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Zvereva EL, Castagneyrol B, Kozlov MV. Does spatial variation in insect herbivory match variations in plant quality? A meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14440. [PMID: 38778587 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Variation in herbivore pressure has often been predicted from patterns in plant traits considered as antiherbivore defences. Here, we tested whether spatial variation in field insect herbivory is associated with the variation in plant quality by conducting a meta-analysis of 223 correlation coefficients between herbivory levels and the expression of selected plant traits. We found no overall correlation between herbivory and either concentrations of plant secondary metabolites or values of physical leaf traits. This result was due to both the large number of low correlations and the opposing directions of high correlations in individual studies. Field herbivory demonstrated a significant association only with nitrogen: herbivore pressure increased with an increase in nitrogen concentration in plant tissues. Thus, our meta-analysis does not support either theoretical prediction, i.e., that plants possess high antiherbivore defences in localities with high herbivore pressure or that herbivory is low in localities where plant defences are high. We conclude that information about putative plant defences is insufficient to predict plant losses to insects in field conditions and that the only bottom-up factor shaping spatial variation in insect herbivory is plant nutritive value. Our findings stress the need to improve a theory linking plant putative defences and herbivory.
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2
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Yeasmen N, Orsat V. Phenolic mapping and associated antioxidant activities through the annual growth cycle of sugar maple leaves. Food Chem 2023; 428:136882. [PMID: 37481905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of antioxidant components (analyzed by HPLC-UV) and antioxidant attributes (assayed by radical scavenging and non-radical redox potential methods) of sugar maple leaves (SML) from different harvesting times were investigated. Moreover, measurements of colorimetry, SEM, and FTIR spectroscopy-based characterization of leaves composition, throughout the growth cycle, were performed. Results showed that the antioxidant activities of SML are strongly correlated with phenolic contents and significantly (p < 0.05) varied with harvesting time where minimum amount of total phenolics (105.67 ± 13.16 mg GAE/g DM) and total flavonoids (3.27 ± 0.26 mg CTE/g DM) were found to be concentrated in Fall leaves. The absorption bands obtained from FTIR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups that have great significance towards the antioxidant activity of SML. Principal component analysis revealed that biosynthesis of maximum phenolic compounds in SML mostly occurs during the leaf expansion and growth phases. The obtained data provided a better understanding towards the effect of harvesting time on the phenolic mapping of SML in favor of its valorization into functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nushrat Yeasmen
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada; Department of Food Technology and Rural Industries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Valérie Orsat
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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3
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Yu ZC, Lin W, He W, Yan GZ, Zheng XT, Luo YN, Zhu H, Peng CL. Dynamic changes of the contents of photoprotective substances and photosynthetic maturation during leaf development of evergreen tree species in subtropical forests. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:965-978. [PMID: 36864631 PMCID: PMC10785039 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the photoprotective and photosynthetic capacity of plant leaves, but few have simultaneously evaluated the dynamic changes of photoprotective capacity and photosynthetic maturation of leaves at different developmental stages. As a result, the process between the decline of photoprotective substances and the onset of photosynthetic maturation during plant leaf development are still poorly understood, and the relationship between them has not been quantitatively described. In this study, the contents of photoprotective substances, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic capacity of leaves at different developmental stages from young leaves to mature leaves were determined by spatio-temporal replacement in eight dominant tree species in subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests. The correlation analysis found that the data sets of anthocyanins, flavonoids, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity were mainly distributed on one side of the symmetry axis (y = x), while the data sets of flavonoids, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity were mainly distributed on both sides of the symmetry axis (y = x). In addition, the content of photoprotective substances in plant leaves was significantly negatively correlated with photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic capacity but was significantly positively correlated with dark respiration rate (Rd). When chlorophyll accumulated to ~50% of the final value, the photoprotective substance content and Rd of plant leaves reached the lowest level, and anthocyanins disappeared completely; in contrast, the photosynthetic capacity reached the highest level. Our results suggest that anthocyanins mainly play a light-shielding role in the young leaves of most plants in subtropical forests. In addition, 50% chlorophyll accumulation in most plant leaves was the basis for judging leaf photosynthetic maturity. We also believe that 50% chlorophyll accumulation is a critical period in the transition of plant leaves from high photoprotective capacity (high metabolic capacity, low photosynthetic capacity) to low photoprotective capacity (low metabolic capacity, high photosynthetic capacity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Chao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wei He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Guan-Zhao Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Yan-Na Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Vergoten G, Bailly C. Molecular Docking of Cryptoconcatones to α-Tubulin and Related Pironetin Analogues. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:296. [PMID: 36679009 PMCID: PMC9860703 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cryptoconcatones A-L represent a series of 12 dihydropyrone derivatives isolated from the evergreen tree Cryptocarya concinna Hance, which is well distributed in southeast Asia. The lead compound in the series, cryptoconcatone L, has revealed antiproliferative activity against cultured cancer cells but its mechanism of action remains unknown. Based on a structural analogy with the anticancer natural product pironetin, which is well known for binding covalently to α-tubulin and for functioning as a microtubule polymerization inhibitor, we investigated the interaction of cryptoconcatones with tubulin dimers using molecular docking. The α-tubulin binding capacity of each compound was quantified (through calculation of the empirical energy of interaction ΔE) and structure-binding relationships were delineated. Two compounds were found to interact with α-tubulin much more potently than pironetin: cryptoconcatones F and L. In both cases, the facile formation of a covalent bond with Cys316 was evidenced, as observed with the parent compound pironetin. A few other pironetin analogues were investigated, including spicigerolide, which is an analogue of another known α-tubulin binder. Altogether, this study points to the identification of a series of 5,6-dihydro-α-pyrones as α-tubulin-binding agents. The study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of cryptoconcatones and should help the design of analogues targeting the pironetin site of α-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Vergoten
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Lille, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Christian Bailly
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Lille, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006 Lille, France
- OncoWitan, Consulting Scientific Office, Wasquehal, F-59290 Lille, France
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Zhang Q, Liu X, Xu D, Hong Z, Zhang N, Cui Z. Effects of Drought and Host on the Growth of Santalum album Seedlings in Pot Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911241. [PMID: 36232543 PMCID: PMC9569693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Santalum album is a semi parasitic plant and its growth is often restricted due to a lack of a host or water during plantation establishment. In this study, the effects of water and the host on the growth of S. album seedlings were studied in pot culture. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate and height of S. album seedlings decreased significantly under drought stress. Compared with the seedlings of S. album grown without a host, the host could significantly increase the growth of S. album seedlings. The contents of soluble sugar and proline in S. album leaves increased significantly under drought stress. Drought stress resulted in a significant accumulation of malondialdehyde, increments of antioxidant enzymes activity, and non-enzymatic antioxidant substances. Antioxidant capacity was stronger and malondialdehyde content was lower in the seedling leaves of S. album with a host than in the seedlings without a host. RNA-seq was used to analyze the transcription expression profiles of S. album leaves and the results were consistent with the physiological data. These results indicate that the host can promote the seedling growth of S. album and it can increase the antioxidant capacity and osmotic adjustment substance content of the seedlings of S. album, alleviating the damage caused by drought.
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Light Intensity- and Spectrum-Dependent Redox Regulation of Plant Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071311. [PMID: 35883801 PMCID: PMC9312225 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both light intensity and spectrum (280–800 nm) affect photosynthesis and, consequently, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthetic electron transport. ROS, together with antioxidants, determine the redox environment in tissues and cells, which in turn has a major role in the adjustment of metabolism to changes in environmental conditions. This process is very important since there are great spatial (latitude, altitude) and temporal (daily, seasonal) changes in light conditions which are accompanied by fluctuations in temperature, water supply, and biotic stresses. The blue and red spectral regimens are decisive in the regulation of metabolism because of the absorption maximums of chlorophylls and the sensitivity of photoreceptors. Based on recent publications, photoreceptor-controlled transcription factors such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and changes in the cellular redox environment may have a major role in the coordinated fine-tuning of metabolic processes during changes in light conditions. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of the light-associated redox control of basic metabolic pathways (carbon, nitrogen, amino acid, sulphur, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism), secondary metabolism (terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids), and related molecular mechanisms. Light condition-related reprogramming of metabolism is the basis for proper growth and development of plants; therefore, its better understanding can contribute to more efficient crop production in the future.
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Lin W, Yu Z, Luo Y, He W, Yan G, Peng C. Photoprotection Differences between Dominant Tree Species at Mid- and Late-Successional Stages in Subtropical Forests in Different Seasonal Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105417. [PMID: 35628227 PMCID: PMC9140998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants growing in subtropical regions are often affected by high temperature and high light in summer and low temperature and high light in winter. However, few studies have compared the photoprotection mechanism of tree species at different successional stages in these two environments, although such studies would be helpful in understanding the succession of forest communities in subtropical forests. In order to explore the strategies used by dominant species at different successional stages to cope with these two environmental conditions, we selected two dominant species in the mid-successional stage, Schima superba and Castanopsis chinensis, and two dominant species in the late-successional stage, Machilus chinensis and Cryptocarya chinensis. The cell membrane permeability, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content, and a few light-protective substances of these dominant species were measured in summer and winter. The results show that in summer, the young leaves of dominant species in the mid-successional stage showed higher anthocyanin content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, while those in the late-successional stage showed higher flavonoid and total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and carotenoid/chlorophyll (Car/Chl) ratio. In winter, young leaves of dominant species in the mid-successional stage were superior to those in the late-successional stage only in terms of catalase (CAT) activity and NPQ, while the anthocyanin, flavonoids, and total phenol content, total antioxidant capacity, and Car/Chl ratio were significantly lower compared to the late-successional stage. Our results show that the dominant species in different successional stages adapted to environmental changes in different seasons through the alterations in their photoprotection strategies. In summer, the dominant species in the mid-successional stage mainly achieved photoprotection through light shielding and reactive-oxygen-species scavenging by SOD, while the antioxidant capacity of trees in the late-successional stage mainly came from an increased antioxidative compounds and heat dissipation. In winter, the dominant species in the mid-successional stage maintained their photoprotective ability mainly through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species by CAT and the heat dissipation provided by NPQ, while those in the late-successional stage were mainly protected by a combination of processes, including light shielding, heat dissipation, and antioxidant effects provided by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. In conclusion, our study partially explains the mechanism of community succession in subtropical forests.
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Zhang F, Ke R, Liu M, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang Y. Improved electrocatalytic performance of Fe/CeO2 bifunctional electrocatalyst by simultaneous H2O2 in-situ generation and activation. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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9
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Luo Y, Teng S, Yin H, Zhang S, Tuo X, Tran LSP. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Roles of Anthocyanin- and Jasmonic Acid-Biosynthetic Pathways in Rapeseed in Response to High Light Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313027. [PMID: 34884828 PMCID: PMC8657659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the major important oil crops worldwide and is largely cultivated in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), where long and strong solar-radiation is well-known. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rapeseed's response to light stress are largely unknown. In the present study, the color of rapeseed seedlings changed from green to purple under high light (HL) stress conditions. Therefore, changes in anthocyanin metabolism and the transcriptome of rapeseed seedlings cultured under normal light (NL) and HL conditions were analyzed to dissect how rapeseed responds to HL at the molecular level. Results indicated that the contents of anthocyanins, especially glucosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, and petunidin, which were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), increased by 9.6-, 4.2-, and 59.7-fold in rapeseed seedlings exposed to HL conditions, respectively. Next, RNA-sequencing analysis identified 7390 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 4393 up-regulated and 2997 down-regulated genes. Among the up-regulated genes, many genes related to the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway were enriched. For example, genes encoding dihydroflavonol reductase (BnDFR) and anthocyanin synthase (BnANS) were especially induced by HL conditions, which was also confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. In addition, two PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTATION 2 (BnPAP2) and GLABRA3 (BnGL3) genes encoding MYB-type and bHLH-type transcription factors, respectively, whose expression was also up-regulated by HL stress, were found to be associated with the changes in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Many genes involved in the jasmonic acid (JA)-biosynthetic pathway were also up-regulated under HL conditions. This finding, which is in agreement with the well-known positive regulatory role of JA in anthocyanin biosynthesis, suggests that the JA may also play a key role in the responses of rapeseed seedlings to HL. Collectively, these data indicate that anthocyanin biosynthesis-related and JA biosynthesis-related pathways mediate HL responses in rapeseed. These findings collectively provide mechanistic insights into the mechanisms involved in the response of rapeseed to HL stress, and the identified key genes may potentially be used to improve HL tolerance of rapeseed cultivars through genetic engineering or breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Luo
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (Y.L.); (S.T.); (X.T.)
| | - Shoulian Teng
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (Y.L.); (S.T.); (X.T.)
| | - Hengxia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); or (L.-S.P.T.); Tel.: +86-971-531-0086 (H.Y.)
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Xiaoyun Tuo
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (Y.L.); (S.T.); (X.T.)
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); or (L.-S.P.T.); Tel.: +86-971-531-0086 (H.Y.)
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Wannasaksri W, Temviriyanukul P, Aursalung A, Sahasakul Y, Thangsiri S, Inthachat W, On-Nom N, Chupeerach C, Pruesapan K, Charoenkiatkul S, Suttisansanee U. Influence of Plant Origins and Seasonal Variations on Nutritive Values, Phenolics and Antioxidant Activities of Adenia viridiflora Craib., an Endangered Species from Thailand. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112799. [PMID: 34829080 PMCID: PMC8623237 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenia viridiflora Craib. is an indigenous plant found in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam that has become threatened owing to lack of knowledge about its agricultural management. This plant is now rare in the wild and was registered in the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn (RSPG) to promote sustainable conservation and optimally beneficial utilization. A. viridiflora has a long history of utilization as a nutrient-rich source with medicinal properties but scientific evidence of the veracity of these claims is limited. Here, the nutritional compositions, phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of different plant parts (young shoots and old leaves) of A. viridiflora were investigated using plants collected from four areas of Thailand as Kamphaeng Phet (KP), Muang Nakhon Ratchasima (MN), Pakchong Nakhon Ratchasima (PN) and Uthai Thani (UT) at different harvesting periods (March-April, May–June and July–August). Results indicated that young shoots provided higher energy, protein, fat, dietary fiber, phosphorus, sodium, and zinc than old leaves. By contrast, nutrients such as total sugar, vitamin C, carotenoids, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron contents were higher in old leaves that also exhibited higher phenolic contents and most antioxidant activities than young shoots. Generally, most nutrients, phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities exhibited no clear trend among different plant origins. The harvesting period of July–August provided a suitable climate for biosynthesis of most nutrients, while high phenolics were mainly found in samples harvested in March–April. No clear trend was observed in the prevalence of antioxidant activities that varied according to assay techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werawat Wannasaksri
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Amornrat Aursalung
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Yuraporn Sahasakul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Sirinapa Thangsiri
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Woorawee Inthachat
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Nattira On-Nom
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Chaowanee Chupeerach
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Kanchana Pruesapan
- Plant Varieties Protection Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Somsri Charoenkiatkul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (P.T.); (A.A.); (Y.S.); (S.T.); (W.I.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(0)-2800-2380 (ext. 422)
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Yu ZC, Lin W, Zheng XT, Cai ML, Zhang TJ, Luo YN, Peng CL. Interpretation of the difference in shade tolerance of two subtropical forest tree species of different successional stages at the transcriptome and physiological levels. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1669-1684. [PMID: 33611548 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Differences in plant shade tolerance constitute a major mechanism driving the succession of forest communities in subtropical forests. However, the indirect effects of differences in light requirements on the growth of mid- and late-successional tree species are unclear, and this potential growth effect has not been explained at the transcriptome level. Here, a typical mid-successional dominant tree species, Schima superba Gardn. et Champ, and a typical late-successional dominant tree species, Cryptocarya concinna Hance were used as materials and planted under 100% full light (FL) and 30% FL (low light, LL) to explore the responses of tree species in different successional stages of subtropical forests to different light environments. Transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the expression changes in genes related to growth and photoprotection under different light environments. The young leaves of S. superba accumulated more malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide radicals (${\mathrm{O}}_2^{{{}^{\bullet}}^{-}}$) under LL. A lower hormone content (auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin) in the young leaves, a weaker photosynthetic capacity in the mature leaves and significant downregulation of related gene expression were also found under LL, which resulted in the total biomass of S. superba under LL being lower than that under FL. The young leaves of C. concinna had less MDA and ${\mathrm{O}}_2^{{{}^{\bullet}}^{-}}$, and a higher hormone contents under LL than those under FL. There was no significant difference in photosynthetic capacity between mature leaves in contrasting light environments. Although the biomass of C. concinna under LL was less than that under FL, the height of C. concinna under LL was higher than that under FL, indicating that C. concinna could grow well under the two light environments. Our results describing the acclimatization of light at the physiological, molecular and transcriptome levels are important for a complete understanding of successional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Chao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Wei Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ting Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Min-Ling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Tai-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yan-Na Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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12
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Jiang Z, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Cai M, Peng C, Li W. Physiological and transcriptomic responses of Mikania micrantha stem to shading yield novel insights into its invasiveness. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Yu ZC, Zheng XT, Lin W, He W, Shao L, Peng CL. Photoprotection of Arabidopsis leaves under short-term high light treatment: The antioxidant capacity is more important than the anthocyanin shielding effect. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:258-269. [PMID: 34126593 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoprotection strategies that have evolved in plants to cope with high light (HL) stress provide plants with the ability to resist HL. However, it has not been clearly confirmed which photoprotection strategy is the major HL resistance mechanism. To reveal the major photoprotection mechanism against short-term high light (STHL), the physiological and biochemical responses of three Arabidopsis mutants (Col, chi and ans) under STHL were analyzed in this study. After STHL treatment, the most serious photosynthetic pigment damage was observed in chi plants. At the same time, the degrees of membrane and Rubisco damage in chi was the highest, followed by Col, and ans was the smallest. The results showed that ans with high antioxidant capacity showed higher resistance to STHL treatment than Col containing anthocyanins, while chi with no anthocyanin accumulation and small antioxidant capacity had the lowest resistance. In addition, the gene expression results showed that plants tend to synthesize anthocyanin precursor flavonoids with antioxidant capacity under STHL stress. To further determine the major mechanism of photoprotection under STHL, we also analyzed Arabidopsis lines (Col, CHS1, CHS2 and tt4) that had the same anthocyanin content but different antioxidant capacities. It was found that CHS2 with high antioxidant capacity had higher cell viability, smaller maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) reduction and less reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under HL treatment of their mesophyll protoplasts. Therefore, the antioxidant capacity provided by antioxidant substances was the major mechanism of plant photoprotection under STHL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Chao Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ting Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Wei Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Wei He
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Ling Shao
- College of Life Science, Zhao Qing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, PR China
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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14
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Zheng XT, Yu ZC, Tang JW, Cai ML, Chen YL, Yang CW, Chow WS, Peng CL. The major photoprotective role of anthocyanins in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana under long-term high light treatment: antioxidant or light attenuator? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:25-40. [PMID: 32462454 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments in plants known for their photoprotective role against photoinhibitory and photooxidative damage under high light (HL). However, it remains unclear whether light-shielding or antioxidant activity plays a major role in the photoprotection exerted by anthocyanins under HL stress. To shed light on this question, we analyzed the physiological and biochemical responses to HL of three Arabidopsis thaliana lines (Col, chi, ans) with different light absorption and antioxidant characteristics. Under HL, ans had the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by Col, and finally chi; Col had the strongest light attenuation capacity, followed by chi, and finally ans. The line ans had weaker physiological activity of chloroplasts and more severe oxidative damage than chi after HL treatment. Col with highest photoprotection of light absorption capacity had highest resistance to HL among the three lines. The line ans with high antioxidant capacity could not compensate for its disadvantages in HL caused by the absence of the light-shielding function of anthocyanins. In addition, the expression level of the Anthocyanin Synthase (ANS) gene was most upregulated after HL treatment, suggesting that the conversion of colorless into colored anthocyanin precursors was necessary under HL. The contribution of anthocyanins to flavonoids, phenols, and antioxidant capacity increased in the late period of HL, suggesting that plants prefer to synthesize red anthocyanins (a group of colored antioxidants) over other colorless antioxidants to cope with HL. These experimental observations indicate that the light attenuation role of anthocyanins is more important than their antioxidant role in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Chao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Wei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Ling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Effect of Salt Stress on Growth and Metabolite Profiles of Cape Gooseberry ( Physalis peruviana L.) along Three Growth Stages. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092756. [PMID: 34067096 PMCID: PMC8125371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colombia is the main producer of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), a plant known for its various consumption practices and medicinal properties. This plant is generally grown in eroded soils and is considered moderately tolerant to unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient-poor soils or high salt concentrations. Most studies conducted on this plant focus on fruit production and composition because it is the target product, but a small number of studies have been conducted to describe the effect of abiotic stress, e.g., salt stress, on growth and biochemical responses. In order to better understand the mechanism of inherent tolerance of this plant facing salt stress, the present study was conducted to determine the metabolic and growth differences of P. peruviana plants at three different BBCH-based growth substages, varying salt conditions. Hence, plants were independently treated with two NaCl solutions, and growth parameters and LC-ESI-MS-derived semi-quantitative levels of metabolites were then measured and compared between salt treatments per growth substage. A 90 mM NaCl treatment caused the greatest effect on plants, provoking low growth and particular metabolite variations. The treatment discrimination-driving feature classification suggested that glycosylated flavonols increased under 30 mM NaCl at 209 substages, withanolides decreased under 90 mM NaCl at 603 and 703 substages, and up-regulation of a free flavonol at all selected stages can be considered a salt stress response. Findings locate such response into a metabolic context and afford some insights into the plant response associated with antioxidant compound up-regulation.
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Yu Z, Zhang P, Lin W, Zheng X, Cai M, Peng C. Sequencing of anthocyanin synthesis-related enzyme genes and screening of reference genes in leaves of four dominant subtropical forest tree species. Gene 2019; 716:144024. [PMID: 31390541 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The young leaves generally accumulate a certain concentration anthocyanins in the dominant species of the subtropical forest, and the changes of anthocyanin synthesis-related enzyme genes expression levels had an important effect on the study photoprotection of anthocyanins in the young leaves of subtropical forests. The determination of anthocyanin synthesis-related enzyme gene sequences and the selection of appropriate reference genes provide a basis for analyzing the functional properties of anthocyanins. In this study, four dominant subtropical forest species (i.e., Schima superba, Castanopsis fissa, Acmena acuminatissima, Cryptocarya concinna) were taken as materials. To obtain the correct nucleotide sequences of anthocyanin-related enzymes, the nucleotide sequences of CHS, DFR and ANS in each dominant species were obtained by sequencing and comparison. Then, to select the most stable reference genes for leaves at different developmental stages and different light conditions, the expression levels of six reference genes, including 18S, Actin, GAPDH, TUB, EF1 and UBQ, were studied by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and reference gene stability was analyzed by GeNorm and NormFinder software. The results showed that the expression level of Actin was the most stable in S. superba, A. acuminatissima and C. concinna, and the expression level of GAPDH was the most stable in C. fissa. Finally, the expression levels of the anthocyanin synthesis genes CHS, DFR and ANS were analyzed and found to be consistent with the accumulation trend of anthocyanins in leaves. This study has important theoretical and practical significance for future research into the expression of anthocyanin synthesis-related enzyme genes in the dominant tree species in subtropical forests and reveals that anthocyanin has a photoprotective effect for young leaves in high-light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengChao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Wei Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - XiaoTing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - MinLing Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - ChangLian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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17
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Zheng XT, Chen YL, Zhang XH, Cai ML, Yu ZC, Peng CL. ANS-deficient Arabidopsis is sensitive to high light due to impaired anthocyanin photoprotection. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:756-765. [PMID: 31023420 DOI: 10.1071/fp19042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light attenuation and antioxidation are the main mechanisms of photoprotection by anthocyanin under high light (HL) stress. Anthocyanin synthase (ANS) is the key enzyme in the downstream portion of anthocyanin synthetic pathways. To explore the role of ANS in photoprotection by anthocyanin under HL stress, homozygous ANS-deficient Arabidopsis mutants were screened from SALK_073183 and SALK_028793. Here, we obtained two deficient mutants, ans-1 and ans-2, which had ANS gene expression levels equal to 5.9 and 32.9% of that of Col respectively. By analysing their physiological and biochemical responses to HL stress, we found that there were positive correlations among ANS expression level, anthocyanin content and resistance to HL. The line with the lowest ANS expression level, ans-1, was also the most sensitive to HL, showing the lowest anthocyanin content, chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm ratio, and Rubisco content and the highest O2•- accumulation and membrane leakage rate, although it also had the highest antioxidant capacity. Experimental evidence suggests that ANS mainly regulated the light-attenuating function of anthocyanin in photoprotection under HL. Blocking excess light is an important function of anthocyanin that protects plants from HL stress, and a high antioxidant capacity cannot compensate for the absence of the light-shielding function of anthocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Min-Ling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zheng-Chao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; and Corresponding author.
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18
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Wu C, Wu HT, Wang Q, Wang GH, Yi X, Chen YP, Zhou GX. Anticandidal Potential of Stem Bark Extract from Schima superba and the Identification of Its Major Anticandidal Compound. Molecules 2019; 24:E1587. [PMID: 31013655 PMCID: PMC6515076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived extracts are a promising source of new drugs. Schima superba is traditionally used in China for heat clearing, detoxification, and treatment of furuncles. In this study, the anticandidal properties and mechanism of action of S. superba (SSE) were explored using a stem bark extract. SSE possessed high polyphenol and saponin contents of 256.6 ± 5.1 and 357.8 ± 31.5 µg/mg, respectively. A clear inhibition zone was observed for C. albicans growth through the disc diffusion method and the 50% inhibition of C. albicans by SSE was 415.2 µg/mL. Transcriptomic analysis in C. albicans treated with different doses of SSE was conducted through RNA-seq. Average values of 6068 genes and 20,842,500 clean reads were identified from each sample. Among these samples, 1680 and 1956 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the SSE treatments of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL, respectively. C. albicans growth was inhibited by the changes in gene expression associated with the cell wall and membrane composition including the regulation of chitin degradation and ergosterol biosynthesis. This result could be reflected in the irregularly wrinkled morphology of the ruptured cell as revealed through SEM analysis. ESI-MS and NMR analyses revealed that the major compound purified from SSE was sasanquasaponin III and the 50% inhibition of C. albicans was 93.1 µg/mL. In summary, the traditional Chinese medicine S. superba can be applied as an anticandidal agent in complementary and alternative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Bio-engineering, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
| | - Hong-Tan Wu
- Department of Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
- Application Technique Engineering Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals, College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Bio-engineering, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
| | - Guey-Horng Wang
- Department of Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
- Application Technique Engineering Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals, College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
| | - Xue Yi
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
| | - Yu-Pei Chen
- Department of Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
- Application Technique Engineering Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals, College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
| | - Guang-Xiong Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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