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Jeong HM, Patterson H, Carella P. Bryo-FIGHTs: Emerging insights and principles acquired from non-vascular plant-pathogen interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102484. [PMID: 37931549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the dawn of land plant evolution, pathogenic microbes have impacted plant health and threatened their survival. Though much of our knowledge on plant-pathogen interactions is derived from flowering plants, emerging research leveraging evolutionarily divergent non-vascular/non-seed bryophytes is beginning to shed light on the history and diversity of plant immune and infection processes. Here, we highlight key bryophyte-microbe pathosystems used to address fundamental questions on plant health. To this end, we outline the idea that core molecular aspects impacting plant infection and immunity are likely conserved across land plants. We discuss recent advances in the emerging field of Evo-MPMI (evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions) and highlight future opportunities that will clarify our understanding of the evolutionary framework that underpins host-pathogen interactions across the full spectrum of plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Min Jeong
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Henrietta Patterson
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Carella
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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2
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Marttinen EM, Decker EL, Heinonen P, Reski R, Valkonen JPT. Putative NAD(P)-Binding Rossmann Fold Protein Is Involved in Chitosan-Induced Peroxidase Activity and Lipoxygenase Expression in Physcomitrium patens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:682-692. [PMID: 37486175 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0094-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative burst, the rapid production of high levels of reactive oxygen species in response to external stimuli, is an early defense reaction against pathogens. The fungal elicitor chitosan causes an oxidative burst in the moss Physcomitrium patens (formerly Physcomitrella patens), mainly due to the peroxidase enzyme Prx34. To better understand the chitosan responses in P. patens, we conducted a screen of part of a P. patens mutant collection to isolate plants with less peroxidase activity than wild-type (WT) plants after chitosan treatment. We isolated a P. patens mutant that affected the gene encoding NAD(P)-binding Rossmann fold protein (hereafter, Rossmann fold protein). Three Rossmann fold protein-knockout (KO) plants (named Rossmann fold KO lines) were generated and used to assess extracellular peroxidase activity and expression of defense-responsive genes, including alternative oxidase, lipoxygenase (LOX), NADPH oxidase, and peroxidase (Prx34) in response to chitosan treatment. Extracellular (apoplastic) peroxidase activity was significantly lower in Rossmann fold KO lines than in WT plants after chitosan treatments. Expression of the LOX gene in Rossmann fold KO plants was significantly lower before and after chitosan treatment when compared with WT. Peroxidase activity assays together with gene expression analyses suggest that the Rossmann fold protein might be an important component of the signaling pathway leading to oxidative burst and basal expression of the LOX gene in P. patens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva M Marttinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra Heinonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Lovelace AH. ROS, Moss, and a Rossmann Fold Protein: Identification of a Key Signaling Component for Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:675-676. [PMID: 38037298 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0160-cm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
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4
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Parmagnani AS, Kanchiswamy CN, Paponov IA, Bossi S, Malnoy M, Maffei ME. Bacterial Volatiles (mVOC) Emitted by the Phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora Promote Arabidopsis thaliana Growth and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030600. [PMID: 36978848 PMCID: PMC10045578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens are well known for their devastating activity that causes worldwide significant crop losses. However, their exploitation for crop welfare is relatively unknown. Here, we show that the microbial volatile organic compound (mVOC) profile of the bacterial phytopathogen, Erwinia amylovora, enhances Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root growth. GC-MS head-space analyses revealed the presence of typical microbial volatiles, including 1-nonanol and 1-dodecanol. E. amylovora mVOCs triggered early signaling events including plasma transmembrane potential Vm depolarization, cytosolic Ca2+ fluctuation, K+-gated channel activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) burst from few minutes to 16 h upon exposure. These early events were followed by the modulation of the expression of genes involved in plant growth and defense responses and responsive to phytohormones, including abscisic acid, gibberellin, and auxin (including the efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN3). When tested, synthetic 1-nonanol and 1-dodecanol induced root growth and modulated genes coding for ROS. Our results show that E. amylovora mVOCs affect A. thaliana growth through a cascade of early and late signaling events that involve phytohormones and ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra S. Parmagnani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Ivan A. Paponov
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simone Bossi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-5967
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5
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Reboledo G, Agorio A, Vignale L, Alvarez A, Ponce De León I. The moss-specific transcription factor PpERF24 positively modulates immunity against fungal pathogens in Physcomitrium patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:908682. [PMID: 36186018 PMCID: PMC9520294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.908682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
APETALA2/ethylene response factors (AP2/ERFs) transcription factors (TFs) have greatly expanded in land plants compared to algae. In angiosperms, AP2/ERFs play important regulatory functions in plant defenses against pathogens and abiotic stress by controlling the expression of target genes. In the moss Physcomitrium patens, a high number of members of the ERF family are induced during pathogen infection, suggesting that they are important regulators in bryophyte immunity. In the current study, we analyzed a P. patens pathogen-inducible ERF family member designated as PpERF24. Orthologs of PpERF24 were only found in other mosses, while they were absent in the bryophytes Marchantia polymorpha and Anthoceros agrestis, the vascular plant Selaginella moellendorffii, and angiosperms. We show that PpERF24 belongs to a moss-specific clade with distinctive amino acids features in the AP2 domain that binds to the DNA. Interestingly, all P. patens members of the PpERF24 subclade are induced by fungal pathogens. The function of PpERF24 during plant immunity was assessed by an overexpression approach and transcriptomic analysis. Overexpressing lines showed increased defenses to infection by the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides evidenced by reduced cellular damage and fungal biomass compared to wild-type plants. Transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that PpERF24 positively regulates the expression levels of defense genes involved in transcriptional regulation, phenylpropanoid and jasmonate pathways, oxidative burst and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. These findings give novel insights into potential mechanism by which PpERF24 increases plant defenses against several pathogens by regulating important players in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Astrid Agorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Vignale
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alfonso Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Ponce De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Marttinen EM, Lehtonen MT, van Gessel N, Reski R, Valkonen JPT. Viral suppressor of RNA silencing in vascular plants also interferes with the development of the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:220-235. [PMID: 34564869 PMCID: PMC9135061 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens able to overcome plant defense mechanisms using their viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSR). Small RNA pathways of bryophytes and vascular plants have significant similarities, but little is known about how viruses interact with mosses. This study elucidated the responses of Physcomitrella patens to two different VSRs. We transformed P. patens plants to express VSR P19 from tomato bushy stunt virus and VSR 2b from cucumber mosaic virus, respectively. RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR were used to detect the effects of VSRs on gene expression. Small RNA (sRNA) sequencing was used to estimate the influences of VSRs on the sRNA pool of P. patens. Expression of either VSR-encoding gene caused developmental disorders in P. patens. The transcripts of four different transcription factors (AP2/erf, EREB-11 and two MYBs) accumulated in the P19 lines. sRNA sequencing revealed that VSR P19 significantly changed the microRNA pool in P. patens. Our results suggest that VSR P19 is functional in P. patens and affects the abundance of specific microRNAs interfering with gene expression. The results open new opportunities for using Physcomitrella as an alternative system to study plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva M. Marttinen
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko T. Lehtonen
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Plant Analytics UnitFinnish Food AuthorityHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nico van Gessel
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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Reboledo G, Agorio AD, Vignale L, Batista-García RA, Ponce De León I. Transcriptional profiling reveals conserved and species-specific plant defense responses during the interaction of Physcomitrium patens with Botrytis cinerea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:365-385. [PMID: 33521880 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary conserved defense mechanisms present in extant bryophytes and angiosperms, as well as moss-specific defenses are part of the immune response of Physcomitrium patens. Bryophytes and tracheophytes are descendants of early land plants that evolved adaptation mechanisms to cope with different kinds of terrestrial stresses, including drought, variations in temperature and UV radiation, as well as defense mechanisms against microorganisms present in the air and soil. Although great advances have been made on pathogen perception and subsequent defense activation in angiosperms, limited information is available in bryophytes. In this study, a transcriptomic approach uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying the defense response of the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens (previously Physcomitrella patens) against the important plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. A total of 3.072 differentially expressed genes were significantly affected during B. cinerea infection, including genes encoding proteins with known functions in angiosperm immunity and involved in pathogen perception, signaling, transcription, hormonal signaling, metabolic pathways such as shikimate and phenylpropanoid, and proteins with diverse role in defense against biotic stress. Similarly as in other plants, B. cinerea infection leads to downregulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and cell cycle progression. These results highlight the existence of evolutionary conserved defense responses to pathogens throughout the green plant lineage, suggesting that they were probably present in the common ancestors of land plants. Moreover, several genes acquired by horizontal transfer from prokaryotes and fungi, and a high number of P. patens-specific orphan genes were differentially expressed during B. cinerea infection, suggesting that they are important players in the moss immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Astri D Agorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Vignale
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Inés Ponce De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Taheri Sedeh H, Bazgir E. Thermopriming-Induced Autophagy in Shoot Apical Meristem of Arabidopsis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:e2901. [PMID: 35350643 PMCID: PMC8926319 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2021.253616.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Since embryogenesis, plants deal with environmental changes, which might affect their growth and development. Plant autophagy has been shown to function in various stress responses, immunity, development, and senescence. Acquired thermotolerance or thermopriming is enhanced resistance to the elevated temperature following heat stress. Objectives Potential contribution of autophagy mechanism after thermopriming was investigated in shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis thaliana. Materials and Methods Transcriptic expression of Autophagy related Genes (ATGs) were analyzed by qRT-PCR data in 5-day old Arabidopsis thaliana (Col0) seedlings at 4 h and 24 h after thermopriming. Autophagy induction was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Results Expression patterns of 39 ATGs and ATG-receptors were described and relevant thermopriming induced autophagy genes were identified according to their highest expression fold changes during the time after treatment. Significantly, ATG8A, ATG8B, ATG8G, ATG8H, ATI1, ATI2, NBR1, and TSPO genes were identified as the most relevant thermopriming-associated autophagy genes especially in SAM of young seedlings. This mainly implies the role of ATG8 core proteins and their receptor interactors in the regulation of autophagy in form of selective or non-selective during environmental stresses. Conclusions Autophagy, a conserved mechanism for cell survival in plants will be activated in response to the thermopriming which is a promoted acquired resistance stimulus. Determined key genes and components of autophagy associated with thermal priming signaling pathway could be noteworthily employed to study transcriptional regulation of autophagy and integrated defense system against environmental stresses for the improvement of plant thermal tolerance and resistance to the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eidi Bazgir
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
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9
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Martínez-Cortés T, Pomar F, Novo-Uzal E. Evolutionary Implications of a Peroxidase with High Affinity for Cinnamyl Alcohols from Physcomitrium patens, a Non-Vascular Plant. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071476. [PMID: 34371679 PMCID: PMC8309402 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens is a bryophyte highly tolerant to different stresses, allowing survival when water supply is a limiting factor. This moss lacks a true vascular system, but it has evolved a primitive water-conducting system that contains lignin-like polyphenols. By means of a three-step protocol, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, adsorption chromatography on phenyl Sepharose and cationic exchange chromatography on SP Sepharose, we were able to purify and further characterize a novel class III peroxidase, PpaPrx19, upregulated upon salt and H2O2 treatments. This peroxidase, of a strongly basic nature, shows surprising homology to angiosperm peroxidases related to lignification, despite the lack of true lignins in P. patens cell walls. Moreover, PpaPrx19 shows catalytic and kinetic properties typical of angiosperm peroxidases involved in oxidation of monolignols, being able to efficiently use hydroxycinnamyl alcohols as substrates. Our results pinpoint the presence in P. patens of peroxidases that fulfill the requirements to be involved in the last step of lignin biosynthesis, predating the appearance of true lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Martínez-Cortés
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.M.-C.); (F.P.)
| | - Federico Pomar
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.M.-C.); (F.P.)
| | - Esther Novo-Uzal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Hiser C, Montgomery BL, Ferguson-Miller S. TSPO protein binding partners in bacteria, animals, and plants. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:463-487. [PMID: 34191248 PMCID: PMC8243069 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ancient membrane protein TSPO is phylogenetically widespread from archaea and bacteria to insects, vertebrates, plants, and fungi. TSPO’s primary amino acid sequence is only modestly conserved between diverse species, although its five transmembrane helical structure appears mainly conserved. Its cellular location and orientation in membranes have been reported to vary between species and tissues, with implications for potential diverse binding partners and function. Most TSPO functions relate to stress-induced changes in metabolism, but in many cases it is unclear how TSPO itself functions—whether as a receptor, a sensor, a transporter, or a translocator. Much evidence suggests that TSPO acts indirectly by association with various protein binding partners or with endogenous or exogenous ligands. In this review, we focus on proteins that have most commonly been invoked as TSPO binding partners. We suggest that TSPO was originally a bacterial receptor/stress sensor associated with porphyrin binding as its most ancestral function and that it later developed additional stress-related roles in eukaryotes as its ability to bind new partners evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Hiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Lyapina I, Filippova A, Kovalchuk S, Ziganshin R, Mamaeva A, Lazarev V, Latsis I, Mikhalchik E, Panasenko O, Ivanov O, Ivanov V, Fesenko I. Possible role of small secreted peptides (SSPs) in immune signaling in bryophytes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:123-143. [PMID: 33713297 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants utilize a plethora of peptide signals to regulate their immune response. Peptide ligands and their cognate receptors involved in immune signaling share common motifs among many species of vascular plants. However, the origin and evolution of immune peptides is still poorly understood. Here, we searched for genes encoding small secreted peptides in the genomes of three bryophyte lineages-mosses, liverworts and hornworts-that occupy a critical position in the study of land plant evolution. We found that bryophytes shared common predicted small secreted peptides (SSPs) with vascular plants. The number of SSPs is higher in the genomes of mosses than in both the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and the hornwort Anthoceros sp. The synthetic peptide elicitors-AtPEP and StPEP-specific for vascular plants, triggered ROS production in the protonema of the moss Physcomitrella patens, suggesting the possibility of recognizing peptide ligands from angiosperms by moss receptors. Mass spectrometry analysis of the moss Physcomitrella patens, both the wild type and the Δcerk mutant secretomes, revealed peptides that specifically responded to chitosan treatment, suggesting their role in immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyapina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Filippova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kovalchuk
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam Ziganshin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Mamaeva
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vassili Lazarev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Latsis
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Mikhalchik
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Panasenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Ivanov
- V.F. Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Vadim Ivanov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Fesenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Xue X, Geng T, Liu H, Yang W, Zhong W, Zhang Z, Zhu C, Chu Z. Foliar Application of Silicon Enhances Resistance Against Phytophthora infestans Through the ET/JA- and NPR1- Dependent Signaling Pathways in Potato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:609870. [PMID: 33584769 PMCID: PMC7876464 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.609870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Late blight (LB), caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potato that is necessary to control by regularly treatment with fungicides. Silicon (Si) has been used to enhance plant resistance against a broad range of bacterial and fungal pathogens; however, the enhanced LB resistance and the molecular mechanisms involving the plant hormone pathways remain unclear. In this study, Si treatment of potato plants was found to enhance LB resistance in both detached leaves and living plants accompanied by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and pathogenesis-related genes expression. Regarding the hormone pathways involved in Si-mediated LB resistance, we found a rapidly increased content of ethylene (ET) 15 min after spraying with Si. Increased jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-Ile and decreased salicylic acid (SA) were identified in plants at 1 day after spraying with Si and an additional 1 day after P. infestans EC1 infection. Furthermore, pretreatment with Me-JA enhanced resistance to EC1, while pretreatment with DIECA, an inhibitor of JA synthesis, enhanced the susceptibility and attenuated the Si-mediated resistance to LB. Consistent with these hormonal alterations, Si-mediated LB resistance was significantly attenuated in StETR1-, StEIN2-, StAOS-, StOPR3-, StNPR1-, and StHSP90-repressed plants but not in StCOI1- and StSID2-repressed plants using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). The Si-mediated accumulation of JA/JA-Ile was significantly attenuated in StETR1-, StEIN2-, StOPR3- and StHSP90-VIGS plants but not in StCOI1-, StSID2- and StNPR1-VIGS plants. Overall, we reveal that Si can be used as a putative alternative to fungicides to control LB, and conclude that Si-mediated LB resistance is dependent on the ET/JA-signaling pathways in a StHSP90- and StNPR1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Tiantian Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiran Zhong
- Institute of Characteristics Crops, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- Institute of Characteristics Crops, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Commisso M, Guarino F, Marchi L, Muto A, Piro A, Degola F. Bryo-Activities: A Review on How Bryophytes Are Contributing to the Arsenal of Natural Bioactive Compounds against Fungi. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:203. [PMID: 33494524 PMCID: PMC7911284 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Usually regarded as less evolved than their more recently diverged vascular sisters, which currently dominate vegetation landscape, bryophytes seem having nothing to envy to the defensive arsenal of other plants, since they had acquired a suite of chemical traits that allowed them to adapt and persist on land. In fact, these closest modern relatives of the ancestors to the earliest terrestrial plants proved to be marvelous chemists, as they traditionally were a popular remedy among tribal people all over the world, that exploit their pharmacological properties to cure the most different diseases. The phytochemistry of bryophytes exhibits a stunning assortment of biologically active compounds such as lipids, proteins, steroids, organic acids, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic compounds, polyphenols, terpenoids, acetogenins and phenylquinones, thus it is not surprising that substances obtained from various species belonging to such ancestral plants are widely employed as antitumor, antipyretic, insecticidal and antimicrobial. This review explores in particular the antifungal potential of the three Bryophyta divisions-mosses (Musci), hornworts (Anthocerotae) and liverworts (Hepaticae)-to be used as a sources of interesting bioactive constituents for both pharmaceutical and agricultural areas, providing an updated overview of the latest relevant insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Commisso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona (VR), Italy;
| | - Francesco Guarino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;
| | - Laura Marchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43125 Parma (PR), Italy;
| | - Antonella Muto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Ponte P. Bucci 6b, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza (CS), Italy;
| | - Amalia Piro
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Plant Proteomics (Lab.Bio.Pro.Ve), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci 12 C, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza (CS), Italy;
| | - Francesca Degola
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma (PR), Italy
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14
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Flohé L. Looking Back at the Early Stages of Redox Biology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1254. [PMID: 33317108 PMCID: PMC7763103 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The beginnings of redox biology are recalled with special emphasis on formation, metabolism and function of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in mammalian systems. The review covers the early history of heme peroxidases and the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide, the discovery of selenium as integral part of glutathione peroxidases, which expanded the scope of the field to other hydroperoxides including lipid hydroperoxides, the discovery of superoxide dismutases and superoxide radicals in biological systems and their role in host defense, tissue damage, metabolic regulation and signaling, the identification of the endothelial-derived relaxing factor as the nitrogen monoxide radical (more commonly named nitric oxide) and its physiological and pathological implications. The article highlights the perception of hydrogen peroxide and other hydroperoxides as signaling molecules, which marks the beginning of the flourishing fields of redox regulation and redox signaling. Final comments describe the development of the redox language. In the 18th and 19th century, it was highly individualized and hard to translate into modern terminology. In the 20th century, the redox language co-developed with the chemical terminology and became clearer. More recently, the introduction and inflationary use of poorly defined terms has unfortunately impaired the understanding of redox events in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, v.le G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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15
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Galotto G, Abreu I, Sherman C, Liu B, Gonzalez-Guerrero M, Vidali L. Chitin Triggers Calcium-Mediated Immune Response in the Plant Model Physcomitrella patens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:911-920. [PMID: 32240064 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-20-0064-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of a plant immune response is the increase of the cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) concentration following infection, which results in the downstream activation of immune response regulators. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has been shown to mount an immune response when exposed to bacteria, fungi, or chitin elicitation, in a manner similar to the one observed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nevertheless, whether the response of P. patens to microorganism exposure is Ca2+ mediated is currently unknown. Here, we show that P. patens plants treated with chitin oligosaccharides exhibit Ca2+ oscillations, and that a calcium ionophore can stimulate the expression of defense-related genes. Treatment with chitin oligosaccharides also results in an inhibition of growth, which can be explained by the depolymerization of the apical actin cytoskeleton of tip growing cells. These results suggest that chitin-triggered calcium oscillations are conserved and were likely present in the common ancestor of bryophytes and vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Sherman
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Boyuan Liu
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
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16
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Tamura M, Tanabe M, Valkonen JPT, Akita M. Sunagoke Moss ( Racomitrium japonicum) Used for Greening Roofs Is Severely Damaged by Sclerotium delphinii and Protected by a Putative Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Isolate. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:372. [PMID: 30873147 PMCID: PMC6403164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosses are ecologically important plants also used for greening, gardening, and decorative purposes. Knowledge of the microbial flora associated with mosses is expected to be important for control and preservation of global and local environments. However, the moss-associated microbial flora is often poorly known. Moss-associated fungi and bacteria may promote plant growth and pest control, but they may be alternative hosts for pathogens of vascular plants. In this study, the fungus Sclerotinia delphinii was identified for the first time as a pathogen that causes severe damage to Sunagoke moss (Racomitrium japonicum). This moss is used for greening roofs and walls of buildings in urban environments owing to its notable tolerance of environmental stresses. Inoculation with the S. delphinii strain SR1 of the mono- and dicotyledonous seed plants Hordeum vulgare, Brassica rapa var. pekinensis, Lactuca sativa, and Spinacia oleracea, in addition to the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and the moss Physcomitrella patens, showed that the fungus has a wide host range. Colonization with SR1 progressed more rapidly in non-vascular than in vascular plant species. Studies with P. patens under controlled conditions showed that SR1 secreted a fluid during colonization. Treatment with the secretion induced production of reactive oxygen species in the moss. Endogenous peroxidase partially inhibited SR1 colonization of P. patens. A bacterial isolate, most likely Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, that coexists with R. japonicum was antagonistic to SR1 growth. Taken together, the present results suggest that fungal colonization of mosses may be prevented by a peroxidase secreted by the moss and an antagonistic bacterium coexisting in the moss habitat. The findings suggest that there is potential to apply biological control measures for protection of mosses against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Tamura
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Minatsu Tanabe
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Jari P. T. Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Motomu Akita
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
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17
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Classical and Novel TSPO Ligands for the Mitochondrial TSPO Can Modulate Nuclear Gene Expression: Implications for Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040786. [PMID: 28387723 PMCID: PMC5412370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that knockdown of the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) as well as TSPO ligands modulate various functions, including functions related to cancer. To study the ability of TSPO to regulate gene expression regarding such functions, we applied microarray analysis of gene expression to U118MG glioblastoma cells. Within 15 min, the classical TSPO ligand PK 11195 induced changes in expression of immediate early genes and transcription factors. These changes also included gene products that are part of the canonical pathway serving to modulate general gene expression. These changes are in accord with real-time, reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR. At the time points of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, as well as 3 and 24 h of PK 11195 exposure, the functions associated with the changes in gene expression in these glioblastoma cells covered well known TSPO functions. These functions included cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis. This was corroborated microscopically for cell migration, cell accumulation, adhesion, and neuronal differentiation. Changes in gene expression at 24 h of PK 11195 exposure were related to downregulation of tumorigenesis and upregulation of programmed cell death. In the vehicle treated as well as PK 11195 exposed cell cultures, our triple labeling showed intense TSPO labeling in the mitochondria but no TSPO signal in the cell nuclei. Thus, mitochondrial TSPO appears to be part of the mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling pathway for modulation of nuclear gene expression. The novel TSPO ligand 2-Cl-MGV-1 appeared to be very specific regarding modulation of gene expression of immediate early genes and transcription factors.
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18
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Chitin-Induced Responses in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28220437 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6859-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
A MAP kinase pathway below a chitin receptor in the moss Physcomitrella patens induces immune responses including rapid growth inhibition, a novel fluorescence burst, and cell wall depositions. The molecular mechanisms producing these three responses are currently unknown but warrant further investigation in this simple model system. Here we describe qualitative, time-lapse, and quantitative assays to monitor and measure these responses.
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19
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Ponce de León I, Montesano M. Adaptation Mechanisms in the Evolution of Moss Defenses to Microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:366. [PMID: 28360923 PMCID: PMC5350094 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts and hornworts are early land plants that have evolved key adaptation mechanisms to cope with abiotic stresses and microorganisms. Microbial symbioses facilitated plant colonization of land by enhancing nutrient uptake leading to improved plant growth and fitness. In addition, early land plants acquired novel defense mechanisms to protect plant tissues from pre-existing microbial pathogens. Due to its evolutionary stage linking unicellular green algae to vascular plants, the non-vascular moss Physcomitrella patens is an interesting organism to explore the adaptation mechanisms developed in the evolution of plant defenses to microbes. Cellular and biochemical approaches, gene expression profiles, and functional analysis of genes by targeted gene disruption have revealed that several defense mechanisms against microbial pathogens are conserved between mosses and flowering plants. P. patens perceives pathogen associated molecular patterns by plasma membrane receptor(s) and transduces the signal through a MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade leading to the activation of cell wall associated defenses and expression of genes that encode proteins with different roles in plant resistance. After pathogen assault, P. patens also activates the production of ROS, induces a HR-like reaction and increases levels of some hormones. Furthermore, alternative metabolic pathways are present in P. patens leading to the production of a distinct metabolic scenario than flowering plants that could contribute to defense. P. patens has acquired genes by horizontal transfer from prokaryotes and fungi, and some of them could represent adaptive benefits for resistance to biotic stress. In this review, the current knowledge related to the evolution of plant defense responses against pathogens will be discussed, focusing on the latest advances made in the model plant P. patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Inés Ponce de León,
| | - Marcos Montesano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
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20
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Cigarette smoke effects on TSPO and VDAC expression in a cellular lung cancer model. Eur J Cancer Prev 2016; 25:361-7. [DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Mueller SJ, Hoernstein SNW, Reski R. The mitochondrial proteome of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Mitochondrion 2016; 33:38-44. [PMID: 27450107 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extant basal land plants are routinely used to trace plant evolution and to track strategies for high abiotic stress resistance. Whereas the structure of mitochondrial genomes and RNA editing are already well studied, mitochondrial proteome research is restricted to a few data sets. While the mitochondrial proteome of the model moss Physcomitrella patens is covered to an estimated 15-25% by proteomic evidence to date, the available data have already provided insights into the evolution of metabolic compartmentation, dual targeting and mitochondrial heterogeneity. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mitochondrial proteome of P. patens, and gives a perspective on its use as a mitochondrial model system. Its amenability to gene editing, metabolic labelling as well as fluorescence microscopy provides a unique platform to study open questions in mitochondrial biology, such as regulation of protein stability, responses to stress and connectivity to other organelles. Future challenges will include improving the proteomic resources for P. patens, and to link protein inventories and modifications as well as evolutionary differences to the functional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Mueller
- INRES-Chemical Signalling University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, DE-53113 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sebastian N W Hoernstein
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr.1, DE-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr.1, DE-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, DE-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Tetrapyrroles as Endogenous TSPO Ligands in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes: Comparisons with Synthetic Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060880. [PMID: 27271616 PMCID: PMC4926414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is highly 0conserved in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Since its discovery in 1977, numerous studies established the TSPO’s importance for life essential functions. For these studies, synthetic TSPO ligands typically are applied. Tetrapyrroles present endogenous ligands for the TSPO. Tetrapyrroles are also evolutionarily conserved and regulate multiple functions. TSPO and tetrapyrroles regulate each other. In animals TSPO-tetrapyrrole interactions range from effects on embryonic development to metabolism, programmed cell death, response to stress, injury and disease, and even to life span extension. In animals TSPOs are primarily located in mitochondria. In plants TSPOs are also present in plastids, the nuclear fraction, the endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi stacks. This may contribute to translocation of tetrapyrrole intermediates across organelles’ membranes. As in animals, plant TSPO binds heme and protoporphyrin IX. TSPO-tetrapyrrole interactions in plants appear to relate to development as well as stress conditions, including salt tolerance, abscisic acid-induced stress, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and finally cell death regulation. In bacteria, TSPO is important for switching from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, including the regulation of photosynthesis. As in mitochondria, in bacteria TSPO is located in the outer membrane. TSPO-tetrapyrrole interactions may be part of the establishment of the bacterial-eukaryote relationships, i.e., mitochondrial-eukaryote and plastid-plant endosymbiotic relationships.
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23
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Bressendorff S, Azevedo R, Kenchappa CS, Ponce de León I, Olsen JV, Rasmussen MW, Erbs G, Newman MA, Petersen M, Mundy J. An Innate Immunity Pathway in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1328-42. [PMID: 27268428 PMCID: PMC4944399 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
MAP kinase (MPK) cascades in Arabidopsis thaliana and other vascular plants are activated by developmental cues, abiotic stress, and pathogen infection. Much less is known of MPK functions in nonvascular land plants such as the moss Physcomitrella patens Here, we provide evidence for a signaling pathway in P. patens required for immunity triggered by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This pathway induces rapid growth inhibition, a novel fluorescence burst, cell wall depositions, and accumulation of defense-related transcripts. Two P. patens MPKs (MPK4a and MPK4b) are phosphorylated and activated in response to PAMPs. This activation in response to the fungal PAMP chitin requires a chitin receptor and one or more MAP kinase kinase kinases and MAP kinase kinases. Knockout lines of MPK4a appear wild type but have increased susceptibility to the pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassisicola Both PAMPs and osmotic stress activate some of the same MPKs in Arabidopsis. In contrast, abscisic acid treatment or osmotic stress of P. patens does not activate MPK4a or any other MPK, but activates at least one SnRK2 kinase. Signaling via MPK4a may therefore be specific to immunity, and the moss relies on other pathways to respond to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bressendorff
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raquel Azevedo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Inés Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jakob V Olsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gitte Erbs
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mari-Anne Newman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Morten Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Mundy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Guilarte TR, Loth MK, Guariglia SR. TSPO Finds NOX2 in Microglia for Redox Homeostasis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:334-343. [PMID: 27113160 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), previously named peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, has gained a great deal of attention based on its use as a clinical biomarker of neuroinflammation with therapeutic potential. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on the function(s) of TSPO in glial cells. Here, we identify a novel function of TSPO in microglia that is not associated with steroidogenesis. We propose that a TSPO interaction with NADPH oxidase (NOX2) links the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to the induction of an antioxidant response to maintain redox homeostasis. This line of investigation may provide a greater understanding of TSPO glial cell biology, and the knowledge gained may prove beneficial in devising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás R Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Meredith K Loth
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara R Guariglia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Overdijk EJR, DE Keijzer J, DE Groot D, Schoina C, Bouwmeester K, Ketelaar T, Govers F. Interaction between the moss Physcomitrella patens and Phytophthora: a novel pathosystem for live-cell imaging of subcellular defence. J Microsc 2016; 263:171-80. [PMID: 27027911 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging of plant-pathogen interactions is often hampered by the tissue complexity and multicell layered nature of the host. Here, we established a novel pathosystem with the moss Physcomitrella patens as host for Phytophthora. The tip-growing protonema cells of this moss are ideal for visualizing interactions with the pathogen over time using high-resolution microscopy. We tested four Phytophthora species for their ability to infect P. patens and showed that P. sojae and P. palmivora were only rarely capable to infect P. patens. In contrast, P. infestans and P. capsici frequently and successfully penetrated moss protonemal cells, showed intracellular hyphal growth and formed sporangia. Next to these successful invasions, many penetration attempts failed. Here the pathogen was blocked by a barrier of cell wall material deposited in papilla-like structures, a defence response that is common in higher plants. Another common response is the upregulation of defence-related genes upon infection and also in moss we observed this upregulation in tissues infected with Phytophthora. For more advanced analyses of the novel pathosystem we developed a special set-up that allowed live-cell imaging of subcellular defence processes by high-resolution microscopy. With this set-up, we revealed that Phytophthora infection of moss induces repositioning of the nucleus, accumulation of cytoplasm and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, but not of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysa J R Overdijk
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen DE Keijzer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah DE Groot
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charikleia Schoina
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Nagler R, Savulescu D, Gavish M. Cigarette smoke-induced reduction in binding of the salivary translocator protein is not mediated by free radicals. Biochimie 2016; 121:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Castro A, Vidal S, Ponce de León I. Moss Pathogenesis-Related-10 Protein Enhances Resistance to Pythium irregulare in Physcomitrella patens and Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:580. [PMID: 27200053 PMCID: PMC4850436 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogen infection by activating signaling pathways leading to the accumulation of proteins with diverse roles in defense. Here, we addressed the functional role of PpPR-10, a pathogenesis-related (PR)-10 gene, of the moss Physcomitrella patens, in response to biotic stress. PpPR-10 belongs to a multigene family and encodes a protein twice the usual size of PR-10 proteins due to the presence of two Bet v1 domains. Moss PR-10 genes are differentially regulated during development and inoculation with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Specifically, PpPR-10 transcript levels increase significantly by treatments with elicitors of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, spores of B. cinerea, and the defense hormone salicylic acid. To characterize the role of PpPR-10 in plant defense against pathogens, we conducted overexpression analysis in P. patens and in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that constitutive expression of PpPR-10 in moss tissues increased resistance against the oomycete Pythium irregulare. PpPR-10 overexpressing moss plants developed less symptoms and decreased mycelium growth than wild type plants. In addition, PpPR-10 overexpressing plants constitutively produced cell wall depositions in protonemal tissue. Ectopic expression of PpPR-10 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased resistance against P. irregulare as well, evidenced by smaller lesions and less cellular damage compared to wild type plants. These results indicate that PpPR-10 is functionally active in the defense against the pathogen P. irregulare, in both P. patens and Arabidopsis, two evolutionary distant plants. Thus, P. patens can serve as an interesting source of genes to improve resistance against pathogen infection in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castro
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sabina Vidal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Inés Ponce de León,
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Busch AWU, Montgomery BL. The Tryptophan-Rich Sensory Protein (TSPO) is Involved in Stress-Related and Light-Dependent Processes in the Cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1393. [PMID: 26696996 PMCID: PMC4677103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan-rich sensory protein (TSPO) is a membrane protein, which is a member of the 18 kDa translocator protein/peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (MBR) family of proteins that is present in most organisms and is also referred to as Translocator protein 18 kDa. Although TSPO is associated with stress- and disease-related processes in organisms from bacteria to mammals, full elucidation of the functional role of the TSPO protein is lacking for most organisms in which it is found. In this study, we describe the regulation and function of a TSPO homolog in the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon, designated FdTSPO. Accumulation of the FdTSPO transcript is upregulated by green light and in response to nutrient deficiency and stress. A F. diplosiphon TSPO deletion mutant (i.e., ΔFdTSPO) showed altered responses compared to the wild type (WT) strain under stress conditions, including salt treatment, osmotic stress, and induced oxidative stress. Under salt stress, the FdTSPO transcript is upregulated and a ΔFdTSPO mutant accumulates lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and displays increased growth compared to WT. In response to osmotic stress, FdTSPO transcript levels are upregulated and ΔFdTSPO mutant cells exhibit impaired growth compared to the WT. By comparison, methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress results in higher ROS levels in the ΔFdTSPO mutant compared to the WT strain. Taken together, our results provide support for the involvement of membrane-localized FdTSPO in mediating cellular responses to stress in F. diplosiphon and represent detailed functional analysis of a cyanobacterial TSPO. This study advances our understanding of the functional roles of TSPO homologs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea W. U. Busch
- Department of Energy – Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Beronda L. Montgomery
- Department of Energy – Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
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29
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Nagler R, Cohen S, Gavish M. The Effect of Cigarette Smoke on the Translocator Protein (TSPO) in Cultured Lung Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:2786-92. [PMID: 25968977 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is prevalent in cigarette smokers. The mitochondrial membrane translocator protein (TSPO), is thought to protect cells from free radical damage. We examined the effect of cigarette smoke (CS) (containing free radicals) alone and in the presence of saliva (containing redox active free iron), on survival of H1299 lung cancer cells and on their mitochondrial characteristics, and whether TSPO binding was influenced by CS and by saliva. We exposed H1299 cells to CS in the presence/absence of saliva and also characterized TSPO binding in the cells using [3H]PK 11195 as a radioligand. CS induced a significant drop in mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm), while addition of saliva did not lead to further loss of ΔΨm (42.5% vs. 39.85%). Scatchard analysis of the saturation curve of [3H]PK 11195 binding (0.2-6 nM final concentration) yielded a straight-line plot (R = 0.9). Average Bmax value was 3274 ± 787 fmol/mg of protein, and average Kd value was 9.2 ± 1.3 nM. Benzodiazepine diazepam partially prevented decrease in cell survival following exposure to CS and redox active iron containing media (saliva) while benzodiazepine clonazepam did not, indicating that this effect is TSPO-specific. Exposure of cells to CS resulted in alternation of biomolecules expressed by CLs peroxidation, reduction of TSPO binding, and depletion of the mitochondrial potential. This irreversible damage was enhanced in the presence of saliva. All these modulations may result in cellular death increase following CS exposure, enhanced in the presence of saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Nagler
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shiri Cohen
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moshe Gavish
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel
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Chasov AV, Beckett RP, Minibayeva FV. Activity of Redox Enzymes in the Thallus of Anthoceros natalensis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:1157-68. [PMID: 26555468 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915090060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) belong to a group of ancient nonvascular plants and originate from a common ancestor with contemporary vascular plants. Hornworts represent a unique model for investigating mechanisms of formation of stress resistance in higher plants due to their high tolerance to the action of adverse environmental factors. In this work, we demonstrate that the thallus of Anthoceros natalensis exhibits high redox activity changing under stress. Dehydration of the thallus is accompanied by the decrease in activities of intracellular peroxidases, DOPA-peroxidases, and tyrosinases, while catalase activity increases. Subsequent rehydration results in the increase in peroxidase and catalase activities. Kinetic features of peroxidases and tyrosinases were characterized as well as the peroxidase isoenzyme composition of different fractions of the hornwort cell wall proteins. It was shown that the hornwort peroxidases are functionally similar to peroxidases of higher vascular plants including their ability to form superoxide anion-radical. The biochemical mechanism was elucidated, supporting the possible participation of peroxidases in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via substrate-substrate interactions in the hornwort thallus. It has been suggested that the ROS formation by peroxidases is an evolutionarily ancient process that emerged as a protective mechanism for enhancing adaptive responses of higher land plants and their adaptation to changing environmental conditions and successful colonization of various ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Chasov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
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31
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Lindemann P. Steroidogenesis in plants--Biosynthesis and conversions of progesterone and other pregnane derivatives. Steroids 2015; 103:145-52. [PMID: 26282543 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants androstanes, estranes, pregnanes and corticoids have been described. Sometimes 17β-estradiol, androsterone, testosterone or progesterone were summarized as sex hormones. These steroids influence plant development: cell divisions, root and shoot growth, embryo growth, flowering, pollen tube growth and callus proliferation. First reports on the effect of applicated substances and of their endogenous occurrence date from the early twenties of the last century. This caused later on doubts on the identity of the compounds. Best investigated is the effect of progesterone. Main steps of the progesterone biosynthetic pathway have been analyzed in Digitalis. Cholesterol-side-chain-cleavage, pregnenolone and progesterone formation as well as the stereospecific reduction of progesterone are described and the corresponding enzymes are presented. Biosynthesis of androstanes, estranes and corticoids is discussed. Possible progesterone receptors and physiological reactions on progesterone application are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lindemann
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle/Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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32
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Leneveu-Jenvrin C, Bouffartigues E, Maillot O, Cornelis P, Feuilloley MGJ, Connil N, Chevalier S. Expression of the translocator protein (TSPO) from Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 requires the stress regulatory sigma factors AlgU and RpoH. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1023. [PMID: 26441945 PMCID: PMC4585239 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), previously designated as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is an evolutionary conserved protein that is found in many Eukarya, Archae, and Bacteria, in which it plays several important functions including for example membrane biogenesis, signaling, and stress response. A tspo homolog gene has been identified in several members of the Pseudomonas genus, among which the soil bacterium P. fluorescens Pf0-1. In this bacterium, the tspo gene is located in the vicinity of a putative hybrid histidine kinase-encoding gene. Since tspo has been involved in water stress related response in plants, we explored the effects of hyperosmolarity and temperature on P. fluorescens Pf0-1 tspo expression using a strategy based on lux-reporter fusions. We show that the two genes Pfl01_2810 and tspo are co-transcribed forming a transcription unit. The expression of this operon is growth phase-dependent and is increased in response to high concentrations of NaCl, sucrose and to a D-cycloserine treatment, which are conditions leading to activity of the major cell wall stress responsive extracytoplasmic sigma factor AlgU. Interestingly, the promoter region activity is strongly lowered in a P. aeruginosa algU mutant, suggesting that AlgU may be involved at least partly in the molecular mechanism leading to Pfl01_2810-tspo expression. In silico analysis of this promoter region failed to detect an AlgU consensus binding site; however, a putative binding site for the heat shock response RpoH sigma factor was detected. Accordingly, the promoter activity of the region containing this sequence is increased in response to high growth temperature and slightly lowered in a P. aeruginosa rpoH mutant strain. Taken together, our data suggest that P. fluorescens tspo gene may belong at least partly to the cell wall stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emeline Bouffartigues
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Olivier Maillot
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Pierre Cornelis
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Marc G J Feuilloley
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, University of Rouen Evreux, France
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Reboledo G, Del Campo R, Alvarez A, Montesano M, Mara H, Ponce de León I. Physcomitrella patens Activates Defense Responses against the Pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22280-98. [PMID: 26389888 PMCID: PMC4613308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrella patens is a suitable model plant to analyze the activation of defense mechanisms after pathogen assault. In this study, we show that Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from symptomatic citrus fruit infects P. patens and cause disease symptoms evidenced by browning and maceration of tissues. After C. gloeosporioides infection, P. patens reinforces the cell wall by the incorporation of phenolic compounds and induces the expression of a Dirigent-protein-like encoding gene that could lead to the formation of lignin-like polymers. C. gloeosporioides-inoculated protonemal cells show cytoplasmic collapse, browning of chloroplasts and modifications of the cell wall. Chloroplasts relocate in cells of infected tissues toward the initially infected C. gloeosporioides cells. P. patens also induces the expression of the defense genes PAL and CHS after fungal colonization. P. patens reporter lines harboring the auxin-inducible promoter from soybean (GmGH3) fused to β-glucuronidase revealed an auxin response in protonemal tissues, cauloids and leaves of C. gloeosporioides-infected moss tissues, indicating the activation of auxin signaling. Thus, P. patens is an interesting plant to gain insight into defense mechanisms that have evolved in primitive land plants to cope with microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Raquel Del Campo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Alfonso Alvarez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Mataojo 2055, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Marcos Montesano
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Nuclear Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Mataojo 2055, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Héctor Mara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- Department of Molecular Biology, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Kärkönen A, Kuchitsu K. Reactive oxygen species in cell wall metabolism and development in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:22-32. [PMID: 25446232 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly toxic substances that are produced during aerobic respiration and photosynthesis, many studies have demonstrated that ROS, such as superoxide anion radical (O2(·-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are produced in the plant cell wall in a highly regulated manner. These molecules are important signalling messengers playing key roles in controlling a broad range of physiological processes, such as cellular growth and development, as well as adaptation to environmental changes. Given the toxicity of ROS, especially of hydroxyl radical (·OH), the enzymatic ROS production needs to be tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. Respiratory burst oxidase homologues (Rboh) have been identified as ROS-producing NADPH oxidases, which act as key signalling nodes integrating multiple signal transduction pathways in plants. Also other enzyme systems, such as class III peroxidases, amine oxidases, quinone reductases and oxalate oxidases contribute to apoplastic ROS production, some especially in certain plant taxa. Here we discuss the interrelationship among different enzymes producing ROS in the plant cell wall, as well as the physiological roles of the ROS produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kärkönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.
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35
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Busch AW, Montgomery BL. Interdependence of tetrapyrrole metabolism, the generation of oxidative stress and the mitigative oxidative stress response. Redox Biol 2015; 4:260-71. [PMID: 25618582 PMCID: PMC4315935 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles are involved in light harvesting and light perception, electron-transfer reactions, and as co-factors for key enzymes and sensory proteins. Under conditions in which cells exhibit stress-induced imbalances of photosynthetic reactions, or light absorption exceeds the ability of the cell to use photoexcitation energy in synthesis reactions, redox imbalance can occur in photosynthetic cells. Such conditions can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with alterations in tetrapyrrole homeostasis. ROS accumulation can result in cellular damage and detrimental effects on organismal fitness, or ROS molecules can serve as signals to induce a protective or damage-mitigating oxidative stress signaling response in cells. Induced oxidative stress responses include tetrapyrrole-dependent and -independent mechanisms for mitigating ROS generation and/or accumulation. Thus, tetrapyrroles can be contributors to oxidative stress, but are also essential in the oxidative stress response to protect cells by contributing to detoxification of ROS. In this review, we highlight the interconnection and interdependence of tetrapyrrole metabolism with the occurrence of oxidative stress and protective oxidative stress signaling responses in photosynthetic organisms. Tetrapyrroles are involved in light sensing and oxidative stress mitigation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can form upon light exposure of free tetrapyrroles. Tetrapyrrole homeostasis must be tightly regulated to avoid oxidative stress. ROS can result in cellular damage or oxidative stress signaling in cells.
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36
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Salicylic Acid Signaling in Plant Innate Immunity. PLANT HORMONE SIGNALING SYSTEMS IN PLANT INNATE IMMUNITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9285-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Leneveu-Jenvrin C, Connil N, Bouffartigues E, Papadopoulos V, Feuilloley MGJ, Chevalier S. Structure-to-function relationships of bacterial translocator protein (TSPO): a focus on Pseudomonas. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:631. [PMID: 25477872 PMCID: PMC4237140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), which was previously designated as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is a 3.5 billion year-old evolutionarily conserved protein expressed by most Eukarya, Archae and Bacteria, but its organization and functions differ remarkably. By taking advantage of the genomic data available on TSPO, we focused on bacterial TSPO and attempted to define functions of TSPO in Pseudomonas via in silico approaches. A tspo ortholog has been identified in several fluorescent Pseudomonas. This protein presents putative binding motifs for cholesterol and PK 11195, which is a specific drug ligand of mitochondrial TSPO. While it is a common surface distribution, the sense of insertion and membrane localization differ between α- and γ-proteobacteria. Experimental published data and STRING analysis of common TSPO partners in fluorescent Pseudomonas indicate a potential role of TSPO in the oxidative stress response, iron homeostasis and virulence expression. In these bacteria, TSPO could also take part in signal transduction and in the preservation of membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Leneveu-Jenvrin
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Emeline Bouffartigues
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc G J Feuilloley
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, University of Rouen Evreux, France
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Tanigaki Y, Ito K, Obuchi Y, Kosaka A, Yamato KT, Okanami M, Lehtonen MT, Valkonen JPT, Akita M. Physcomitrella patens has kinase-LRR R gene homologs and interacting proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95118. [PMID: 24748046 PMCID: PMC3991678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant disease resistance gene (R gene)-like sequences were screened from the Physcomitrella patens genome. We found 603 kinase-like, 475 Nucleotide Binding Site (NBS)-like and 8594 Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR)-like sequences by homology searching using the respective domains of PpC24 (Accession No. BAD38895), which is a candidate kinase-NBS-LRR (kinase-NL) type R-like gene, as a reference. The positions of these domains in the genome were compared and 17 kinase-NLs were predicted. We also found four TIR-NBS-LRR (TIR-NL) sequences with homology to Arabidopsis TIR-NL (NM_001125847), but three out of the four TIR-NLs had tetratricopeptide repeats or a zinc finger domain in their predicted C-terminus. We also searched for kinase-LRR (KLR) type sequences by homology with rice OsXa21 and Arabidopsis thaliana FLS2. As a result, 16 KLRs with similarity to OsXa21 were found. In phylogenetic analysis of these 16 KLRs, PpKLR36, PpKLR39, PpKLR40, and PpKLR43 formed a cluster with OsXa21. These four PpKLRs had deduced transmembrane domain sequences and expression of all four was confirmed. We also found 14 homologs of rice OsXB3, which is known to interact with OsXa21 and is involved in signal transduction. Protein-protein interaction was observed between the four PpKLRs and at least two of the XB3 homologs in Y2H analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanigaki
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Ito
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Obuchi
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akiko Kosaka
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okanami
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mikko T Lehtonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Motomu Akita
- Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan
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Lehtonen MT, Takikawa Y, Rönnholm G, Akita M, Kalkkinen N, Ahola-Iivarinen E, Somervuo P, Varjosalo M, Valkonen JPT. Protein secretome of moss plants (Physcomitrella patens) with emphasis on changes induced by a fungal elicitor. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:447-59. [PMID: 24295333 DOI: 10.1021/pr400827a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies on extracellular proteins (ECPs) contribute to understanding of the multifunctional nature of apoplast. Unlike vascular plants (tracheophytes), little information about ECPs is available from nonvascular plants, such as mosses (bryophytes). In this study, moss plants (Physcomitrella patens) were grown in liquid culture and treated with chitosan, a water-soluble form of chitin that occurs in cell walls of fungi and insects and elicits pathogen defense in plants. ECPs released to the culture medium were compared between chitosan-treated and nontreated control cultures using quantitative mass spectrometry (Orbitrap) and 2-DE-LC-MS/MS. Over 400 secreted proteins were detected, of which 70% were homologous to ECPs reported in tracheophyte secretomes. Bioinformatics analyses using SignalP and SecretomeP predicted classical signal peptides for secretion (37%) or leaderless secretion (27%) for most ECPs of P. patens, but secretion of the remaining proteins (36%) could not be predicted using bioinformatics. Cultures treated with chitosan contained 72 proteins not found in untreated controls, whereas 27 proteins found in controls were not detected in chitosan-treated cultures. Pathogen defense-related proteins dominated in the secretome of P. patens, as reported in tracheophytes. These results advance knowledge on protein secretomes of plants by providing a comprehensive account of ECPs of a bryophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko T Lehtonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki , PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Skelly MJ, Loake GJ. Synthesis of redox-active molecules and their signaling functions during the expression of plant disease resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:990-7. [PMID: 23725342 PMCID: PMC3763224 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Activation of immune responses in plants is associated with a parallel burst of both reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and nitric oxide (NO). The mechanisms by which these small redox-active molecules are synthesized and their signaling functions are critical for plants to defend themselves against pathogen infection. RECENT ADVANCES The synthesis of apoplastic ROIs by plants after pathogen recognition has long been attributed to membrane-bound NAPDH oxidases. However, the emerging data suggest a role for other enzymes in various subcellular locations in ROI production after defense activation. It is becoming widely appreciated that NO exerts its biochemical function through the S-nitrosylation of reactive cysteine thiols on target proteins, constituting a key post-translational modification. Recent evidence suggests that S-nitrosylation of specific defense-related proteins regulates their activity. CRITICAL ISSUES The source(s) of NO production after pathogen recognition remain(s) poorly understood. Some NO synthesis can be attributed to the activity of nitrate reductase but to date, no nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been identified in higher plants. However, the signaling functions of S-nitrosylation are becoming more apparent and thus dissecting the molecular machinery underpinning this redox-based modification is vital to further our understanding of plant disease resistance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In addition to identifying new contributors to the oxidative burst, the discovery of an NOS in higher plants would significantly move the field forward. Since S-nitrosylation has now been confirmed to play various roles in immune signaling, this redox-based modification is a potential target to exploit for improving disease resistance in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Skelly
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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41
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de León IP, Montesano M. Activation of Defense Mechanisms against Pathogens in Mosses and Flowering Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3178-200. [PMID: 23380962 PMCID: PMC3588038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During evolution, plants have developed mechanisms to cope with and adapt to different types of stress, including microbial infection. Once the stress is sensed, signaling pathways are activated, leading to the induced expression of genes with different roles in defense. Mosses (Bryophytes) are non-vascular plants that diverged from flowering plants more than 450 million years ago, allowing comparative studies of the evolution of defense-related genes and defensive metabolites produced after microbial infection. The ancestral position among land plants, the sequenced genome and the feasibility of generating targeted knock-out mutants by homologous recombination has made the moss Physcomitrella patens an attractive model to perform functional studies of plant genes involved in stress responses. This paper reviews the current knowledge of inducible defense mechanisms in P. patens and compares them to those activated in flowering plants after pathogen assault, including the reinforcement of the cell wall, ROS production, programmed cell death, activation of defense genes and synthesis of secondary metabolites and defense hormones. The knowledge generated in P. patens together with comparative studies in flowering plants will help to identify key components in plant defense responses and to design novel strategies to enhance resistance to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +598-24872605; Fax: +598-24875548
| | - Marcos Montesano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Mataojo 2055, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay; E-Mail:
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O'Brien JA, Daudi A, Butt VS, Bolwell GP. Reactive oxygen species and their role in plant defence and cell wall metabolism. PLANTA 2012; 236:765-79. [PMID: 22767200 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the toxic properties of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to fight off invading pathogens can be considered a major evolutionary success story. All aerobic organisms have evolved the ability to regulate the levels of these toxic intermediates, whereas some have evolved elaborate signalling pathways to dramatically increase the levels of ROS and use them as weapons in mounting a defence response, a process commonly referred to as the oxidative burst. The balance between steady state levels of ROS and the exponential increase in these levels during the oxidative burst has begun to shed light on complex signalling networks mediated by these molecules. Here, we discuss the different sources of ROS that are present in plant cells and review their role in the oxidative burst. We further describe two well-studied ROS generating systems, the NADPH oxidase and apoplastic peroxidase proteins, and their role as the primary producers of ROS during pathogen invasion. We then discuss what is known about the metabolic and proteomic fluxes that occur in plant cells during the oxidative burst and after pathogen recognition, and try to highlight underlying biochemical processes that may provide more insight on the complex regulation of ROS in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A O'Brien
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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