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Lee H, Choi B, Oh S, Park H, Popova E, Paik MJ, Kim H. Dynamics of Organic Acids during the Droplet-Vitrification Cryopreservation Procedure Can Be a Signature of Oxidative Stress in Pogostemon yatabeanus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3489. [PMID: 37836228 PMCID: PMC10575133 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (LN, -196 °C) is a unique option for the long-term conservation of threatened plant species with non-orthodox or limitedly available seeds. In previous studies, a systematic approach was used to develop a droplet-vitrification (DV) cryopreservation protocol for Postemon yatabeanus shoot tips that includes preculture with 10% sucrose, osmoprotection with C4-35%, cryoprotection with A3-80% vitrification solution, and a three-step regrowth starting with the ammonium-free medium. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a crucial component of plant cell metabolism as it is involved in redox state regulation and energy provision. We hypothesized that organic acids (OAs) associated with the TCA and its side reactions indirectly indicate metabolism intensity and oxidative stress development in shoot tips under the cryopreservation procedure. In this study, the contents of 14 OAs were analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in P. yatabeanus shoot tips in a series of treatments including individual steps of the DV procedure, additional stress imposed by non-optimum protocol conditions (no preculture, no osmoprotection, various vitrification solution composition, using vials instead of aluminum foils, etc.) and regrowth on different media with or without ammonium or growth regulators. The possible relation of OA content with the total cryoprotectant (CPA) concentration and shoot tips regeneration percentage was also explored. Regeneration of cryopreserved shoot tips reduced in descending order as follows: standard protocol condition (91%) > non-optimum vitrification solution (ca. 68%) > non-optimum preculture (60-62%) > regrowth medium (40-64%) > no osmoprotection, cryopreservation in vials (28-30%). Five OAs (glycolic, malic, citric, malonic, and lactic) were the most abundant in the fresh (control) shoot tips. The dynamic pattern of OAs during the DV procedure highly correlated (r = 0.951) with the total CPA concentration employed: it gradually increased through the preculture, osmoprotection, and cryoprotection, peaked at cooling/rewarming (6.38-fold above control level), and returned to the fresh control level after 5 days of regrowth (0.89-fold). The contents of four OAs (2-hydroxybutyric, 3-hydroxypropionic, lactic, and glycolic) showed the most significant (10-209-fold) increase at the cooling/rewarming step. Lactic and glycolic acids were the major OAs at cooling/rewarming, accounting for 81% of the total OAs content. The OAs were categorized into three groups based on their dynamics during the cryopreservation protocol, and these groups were differently affected by protocol step modifications. However, there was no straightforward relationship between the dynamics of OAs and shoot tip regeneration. The results suggest that active modulation of OAs metabolism may help shoot tips to cope with osmotic stress and the chemical cytotoxicity\ of CPAs. Further intensive studies are needed to investigate the effect of cryopreservation on cell primarily metabolism and identify oxidative stress-related biomarkers in plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoeun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (H.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Byeongchan Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (B.C.); (S.O.)
| | - Songjin Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (B.C.); (S.O.)
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (H.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Elena Popova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia;
| | - Man-Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (B.C.); (S.O.)
| | - Haenghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (H.L.); (H.P.)
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Jiang N, Wang L, Jiang D, Wang M, Yu H, Yao W. Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveal the mechanism of eugenol inhibition of Aspergillus carbonarius growth in table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Food Res Int 2023; 170:112934. [PMID: 37316002 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During storage, Aspergillus carbonarius (A. carbonarius) can easily infect grape berries, resulting in a pronounced decline in nutritional value and substantial economic loss for the grape industry. Characterised by broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, eugenol is proven to significantly inhibit A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A (OTA) in vitro. In this study, the potential mechanism of eugenol against A. carbonarius in grapes ('Kyoho') was evaluated using integrative transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses. After eugenol treatment at 50 mM, the inhibition of OTA was reduced by 100%, despite a 56.2% inhibition of A. carbonarius. In the meantime, mycelial growth was completely inhibited by 100 mM eugenol in grape berries. The application of eugenol to grapes stimulated the activity of several enzymes involved in disease resistance, namely catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), chitinase (CHI), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and glutathione (GSH) content. In addition, the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in eugenol-treated grapes were higher after A. carbonarius inoculation. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed that in phenylpropane biosynthesis, there were a variety of differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and the plant hormone signalling pathway changed significantly. Among these, the levels of 47 polyphenol metabolites significantly increased in eugenol-treated grape berries compared to noneugenol-treated berries. Meanwhile, we investigated the transcript levels of 39 genes in 6 phytohormones signalling in response to eugenol-treated grape berries followed by A. carbonarius inoculation. These results suggest that eugenol positively improved the disease resistance of grapes and might be potentially beneficial for the prevention and treatment of A. carbonarius-caused disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dongmei Jiang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
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3
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Baba VY, Powell AF, Ivamoto-Suzuki ST, Pereira LFP, Vanzela ALL, Giacomin RM, Strickler SR, Mueller LA, Rodrigues R, Gonçalves LSA. Capsidiol-related genes are highly expressed in response to Colletotrichum scovillei during Capsicum annuum fruit development stages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12048. [PMID: 32694584 PMCID: PMC7374708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsicum annuum is one of the most important horticultural crops worldwide. Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum spp.) is a major constraint for chili production, causing substantial losses. Capsidiol is a sesquiterpene phytoalexin present in pepper fruits that can enhance plant resistance. The genetic mechanisms involved in capisidiol biosynthesis are still poorly understood. In this study, a 3′ RNA sequencing approach was used to develop the transcriptional profile dataset of C. annuum genes in unripe (UF) and ripe fruits (RF) in response to C. scovillei infection. Results showed 4,845 upregulated and 4,720 downregulated genes in UF, and 2,560 upregulated and 1,762 downregulated genes in RF under fungus inoculation. Four capsidiol-related genes were selected for RT-qPCR analysis, two 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (CA12g05030, CA02g09520) and two 5-epi-aristolochene-1,3-dihydroxylase genes (CA12g05070, CA01g05990). CA12g05030 and CA01g05990 genes showed an early response to fungus infection in RF (24 h post-inoculation—HPI), being 68-fold and 53-fold more expressed at 96 HPI, respectively. In UF, all genes showed a late response, especially CA12g05030, which was 700-fold more expressed at 96 HPI compared to control plants. We are proving here the first high-throughput expression dataset of pepper fruits in response to anthracnose disease in order to contribute for future pepper breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Y Baba
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Biotecnologia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana T Ivamoto-Suzuki
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Biotecnologia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | | | - André L L Vanzela
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Diversidade Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Renata M Giacomin
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Biotecnologia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Leandro S A Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Biotecnologia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
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Boonchaisri S, Stevenson T, Dias DA. Utilization of GC-MS untargeted metabolomics to assess the delayed response of glufosinate treatment of transgenic herbicide resistant (HR) buffalo grasses (Stenotaphrum secundatum L.). Metabolomics 2020; 16:22. [PMID: 31989303 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-1644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herbicide resistant (HR) buffalo grasses were genetically engineered to resist the non-selective herbicide, glufosinate in order to facilitate a modern, 'weeding program' which is highly effective in terms of minimizing costs and labor. The resistant trait was conferred by an insertion of the pat gene to allow for the production of the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) to detoxify the glufosinate inhibitive effect. To date, there are only a few reports using metabolomics as well as molecular characterizations published for glufosinate-resistant crops with no reports on HR turfgrass. Therefore, for the first time, this study examines the metabolome of glufosinate-resistant buffalo grasses which not only will be useful to future growers but also the scientific community. OBJECTIVE A major aim of this present work is to characterize and evaluate the metabolic alterations which may arise from a genetic transformation of HR buffalo grasses by comprehensively using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based untargeted metabolomics. METHODS Eight-week old plants of 4 HR buffalo grasses, (93-1A, 93-2B, 93-3C and 93-5A) and 3 wild type varieties (WT 8-4A, WT 9-1B and WT 9-1B) were selected for physiological, molecular and metabolomics experiments. Plants were either sprayed with 1, 5, 10 and 15% v/v of glufosinate to evaluate the visual injuries or submerged in 5% v/v of glufosinate 3 days prior to a GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. In contrast, the control group was treated with distilled water. Leaves were extracted in 1:1 methanol:water and then analysed, using an in-house GC-MS untargeted workflow. RESULTS Results identified 199 metabolites with only 6 of them (cis-aconitic acid, allantoin, cellobiose, glyceric acid, maltose and octadecanoic acid) found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) between the HR and wild type buffalo grass varieties compared to the control experiment. Among these metabolites, unusual accumulation of allantoin was prominent and was an unanticipated effect of the pat gene insertion. As expected, glufosinate treatment caused significant metabolic alterations in the sensitive wild type, with the up-regulation of several amino acids (e.g. phenylalanine and isoleucine) which was likely due to glufosinate-induced senescence. The aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthetic pathway was identified as the most significant enriched pathway as a result of glufosinate effects because a number of its intermediates were amino acids. CONCLUSION HR buffalo grasses were very similar to its wild type comparator based on a comprehensive GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics and therefore, should guarantee the safe use of these HR buffalo grasses. The current metabolomics analyses not only confirmed the effects of glufosinate to up-regulate free amino acid pools in the sensitive wild type but also several alterations in sugar, sugar phosphate and organic acid metabolism have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor Stevenson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Daniel A Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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Fortes AM, Agudelo-Romero P, Pimentel D, Alkan N. Transcriptional Modulation of Polyamine Metabolism in Fruit Species Under Abiotic and Biotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:816. [PMID: 31333688 PMCID: PMC6614878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are growth regulators that have been widely implicated in abiotic and biotic stresses. They are also associated with fruit set, ripening, and regulation of fruit quality-related traits. Modulation of their content confers fruit resilience, with polyamine application generally inhibiting postharvest decay. Changes in the content of free and conjugated polyamines in response to stress are highly dependent on the type of abiotic stress applied or the lifestyle of the pathogen. Recent studies suggest that exogenous application of polyamines or modulation of polyamine content by gene editing can confer tolerance to multiple abiotic and biotic stresses simultaneously. In this review, we explore data on polyamine synthesis and catabolism in fruit related to pre- and postharvest stresses. Studies of mutant plants, priming of stress responses, and treatments with polyamines and polyamine inhibitors indicate that these growth regulators can be manipulated to increase fruit productivity with reduced use of pesticides and therefore, under more sustainable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Fortes
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Department of Plant Biology, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Diana Pimentel
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Department of Plant Biology, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Coelho J, Almeida-Trapp M, Pimentel D, Soares F, Reis P, Rego C, Mithöfer A, Fortes AM. The study of hormonal metabolism of Trincadeira and Syrah cultivars indicates new roles of salicylic acid, jasmonates, ABA and IAA during grape ripening and upon infection with Botrytis cinerea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:266-277. [PMID: 31128697 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hormones play an important role in fruit ripening and in response to biotic stress. Nevertheless, analyses of hormonal profiling during plant development and defense are scarce. In this work, changes in hormonal metabolism in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) were compared between a susceptible (Trincadeira) and a tolerant (Syrah) variety during grape ripening and upon infection with Botrytis cinerea. Infection of grapes with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea leads to significant economic losses worldwide. Peppercorn-sized fruits were infected in the field and mock-treated and infected berries were collected at green, veraison and harvest stages for hormone analysis and targeted qPCR analysis of genes involved in hormonal metabolism and signaling. Results indicate a substantial reprogramming of hormonal metabolism during grape ripening and in response to fungal attack. Syrah and Trincadeira presented differences in the metabolism of abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonates during grape ripening that may be connected to fruit quality. On the other hand, high basal levels of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonates and IAA at an early stage of ripening, together with activated SA, jasmonates and IAA signaling, likely enable a fast defense response leading to grape resistance/ tolerance towards B. cinerea. The balance among the different phytohormones seems to depend on the ripening stage and on the intra-specific genetic background and may be fundamental in providing resistance or susceptibility. In addition, this study indicated the involvement of SA and IAA in defense against necrotrophic pathogens and gains insights into possible strategies for conventional breeding and/or gene editing aiming at improving grape quality and grape resistance against Botrytis cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Coelho
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marilia Almeida-Trapp
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Pimentel
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Flávio Soares
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecília Rego
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, BioISI, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Li T, Wu Q, Wang Y, John A, Qu H, Gong L, Duan X, Zhu H, Yun Z, Jiang Y. Application of Proteomics for the Investigation of the Effect of Initial pH on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Fusarium proliferatum on Banana Fruit. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2327. [PMID: 29250043 PMCID: PMC5715366 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum is an important pathogen and causes a great economic loss to fruit industry. Environmental pH-value plays a regulatory role in fungi pathogenicity, however, the mechanism needs further exploration. In this study, F. proliferatum was cultured under two initial pH conditions of 5 and 10. No obvious difference was observed in the growth rate of F. proliferatum between two pH-values. F. proliferatum cultured under both pH conditions infected banana fruit successfully, and smaller lesion diameter was presented on banana fruit inoculated with pH 10-cultured fungi. Proteomic approach based on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to investigate the changes in secretome of this fungus between pH 5 and 10. A total of 39 differential spots were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Compared to pH 5 condition, proteins related to cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and proteolysis were significantly down-regulated at pH 10, while proteins related to oxidation-reduction process and transport were significantly up-regulated under pH 10 condition. Our results suggested that the downregulation of CWDEs and other virulence proteins in the pH 10-cultured F. proliferatum severely decreased its pathogenicity, compared to pH 5-cultured fungi. However, the alkaline environment did not cause a complete loss of the pathogenic ability of F. proliferatum, probably due to the upregulation of the oxidation-reduction related proteins at pH 10, which may partially compensate its pathogenic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qixian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Zhong Shan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhong Shan, China
| | - Afiya John
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze Yun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Frederick ZA, Cummings TF, Brown CR, Quick RA, Johnson DA. Evaluation of Solanum sisymbriifolium as a Potential Inoculum Source of Verticillium dahliae and Colletotrichum coccodes. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:1300-1305. [PMID: 30682946 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-16-1077-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Solanum sisymbriifolium, the litchi tomato, is a perennial herbaceous plant from South America that is used as a trap crop to reduce soilborne populations of the pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida, an important potato pathogen. Possible interactions of soilborne potato pathogens Verticillium dahliae and Colletotrichum coccodes with litchi tomato are unknown, yet important for potato production if litchi tomato is to be planted as a trap crop. The goal of this research was to quantitatively assess if litchi tomato is a potential inoculum source for C. coccodes and V. dahliae by comparing colony forming units (CFU) observed in litchi tomato to susceptible and resistant potato cultivars. The potato cvs. Alturas (P = 0.0003), Ranger Russet (P = 0.0193), and Russet Norkotah (P = 0.0022) produced more CFUs of the potato pathotype of V. dahliae than litchi tomato the first of two years of greenhouse trials. Significantly more CFUs of the potato pathotype of V. dahliae were quantified from stems and roots of only cv. Russet Norkotah compared with litchi tomato (P = 0.0001) in the second year. The CFUs for C. coccodes varied between litchi tomato and the potato cvs., perhaps due to varying levels of resistance since litchi tomato is from a selected intermated seed source. Based on these data, the effect of litchi tomato in rotation with potato is likely to have limited effect on the proliferation of V. dahliae or C. coccodes populations in the soil when compared with a susceptible potato cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Frederick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164
| | - T F Cummings
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164
| | - C R Brown
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - R A Quick
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA 99350
| | - D A Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164
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9
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Ko M, Cho JH, Seo HH, Lee HH, Kang HY, Nguyen TS, Soh HC, Kim YS, Kim JI. Constitutive expression of a fungus-inducible carboxylesterase improves disease resistance in transgenic pepper plants. PLANTA 2016; 244:379-92. [PMID: 27074836 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Resistance against anthracnose fungi was enhanced in transgenic pepper plants that accumulated high levels of a carboxylesterase, PepEST in anthracnose-susceptible fruits, with a concurrent induction of antioxidant enzymes and SA-dependent PR proteins. A pepper esterase gene (PepEST) is highly expressed during the incompatible interaction between ripe fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and a hemibiotrophic anthracnose fungus (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). In this study, we found that exogenous application of recombinant PepEST protein on the surface of the unripe pepper fruits led to a potentiated state for disease resistance in the fruits, including generation of hydrogen peroxide and expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes that encode mostly small proteins with antimicrobial activity. To elucidate the role of PepEST in plant defense, we further developed transgenic pepper plants overexpressing PepEST under the control of CaMV 35S promoter. Molecular analysis confirmed the establishment of three independent transgenic lines carrying single copy of transgenes. The level of PepEST protein was estimated to be approximately 0.002 % of total soluble protein in transgenic fruits. In response to the anthracnose fungus, the transgenic fruits displayed higher expression of PR genes, PR3, PR5, PR10, and PepThi, than non-transgenic control fruits did. Moreover, immunolocalization results showed concurrent localization of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and PR3 proteins, along with the PepEST protein, in the infected region of transgenic fruits. Disease rate analysis revealed significantly low occurrence of anthracnose disease in the transgenic fruits, approximately 30 % of that in non-transgenic fruits. Furthermore, the transgenic plants also exhibited resistance against C. acutatum and C. coccodes. Collectively, our results suggest that overexpression of PepEST in pepper confers enhanced resistance against the anthracnose fungi by activating the defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonkyung Ko
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Cho
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Hyoun Seo
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biology, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kang
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Thai Son Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Soh
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Alkan N, Fortes AM. Insights into molecular and metabolic events associated with fruit response to post-harvest fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:889. [PMID: 26539204 PMCID: PMC4612155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to post-harvest losses more than 30% of harvested fruits will not reach the consumers' plate. Fungal pathogens play a key role in those losses, as they cause most of the fruit rots and the customer complaints. Many of the fungal pathogens are already present in the unripe fruit but remain quiescent during fruit growth until a particular phase of fruit ripening and senescence. The pathogens sense the developmental change and switch into the devastating necrotrophic life style that causes fruit rotting. Colonization of unripe fruit by the fungus initiates defensive responses that limit fungal growth and development. However, during fruit ripening several physiological processes occur that correlate with increased fruit susceptibility. In contrast to plant defenses in unripe fruit, the defense posture of ripe fruit entails a different subset of defense responses that will end with fruit rotting and losses. This review will focus on several aspects of molecular and metabolic events associated with fleshy fruit responses induced by post-harvest fungal pathogens during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ana M. Fortes
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
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11
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Ment D, Alkan N, Luria N, Bi FC, Reuveni E, Fluhr R, Prusky D. A Role of AREB in the Regulation of PACC-Dependent Acid-Expressed-Genes and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:154-66. [PMID: 25317668 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0252-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression regulation by pH in filamentous fungi and yeasts is controlled by the PACC/RIM101 transcription factor. In Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, PACC is known to act as positive regulator of alkaline-expressed genes, and this regulation was shown to contribute to fungal pathogenicity. PACC is also a negative regulator of acid-expressed genes, however; the mechanism of downregulation of acid-expressed genes by PACC and their contribution to C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity is not well understood. RNA sequencing data analysis was employed to demonstrate that PACC transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) are significantly overrepresented in the promoter of PACC-upregulated, alkaline-expressed genes. In contrast, they are not overrepresented in the PACC-downregulated, acid-expressed genes. Instead, acid-expressed genes showed overrepresentation of AREB GATA TFBS in C. gloeosporioides and in homologs of five other ascomycetes genomes. The areB promoter contains PACC TFBS; its transcript was upregulated at pH 7 and repressed in ΔpacC. Furthermore, acid-expressed genes were found to be constitutively upregulated in ΔareB during alkalizing conditions. The areB mutants showed significantly reduced ammonia secretion and pathogenicity on tomato fruit. Present results indicate that PACC activates areB expression, thereby conditionally repressing acid-expressed genes and contributing critically to C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity.
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12
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Bittsánszky A, Pilinszky K, Gyulai G, Komives T. Overcoming ammonium toxicity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 231:184-90. [PMID: 25576003 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (ammonium ion under physiological conditions) is one of the key nitrogen sources in cellular amino acid biosynthesis. It is continuously produced in living organisms by a number of biochemical processes, but its accumulation in cells leads to tissue damage. Current knowledge suggests that a few enzymes and transporters are responsible for maintaining the delicate balance of ammonium fluxes in plant tissues. In this study we analyze the data in the scientific literature and the publicly available information on the dozens of biochemical reactions in which endogenous ammonium is produced or consumed, the enzymes that catalyze them, and the enzyme and transporter mutants listed in plant metabolic and genetic databases (Plant Metabolic Network, TAIR, and Genevestigator). Our compiled data show a surprisingly high number of little-studied reactions that might influence cellular ammonium concentrations. The role of ammonium in apoptosis, its relation to oxidative stress, and alterations in ammonium metabolism induced by environmental stress need to be explored in order to develop methods to manage ammonium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Bittsánszky
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Pilinszky
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gyulai
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Szent István University, Páter K. 1, 2103 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Tamas Komives
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary.
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13
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Alkan N, Friedlander G, Ment D, Prusky D, Fluhr R. Simultaneous transcriptome analysis of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and tomato fruit pathosystem reveals novel fungal pathogenicity and fruit defense strategies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:801-15. [PMID: 25377514 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides breaches the fruit cuticle but remains quiescent until fruit ripening signals a switch to necrotrophy, culminating in devastating anthracnose disease. There is a need to understand the distinct fungal arms strategy and the simultaneous fruit response. Transcriptome analysis of fungal-fruit interactions was carried out concurrently in the appressoria, quiescent and necrotrophic stages. Conidia germinating on unripe fruit cuticle showed stage-specific transcription that was accompanied by massive fruit defense responses. The subsequent quiescent stage showed the development of dendritic-like structures and swollen hyphae within the fruit epidermis. The quiescent fungal transcriptome was characterized by activation of chromatin remodeling genes and unsuspected environmental alkalization. Fruit response was portrayed by continued highly integrated massive up-regulation of defense genes. During cuticle infection of green or ripe fruit, fungi recapitulate the same developmental stages but with differing quiescent time spans. The necrotrophic stage showed a dramatic shift in fungal metabolism and up-regulation of pathogenicity factors. Fruit response to necrotrophy showed activation of the salicylic acid pathway, climaxing in cell death. Transcriptome analysis of C. gloeosporioides infection of fruit reveals its distinct stage-specific lifestyle and the concurrent changing fruit response, deepening our perception of the unfolding fungal-fruit arms and defenses race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Alkan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
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14
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Lee YH, Kim SH, Yun BW, Hong JK. Altered cultivar resistance of kimchi cabbage seedlings mediated by salicylic Acid, jasmonic Acid and ethylene. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:323-9. [PMID: 25289020 PMCID: PMC4181111 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.06.2014.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two cultivars Buram-3-ho (susceptible) and CR-Hagwang (moderate resistant) of kimchi cabbage seedlings showed differential defense responses to anthracnose (Colletotrichum higginsianum), black spot (Alternaria brassicicola) and black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Xcc) diseases in our previous study. Defense-related hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene led to different transcriptional regulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression in both cultivars. In this study, exogenous application of SA suppressed basal defenses to C. higginsianum in the 1st leaves of the susceptible cultivar and cultivar resistance of the 2nd leaves of the resistant cultivar. SA also enhanced susceptibility of the susceptible cultivar to A. brassicicola. By contrast, SA elevated disease resistance to Xcc in the resistant cultivar, but not in the susceptible cultivar. Methyl jasmonate (MJ) treatment did not affect the disease resistance to C. higginsianum and Xcc in either cultivar, but it compromised the disease resistance to A. brassicicola in the resistant cultivar. Treatment with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) ethylene precursor did not change resistance of the either cultivar to C. higginsianum and Xcc. Effect of ACC pretreatment on the resistance to A. brassicicola was not distinguished between susceptible and resistant cultivars, because cultivar resistance of the resistant cultivar was lost by prolonged moist dark conditions. Taken together, exogenously applied SA, JA and ethylene altered defense signaling crosstalk to three diseases of anthracnose, black spot and black rot in a cultivar-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech), 33 Dongjinro, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeum Kyu Hong
- Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech), 33 Dongjinro, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
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15
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Heyno E, Alkan N, Fluhr R. A dual role for plant quinone reductases in host-fungus interaction. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:340-53. [PMID: 23464356 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quinone reductases (QR, EC 1.5.6.2) are flavoproteins that protect organisms from oxidative stress. The function of plant QRs has not as yet been addressed in vivo despite biochemical evidence for their involvement in redox reactions. Here, using knock-out (KO) and overexpressing lines, we studied the protective role of two groups of Arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic QRs, Nqr (NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase) and Fqr (flavodoxin-like quinone reductase), in response to infection by necrotrophic fungi. The KO lines nqr(-) and fqr1(-) displayed significantly slower development of lesions of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotium in comparison to the wild type (WT). Consistent with this observation, the overexpressing line FQR1(+) was hypersensitive to the pathogens. Both the nqr(-) and fqr1(-) displayed increased fluorescence of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, a reporter for reactive oxygen species in response to B. cinerea. Infection by B. cinerea was accompanied with increased Nqr and Fqr1 protein levels in the WT as revealed by western blotting. In addition, a marked stimulation of salicylic acid-sensitive transcripts and suppression of jasmonate-sensitive transcripts was observed in moderately wounded QR KO mutant leaves, a condition mimicking the early stage of infection. In contrast to the above observations, germination of conidia was accelerated on leaves of QR KO mutants in comparison with the WT and FQR1(+). The same effect was observed in water-soluble leaf surface extracts. It is proposed that the altered interaction between B. cinerea and the QR mutants is a consequence of subtly altered redox state of the host, which perturbs host gene expression in response to environmental stress such as fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiri Heyno
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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16
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Alkan N, Meng X, Friedlander G, Reuveni E, Sukno S, Sherman A, Thon M, Fluhr R, Prusky D. Global aspects of pacC regulation of pathogenicity genes in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides as revealed by transcriptome analysis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1345-58. [PMID: 23902260 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-13-0080-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides alkalinizes its surroundings during colonization of host tissue. The transcription factor pacC is a regulator of pH-controlled genes and is essential for successful colonization. We present here the sequence assembly of the Colletotrichum fruit pathogen and use it to explore the global regulation of pathogenicity by ambient pH. The assembled genome size was 54 Mb, encoding 18,456 genes. Transcriptomes of the wild type and ΔpacC mutant were established by RNA-seq and explored for their global pH-dependent gene regulation. The analysis showed that pacC upregulates 478 genes and downregulates 483 genes, comprising 5% of the fungal genome, including transporters, antioxidants, and cell-wall-degrading enzymes. Interestingly, gene families with similar functionality are both up- and downregulated by pacC. Global analysis of secreted genes showed significant pacC activation of degradative enzymes at alkaline pH and during fruit infection. Select genes from alkalizing-type pathogen C. gloeosporioides and from acidifying-type pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were verified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis at different pH values. Knock out of several pacC-activated genes confirmed their involvement in pathogenic colonization of alkalinized surroundings. The results suggest a global regulation by pacC of key pathogenicity genes during pH change in alkalinizing and acidifying pathogens.
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17
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Goyal RK, Hancock REW, Mattoo AK, Misra S. Expression of an engineered heterologous antimicrobial peptide in potato alters plant development and mitigates normal abiotic and biotic responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77505. [PMID: 24147012 PMCID: PMC3797780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial cationic peptides (AMPs) are ubiquitous small proteins used by living cells to defend against a wide spectrum of pathogens. Their amphipathic property helps their interaction with negatively charged cellular membrane of the pathogen causing cell lysis and death. AMPs also modulate signaling pathway(s) and cellular processes in animal models; however, little is known of cellular processes other than the pathogen-lysis phenomenon modulated by AMPs in plants. An engineered heterologous AMP, msrA3, expressed in potato was previously shown to cause resistance of the transgenic plants against selected fungal and bacterial pathogens. These lines together with the wild type were studied for growth habits, and for inducible defense responses during challenge with biotic (necrotroph Fusarium solani) and abiotic stressors (dark-induced senescence, wounding and temperature stress). msrA3-expression not only conferred protection against F. solani but also delayed development of floral buds and prolonged vegetative phase. Analysis of select gene transcript profiles showed that the transgenic potato plants were suppressed in the hypersensitive (HR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses to both biotic and abiotic stressors. Also, the transgenic leaves accumulated lesser amounts of the defense hormone jasmonic acid upon wounding with only a slight change in salicylic acid as compared to the wild type. Thus, normal host defense responses to the pathogen and abiotic stressors were mitigated by msrA3 expression suggesting MSRA3 regulates a common step(s) of these response pathways. The stemming of the pathogen growth and mitigating stress response pathways likely contributes to resource reallocation for higher tuber yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder K. Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Santosh Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Postharvest pathogens can start its attack process immediately after spores land on wounded tissue, whereas other pathogens can forcibly breach the unripe fruit cuticle and then remain quiescent for months until fruit ripens and then cause major losses. RECENT ADVANCES Postharvest fungal pathogens activate their development by secreting organic acids or ammonia that acidify or alkalinize the host ambient surroundings. CRITICAL ISSUES These fungal pH modulations of host environment regulate an arsenal of enzymes to increase fungal pathogenicity. This arsenal includes genes and processes that compromise host defenses, contribute to intracellular signaling, produce cell wall-degrading enzymes, regulate specific transporters, induce redox protectant systems, and generate factors needed by the pathogen to effectively cope with the hostile environment found within the host. Further, evidence is accumulating that the secreted molecules (organic acids and ammonia) are multifunctional and together with effect of the ambient pH, they activate virulence factors and simultaneously hijack the plant defense response and induce program cell death to further enhance their necrotrophic attack. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Global studies of the effect of secreted molecules on fruit pathogen interaction, will determine the importance of these molecules on quiescence release and the initiation of fungal colonization leading to fruit and vegetable losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Alkan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Shnaiderman C, Miyara I, Kobiler I, Sherman A, Prusky D. Differential activation of ammonium transporters during the accumulation of ammonia by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its effect on appressoria formation and pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:345-355. [PMID: 23387470 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-12-0170-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium secreted by the post-harvest pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides during host colonization accumulates in the host environment due to enhanced fungal nitrogen metabolism. Two types of ammonium transporter-encoding genes, AMET and MEP, are expressed during pathogenicity. Gene disruption of AMET, a gene modulating ammonia secretion, showed twofold reduced ammonia secretion and 45% less colonization on avocado fruit, suggesting a contribution to pathogenicity. MEPB, a gene modulating ammonium transport, is expressed by C. gloeosporioides during pathogenicity and starvation conditions in culture. Gene disruption of MEPB, the most highly expressed gene of the MEP family, resulted in twofold overexpression of MEPA and MEPC but reduced colonization, suggesting MEPB expression's contribution to pathogenicity. Analysis of internal and external ammonia accumulation by ΔmepB strains in mycelia and germinated spores showed rapid uptake and accumulation, and reduced secretion of ammonia in the mutant versus wild-type (WT) strains. Ammonia uptake by the WT germinating spores but not by the ΔmepB strain with compromised ammonium transport activated cAMP and transcription of PKA subunits PKAR and PKA2. ΔmepB mutants showed 75% less appressorium formation and colonization than the WT, which was partially restored by 10 mM exogenous ammonia. Thus, whereas both AMET and MEPB genes modulate ammonia secretion, only MEPB contributes to ammonia accumulation by mycelia and germinating spores that activate the cAMP pathways, inducing the morphogenetic processes contributing to C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shnaiderman
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel
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20
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Kusano M, Fukushima A. Current challenges and future potential of tomato breeding using omics approaches. BREEDING SCIENCE 2013; 63:31-41. [PMID: 23641179 PMCID: PMC3621443 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.63.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As tomatoes are one of the most important vegetables in the world, improvements in the quality and yield of tomato are strongly required. For this purpose, omics approaches such as metabolomics and transcriptomics are used not only for basic research to understand relationships between important traits and metabolism but also for the development of next generation breeding strategies of tomato plants, because an increase in the knowledge improves the taste and quality, stress resistance and/or potentially health-beneficial metabolites and is connected to improvements in the biochemical composition of tomatoes. Such omics data can be applied to network analyses to potentially reveal unknown cellular regulatory networks in tomato plants. The high-quality tomato genome that was sequenced in 2012 will likely accelerate the application of omics strategies, including next generation sequencing for tomato breeding. In this review, we highlight the current studies of omics network analyses of tomatoes and other plant species, in particular, a gene coexpression network. Key applications of omics approaches are also presented as case examples to improve economically important traits for tomato breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Atsushi Fukushima
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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21
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Blanco-Ulate B, Vincenti E, Powell ALT, Cantu D. Tomato transcriptome and mutant analyses suggest a role for plant stress hormones in the interaction between fruit and Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:142. [PMID: 23717322 PMCID: PMC3653111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fruit-pathogen interactions are a valuable biological system to study the role of plant development in the transition from resistance to susceptibility. In general, unripe fruit are resistant to pathogen infection but become increasingly more susceptible as they ripen. During ripening, fruit undergo significant physiological and biochemical changes that are coordinated by complex regulatory and hormonal signaling networks. The interplay between multiple plant stress hormones in the interaction between plant vegetative tissues and microbial pathogens has been documented extensively, but the relevance of these hormones during infections of fruit is unclear. In this work, we analyzed a transcriptome study of tomato fruit infected with Botrytis cinerea in order to profile the expression of genes for the biosynthesis, modification and signal transduction of ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA), hormones that may be not only involved in ripening, but also in fruit interactions with pathogens. The changes in relative expression of key genes during infection and assays of susceptibility of fruit with impaired synthesis or perception of these hormones were used to formulate hypotheses regarding the involvement of these regulators in the outcome of the tomato fruit-B. cinerea interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Blanco-Ulate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Estefania Vincenti
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Ann L. T. Powell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Dario Cantu, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA. e-mail:
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Prusky D, Alkan N, Mengiste T, Fluhr R. Quiescent and necrotrophic lifestyle choice during postharvest disease development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:155-76. [PMID: 23682917 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Insidious fungal infections by postharvest pathogens remain quiescent during fruit growth until, at a particular phase during fruit ripening and senescence, the pathogens switch to the necrotrophic lifestyle and cause decay. During ripening, fruits undergo physiological processes, such as activation of ethylene biosynthesis, cuticular changes, and cell-wall loosening-changes that are accompanied by a decline of antifungal compounds, both those that are preformed and those that are inducible secondary metabolites. Pathogen infection of the unripe host fruit initiates defensive signal-transduction cascades, culminating in accumulation of antifungal proteins that limit fungal growth and development. In contrast, development of the same pathogens during fruit ripening and storage activates a substantially different signaling network, one that facilitates aggressive fungal colonization. This review focuses on responses induced by the quiescent pathogens of postharvest diseases in unripe host fruits. New genome-scale experimental approaches have begun to delineate the complex and multiple networks of host and pathogen responses activated to maintain or to facilitate the transition from the quiescent to the necrotrophic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel.
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23
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Dickman MB, Fluhr R. Centrality of host cell death in plant-microbe interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:543-70. [PMID: 23915134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for proper growth, development, and cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. The regulation of PCD is of central importance in plant-microbe interactions; notably, PCD and features associated with PCD are observed in many host resistance responses. Conversely, pathogen induction of inappropriate cell death in the host results in a susceptible phenotype and disease. Thus, the party in control of PCD has a distinct advantage in these battles. PCD processes appear to be of ancient origin, as indicated by the fact that many features of cell death strategy are conserved between animals and plants; however, some of the details of death execution differ. Mammalian core PCD genes, such as caspases, are not present in plant genomes. Similarly, pro- and antiapoptotic mammalian regulatory elements are absent in plants, but, remarkably, when expressed in plants, successfully impact plant PCD. Thus, subtle structural similarities independent of sequence homology appear to sustain operational equivalence. The vacuole is emerging as a key organelle in the modulation of plant PCD. Under different signals for cell death, the vacuole either fuses with the plasmalemma membrane or disintegrates. Moreover, the vacuole appears to play a key role in autophagy; evidence suggests a prosurvival function for autophagy, but other studies propose a prodeath phenotype. Here, we describe and discuss what we know and what we do not know about various PCD pathways and how the host integrates signals to activate salicylic acid and reactive oxygen pathways that orchestrate cell death. We suggest that it is not cell death as such but rather the processes leading to cell death that contribute to the outcome of a given plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Cell Death and Differentiation, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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Miyara I, Shnaiderman C, Meng X, Vargas WA, Diaz-Minguez JM, Sherman A, Thon M, Prusky D. Role of nitrogen-metabolism genes expressed during pathogenicity of the alkalinizing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and their differential expression in acidifying pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1251-63. [PMID: 22571816 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-12-0017-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens can actively alter fruit pH around the infection site, signaling modulation of pathogenicity-factor expression, as found for alkalinizing (Colletotrichum and Alternaria spp.) and acidifying (Penicillium, Botrytis, and Sclerotinia spp.) fungi. The nitrogen-metabolism genes GDH2, GS1, GLT, and MEP genes are differentially expressed during colonization by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and a Δgdh2 strain reduces ammonia accumulation and pathogenicity. We analyzed the contribution of transporters GLT and MEPB to C. gloeosporiodes pathogenicity. Germinating spores of Δglt strains showed reduced appressorium formation; those of ΔmepB mutants showed rapid ammonia uptake and accumulation inside the hyphae, indicating deregulated uptake. Both mutants reduced pathogenicity, indicating that these transporters function during alkalinizing species pathogenicity. We compared the expressions of these genes in C. gloeosporioides and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and found five to 10-fold higher expression at the transcript level in the former. Interestingly, GLT and MEPB in the alkalinizing species showed no and very low sequence identity, respectively, with their counterparts in the acidifying species. Knockout analysis of GLT and MEPB and their differential transcript regulation in the alkalinizing and acidifying species suggest that the ammonia accumulation contributing to pathogenicity in the former is modulated by factors at the gene-regulation levels that are lacking in the acidifying species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miyara
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel
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