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Carr JP. Engineered Resistance to Tobamoviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:1007. [PMID: 39066170 PMCID: PMC11281658 DOI: 10.3390/v16071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be studied in detail and, for many years, TMV and other tobamoviruses, particularly tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobamoviruses infecting pepper (Capsicum spp.), were serious crop pathogens. By the end of the twentieth and for the first decade of the twenty-first century, tobamoviruses were under some degree of control due to introgression of resistance genes into commercial tomato and pepper lines. However, tobamoviruses remained important models for molecular biology, biotechnology and bio-nanotechnology. Recently, tobamoviruses have again become serious crop pathogens due to the advent of tomato brown rugose fruit virus, which overcomes tomato resistance against TMV and ToMV, and the slow but apparently inexorable worldwide spread of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, which threatens all cucurbit crops. This review discusses a range of mainly molecular biology-based approaches for protecting crops against tobamoviruses. These include cross-protection (using mild tobamovirus strains to 'immunize' plants against severe strains), expressing viral gene products in transgenic plants to inhibit the viral infection cycle, inducing RNA silencing against tobamoviruses by expressing virus-derived RNA sequences in planta or by direct application of double-stranded RNA molecules to non-engineered plants, gene editing of host susceptibility factors, and the transfer and optimization of natural resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Peter Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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2
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Zhang H, Hu Q. TOM1 family conservation within the plant kingdom for tobacco mosaic virus accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1385-1399. [PMID: 37443447 PMCID: PMC10576174 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The susceptibility factor TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION 1 (TOM1) is required for efficient multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Although some phylogenetic and functional analyses of the TOM1 family members have been conducted, a comprehensive analysis of the TOM1 homologues based on phylogeny from the most ancient to the youngest representatives within the plant kingdom, analysis of support for tobamovirus accumulation and interaction with other host and viral proteins has not been reported. In this study, using Nicotiana benthamiana and TMV as a model system, we functionally characterized the TOM1 homologues from N. benthamiana and other plant species from different plant lineages. We modified a multiplex genome editing tool and generated a sextuple mutant in which TMV multiplication was dramatically inhibited. We showed that TOM1 homologues from N. benthamiana exhibited variable capacities to support TMV multiplication. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the TOM1 family is restricted to the plant kingdom and probably originated in the Chlorophyta division, suggesting an ancient origin of the TOM1 family. We found that the TOM1 family acquired the ability to promote TMV multiplication after the divergence of moss and spikemoss. Moreover, the capacity of TOM1 orthologues from different plant species to promote TMV multiplication and the interactions between TOM1 and TOM2A and between TOM1 and TMV-encoded replication proteins are highly conserved, suggesting a conserved nature of the TOM2A-TOM1-TMV Hel module in promoting TMV multiplication. Our study not only revealed a conserved nature of a gene module to promote tobamovirus multiplication, but also provides a valuable strategy for TMV-resistant crop development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qun Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Wang C, Ma G, Zhang S, Zhao K, Li X. Study on the binding of ningnanmycin to the helicase of Tobamovirus virus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105494. [PMID: 37532353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The Tobamovirus helicase plays an important role in virus proliferation and host interaction. They can also be targets for antiviral drugs. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is well controlled by ningnanmycin (NNM), but whether it acts on other virus helicases of Tobamovirus virus is not clear. In this study, we expressed and purified several Tobamovirus virus helicase proteins and analyzed the three-dimensional structures of several Tobamovirus virus helicases. In addition, the binding of Tobamovirus helicase to NNM was also studied. The docking study reveals the interaction between NNM and Tobamovirus virus helicase. Microscale Thermophoresis (MST) experiments have shown that NNM binds to Tobamovirus helicase with a dissociation constant of 4.64-12.63 μM. Therefore, these data are of great significance for the design and synthesis of new effective anti-plant virus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guangming Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shanqi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kunhong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Lee SC, Pai H, Huang YW, He MH, Song YL, Kuo SY, Chang WC, Hsu YH, Lin NS. Exploring the Multifunctional Roles of Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus P126 in Facilitating Cymbidium Mosaic Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement during Mixed Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:1552. [PMID: 34452417 PMCID: PMC8402721 DOI: 10.3390/v13081552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergistic interactions among viruses, hosts and/or transmission vectors during mixed infection can alter viral titers, symptom severity or host range. Viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) are considered one of such factors contributing to synergistic responses. Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) and cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV), which are two of the most significant orchid viruses, exhibit synergistic symptom intensification in Phalaenopsis orchids with unilaterally enhanced CymMV movement by ORSV. In order to reveal the underlying mechanisms, we generated infectious cDNA clones of ORSV and CymMV isolated from Phalaenopsis that exerted similar unilateral synergism in both Phalaenopsis orchid and Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, we show that the ORSV replicase P126 is a VSR. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that mutation of the methionine in the carboxyl terminus of ORSV P126 abolished ORSV replication even though some P126 mutants preserved VSR activity, indicating that the VSR function of P126 alone is not sufficient for viral replication. Thus, P126 functions in both ORSV replication and as a VSR. Furthermore, P126 expression enhanced cell-to-cell movement and viral titers of CymMV in infected Phalaenopsis flowers and N. benthamiana leaves. Taking together, both the VSR and protein function of P126 might be prerequisites for unilaterally enhancing CymMV cell-to-cell movement by ORSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chuan Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
| | - Hsuan Pai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Meng-Hsun He
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
| | - Yun-Lin Song
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
| | - Song-Yi Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Wen-Chi Chang
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
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Obeid R, Wehbe E, Rima M, Kabara M, Al Bersaoui R, Sabatier JM, Fajloun Z, Gereige D. First Detection of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Tobacco Fields in Northern Lebanon. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:534-540. [PMID: 32988357 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200928164057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the most known virus in the plant mosaic virus family and is able to infect a wide range of crops, in particular, tobacco, causing a production loss. OBJECTIVES Herein, and for the first time in Lebanon, we investigated the presence of TMV infection in crops by analyzing 88 samples of tobacco, tomato, cucumber and pepper collected from different regions in North Lebanon. METHODS Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), revealed a potential TMV infection of four tobacco samples out of 88 crop samples collected. However, no tomato, cucumber and pepper samples were infected. The TMV+ tobacco samples were then extensively analyzed by RT-PCR to detect viral RNA using different primers covering all the viral genome. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PCR results confirmed those of DAS-ELISA showing TMV infection of four tobacco samples collected from three crop fields of North Lebanon. In only one of four TMV+ samples, we were able to amplify almost all the regions of viral genome, suggesting possible mutations in the virus genome or an infection with a new, not yet identified, TMV strain. CONCLUSION Our study is the first in Lebanon, revealing TMV infection in crop fields and highlighting the danger that may affect the future of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Obeid
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Michel Slayman Tripoli Campus, Ras Maska 1352, Lebanon
| | - Elias Wehbe
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Michel Slayman Tripoli Campus, Ras Maska 1352, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Rima
- Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS U7104, Universite de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Mohammad Kabara
- Water and Environment Science Laboratory, Public Health Faculty 3, Lebanese University, 1300 Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Romeo Al Bersaoui
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Michel Slayman Tripoli Campus, Ras Maska 1352, Lebanon
| | - Jean Marc Sabatier
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, UMR 7051, Faculte de Medecine Secteur Nord, 51, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344-Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Michel Slayman Tripoli Campus, Ras Maska 1352, Lebanon
| | - Dalya Gereige
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Michel Slayman Tripoli Campus, Ras Maska 1352, Lebanon
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Liu S, Liu L, Aranda MA, Peng B, Gu Q. Expression and Localization Patterns of a Small Heat Shock Protein that Interacts with the Helicase Domain of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1648-1657. [PMID: 31025902 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0436-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), a member of the genus Tobamovirus (family Virgaviridae), is an economically important virus that has detrimental effects on cucurbit crops worldwide. Understanding the interaction between host factors and CGMMV viral proteins will facilitate the design of new strategies for disease control. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that the CGMMV helicase (HEL) domain interacts with a Citrullus lanatus small heat shock protein (sHSP), and we verified this observation by performing in vitro GST pull-down and in vivo coimmunoprecipitation assays. Measurement of the levels of accumulated sHSP transcript revealed that sHSP is upregulated on initial CGMMV infection in both Nicotiana benthamiana and C. lanatus plants, although not in the systemically infected leaves. We also found that the subcellular localization of the sHSP was altered after CGMMV infection. To further validate the role of sHSP in CGMMV infection, we produced and assayed N. benthamiana transgenic plants with up- and down-regulated sHSP expression. Overexpression of sHSP inhibited viral RNA accumulation and retarded disease development, whereas sHSP silencing had no marked effect on CGMMV infection. Therefore, we postulate that the identified sHSP may be one of the factors modulating host defense mechanisms in response to CGMMV infection and that the HEL domain interaction may inhibit this sHSP function to promote viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-CSIC, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bin Peng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China
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Das PP, Macharia MW, Lin Q, Wong SM. In planta proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) identifies a TMV replication co-chaperone NbSGT1 in the vicinity of 126 kDa replicase. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103402. [PMID: 31158515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive, single-stranded RNA virus. It encodes two replicases (126 kDa and 183 kDa), a movement protein and a coat protein. These proteins interact with host proteins for successful infection. Some host proteins such as eEF1α, Tm-1, TOM1, 14-3-3 proteins directly interact with Tobamovirus replication proteins. There are host proteins in the virus replication complex which do not interact with viral replicases directly, such as pyruvate kinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. We have used Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) technique to screen for transient or weak protein interactions of host proteins and viral replicase in vivo. We transiently expressed BirA* tagged TMV 126 kDa replicase in TMV infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Among 18 host proteins, we identified NbSGT1 as a potential target for further characterization. Silencing of NbSGT1 in N. benthamiana plants increased its susceptibility to TMV infection, and overexpression of NbSGT1 increased resistance to TMV infection. There were weak interactions between NbSGT1 and TMV replicases but no interaction between them was found in Y2H assay. It suggests that the interaction might be transient or indirect. Therefore, the BioID technique is a valuable method to identify weak or transient/indirect interaction(s) between pathogen proteins and host proteins in plants. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: TMV is a well characterized positive-strand RNA virus model for study of virus-plant host interactions. It infects >350 plant species and is one of the significant pathogens of crop loss globally. Many host proteins are involved in TMV replication complex formation. To date there are few techniques available for identifying interacting host proteins to viral proteins. There is limited knowledge on transient or non-interacting host proteins during virus infection/replication. In this study, we used agroinfiltration-mediated in planta BioID technique to identify transiently or non-interacting host proteins to viral proteins in TMV-infected N. benthamiana plants. This technique allowed us to identify potential candidate proteins in the vicinity of TMV 126 kDa replicase. We have selected NbSGT1 and its overexpression suppresses TMV replication and increase plant resistance. NbSGT1 is believed to interact transiently or indirectly with TMV replicases in the presence of Hsp90/Hsp70. BioID is a novel and powerful technique to identify transiently or indirectly interacting proteins in the study of pathogen-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Mercy Wairimu Macharia
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore; National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Plant Protein-Mediated Inhibition of Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement: Far-Western Screening and Biological Analysis of a Plant Protein Interacting with a Viral Movement Protein. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31228112 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9635-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell movement via plasmodesmata is a crucial step for plant RNA viruses to determine their host ranges. Many viruses including Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) encode one or more movement proteins (MPs) that are indispensable for cell-to-cell movement. During movement processes, MPs are thought to interact directly with many plant proteins that may be involved in supporting or inhibiting cell-to-cell movement of viruses. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate viral spread positively or negatively, it is important to discover such MP-interacting plant proteins and analyze their functions in viral cell-to-cell movement in efficient ways. In this chapter, we provide protocols of a radioisotope-based far-western screening strategy to construct a λ phage cDNA library from a nonhost Brassica campestris (syn. rapa) for ToMV and identify plant proteins that bind directly to the 32P-labeled probe of ToMV MP, and subsequently a biolistic bombardment method to examine whether a plant protein selected have a function as an inhibitory factor that can interfere with virus cell-to-cell movement.
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Das PP, Lin Q, Wong SM. Comparative proteomics of Tobacco mosaic virus-infected Nicotiana tabacum plants identified major host proteins involved in photosystems and plant defence. J Proteomics 2019; 194:191-199. [PMID: 30503828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive single-stranded RNA virus. Its 5' end ORF codes for the replicase proteins, namely 126 kDa and 183 kDa, respectively. These proteins interact with many host proteins to form a virus replication complex (VRC). This study aims to dissect the proteome profile of TMV-infected Nicotiana tabacum in host cellular and molecular pathways. We used the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technique to analyse the differential global proteomic profile of TMV infected and mock infected plants. Out of 1897 total proteins, we identified 407 differentially abundant proteins and grouped them into three functional categories, namely metabolism, cellular processes and signalling processing. Our results showed that photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, plant defence, protein synthesis, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum were significantly altered. Carbon metabolism and photosynthesis were present in very low abundance, whereas accumulation of reactive oxygen species and misfolded proteins lead to the accumulation of thioredoxin H-type 1. In conclusion, we identified several key host proteins that are involved in TMV infection/replication in N. tabacum plants. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: TMV is one of the most widely studied plant virus. It is used as a tool to study host-virus interaction. There are several host proteins reported that facilitate VRC formation and replication of TMV. However, there is limited knowledge in the expression regulation of these host proteins upon TMV infection. This study is the first report that investigates the response of host protein expression involved in TMV infection through a quantitative proteomics technique iTRAQ, combined with LC-MS/MS analysis. We used TMV-infected Nicotiana tabacum plants to investigate the effects of TMV infection on host proteins. Our results revealed differential abundance of proteins involving various pathways in protein translation, protein processing, photosynthesis and plant defence. There was a high abundance of thioredoxin H-type 1, a protein that counters oxidative stress and accelerated regulation of fatty acid synthesis to provide additional lipid molecules for VRC formation. There was a significant reduction in abundance of psaA and psbB proteins in the photosynthetic pathways. Our results identified key candidate host proteins involved in TMV-infected N. tabacum for functional studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore; National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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Kobayashi C, Kato M, Nagaya H, Shimizu N, Ishibashi K, Ishikawa M, Katoh E. Purification and functional characterization of tomato mosaic virus 130K protein expressed in silkworm pupae using a baculovirus vector. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 154:85-90. [PMID: 30291968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV; genus, Tobamovirus) is a member of the alpha-like virus superfamily of positive-strand RNA viruses, which includes many plant and animal viruses of agronomical and clinical importance. The genomes of alpha-like viruses encode replication-associated proteins that contain methyltransferase, helicase and/or polymerase domains. The three-dimensional structure of the helicase domain fragment of ToMV has been determined, but the structures of the other domains of alpha-like virus replication proteins are not available. In this study, we expressed full-length ToMV replication-associated protein 130 K, which contains the methyltransferase and helicase domains, using the baculovirus-silkworm expression system and purified the recombinant protein to near homogeneity. Purified 130 K, which was stable in phosphate buffer containing magnesium ions and ATP, formed a dimer in solution and hydrolyzed nucleoside 5'-triphosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihoko Kobayashi
- Structural Biology Team, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kato
- Business Development, Research and Industry Business, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nagaya
- Business Development, Research and Industry Business, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Plant and Microbial Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishikawa
- Plant and Microbial Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Etsuko Katoh
- Structural Biology Team, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
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Chen I, Chen H, Huang Y, Huang H, Shenkwen L, Hsu Y, Tsai C. A thioredoxin NbTRXh2 from Nicotiana benthamiana negatively regulates the movement of Bamboo mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:405-417. [PMID: 28052479 PMCID: PMC6637981 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An up-regulated gene derived from Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV)-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants was cloned and characterized in this study. BaMV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. This gene product, designated as NbTRXh2, was matched with sequences of thioredoxin h proteins, a group of small proteins with a conserved active-site motif WCXPC conferring disulfide reductase activity. To examine how NbTRXh2 is involved in the infection cycle of BaMV, we used the virus-induced gene silencing technique to knock down NbTRXh2 expression in N. benthamiana and inoculated the plants with BaMV. We observed that, compared with control plants, BaMV coat protein accumulation increased in knockdown plants at 5 days post-inoculation (dpi). Furthermore, BaMV coat protein accumulation did not differ significantly between NbTRXh2-knockdown and control protoplasts at 24 hpi. The BaMV infection foci in NbTRXh2-knockdown plants were larger than those in control plants. In addition, BaMV coat protein accumulation decreased when NbTRXh2 was transiently expressed in plants. These results suggest that NbTRXh2 plays a role in restricting BaMV accumulation. Moreover, confocal microscopy results showed that NbTRXh2-OFP (NbTRXh2 fused with orange fluorescent protein) localized at the plasma membrane, similar to AtTRXh9, a homologue in Arabidopsis. The expression of the mutant that did not target the substrates failed to reduce BaMV accumulation. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the viral movement protein TGBp2 could be the target of NbTRXh2. Overall, the functional role of NbTRXh2 in reducing the disulfide bonds of targeting factors, encoded either by the host or virus (TGBp2), is crucial in restricting BaMV movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- I‐Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Hui‐Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Hui‐Chen Huang
- Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Lin‐Ling Shenkwen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Yau‐Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
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Li X, Chen K, Gao D, Wang D, Huang M, Zhu H, Kang J. Binding studies between cytosinpeptidemycin and the superfamily 1 helicase protein of tobacco mosaic virus. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18952-18958. [PMID: 35539684 PMCID: PMC9080650 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01466c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) helicases play important roles in viral multiplication and interactions with host organisms. They can also be targeted by antiviral agents. Cytosinpeptidemycin has a good control effect against TMV. However, the mechanism of action is unclear. In this study, we expressed and purified TMV superfamily 1 helicase (TMV-Hel) and analyzed its three-dimensional structure. Furthermore, the binding interactions of TMV-Hel and cytosinpeptidemycin were studied. Microscale thermophoresis and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed that cytosinpeptidemycin bound to TMV-Hel with a dissociation constant of 0.24–0.44 μM. Docking studies provided further insights into the interaction of cytosinpeptidemycin with the His375 of TMV-Hel. Mutational and Microscale thermophoresis analyses showed that cytosinpeptidemycin bound to a TMV-Hel mutant (H375A) with a dissociation constant of 14.5 μM. Thus, His375 may be the important binding site for cytosinpeptidemycin. The data are important for designing and synthesizing new effective antiphytoviral agents. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) helicases play important roles in viral multiplication and interactions with host organisms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Di Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Maoxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Hengmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Jinxin Kang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
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13
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Sasaki N, Takashima E, Nyunoya H. Altered Subcellular Localization of a Tobacco Membrane Raft-Associated Remorin Protein by Tobamovirus Infection and Transient Expression of Viral Replication and Movement Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:619. [PMID: 29868075 PMCID: PMC5962775 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Remorins are plant specific proteins found in plasma membrane microdomains (termed lipid or membrane rafts) and plasmodesmata. A potato remorin is reported to be involved in negatively regulating potexvirus movement and plasmodesmal permeability. In this study, we isolated cDNAs of tobacco remorins (NtREMs) and examined roles of an NtREM in infection by tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Subcellular localization analysis using fluorescently tagged NtREM, ToMV, and viral replication and movement proteins (MPs) indicated that virus infection and transient expression of the viral proteins promoted the formation of NtREM aggregates by altering the subcellular distribution of NtREM, which was localized uniformly on the plasma membrane under normal conditions. NtREM aggregates were often observed associated closely with endoplasmic reticulum networks and bodies of the 126K replication and MPs. The bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay indicated that NtREM might interact directly with the MP on the plasma membrane and around plasmodesmata. In addition, transient overexpression of NtREM facilitated ToMV cell-to-cell movement. Based on these results, we discuss possible roles of the tobacco remorin in tobamovirus movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumitsu Sasaki
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Nobumitsu Sasaki,
| | - Eita Takashima
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nyunoya
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Han SH, Park JS, Han JY, Gong JS, Park CH, Kim JK, Seo EY, Domier LL, Hammond J, Lim HS. New Korean isolates of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) differ in symptom severity and subcellular localization of the 126 kDa protein. Virus Genes 2017; 53:434-445. [PMID: 28176159 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two isolates of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were selected from a nationwide survey of pepper fields in South Korea in 2014 and 2015, in which Cucumber mosaic virus was also detected; the two PMMoV isolates, Sangcheong 47 (S-47, KX399390) and Jeongsong 76 (J-76, KX399389), share ~99% nucleotide and amino acid identity and are closely related to Japanese and Chinese isolates at the nucleotide level. Amino acid sequence comparisons revealed 99.73, 99.81, 98.44, and 100% identity in the ORF1, ORF2, MP, and CP, respectively, between S-47 and J-76. In addition, we generated infectious clones of S-47 and J-76, and T7 promoter driven transcripts of each inoculated to Nicotiana benthamiana produced very severe symptoms, whereas only mild symptoms developed in Capsicum annuum. Gene silencing suppressor function of 126 kDa and cytoskeleton-connected plasmodesmata localization of movement protein of S-47 and J-76 showed no difference between isolates, whereas 126 kDa of J-76 clearly formed intracellular aggregates not observed with S-47 126 kDa protein. Differences between these isolates in 126/183 kDa-related functions including subcellular localization suggest that differential interactions with host proteins may affect symptom development in C. annuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuk Han
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Park
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Jae-Yeong Han
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Jun-Su Gong
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Chan-Hwan Park
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Jung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Leslie L Domier
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Crop Sciences, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John Hammond
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, United States National Arboretum, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, 10300 Baltimore Avenue B-010A, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea.
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15
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Xu D, Zhou G. Characteristics of siRNAs derived from Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus in infected rice and their potential role in host gene regulation. Virol J 2017. [PMID: 28183327 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0699-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs)-mediated RNA silencing plays important roles in interaction between plant viruses and their hosts. Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is a newly emerged devastating rice reovirus with ten dsRNA genomic segments. The characteristics of SRBSDV-derived siRNAs and their biological implications in SRBSDV-rice interaction remain unexplored. METHODS VsiRNAs profiling from SRBSDV-infected rice samples was done via small RNA deep sequencing. The putative rice targets of abundantly expressed vsiRNAs were bioinformatically predicted and subjected to functional annotation. Differential expression analysis of rice targets and RNA silencing components between infected and healthy samples was done using RT-qPCR. RESULTS The vsiRNA was barely detectable at 14 days post infection (dpi) but abundantly present along with elevated expression level of the viral genome at 28 dpi. From the 28-dpi sample, 70,878 reads of 18 ~ 30-nt vsiRNAs were recognized (which mostly were 21-nt and 22-nt), covering 75 ~ 91% of the length of the ten genomic segments respectively. 86% of the vsiRNAs had a <50% GC content and 79% of them were 5'-uridylated or adenylated. The production of vsiRNAs had no strand polarity but varied among segment origins. Each segment had a few hotspot regions where vsiRNAs of high abundance were produced. 151 most abundant vsiRNAs were predicted to target 844 rice genes, including several types of host resistance or pathogenesis related genes encoding F-box/LRR proteins, receptor-like protein kinases, universal stress proteins, tobamovirus multiplication proteins, and RNA silencing components OsDCL2a and OsAGO17 respectively, some of which showed down regulation in infected plants in RT-qPCR. GO and KEGG classification showed that a majority of the predicted targets were related to cell parts and cellular processes and involved in carbohydrate metabolism, translation, and signal transduction. The silencing component genes OsDCL2a, OsDCL2b, OsDCL4, and OsAGO18 were down regulated, while OsAGO1d, OsAGO2, OsRDR1 and OsRDR6 were up regulated, significantly, upon SRBSDV infection. CONCLUSIONS SRBSDV can regulate the expression of rice RNA silencing pathway components and the virus might compromise host defense and influence host pathogenesis via siRNA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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16
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Xu D, Zhou G. Characteristics of siRNAs derived from Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus in infected rice and their potential role in host gene regulation. Virol J 2017; 14:27. [PMID: 28183327 PMCID: PMC5301327 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs)-mediated RNA silencing plays important roles in interaction between plant viruses and their hosts. Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is a newly emerged devastating rice reovirus with ten dsRNA genomic segments. The characteristics of SRBSDV-derived siRNAs and their biological implications in SRBSDV-rice interaction remain unexplored. Methods VsiRNAs profiling from SRBSDV-infected rice samples was done via small RNA deep sequencing. The putative rice targets of abundantly expressed vsiRNAs were bioinformatically predicted and subjected to functional annotation. Differential expression analysis of rice targets and RNA silencing components between infected and healthy samples was done using RT-qPCR. Results The vsiRNA was barely detectable at 14 days post infection (dpi) but abundantly present along with elevated expression level of the viral genome at 28 dpi. From the 28-dpi sample, 70,878 reads of 18 ~ 30-nt vsiRNAs were recognized (which mostly were 21-nt and 22-nt), covering 75 ~ 91% of the length of the ten genomic segments respectively. 86% of the vsiRNAs had a <50% GC content and 79% of them were 5’-uridylated or adenylated. The production of vsiRNAs had no strand polarity but varied among segment origins. Each segment had a few hotspot regions where vsiRNAs of high abundance were produced. 151 most abundant vsiRNAs were predicted to target 844 rice genes, including several types of host resistance or pathogenesis related genes encoding F-box/LRR proteins, receptor-like protein kinases, universal stress proteins, tobamovirus multiplication proteins, and RNA silencing components OsDCL2a and OsAGO17 respectively, some of which showed down regulation in infected plants in RT-qPCR. GO and KEGG classification showed that a majority of the predicted targets were related to cell parts and cellular processes and involved in carbohydrate metabolism, translation, and signal transduction. The silencing component genes OsDCL2a, OsDCL2b, OsDCL4, and OsAGO18 were down regulated, while OsAGO1d, OsAGO2, OsRDR1 and OsRDR6 were up regulated, significantly, upon SRBSDV infection. Conclusions SRBSDV can regulate the expression of rice RNA silencing pathway components and the virus might compromise host defense and influence host pathogenesis via siRNA pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0699-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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17
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Chujo T, Ishibashi K, Miyashita S, Ishikawa M. Functions of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of tobamovirus RNA. Virus Res 2015; 206:82-9. [PMID: 25683511 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tobamovirus genome is a 5'-m(7)G-capped RNA that carries a tRNA-like structure at its 3'-terminus. The genomic RNA serves as the template for both translation and negative-strand RNA synthesis. The 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of the genomic RNA contain elements that enhance translation, and the 3'-UTR also contains the elements necessary for the initiation of negative-strand RNA synthesis. Recent studies using a cell-free viral RNA translation-replication system revealed that a 70-nucleotide region containing a part of the 5'-UTR is bound cotranslationally by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replication proteins translated from the genomic RNA and that the binding leads the genomic RNA to RNA replication pathway. This mechanism explains the cis-preferential replication of TMV by the replication proteins. The binding also inhibits further translation to avoid a fatal ribosome-RNA polymerase collision, which might arise if translation and negative-strand synthesis occur simultaneously on a single genomic RNA molecule. Therefore, the 5'- and 3'-UTRs play multiple important roles in the life cycle of tobamovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Chujo
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shuhei Miyashita
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishikawa
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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18
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Rys M, Juhász C, Surówka E, Janeczko A, Saja D, Tóbiás I, Skoczowski A, Barna B, Gullner G. Comparison of a compatible and an incompatible pepper-tobamovirus interaction by biochemical and non-invasive techniques: chlorophyll a fluorescence, isothermal calorimetry and FT-Raman spectroscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 83:267-78. [PMID: 25194777 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of a pepper cultivar harboring the L(3) resistance gene were inoculated with Obuda pepper virus (ObPV), which led to the appearance of hypersensitive necrotic lesions approx. 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) (incompatible interaction), or with Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) that caused no visible symptoms on the inoculated leaves (compatible interaction). ObPV inoculation of leaves resulted in ion leakage already 18 hpi, up-regulation of a pepper carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) gene from 24 hpi, heat emission and declining chlorophyll a content from 48 hpi, and partial desiccation from 72 hpi. After the appearance of necrotic lesions a strong inhibition of photochemical energy conversion was observed, which led to photochemically inactive leaf areas 96 hpi. However, leaf tissues adjacent to these inactive areas showed elevated ΦPSII and Fv/Fm values proving the advantage of chlorophyll a imaging technique. PMMoV inoculation also led to a significant rise of ion leakage and heat emission, to the up-regulation of the pepper CCD gene as well as to decreased PSII efficiency, but these responses were much weaker than in the case of ObPV inoculation. Chlorophyll b and total carotenoid contents as measured by spectrophotometric methods were not significantly influenced by any virus inoculations when these pigment contents were calculated on leaf surface basis. On the other hand, near-infrared FT-Raman spectroscopy showed an increase of carotenoid content in ObPV-inoculated leaves suggesting that the two techniques detect different sets of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rys
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 21 Niezapominajek, PL-30239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Csilla Juhász
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ewa Surówka
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 21 Niezapominajek, PL-30239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Janeczko
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 21 Niezapominajek, PL-30239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Diana Saja
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 21 Niezapominajek, PL-30239 Kraków, Poland
| | - István Tóbiás
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrzej Skoczowski
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 21 Niezapominajek, PL-30239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Balázs Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary.
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19
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Jada B, Soitamo AJ, Siddiqui SA, Murukesan G, Aro EM, Salakoski T, Lehto K. Multiple different defense mechanisms are activated in the young transgenic tobacco plants which express the full length genome of the Tobacco mosaic virus, and are resistant against this virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107778. [PMID: 25244327 PMCID: PMC4171492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously described transgenic tobacco lines express the full length infectious Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) genome under the 35S promoter (Siddiqui et al., 2007. Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 20: 1489-1494). Through their young stages these plants exhibit strong resistance against both the endogenously expressed and exogenously inoculated TMV, but at the age of about 7-8 weeks they break into TMV infection, with typical severe virus symptoms. Infections with some other viruses (Potato viruses Y, A, and X) induce the breaking of the TMV resistance and lead to synergistic proliferation of both viruses. To deduce the gene functions related to this early resistance, we have performed microarray analysis of the transgenic plants during the early resistant stage, and after the resistance break, and also of TMV-infected wild type tobacco plants. Comparison of these transcriptomes to those of corresponding wild type healthy plants indicated that 1362, 1150 and 550 transcripts were up-regulated in the transgenic plants before and after the resistance break, and in the TMV-infected wild type tobacco plants, respectively, and 1422, 1200 and 480 transcripts were down-regulated in these plants, respectively. These transcriptome alterations were distinctly different between the three types of plants, and it appears that several different mechanisms, such as the enhanced expression of the defense, hormone signaling and protein degradation pathways contributed to the TMV-resistance in the young transgenic plants. In addition to these alterations, we also observed a distinct and unique gene expression alteration in these plants, which was the strong suppression of the translational machinery. This may also contribute to the resistance by slowing down the synthesis of viral proteins. Viral replication potential may also be suppressed, to some extent, by the reduction of the translation initiation and elongation factors eIF-3 and eEF1A and B, which are required for the TMV replication complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Jada
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arto J. Soitamo
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Gayatri Murukesan
- Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Salakoski
- Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Lehto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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20
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Mizumoto H, Morikawa Y, Ishibashi K, Kimura K, Matsumoto K, Tokunaga M, Kiba A, Ishikawa M, Okuno T, Hikichi Y. Functional characterization of the mutations in Pepper mild mottle virus overcoming tomato tm-1-mediated resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:479-487. [PMID: 24299004 PMCID: PMC6638807 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In tomato plants, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) cannot replicate because the tm-1 protein inhibits RNA replication. The resistance of tomato plants to PMMoV remains durable both in the field and under laboratory conditions. In this study, we constructed several mutant PMMoVs and analysed their abilities to replicate in tomato protoplasts and plants. We found that two mutants, PMMoV-899R,F976Y and PMMoV-899R,F976Y,D1098N, were able to replicate in tomato protoplasts, but only PMMoV-899R,F976Y,D1098N was able to multiply in tomato plants. Further analysis showed that the D1098N mutation of the replication proteins weakened the inhibitory effect of the tm-1 protein and enhanced the replication efficiency of PMMoV-899R,F976Y,D1098N. We also observed that the infectivity of the viruses decreased in the order wild-type PMMoV > PMMoV-899R,F976Y > PMMoV-899R,F976Y,D1098N in original host plants, pepper and tobacco plants. On the contrary, the single mutation D1098N abolished PMMoV replication in tobacco protoplasts. On the basis of these observations, it is likely that the deleterious side-effects of mutations in replication proteins prevent the emergence of PMMoV mutants that can overcome tm-1-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
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21
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Hull R. Replication of Plant Viruses. PLANT VIROLOGY 2014. [PMCID: PMC7184227 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384871-0.00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Viruses replicate using both their own genetic information and host cell components and machinery. The different genome types have different replication pathways which contain controls on linking the process with translation and movement around the cell as well as not compromising the infected cell. This chapter discusses the replication mechanisms, faults in replication and replication of viruses co-infecting cells. Viruses replicate using both their own genetic information and host cell components and machinery. The different genome types have different replication pathways which contain controls on linking the process with translation and movement around the cell as well as not compromising the infected cell. This chapter discusses the replication mechanisms, faults in replication and replication of viruses coinfecting cells.
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22
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Hwang J, Oh CS, Kang BC. Translation elongation factor 1B (eEF1B) is an essential host factor for Tobacco mosaic virus infection in plants. Virology 2013; 439:105-14. [PMID: 23490052 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying host factors provides an important clue to understand virus infection. We selected 10 host factor candidate genes and each gene was silenced in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) to investigate their roles in virus infection. The resulting plants were infected with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The accumulation of viral coat protein and the spread of virus were greatly reduced in the plants that eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) or 1B (eEF1B) was silenced. These results suggest both eEF1A and eEF1B are required for TMV infection. We also tested for interactions between the eEFs and viral proteins of TMV. Both eEF1A and eEF1B proteins interacted directly with the methyltransferase (MT) domain of the TMV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). eEF1A and eEF1B also interacted with each other in vivo. Our data suggest that eEF1B may be a component of the TMV replication complex which interacts with MT domain of TMV RdRp and eEF1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeeNa Hwang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Bhat S, Folimonova SY, Cole AB, Ballard KD, Lei Z, Watson BS, Sumner LW, Nelson RS. Influence of host chloroplast proteins on Tobacco mosaic virus accumulation and intercellular movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:134-47. [PMID: 23096159 PMCID: PMC3532247 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.207860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) forms dense cytoplasmic bodies containing replication-associated proteins (virus replication complexes [VRCs]) upon infection. To identify host proteins that interact with individual viral components of VRCs or VRCs in toto, we isolated viral replicase- and VRC-enriched fractions from TMV-infected Nicotiana tabacum plants. Two host proteins in enriched fractions, ATP-synthase γ-subunit (AtpC) and Rubisco activase (RCA) were identified by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Through pull-down analysis, RCA bound predominantly to the region between the methyltransferase and helicase domains of the TMV replicase. Tobamovirus, but not Cucumber mosaic virus or Potato virus X, infection of N. tabacum plants resulted in 50% reductions in Rca and AtpC messenger RNA levels. To investigate the role of these host proteins in TMV accumulation and plant defense, we used a Tobacco rattle virus vector to silence these genes in Nicotiana benthamiana plants prior to challenge with TMV expressing green fluorescent protein. TMV-induced fluorescent lesions on Rca- or AtpC-silenced leaves were, respectively, similar or twice the size of those on leaves expressing these genes. Silencing Rca and AtpC did not influence the spread of Tomato bushy stunt virus and Potato virus X. In AtpC- and Rca-silenced leaves TMV accumulation and pathogenicity were greatly enhanced, suggesting a role of both host-encoded proteins in a defense response against TMV. In addition, silencing these host genes altered the phenotype of the TMV infection foci and VRCs, yielding foci with concentric fluorescent rings and dramatically more but smaller VRCs. The concentric rings occurred through renewed virus accumulation internal to the infection front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Bhat
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | | | | | - Kimberly D. Ballard
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Zhentian Lei
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Bonnie S. Watson
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Richard S. Nelson
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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Nishikiori M, Meshi T, Ishikawa M. Guanylylation-competent replication proteins of Tomato mosaic virus are disulfide-linked. Virology 2012; 434:118-28. [PMID: 23062762 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The 130-kDa and 180-kDa replication proteins of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) covalently bind guanylate and transfer it to the 5' end of RNA to form a cap. We found that guanylylation-competent ToMV replication proteins are in membrane-bound, disulfide-linked complexes. Guanylylation-competent replication proteins of Brome mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus behaved similarly. To investigate the roles of disulfide bonding in the functioning of ToMV replication proteins, each of the 19 cysteine residues in the 130-kDa protein was replaced by a serine residue. Interestingly, three mutant proteins (C179S, C186S and C581S) failed not only to be guanylylated, but also to bind to the replication template and membranes. These mutants could trans-complement viral RNA replication. Considering that ToMV replication proteins recognize the replication templates, bind membranes, and are guanylylated in the cytoplasm that provides a reducing condition, we discuss the roles of cysteine residues and disulfide bonds in ToMV RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nishikiori
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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25
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Ishibashi K, Miyashita S, Katoh E, Ishikawa M. Host membrane proteins involved in the replication of tobamovirus RNA. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:699-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Ishibashi K, Mawatari N, Miyashita S, Kishino H, Meshi T, Ishikawa M. Coevolution and hierarchical interactions of Tomato mosaic virus and the resistance gene Tm-1. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002975. [PMID: 23093939 PMCID: PMC3475678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During antagonistic coevolution between viruses and their hosts, viruses have a major advantage by evolving more rapidly. Nevertheless, viruses and their hosts coexist and have coevolved, although the processes remain largely unknown. We previously identified Tm-1 that confers resistance to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), and revealed that it encodes a protein that binds ToMV replication proteins and inhibits RNA replication. Tm-1 was introgressed from a wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites into the cultivated tomato species Solanum lycopersicum. In this study, we analyzed Tm-1 alleles in S. habrochaites. Although most part of this gene was under purifying selection, a cluster of nonsynonymous substitutions in a small region important for inhibitory activity was identified, suggesting that the region is under positive selection. We then examined the resistance of S. habrochaites plants to ToMV. Approximately 60% of 149 individuals from 24 accessions were resistant to ToMV, while the others accumulated detectable levels of coat protein after inoculation. Unexpectedly, many S. habrochaites plants were observed in which even multiplication of the Tm-1-resistance-breaking ToMV mutant LT1 was inhibited. An amino acid change in the positively selected region of the Tm-1 protein was responsible for the inhibition of LT1 multiplication. This amino acid change allowed Tm-1 to bind LT1 replication proteins without losing the ability to bind replication proteins of wild-type ToMV. The antiviral spectra and biochemical properties suggest that Tm-1 has evolved by changing the strengths of its inhibitory activity rather than diversifying the recognition spectra. In the LT1-resistant S. habrochaites plants inoculated with LT1, mutant viruses emerged whose multiplication was not inhibited by the Tm-1 allele that confers resistance to LT1. However, the resistance-breaking mutants were less competitive than the parental strains in the absence of Tm-1. Based on these results, we discuss possible coevolutionary processes of ToMV and Tm-1. Viruses rapidly evolve and adapt to their host organisms, and the evolutionary processes can be reproduced in the laboratory (experimental evolution). In contrast, cellular organisms (that can be viral hosts) evolve much more slowly than viruses, but the fact that they have antiviral systems suggests that viruses and their hosts have coevolved. To explore the coevolutionary histories of viruses and their hosts, we focused on Tm-1, a Solanum habrochaites gene that confers resistance to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Based on analyses of the Tm-1 gene sequences in S. habrochaites, we demonstrated that a part of the gene has been under positive selection. Biochemical studies suggested that Tm-1 has evolved to strengthen its inhibitory activity rather than to diversify recognition spectra. In addition, experimental evolution analyses suggested that overcoming the Tm-1-mediated resistance by ToMV is associated with fitness costs. Based on these results, we discuss how ToMV and the plant resistance gene have coevolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan.
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27
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Wang MB, Masuta C, Smith NA, Shimura H. RNA silencing and plant viral diseases. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1275-85. [PMID: 22670757 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-12-0093-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant resistance against viruses, with multiple silencing factors participating in antiviral defense. Both RNA and DNA viruses are targeted by the small RNA-directed RNA degradation pathway, with DNA viruses being also targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation. To evade RNA silencing, plant viruses have evolved a variety of counter-defense mechanisms such as expressing RNA-silencing suppressors or adopting silencing-resistant RNA structures. This constant defense-counter defense arms race is likely to have played a major role in defining viral host specificity and in shaping viral and possibly host genomes. Recent studies have provided evidence that RNA silencing also plays a direct role in viral disease induction in plants, with viral RNA-silencing suppressors and viral siRNAs as potentially the dominant players in viral pathogenicity. However, questions remain as to whether RNA silencing is the principal mediator of viral pathogenicity or if other RNA-silencing-independent mechanisms also account for viral disease induction. RNA silencing has been exploited as a powerful tool for engineering virus resistance in plants as well as in animals. Further understanding of the role of RNA silencing in plant-virus interactions and viral symptom induction is likely to result in novel anti-viral strategies in both plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Bo Wang
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia.
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28
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Cosson P, Schurdi-Levraud V, Le QH, Sicard O, Caballero M, Roux F, Le Gall O, Candresse T, Revers F. The RTM resistance to potyviruses in Arabidopsis thaliana: natural variation of the RTM genes and evidence for the implication of additional genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39169. [PMID: 22723957 PMCID: PMC3377653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The non conventional RTM (Restricted Tobacco etch virus Movement) resistance which restricts long distance movement of some plant viruses in Arabidopsis thaliana is still poorly understood. Though at least three RTM genes have been identified, their precise role(s) in the process as well as whether other genes are involved needs to be elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, the natural variation of the RTM genes was analysed at the amino acid level in relation with their functionality to restrict the long distance movement of Lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV). We identified non-functional RTM alleles in LMV-susceptible Arabidopsis accessions as well as some of the mutations leading to the non-functionality of the RTM proteins. Our data also indicate that more than 40% of the resistant accessions to LMV are controlled by the RTM genes. In addition, two new RTM loci were genetically identified. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that the RTM resistance seems to be a complex biological process which would involves at least five different proteins. The next challenges will be to understand how the different RTM protein domains are involved in the resistance mechanism and to characterise the new RTM genes for a better understanding of the blocking of the long distance transport of plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cosson
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Valérie Schurdi-Levraud
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Quang Hien Le
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Ophélie Sicard
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Mélodie Caballero
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Fabrice Roux
- FRE CNRS 3268 – Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Olivier Le Gall
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Revers
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- * E-mail:
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29
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Abstract
The genomes of the Tomato mosaic virus and many other plant and animal positive-strand RNA viruses of agronomic and medical importance encode superfamily 1 helicases. Although helicases play important roles in viral replication, the crystal structures of viral superfamily 1 helicases have not been determined. Here, we report the crystal structure of a fragment (S666 to Q1116) of the replication protein from Tomato mosaic virus. The structure reveals a novel N-terminal domain tightly associated with a helicase core. The helicase core contains two RecA-like α/β domains without any of the accessory domain insertions that are found in other superfamily 1 helicases. The N-terminal domain contains a flexible loop, a long α-helix, and an antiparallel six-stranded β-sheet. On the basis of the structure, we constructed deletion mutants of the S666-to-Q1116 fragment and performed split-ubiquitin-based interaction assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with TOM1 and ARL8, host proteins that are essential for tomato mosaic virus RNA replication. The results suggested that both TOM1 and ARL8 interact with the long α-helix in the N-terminal domain and that TOM1 also interacts with the helicase core. Prediction of secondary structures in other viral superfamily 1 helicases and comparison of those structures with the S666-to-Q1116 structure suggested that these helicases have a similar fold. Our results provide a structural basis of viral superfamily 1 helicases.
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Tena F, Molina-Galdeano M, Serra MT, García-Luque I. A single amino acid in the helicase domain of PMMoV-S is responsible for its enhanced accumulation in C. chinense (L(3)L(3)) plants at 32°C. Virology 2012; 427:34-43. [PMID: 22377122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Capsicum chinense (L(3)L(3)) plants a higher accumulation of the tobamovirus Pepper mild mottle virus strain S (PMMoV-S) as compared to the Italian strain PMMoV-I is detected when plants are grown at 32°C. By using a reverse genetic approach, we have established that a single amino acid at position 898 in the helicase domain of the polymerase protein, outside of the conserved regions of the helicase, is critical for the higher accumulation of PMMoV-S observed. It also is necessary for both increased accumulation of viral RNA of both polarities in pepper protoplasts and enhanced cell-to-cell movement in C. chinense plants. The influence of thermoresistance of PMMoV-S, a P(1,2) pathotype, and its prevalence on pepper cultivars over PMMoV-I, a P(1,2,3), pathotype, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Tena
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu no 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Martínez-Turiño S, Hernández C. Analysis of the subcellular targeting of the smaller replicase protein of Pelargonium flower break virus. Virus Res 2012; 163:580-91. [PMID: 22222362 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Replication of all positive RNA viruses occurs in association with intracellular membranes. In many cases, the mechanism of membrane targeting is unknown and there appears to be no correlation between virus phylogeny and the membrane systems recruited for replication. Pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV, genus Carmovirus, family Tombusviridae) encodes two proteins, p27 and its read-through product p86 (the viral RNA dependent-RNA polymerase), that are essential for replication. Recent reports with other members of the family Tombusviridae have shown that the smaller replicase protein is targeted to specific intracellular membranes and it is assumed to determine the subcellular localization of the replication complex. Using in vivo expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions in plant and yeast cells, we show here that PFBV p27 localizes in mitochondria. The same localization pattern was found for p86 that contains the p27 sequence at its N-terminus. Cellular fractionation of p27GFP-expressing cells confirmed the confocal microscopy observations and biochemical treatments suggested a tight association of the protein to membranes. Analysis of deletion mutants allowed identification of two regions required for targeting of p27 to mitochondria. These regions mapped toward the N- and C-terminus of the protein, respectively, and could function independently though with distinct efficiency. In an attempt to search for putative cellular factors involved in p27 localization, the subcellular distribution of the protein was checked in a selected series of knockout yeast strains and the outcome of this approach is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martínez-Turiño
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Ciudad Politécnica de Innovación, Ed. 8E, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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32
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Nishikiori M, Mori M, Dohi K, Okamura H, Katoh E, Naito S, Meshi T, Ishikawa M. A host small GTP-binding protein ARL8 plays crucial roles in tobamovirus RNA replication. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002409. [PMID: 22174675 PMCID: PMC3234234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), like other eukaryotic positive-strand RNA viruses, replicates its genomic RNA in replication complexes formed on intracellular membranes. Previous studies showed that a host seven-pass transmembrane protein TOM1 is necessary for efficient ToMV multiplication. Here, we show that a small GTP-binding protein ARL8, along with TOM1, is co-purified with a FLAG epitope-tagged ToMV 180K replication protein from solubilized membranes of ToMV-infected tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells. When solubilized membranes of ToMV-infected tobacco cells that expressed FLAG-tagged ARL8 were subjected to immunopurification with anti-FLAG antibody, ToMV 130K and 180K replication proteins and TOM1 were co-purified and the purified fraction showed RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity that transcribed ToMV RNA. From uninfected cells, TOM1 co-purified with FLAG-tagged ARL8 less efficiently, suggesting that a complex containing ToMV replication proteins, TOM1, and ARL8 are formed on membranes in infected cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ARL8 consists of four family members. Simultaneous mutations in two specific ARL8 genes completely inhibited tobamovirus multiplication. In an in vitro ToMV RNA translation-replication system, the lack of either TOM1 or ARL8 proteins inhibited the production of replicative-form RNA, indicating that TOM1 and ARL8 are required for efficient negative-strand RNA synthesis. When ToMV 130K protein was co-expressed with TOM1 and ARL8 in yeast, RNA 5'-capping activity was detected in the membrane fraction. This activity was undetectable or very weak when the 130K protein was expressed alone or with either TOM1 or ARL8. Taken together, these results suggest that TOM1 and ARL8 are components of ToMV RNA replication complexes and play crucial roles in a process toward activation of the replication proteins' RNA synthesizing and capping functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nishikiori
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koji Dohi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hideyasu Okamura
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Etsuko Katoh
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Meshi
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishikawa
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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33
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Xiang H, Niiyama M, Sugiyama S, Adachi H, Takano K, Murakami S, Inoue T, Mori Y, Ishikawa M, Matsumura H, Katoh E. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a helicase-like domain from a tomato mosaic virus replication protein. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1649-52. [PMID: 22139189 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911104231x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tomato mosaic virus belongs to the genus Tobamovirus in the alphavirus-like superfamily of positive-strand RNA viruses. The alphavirus-like superfamily includes many plant and animal viruses of agronomical and clinical importance. These viruses encode replication-associated proteins that contain a putative superfamily 1 helicase domain. No three-dimensional structures for this domain have been determined to date. Here, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the 130K helicase domain are reported. Diffraction data were collected and processed to 2.05 and 1.75 Å resolution from native and selenomethionine-labelled crystals, respectively. The crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 85.8, b = 128.3, c = 40.7 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xiang
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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34
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Xiang H, Ishibashi K, Nishikiori M, Jaudal MC, Ishikawa M, Katoh E. Expression, purification, and functional characterization of a stable helicase domain from a tomato mosaic virus replication protein. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 81:89-95. [PMID: 21964444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tomato mosaic virus (genus, Tobamovirus) is a member of the alphavirus-like superfamily of positive-strand RNA viruses, which include many plant and animal viruses of agronomical and clinical importance. The RNA of alphavirus-like superfamily members encodes replication-associated proteins that contain a putative superfamily 1 helicase domain. To date, a viral three-dimensional superfamily 1 helicase structure has not been solved. For the study reported herein, we expressed tomato mosaic virus replication proteins that contain the putative helicase domain and additional upstream N-terminal residues in Escherichia coli. We found that an additional 155 residues upstream of the N-terminus of the helicase domain were necessary for stability. We developed an efficient procedure for the expression and purification of this fragment and have examined factors that affect its stability. Finally, we also showed that the stable fragment has nucleoside 5'-triphosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xiang
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikiori
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Mauren C Jaudal
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishikawa
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Etsuko Katoh
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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35
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Inaba JI, Kim BM, Shimura H, Masuta C. Virus-induced necrosis is a consequence of direct protein-protein interaction between a viral RNA-silencing suppressor and a host catalase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:2026-36. [PMID: 21622812 PMCID: PMC3149961 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.180042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many plant host factors are known to interact with viral proteins during pathogenesis, but how a plant virus induces a specific disease symptom still needs further research. A lily strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-HL) can induce discrete necrotic spots on infected Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants; other CMV strains can induce similar spots, but they are not as distinct as those induced by CMV-HL. The CMV 2b protein (2b), a known RNA-silencing suppressor, is involved in viral movement and symptom induction. Using in situ proximity ligation assay immunostaining and the protoplast assays, we report here that CMV 2b interacts directly with Catalase3 (CAT3) in infected tissues, a key enzyme in the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, CAT3, normally localized in the cytoplasm (glyoxysome), was recruited to the nucleus by an interaction between 2b and CAT3. Although overexpression of CAT3 in transgenic plants decreased the accumulation of CMV and delayed viral symptom development to some extent, 2b seems to neutralize the cellular catalase contributing to the host defense response, thus favoring viral infection. Our results thus provide evidence that, in addition to altering the type of symptom by disturbing microRNA pathways, 2b can directly bind to a host factor that is important in scavenging cellular hydrogen peroxide and thus interfere specifically with that host factor, leading to the induction of a specific necrosis.
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36
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Ishibashi K, Meshi T, Ishikawa M. Gaining replicability in a nonhost compromises the silencing suppression activity of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus in a host. J Virol 2011; 85:1893-5. [PMID: 21106731 PMCID: PMC3028908 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01741-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural isolates of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) fail to infect tomato because the tomato tm-1 protein binds to the replication proteins of TMGMV and prevents RNA replication. Previously, we isolated a TMGMV mutant that overcomes tm-1-mediated resistance and multiplies in tomato plants. Here, we show that the causal mutations in the replication protein gene that abolish the interaction with tm-1 reduce its ability to suppress RNA silencing in host plant Nicotiana benthamiana. The results suggest that the multifunctionality of the replication proteins is an evolutionary constraint of tobamoviruses that restricts their host ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
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