater lignin concentrations than P. flexilis. Contrary to expectations, we found that the more MPB-susceptible P. flexilis had greater phloem lignin levels than the less susceptible P. longaeva and P. balfouriana. No differences in outer bark lignin levels among the species were found. We conclude that lignification in Pinus phloem and outer bark is likely not adaptive as a physical defense against MPB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David N. Soderberg
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Bethany Kyre
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Bentz
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
- US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prendin AL, Carrer M, Bjerregaard Pedersen N, Normand S, Hollesen J, Treier UA, Pividori M, Garbrecht Thygesen L. Chemical signature of Eurois occulta L. outbreaks in the xylem cell wall of Salix glauca L. in Greenland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:144607. [PMID: 33387770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect defoliations are a major natural disturbance in high-latitude ecosystems and are expected to increase in frequency and severity due to current climatic change. Defoliations cause severe reductions in biomass and carbon investments that affect the functioning and productivity of tundra ecosystems. Here we combined dendro-anatomical analysis with chemical imaging to investigate the direct and lagged effects of insect outbreaks on carbon investment. We analysed the content of lignin vs. holocellulose, i.e. unspecified carbohydrates in xylem samples of Salix glauca L. collected at Iffiartarfik, Nuuk fjord, Greenland, featuring two outbreak events of the moth Eurois occulta L. Cross sections of the growth rings corresponding to both outbreaks ±3 years were analysed using confocal Raman imaging to identify possible chemical signatures related to insect defoliation on fibres, vessels, and ray parenchyma cells and to get insight into species-specific defence responses. Outbreak years with narrower rings and thinner fibre cell walls are accompanied by a change in the content of cell-wall polymers but not their underlying chemistry. Indeed, during the outbreaks the ratio between lignin and carbohydrates significantly increased in fibre but not vessel cell walls due to an increase in lignin content coupled with a reduced content of carbohydrates. Parenchyma cell walls and cell corners did not show any significant changes in the cell-wall biopolymer content. The selective adjustment of the cell-wall composition of fibres but not vessels under stressful conditions could be related to the plants priority to maintain an efficient hydraulic system rather than mechanical support. However, the higher lignin content of fibre cell walls formed during the outbreak events could increase mechanical stiffness to the thin walls by optimizing the available resources. Chemical analysis of xylem traits with Raman imaging is a promising approach to highlight hidden effects of defoliation otherwise overlooked with classical dendroecological methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Luisa Prendin
- University of Padova, TeSAF Department, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; Aarhus University, Department of Biology, Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Marco Carrer
- University of Padova, TeSAF Department, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | | | - Signe Normand
- Aarhus University, Department of Biology, Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jørgen Hollesen
- The National Museum of Denmark, Environmental Archaeology and Material Science, IC Modewegsvej, Brede, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Urs Albert Treier
- Aarhus University, Department of Biology, Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Mario Pividori
- University of Padova, TeSAF Department, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cole CT, Morrow CJ, Barker HL, Rubert-Nason KF, Riehl JFL, Köllner TG, Lackus ND, Lindroth RL. Growing up aspen: ontogeny and trade-offs shape growth, defence and reproduction in a foundation species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:505-517. [PMID: 32296821 PMCID: PMC7988516 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intraspecific variation in foundation species of forest ecosystems can shape community and ecosystem properties, particularly when that variation has a genetic basis. Traits mediating interactions with other species are predicted by simple allocation models to follow ontogenetic patterns that are rarely studied in trees. The aim of this research was to identify the roles of genotype, ontogeny and genotypic trade-offs shaping growth, defence and reproduction in aspen. METHODS We established a common garden replicating >500 aspen genets in Wisconsin, USA. Trees were measured through the juvenile period into the onset of reproduction, for growth, defence chemistry (phenolic glycosides and condensed tannins), nitrogen, extrafloral nectaries, leaf morphology (specific leaf area), flower production and foliar herbivory and disease. We also assayed the TOZ19 sex marker and heterozygosity at ten microsatellite loci. KEY RESULTS We found high levels of genotypic variation for all traits, and high heritabilities for both the traits and their ontogenetic trajectories. Ontogeny strongly shaped intraspecific variation, and trade-offs among growth, defence and reproduction supported some predictions while contradicting others. Both direct resistance (chemical defence) and indirect defence (extrafloral nectaries) declined during the juvenile stage, prior to the onset of reproduction. Reproduction was higher in trees that were larger, male and had higher individual heterozygosity. Growth was diminished by genotypic allocation to both direct and indirect defence as well as to reproduction, but we found no evidence of trade-offs between defence and reproduction. CONCLUSIONS Key traits affecting the ecological communities of aspen have high levels of genotypic variation and heritability, strong patterns of ontogeny and clear trade-offs among growth, defence and reproduction. The architecture of aspen's community genetics - its ontogeny, trade-offs and especially its great variability - is shaped by both its broad range and the diverse community of associates, and in turn further fosters that diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cole
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Clay J Morrow
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hilary L Barker
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kennedy F Rubert-Nason
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maine at Ft. Kent, 23 University Drive, Fort Kent, ME, USA
| | - Jennifer F L Riehl
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena, Germany
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Puentes A, Zhao T, Lundborg L, Björklund N, Borg-Karlson AK. Variation in Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Defense Among Norway Spruce Clones and Trade-Offs in Resistance Against a Fungal and an Insect Pest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678959. [PMID: 34108985 PMCID: PMC8182065 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An essential component of plant defense is the change that occurs from a constitutive to an induced state following damage or infection. Exogenous application of the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has shown great potential to be used as a defense inducer prior to pest exposure, and could be used as a plant protection measure. Here, we examined (1) the importance of MeJA-mediated induction for Norway spruce (Picea abies) resistance against damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, which poses a threat to seedling survival, and infection by the spruce bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica, (2) genotypic variation in MeJA-induced defense (terpene chemistry), and (3) correlations among resistance to each pest. In a semi-field experiment, we exposed rooted-cuttings from nine different Norway spruce clones to insect damage and fungal infection separately. Plants were treated with 0, 25, or 50 mM MeJA, and planted in blocks where only pine weevils were released, or in a separate block in which plants were fungus-inoculated or not (control group). As measures of resistance, stem area debarked and fungal lesion lengths were assessed, and as a measure of defensive capacity, terpene chemistry was examined. We found that MeJA treatment increased resistance to H. abietis and E. polonica, but effects varied with clone. Norway spruce clones that exhibited high constitutive resistance did not show large changes in area debarked or lesion length when MeJA-treated, and vice versa. Moreover, insect damage negatively correlated with fungal infection. Clones receiving little pine weevil damage experienced larger lesion lengths, and vice versa, both in the constitutive and induced states. Changes in absolute terpene concentrations occurred with MeJA treatment (but not on proportional terpene concentrations), however, variation in chemistry was mostly explained by differences between clones. We conclude that MeJA can enhance protection against H. abietis and E. polonica, but the extent of protection will depend on the importance of constitutive and induced resistance for the Norway spruce clone in question. Trade-offs among resistances do not necessarily hinder the use of MeJA, as clones that are constitutively more resistant to either pest, should show greater MeJA-induced resistance against the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Adriana Puentes, ;
| | - Tao Zhao
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lina Lundborg
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Björklund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
López‐Goldar X, Zas R, Sampedro L. Resource availability drives microevolutionary patterns of plant defences. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López‐Goldar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Pontevedra Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Pontevedra Spain
| | - Luis Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Pontevedra Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Howe M, Mason CJ, Gratton C, Keefover‐Ring K, Wallin K, Yanchuk A, Zhu J, Raffa KF. Relationships between conifer constitutive and inducible defenses against bark beetles change across levels of biological and ecological scale. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Howe
- Dept of Entomology, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Charles J. Mason
- Dept of Entomology, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park PA USA
| | - Claudio Gratton
- Dept of Entomology, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ken Keefover‐Ring
- Depts of Botany and Geography, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Kimberly Wallin
- College of Science and Mathematics, North Dakota State Univ. Fargo ND USA
| | - Alvin Yanchuk
- Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations & Rural Development, Government of British Columbia Victoria BC Canada
| | - Jun Zhu
- Dept of Statistics, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Kenneth F. Raffa
- Dept of Entomology, Univ. of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang J, Kautz M, Trowbridge AM, Hammerbacher A, Raffa KF, Adams HD, Goodsman DW, Xu C, Meddens AJH, Kandasamy D, Gershenzon J, Seidl R, Hartmann H. Tree defence and bark beetles in a drying world: carbon partitioning, functioning and modelling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:26-36. [PMID: 31494935 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought has promoted large-scale, insect-induced tree mortality in recent years, with severe consequences for ecosystem function, atmospheric processes, sustainable resources and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the physiological linkages among drought, tree defences, and insect outbreaks are still uncertain, hindering our ability to accurately predict tree mortality under on-going climate change. Here we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda for addressing these crucial knowledge gaps. Our framework includes field manipulations, laboratory experiments, and modelling of insect and vegetation dynamics, and focuses on how drought affects interactions between conifer trees and bark beetles. We build upon existing theory and examine several key assumptions: (1) there is a trade-off in tree carbon investment between primary and secondary metabolites (e.g. growth vs defence); (2) secondary metabolites are one of the main component of tree defence against bark beetles and associated microbes; and (3) implementing conifer-bark beetle interactions in current models improves predictions of forest disturbance in a changing climate. Our framework provides guidance for addressing a major shortcoming in current implementations of large-scale vegetation models, the under-representation of insect-induced tree mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Kautz
- Department of Forest Health, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, 79100, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3120, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Devin W Goodsman
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Arjan J H Meddens
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-2812, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martinson SJ, Fernádez Ajó AA, Martínez AS, Krivak-Tetley FE, Villacide JM, Ayres MP, Corley JC. Attack rates of Sirex noctilio and patterns of pine tree defenses and mortality in northern Patagonia. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:141-149. [PMID: 29665874 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accidental and intentional global movement of species has increased the frequency of novel plant-insect interactions. In Patagonia, the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, has invaded commercial plantations of North American pines. We compared the patterns of resin defenses and S. noctilio-caused mortality at two mixed-species forests near San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina. We observed lower levels of resin flow and higher levels of mortality in Pinus contorta compared with Pinus ponderosa. In general, S. noctilio attacked trees with lower resin compared with neighboring trees. Resin production in P. ponderosa was not related to growth rates, but for P. contorta, slower growing trees produced less resin than faster growing conspecifics. For all infested trees, attack density and number of drills (ovipositor probes) per attack did not vary with resin production. Most attacks resulted in one or two drills. Attack rates and drills/attack were basically uniform across the bole of the tree except for a decrease in both drills/attack and attack density in the upper portion of the crown, and an increase in the attack density for the bottom 10% of the tree. Planted pines in Patagonia grow faster than their counterparts in North America, and produce less resin, consistent with the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis. Limited resin defenses may help to explain the high susceptibility of P. contorta to woodwasps in Patagonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Martinson
- Department of Biological Sciences,Dartmouth College,Hanover, NH 03755,USA
| | - A A Fernádez Ajó
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos,Instituto National de Tecnología Agropecuaria, CONICET,San Carlos de Bariloche,Río Negro,Argentina
| | - A S Martínez
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos,Instituto National de Tecnología Agropecuaria, CONICET,San Carlos de Bariloche,Río Negro,Argentina
| | - F E Krivak-Tetley
- Department of Biological Sciences,Dartmouth College,Hanover, NH 03755,USA
| | - J M Villacide
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos,Instituto National de Tecnología Agropecuaria, CONICET,San Carlos de Bariloche,Río Negro,Argentina
| | - M P Ayres
- Department of Biological Sciences,Dartmouth College,Hanover, NH 03755,USA
| | - J C Corley
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos,Instituto National de Tecnología Agropecuaria, CONICET,San Carlos de Bariloche,Río Negro,Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mason CJ, Keefover-Ring K, Villari C, Klutsch JG, Cook S, Bonello P, Erbilgin N, Raffa KF, Townsend PA. Anatomical defences against bark beetles relate to degree of historical exposure between species and are allocated independently of chemical defences within trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:633-646. [PMID: 30474119 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conifers possess chemical and anatomical defences against tree-killing bark beetles that feed in their phloem. Resins accumulating at attack sites can delay and entomb beetles while toxins reach lethal levels. Trees with high concentrations of metabolites active against bark beetle-microbial complexes, and more extensive resin ducts, achieve greater survival. It is unknown if and how conifers integrate chemical and anatomical components of defence or how these capabilities vary with historical exposure. We compared linkages between phloem chemistry and tree ring anatomy of two mountain pine beetle hosts. Lodgepole pine, a mid-elevation species, has had extensive, continual contact with this herbivore, whereas high-elevation whitebark pines have historically had intermittent exposure that is increasing with warming climate. Lodgepole pine had more and larger resin ducts. In both species, anatomical defences were positively related to tree growth and nutrients. Within-tree constitutive and induced concentrations of compounds bioactive against bark beetles and symbionts were largely unrelated to resin duct abundance and size. Fewer anatomical defences in the semi-naïve compared with the continually exposed host concurs with directional differences in chemical defences. Partially uncoupling chemical and morphological antiherbivore traits may enable trees to confront beetles with more diverse defence permutations that interact to resist attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Caterina Villari
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen Cook
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Departments of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lamara M, Parent GJ, Giguère I, Beaulieu J, Bousquet J, MacKay JJ. Association genetics of acetophenone defence against spruce budworm in mature white spruce. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:231. [PMID: 30309315 PMCID: PMC6182838 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of spruce budworm (SBW, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) cause major recurrent damage in boreal conifers such as white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) and large losses of forest biomass in North America. Although defensive phenolic compounds have recently been linked to chemical resistance against SBW, their genetic basis remains poorly understood in forest trees, especially in conifers. Here, we used diverse association genetics approaches to discover genes and their variants that may control the accumulation of acetophenones, and dissect the genetic architecture of these defence compounds against SBW in white spruce mature trees. RESULTS Out of 4747 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 2312 genes genotyped in a population of 211 unrelated individuals, genetic association analyses identified 35 SNPs in 33 different genes that were significantly associated with the defence traits by using single-locus, multi-locus and multi-trait approaches. The multi-locus approach was particularly effective at detecting SNP-trait associations that explained a large fraction of the phenotypic variance (from 20 to 43%). Significant genes were regulatory including the NAC transcription factor, or they were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, falling into the binding, catalytic or transporter activity functional classes. Most of them were highly expressed in foliage. Weak positive phenotypic correlations were observed between defence and growth traits, indicating little or no evidence of defence-growth trade-offs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights on the genetic architecture of tree defence traits, contributing to our understanding of the physiology of resistance mechanisms to biotic factors and providing a basis for the genetic improvement of the constitutive defence of white spruce against SBW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mebarek Lamara
- Forest Research Centre and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Qc, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Université Laval, Qc, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | | | - Isabelle Giguère
- Forest Research Centre and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Qc, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Jean Beaulieu
- Forest Research Centre and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Qc, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Université Laval, Qc, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Forest Research Centre and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Qc, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Université Laval, Qc, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - John J. MacKay
- Forest Research Centre and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Qc, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB UK
- Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Université Laval, Qc, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Klutsch JG, Erbilgin N. Dwarf mistletoe infection in jack pine alters growth-defense relationships. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1538-1547. [PMID: 30137634 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trees utilize a combination of chemical and anatomical defenses against a myriad of attacking organisms. However, persistent pathogen infection that alters resource acquisition may impact growth and defense relationships, which could have consequences for tree resistance. We characterized systemic chemical and anatomical changes in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) in response to infection by the parasitic plant dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) and identified how the growth-defense relationship is altered due to infection severity. Our study found that the growth and defense relationship in jack pine was altered due to infection and that chemical defenses in the phloem received a relatively higher priority than radial growth and anatomical defenses. Chemical defenses in the phloem had a non-linear relationship with infection severity with increasing concentrations of monoterpenes in trees with moderate infection and decreasing concentrations at high infection. In contrast, both radial growth and vertical resin duct production decreased with increasing infection severity. While constitutive resin duct counts and many monoterpene compound concentrations were positively correlated, this relationship was not maintained in infected trees. Furthermore, radial growth and basal area increment was positively correlated with resin duct production and monoterpene concentration in non-infected trees but had fewer relationships in severely infected trees. We conclude that while both chemical and anatomical defenses may be used as indicators for potential resistance to biotic stress in pines, changes in resource allocation patterns between these defenses after infection will likely have consequences on tree resistance to subsequent biotic attacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bark Assortments of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce as Industrial Feedstock for Tall Oil Production. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
20
|
Raffa KF, Mason CJ, Bonello P, Cook S, Erbilgin N, Keefover-Ring K, Klutsch JG, Villari C, Townsend PA. Defence syndromes in lodgepole - whitebark pine ecosystems relate to degree of historical exposure to mountain pine beetles. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1791-1806. [PMID: 28543133 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Warming climate is allowing tree-killing bark beetles to expand their ranges and access naïve and semi-naïve conifers. Conifers respond to attack using complex mixtures of chemical defences that can impede beetle success, but beetles exploit some compounds for host location and communication. Outcomes of changing relationships will depend on concentrations and compositions of multiple host compounds, which are largely unknown. We analysed constitutive and induced chemistries of Dendroctonus ponderosae's primary historical host, Pinus contorta, and Pinus albicaulis, a high-elevation species whose encounters with this beetle are transitioning from intermittent to continuous. We quantified multiple classes of terpenes, phenolics, carbohydrates and minerals. Pinus contorta had higher constitutive allocation to, and generally stronger inducibility of, compounds that resist these beetle-fungal complexes. Pinus albicaulis contained higher proportions of specific monoterpenes that enhance pheromone communication, and lower induction of pheromone inhibitors. Induced P. contorta increased insecticidal and fungicidal compounds simultaneously, whereas P. albicaulis responses against these agents were inverse. Induced terpene accumulation was accompanied by decreased non-structural carbohydrates, primarily sugars, in P. contorta, but not P. albicaulis, which contained primarily starches. These results show some host species with continuous exposure to bark beetles have more thoroughly integrated defence syndromes than less-continuously exposed host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stephen Cook
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Caterina Villari
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia - Athens, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Spatial and temporal components of induced plant responses in the context of herbivore life history and impact on host. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Klutsch JG, Najar A, Sherwood P, Bonello P, Erbilgin N. A Native Parasitic Plant Systemically Induces Resistance in Jack Pine to a Fungal Symbiont of Invasive Mountain Pine Beetle. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:506-518. [PMID: 28466378 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Conifer trees resist pest and pathogen attacks by complex defense responses involving different classes of defense compounds. However, it is unknown whether prior infection by biotrophic pathogens can lead to subsequent resistance to necrotrophic pathogens in conifers. We used the infection of jack pine, Pinus banksiana, by a common biotrophic pathogen dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum, to investigate induced resistance to a necrotrophic fungus, Grosmannia clavigera, associated with the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. Dwarf mistletoe infection had a non-linear, systemic effect on monoterpene production, with increasing concentrations at moderate infection levels and decreasing concentrations at high infection levels. Inoculation with G. clavigera resulted in 33 times higher monoterpene concentrations and half the level of phenolics in the necrotic lesions compared to uninoculated control trees. Monoterpene production following dwarf mistletoe infection seemed to result in systemic induced resistance, as trees with moderate disease severity were most resistant to G. clavigera, as evident from shorter lesion lengths. Furthermore, trees with moderate disease severity had the highest systemic but lowest local induction of α-pinene after G. clavigera inoculation, suggesting a possible tradeoff between systemically- and locally-induced defenses. The opposing effects to inoculation by G. clavigera on monoterpene and phenolic levels may indicate the potential for biosynthetic tradeoffs by the tree between these two major defense classes. Our results demonstrate that interactions between a biotrophic parasitic plant and a necrotrophic fungus may impact mountain pine beetle establishment in novel jack pine forests through systemic effects mediated by the coordination of jack pine defense chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Ahmed Najar
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Patrick Sherwood
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler Aberdeen, Scotland, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cole CT, Stevens MT, Anderson JE, Lindroth RL. Heterozygosity, gender, and the growth-defense trade-off in quaking aspen. Oecologia 2016; 181:381-90. [PMID: 26886130 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although plant growth is generally recognized to be influenced by allocation to defense, genetic background (e.g., inbreeding), and gender, rarely have those factors been addressed collectively. In quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), phenolic glycosides (PGs) and condensed tannins (CTs) constitute up to 30 % of leaf dry weight. To quantify the allocation cost of this chemical defense, we measured growth, defense chemistry, and individual heterozygosity (H obs at 16 microsatellite loci) for male and female trees in both controlled and natural environments. The controlled environment consisted of 12 juvenile genets grown for 3 years in a common garden, with replication. The natural environment consisted of 51 mature genets in wild populations, from which we sampled multiple ramets (trees) per genet. Concentrations of PGs and CTs were negatively correlated. PGs were uncorrelated with growth, but CT production represented a major cost. Across the range of CT levels found in wild-grown trees, growth rates varied by 2.6-fold, such that a 10 % increase in CT concentration occurred with a 38.5 % decrease in growth. H obs had a marked effect on aspen growth: for wild trees, a 10 % increase in H obs corresponded to a 12.5 % increase in growth. In wild trees, this CT effect was significant only in females, in which reproduction seems to exacerbate the cost of defense, while the H obs effect was significant only in males. Despite the lower growth rate of low-H obs trees, their higher CT levels may improve survival, which could account for the deficit of heterozygotes repeatedly found in natural aspen populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cole
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, 600 E. 4th St., Morris, MN, 56267, USA.
| | | | - Jon E Anderson
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, 600 E. 4th St., Morris, MN, 56267, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deslauriers A, Caron L, Rossi S. Carbon allocation during defoliation: testing a defense-growth trade-off in balsam fir. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:338. [PMID: 26029235 PMCID: PMC4429555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During repetitive defoliation events, carbon can become limiting for trees. To maintain growth and survival, the resources have to be shared more efficiently, which could result in a trade-off between the different physiological processes of a plant. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of defoliation in carbon allocation of balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] to test the presence of a trade-off between allocation to growth, carbon storage, and defense. Three defoliation intensities [control (C-trees, 0% defoliation), moderately (M-trees, 41-60%), and heavily (H-trees, 61-80%) defoliated] were selected in order to monitor several variables related to stem growth (wood formation in xylem), carbon storage in stem and needle (non-structural soluble sugars and starch), and defense components in needles (terpenoids compound) from May to October 2011. The concentration of starch was drastically reduced in both wood and leaves of H-trees with a quasi-absence of carbon partitioning to storage in early summer. Fewer kinds of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were formed with an increasing level of defoliation indicating a lower carbon allocation for the production of defense. The carbon allocation to wood formation gradually reduced at increasing defoliation intensities, with a lower growth rate and fewer tracheids resulting in a reduced carbon sequestration in cell walls. The hypothesis of a trade-off between the allocations to defense components and to non-structural (NCS) and structural (growth) carbon was rejected as most of the measured variables decreased with increasing defoliation. The starch amount was highly indicative of the tree carbon status at different defoliation intensity and future research should focus on the mechanism of starch utilization for survival and growth following an outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Deslauriers
- *Correspondence: Annie Deslauriers, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H2B1, Canada
| | - Laurie Caron
- These authors have contributed equally to this work
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Moreira X, Zas R, Solla A, Sampedro L. Differentiation of persistent anatomical defensive structures is costly and determined by nutrient availability and genetic growth-defence constraints. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:112-23. [PMID: 25595753 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Conifers exhibit a number of chemical and anatomical mechanisms to defend against pests and pathogens. Theory predicts an increased investment in plant defences under limited nutrient availability, but while this has been demonstrated for chemical defences, it has rarely been shown for anatomical defensive structures. In a long-lived woody plant, we tested the hypothesis that limited nutrient availability may promote an improved differentiation of persistent anatomical defences. We also hypothesized that the costs of differentiation of those long-term anatomical structures may be determined by genetic constraints on early growth potential. Using Pinus pinaster Ait. juveniles, we performed a greenhouse study with 15 half-sib families subjected to experimental manipulation of phosphorus (P) availability and herbivory-related induced responses. When plants were ∼30 cm high, half of the plant material was treated with methyl jasmonate to induce defences, and 2 weeks later plants were harvested and the abundance of resin canals in the cortex and xylem was assessed. Density of constitutive resin canals in the cortex and the total canal system was ∼1.5-fold higher in plants under limited P availability than in fully fertilized plants. Availability of P did not significantly influence the inducibility of resin canal traits. We found negative genetic correlations between plant growth and the density of constitutive canals in the xylem and total canal system, but only under conditions of limited nutrition. These results demonstrate for the first time that differentiation of constitutive anatomical-based defences is affected by P limitation. Moreover, results also evidence the existence of genetic constraints between plant growth and constitutive defensive investment, where lineages with the highest growth potential showed the lowest investment in constitutive resin canals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Solla
- Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - Luis Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Changes in a Primary Resistance Parameter of Lodgepole Pine to Bark Beetle Attack One Year Following Fertilization and Thinning. FORESTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/f6020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Sampedro L. Physiological trade-offs in the complexity of pine tree defensive chemistry. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:915-8. [PMID: 25261122 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain (genecolpines.weebly.com)
| |
Collapse
|