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Jung JM, Rahman A, Schiffer AM, Weisberg AJ. Beav: a bacterial genome and mobile element annotation pipeline. mSphere 2024; 9:e0020924. [PMID: 39037262 PMCID: PMC11351099 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00209-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive and accurate genome annotation is crucial for inferring the predicted functions of an organism. Numerous tools exist to annotate genes, gene clusters, mobile genetic elements, and other diverse features. However, these tools and pipelines can be difficult to install and run, be specialized for a particular element or feature, or lack annotations for larger elements that provide important genomic context. Integrating results across analyses is also important for understanding gene function. To address these challenges, we present the Beav annotation pipeline. Beav is a command-line tool that automates the annotation of bacterial genome sequences, mobile genetic elements, molecular systems and gene clusters, key regulatory features, and other elements. Beav uses existing tools in addition to custom models, scripts, and databases to annotate diverse elements, systems, and sequence features. Custom databases for plant-associated microbes are incorporated to improve annotation of key virulence and symbiosis genes in agriculturally important pathogens and mutualists. Beav includes an optional Agrobacterium-specific pipeline that identifies and classifies oncogenic plasmids and annotates plasmid-specific features. Following the completion of all analyses, annotations are consolidated to produce a single comprehensive output. Finally, Beav generates publication-quality genome and plasmid maps. Beav is on Bioconda and is available for download at https://github.com/weisberglab/beav. IMPORTANCE Annotation of genome features, such as the presence of genes and their predicted function, or larger loci encoding secretion systems or biosynthetic gene clusters, is necessary for understanding the functions encoded by an organism. Genomes can also host diverse mobile genetic elements, such as integrative and conjugative elements and/or phages, that are often not annotated by existing pipelines. These elements can horizontally mobilize genes encoding for virulence, antimicrobial resistance, or other adaptive functions and alter the phenotype of an organism. We developed a software pipeline, called Beav, that combines new and existing tools for the comprehensive annotation of these and other major features. Existing pipelines often misannotate loci important for virulence or mutualism in plant-associated bacteria. Beav includes custom databases and optional workflows for the improved annotation of plant-associated bacteria. Beav is designed to be easy to install and run, making comprehensive genome annotation broadly available to the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewell M. Jung
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Arafat Rahman
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea M. Schiffer
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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2
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Liu K, Wang X, Qi Y, Li Y, Shi Y, Ren Y, Wang A, Cheng P, Wang B. Effector Protein Serine Carboxypeptidase FgSCP Is Essential for Full Virulence in Fusarium graminearum and Is Involved in Modulating Plant Immune Responses. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024:PHYTO02240068R. [PMID: 38831556 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-24-0068-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is a significant pathogen affecting wheat crops. During the infection process, effector proteins are secreted to modulate plant immunity and promote infection. The toxin deoxynivalenol is produced in infected wheat grains, posing a threat to human and animal health. Serine carboxypeptidases (SCPs) belong to the α/β hydrolase family of proteases and are widely distributed in plant and fungal vacuoles, as well as animal lysosomes. Research on SCPs mainly focuses on the isolation, purification, and production of a small number of fungi. The role of SCPs in plant secretion, growth and development, and stress resistance has also been extensively studied. However, their functions in F. graminearum, a fungal pathogen, remain relatively unknown. In this study, the biological functions of the FgSCP gene in F. graminearum were investigated. The study revealed that mutations in FgSCP affected the nutritional growth, sexual reproduction, and stress tolerance of F. graminearum. Furthermore, the deletion of FgSCP resulted in reduced pathogenicity and hindered the biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol. The upregulation of FgSCP expression 3 days after infection indicated its involvement in host invasion, possibly acting as a "smokescreen" to deceive the host and suppress the expression of host defensive genes. Subsequently, we confirmed the secretion ability of FgSCP and its ability to inhibit the cell death induced by INF1 in Nicotiana benthamiana cells, indicating its potential role as an effector protein in suppressing plant immune responses and promoting infection. In summary, we have identified FgSCP as an essential effector protein in F. graminearum, playing critical roles in growth, virulence, secondary metabolism, and host invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xintong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuzhe Qi
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research of China), Changchun, Jilin 136100, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanyan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Aolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Baotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Ranty-Roby S, Pontvianne F, Quentin M, Favery B. The overlooked manipulation of nucleolar functions by plant pathogen effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1445097. [PMID: 39175483 PMCID: PMC11339880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1445097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens need to manipulate plant functions to facilitate the invasion of their hosts. They do this by secreting a cocktail of molecules called effectors. Studies of these molecules have mostly focused on the mechanisms underlying their recognition and the subsequent transcriptional reprogramming of cells, particularly in the case of R gene-dependent resistance. However, the roles of these effectors are complex, as they target all cell compartments and their plant targets remain largely uncharacterized. An understanding of the mechanisms involved would be a considerable asset for plant breeding. The nucleolus is the site of many key cellular functions, such as ribosome biogenesis, cellular stress regulation and many other functions that could be targets for pathogenicity. However, little attention has been paid to effectors targeting nucleolar functions. In this review, we aim to fill this gap by providing recent findings on pathogen effectors that target and manipulate nucleolar functions and dynamics to promote infection. In particular, we look at how some effectors hijack ribosome biogenesis, the modulation of transcription or alternative splicing, all key functions occurring at least partially in the nucleolus. By shedding light on the role of the plant nucleolus in pathogen interactions, this review highlights the importance of understanding nucleolar biology in the context of plant immunity and the mechanisms manipulated by plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ranty-Roby
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis F-06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis F-06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis F-06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Upadhaya A, Upadhaya SGC, Brueggeman R. Association mapping with a diverse population of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici identified avirulence loci interacting with the barley Rpg1 stem rust resistance gene. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:751. [PMID: 39090588 PMCID: PMC11295639 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is an important disease of barley and wheat. A diverse sexual Pgt population from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the US contains a high proportion of individuals with virulence on the barley stem rust resistance (R) gene, Rpg1. However, the evolutionary mechanisms of this virulence on Rpg1 are mysterious considering that Rpg1 had not been deployed in the region and the gene had remained remarkably durable in the Midwestern US and prairie provinces of Canada. METHODS AND RESULTS To identify AvrRpg1 effectors, genome wide association studies (GWAS) were performed using 113 Pgt isolates collected from the PNW (n = 89 isolates) and Midwest (n = 24 isolates) regions of the US. Disease phenotype data were generated on two barley lines Morex and the Golden Promise transgenic (H228.2c) that carry the Rpg1 gene. Genotype data was generated by whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 96 isolates (PNW = 89 isolates and Midwest = 7 isolates) and RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data from 17 Midwestern isolates. Utilizing ~1.2 million SNPs generated from WGS and phenotype data (n = 96 isolates) on the transgenic line H228.2c, 53 marker trait associations (MTAs) were identified. Utilizing ~140 K common SNPs generated from combined analysis of WGS and RNAseq data, two significant MTAs were identified using the cv Morex phenotyping data. The 55 MTAs defined two distinct avirulence loci, on supercontig 2.30 and supercontig 2.11 of the Pgt reference genome of Pgt isolate CRL 75-36-700-3. The major avirulence locus designated AvrRpg1A was identified with the GWAS using both barley lines and was delimited to a 35 kb interval on supercontig 2.30 containing four candidate genes (PGTG_10878, PGTG_10884, PGTG_10885, and PGTG_10886). The minor avirulence locus designated AvrRpg1B identified with cv Morex contained a single candidate gene (PGTG_05433). AvrRpg1A haplotype analysis provided strong evidence that a dominant avirulence gene underlies the locus. CONCLUSIONS The association analysis identified strong candidate AvrRpg1 genes. Further analysis to validate the AvrRpg1 genes will fill knowledge gaps in our understanding of rust effector biology and the evolution and mechanism/s of Pgt virulence on Rpg1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Upadhaya
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6420, USA
| | - Sudha G C Upadhaya
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6420, USA
| | - Robert Brueggeman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6420, USA.
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Upadhaya A, Upadhaya SGC, Brueggeman R. Identification of Candidate Avirulence and Virulence Genes Corresponding to Stem Rust ( Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) Resistance Genes in Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:635-649. [PMID: 38780476 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-24-0056-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Stem rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is an important disease of wheat. However, the majority of Pgt virulence/avirulence loci and underlying genes remain uncharacterized due to the constraints of developing bi-parental populations with this obligate biotroph. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using a sexual Pgt population mainly collected from the Pacific Northwestern United States were used to identify candidate virulence/avirulence effector genes corresponding to the six wheat Sr genes: Sr5, Sr21, Sr8a, Sr17, Sr9a, and Sr9d. The Pgt isolates were genotyped using whole-genome shotgun sequencing that identified approximately 1.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and were phenotyped at the seedling stage on six Sr gene differential lines. Association mapping analyses identified 17 Pgt loci associated with virulence or avirulence phenotypes on six Pgt resistance genes. Among these loci, 16 interacted with a specific Sr gene, indicating Sr-gene specific interactions. However, one avirulence locus interacted with two separate Sr genes (Sr9a and Sr17), suggesting two distinct Sr genes identifying a single avirulence effector. A total of 24 unique effector gene candidates were identified, and haplotype analysis suggests that within this population, AvrSr5, AvrSr21, AvrSr8a, AvrSr17, and AvrSr9a are dominant avirulence genes, while avrSr9d is a dominant virulence gene. The putative effector genes will be fundamental for future effector gene cloning efforts, allowing for further understanding of rust effector biology and the mechanisms underlying virulence evolution in Pgt with respect to race-specific R-genes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Upadhaya
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, U.S.A
| | - Sudha G C Upadhaya
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, U.S.A
| | - Robert Brueggeman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, U.S.A
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Elliott K, Veley KM, Jensen G, Gilbert KB, Norton J, Kambic L, Yoder M, Weil A, Motomura-Wages S, Bart RS. CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutations in a sugar transporter gene reduce cassava susceptibility to bacterial blight. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2566-2578. [PMID: 38701041 PMCID: PMC11288762 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria from the genus Xanthomonas are prolific phytopathogens that elicit disease in over 400 plant species. Xanthomonads carry a repertoire of specialized proteins called transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors that promote disease and pathogen virulence by inducing the expression of host susceptibility (S) genes. Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm) causes bacterial blight on the staple food crop cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The Xpm effector TAL20 induces ectopic expression of the S gene Manihot esculenta Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter 10a (MeSWEET10a), which encodes a sugar transporter that contributes to cassava bacterial blight (CBB) susceptibility. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate multiple cassava lines with edits to the MeSWEET10a TAL20 effector binding site and/or coding sequence. In several of the regenerated lines, MeSWEET10a expression was no longer induced by Xpm, and in these cases, we observed reduced CBB disease symptoms post Xpm infection. Because MeSWEET10a is expressed in cassava flowers, we further characterized the reproductive capability of the MeSWEET10a promoter and coding sequence mutants. Lines were crossed to themselves and to wild-type plants. The results indicated that expression of MeSWEET10a in female, but not male, flowers is critical to produce viable F1 seed. In the case of promoter mutations that left the coding sequence intact, viable F1 progeny were recovered. Taken together, these results demonstrate that blocking MeSWEET10a induction is a viable strategy for decreasing cassava susceptibility to CBB and that ideal lines will contain promoter mutations that block TAL effector binding while leaving endogenous expression of MeSWEET10a unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiona Elliott
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kira M Veley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Greg Jensen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | | | - Joanna Norton
- College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Lukas Kambic
- College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Marisa Yoder
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Alex Weil
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Sharon Motomura-Wages
- College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Rebecca S Bart
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Cao P, Shi H, Zhang S, Chen J, Wang R, Liu P, Zhu Y, An Y, Zhang M. A robust high-throughput functional screening assay for plant pathogen effectors using the TMV-GFP vector. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:617-631. [PMID: 38647454 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Uncovering the function of phytopathogen effectors is crucial for understanding mechanisms of pathogen pathogenicity and for improving our ability to protect plants from diseases. An increasing number of effectors have been predicted in various plant pathogens. Functional characterization of these effectors has become a major focus in the study of plant-pathogen interactions. In this study, we designed a novel screening system that combines the TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)-GFP vector and Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. This system enables the rapid identification of effectors that interfere with plant immunity. The biological function of these effectors can be easily evaluated by observing the GFP fluorescence signal using a UV lamp within just a few days. To evaluate the TMV-GFP system, we initially tested it with well-described virulence and avirulence type III effectors from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. After proving the accuracy and efficiency of the TMV-GFP system, we successfully screened a novel virulence effector, RipS1, using this approach. Furthermore, using the TMV-GFP system, we reproduced consistent results with previously known cytoplasmic effectors from a diverse array of pathogens. Additionally, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the TMV-GFP system in identifying apoplastic effectors. The easy operation, time-saving nature, broad effectiveness, and low technical requirements of the TMV-GFP system make it a promising approach for high-throughput screening of effectors with immune interference activity from various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Haotian Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuangxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Yuyan An
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Molloy B, Shin DS, Long J, Pellegrin C, Senatori B, Vieira P, Thorpe PJ, Damm A, Ahmad M, Vermeulen K, Derevnina L, Wei S, Sperling A, Reyes Estévez E, Bruty S, de Souza VHM, Kranse OP, Maier T, Baum T, Eves-van den Akker S. The origin, deployment, and evolution of a plant-parasitic nematode effectorome. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012395. [PMID: 39074142 PMCID: PMC11309470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes constrain global food security. During parasitism, they secrete effectors into the host plant from two types of pharyngeal gland cells. These effectors elicit profound changes in host biology to suppress immunity and establish a unique feeding organ from which the nematode draws nutrition. Despite the importance of effectors in nematode parasitism, there has been no comprehensive identification and characterisation of the effector repertoire of any plant-parasitic nematode. To address this, we advance techniques for gland cell isolation and transcriptional analysis to define a stringent annotation of putative effectors for the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii at three key life-stages. We define 717 effector gene loci: 269 "known" high-confidence homologs of plant-parasitic nematode effectors, and 448 "novel" effectors with high gland cell expression. In doing so we define the most comprehensive "effectorome" of a plant-parasitic nematode to date. Using this effector definition, we provide the first systems-level understanding of the origin, deployment and evolution of a plant-parasitic nematode effectorome. The robust identification of the effector repertoire of a plant-parasitic nematode will underpin our understanding of nematode pathology, and hence, inform strategies for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Molloy
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dio S. Shin
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Long
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clement Pellegrin
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice Senatori
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Thorpe
- The Data Analysis Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anika Damm
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mariam Ahmad
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Vermeulen
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lida Derevnina
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Siyuan Wei
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Sperling
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Estefany Reyes Estévez
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Bruty
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Hugo Moura de Souza
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf Prosper Kranse
- The Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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9
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Lu Y, Yang S, Chen W, Xie H, Xu C. Advances in Migratory Plant Endoparasitic Nematode Effectors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6435. [PMID: 38928141 PMCID: PMC11203926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Unlike sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes, migratory plant endoparasitic nematodes (MPENs) are unable to establish permanent feeding sites, and all developmental stages (except eggs) can invade and feed on plant tissues and can be easily overlooked because of the unspecific symptoms. They cause numerous economic losses in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture. In order to understand the pathogenetic mechanism of MPENs, here we describe research on functions and host targets focused on currently identified effectors from six MPENs, namely Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus spp., Ditylenchus destructor, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Aphelenchoides besseyi, and Hirschmanniella oryzae. This information will provide valuable insights into understanding MPEN effectors and for future fostering advancements in plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chunling Xu
- Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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10
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Du Z, Weng H, Jia H, Zhang B, Wu B, Chen W, Liu T, Gao L. Characterization of a Small Cysteine-Rich Secreted Effector, TcSCP_9014, in Tilletia controversa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1523. [PMID: 38891331 PMCID: PMC11174917 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Tilletia controversa J. G. Kühn is the causal agent of wheat dwarf bunt (DB), a destructive disease causing tremendous economic losses. Small cysteine-rich secreted proteins (SCPs) of plant fungi are crucial in modulating host immunity and promoting infection. Little is known about the virulence effectors of T. controversa. Here, we characterized TcSCP_9014, a novel effector of SCPs, in T. controversa which suppressed programmed cell death triggered by BAX without relying on its signal peptide (SP). The SP in the N-terminus of TcSCP_9014 was functional in the secretory process. Live-cell imaging in the epidermal cells of Nicothiana benthamiana suggested that TcSCP_9014 localized to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Furthermore, yeast cDNA library screening was performed to obtain the interacting proteins in wheat. Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays were applied to validate the interaction of TcSCP_9014 with TaMTAN and TaGAPDH. Our work revealed that the novel effector TcSCP_9014 is vital in modulating plant immunity, which opens up new avenues for plant-pathogen interactions in the T. controversa infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Du
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huanyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boming Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of China, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Korla, Ministry of Agriculture, Urumqi 830091, China
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11
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Xiong J, Luo M, Chen Y, Hu Q, Fang Y, Sun T, Hu G, Zhang CJ. Subtilisin-like proteases from Fusarium graminearum induce plant cell death and contribute to virulence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1681-1693. [PMID: 38478507 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, causes huge annual economic losses in cereal production. To successfully colonize host plants, pathogens secrete hundreds of effectors that interfere with plant immunity and facilitate infection. However, the roles of most secreted effectors of F. graminearum in pathogenesis remain unclear. We analyzed the secreted proteins of F. graminearum and identified 255 candidate effector proteins by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Five subtilisin-like family proteases (FgSLPs) were identified that can induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Further experiments showed that these FgSLPs induced cell death in cotton (Gossypium barbadense) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A signal peptide and light were not essential for the cell death-inducing activity of FgSLPs. The I9 inhibitor domain and the entire C-terminus of FgSLPs were indispensable for their self-processing and cell death-inducing activity. FgSLP-induced cell death occurred independent of the plant signal transduction components BRI-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 1 (SOBIR1), ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4). Reduced virulence was observed when FgSLP1 and FgSLP2 were simultaneously knocked out. This study reveals a class of secreted toxic proteins essential for F. graminearum virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Mingyu Luo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yunshen Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qianyong Hu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tongjun Sun
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Guanjing Hu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Cui-Jun Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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12
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Liang F, Liu L, Li C, Liu Y, Han S, Yang H, Li S, Hui W, Liu L, Yang C. Systematic identification and functional characterization of the CFEM proteins in fishscale bamboo rhombic-spot pathogen Neostagonosporella sichuanensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1396273. [PMID: 38882567 PMCID: PMC11176510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1396273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play a crucial role in the interaction between pathogenic fungi and their hosts. These interactions directly influence the invasion and spread of pathogens, and the development of diseases. Common in fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) effectors are closely associated with the pathogenicity, cell wall stability, and pathogenic processes of pathogenic fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CFEM proteins in Neostagonosporella sichuanensis in pathogen-host interactions. We retrieved 19 proteins containing CFEM structural domains from the genome of N. sichuanensis. By systematic analysis, five NsCFEM proteins had signal peptides but lacked transmembrane structural domains, and thus were considered as potential effectors. Among them, NsCFEM1 and NsCFEM2 were successfully cloned and their functions were further investigated. The validation results show that NsCFEM1 was localized in the cell membrane and nucleus, whereas NsCFEM2 was exclusively observed in the cell membrane. Both were identified as secreted proteins. Additionally, NsCFEM1 inhibited Bax-induced programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas NsCFEM2 did not induce or inhibit this response. NsCFEM1 was implicated as a virulence factor that contributes to fungal growth, development, stress response, and pathogenicity. NsCFEM2 was implicated in maintenance of cell wall stability. This study lays a foundation for elucidating the role of CFEM proteins in the pathogen of fishscale bamboo rhombic-spot caused by N. sichuanensis. In particular, the functional studies of NsCFEM1 and NsCFEM2 revealed their potential roles in the interaction between N. sichuanensis and the host Phyllostachys heteroclada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengsong Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinggao Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Han
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujiang Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenkai Hui
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunlin Yang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Wu S, Shi J, Zheng Q, Ma Y, Zhou W, Mao C, Chen C, Fang Z, Xia R, Qiao Y. Phytophthora sojae Effector PsAvh113 Targets Transcription Factors in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:318. [PMID: 38786673 PMCID: PMC11122517 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a type of pathogenic oomycete that causes Phytophthora root stem rot (PRSR), which can seriously affect the soybean yield and quality. To subvert immunity, P. sojae secretes a large quantity of effectors. However, the molecular mechanisms regulated by most P. sojae effectors, and their host targets remain unexplored. Previous studies have shown that the expression of PsAvh113, an effector secreted by Phytophthora sojae, enhances viral RNA accumulations and symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana via VIVE assay. In this study, we analyzed RNA-sequencing data based on disease symptoms in N. benthamiana leaves that were either mocked or infiltrated with PVX carrying the empty vector (EV) and PsAvh113. We identified 1769 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) dependent on PsAvh113. Using stricter criteria screening and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of DEGs, we found that 38 genes were closely enriched in response to PsAvh113 expression. We selected three genes of N. benthamiana (NbNAC86, NbMyb4, and NbERF114) and found their transcriptional levels significantly upregulated in N. benthamiana infected with PVX carrying PsAvh113. Furthermore, individual silencing of these three genes promoted P. capsici infection, while their overexpression increased resistance to P. capsici in N. benthamiana. Our results show that PsAvh113 interacts with transcription factors NbMyb4 and NbERF114 in vivo. Collectively, these data may help us understand the pathogenic mechanism of effectors and manage PRSR in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jinxia Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuqin Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Chengjie Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Chengjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhengwu Fang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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14
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Kumakura N, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Gan P, Tsushima A, Ishihama N, Watanabe S, Seo M, Iwasaki S, Narusaka M, Narusaka Y, Takano Y, Shirasu K. Guanosine-specific single-stranded ribonuclease effectors of a phytopathogenic fungus potentiate host immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:170-191. [PMID: 38348532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Plants activate immunity upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Although phytopathogens have evolved a set of effector proteins to counteract plant immunity, some effectors are perceived by hosts and induce immune responses. Here, we show that two secreted ribonuclease effectors, SRN1 and SRN2, encoded in a phytopathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum orbiculare, induce cell death in a signal peptide- and catalytic residue-dependent manner, when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. The pervasive presence of SRN genes across Colletotrichum species suggested the conserved roles. Using a transient gene expression system in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), an original host of C. orbiculare, we show that SRN1 and SRN2 potentiate host pattern-triggered immunity responses. Consistent with this, C. orbiculare SRN1 and SRN2 deletion mutants exhibited increased virulence on the host. In vitro analysis revealed that SRN1 specifically cleaves single-stranded RNAs at guanosine, leaving a 3'-end phosphate. Importantly, the potentiation of C. sativus responses by SRN1 and SRN2, present in the apoplast, depends on ribonuclease catalytic residues. We propose that the pathogen-derived apoplastic guanosine-specific single-stranded endoribonucleases lead to immunity potentiation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Kumakura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Pamela Gan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayako Tsushima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ishihama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwasaki
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Mari Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Kaga, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Kaga, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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15
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Rehneke L, Schäfer P. Symbiont effector-guided mapping of proteins in plant networks to improve crop climate stress resilience: Symbiont effectors inform highly interconnected plant protein networks and provide an untapped resource for crop climate resilience strategies. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300172. [PMID: 38388783 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel protection strategies to sustainably secure crop production under changing climates. Studying microbial effectors, defined as microbe-derived proteins that alter signalling inside plant cells, has advanced our understanding of plant immunity and microbial plant colonisation strategies. Our understanding of effectors in the establishment and beneficial outcome of plant symbioses is less well known. Combining functional and comparative interaction assays uncovered specific symbiont effector targets in highly interconnected plant signalling networks and revealed the potential of effectors in beneficially modulating plant traits. The diverse functionality of symbiont effectors differs from the paradigmatic immuno-suppressive function of pathogen effectors. These effectors provide solutions for improving crop resilience against climate stress by their evolution-driven specification in host protein targeting and modulation. Symbiont effectors represent stringent tools not only to identify genetic targets for crop breeding, but to serve as applicable agents in crop management strategies under changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rehneke
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Khan M, Djamei A. TOPLESS Corepressors as an Emerging Hub of Plant Pathogen Effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:190-195. [PMID: 38205771 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0158-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Transcriptional corepressors form an ancient and essential layer of gene expression control in eukaryotes. TOPLESS and TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) proteins constitute a conserved family of Groucho (Gro)/thymidine uptake 1 (Tup1)-type transcriptional corepressors and control diverse growth, developmental, and stress signaling responses in plants. Because of their central and versatile regulatory roles, they act as a signaling hub to integrate various input signaling pathways in the transcriptional responses. Recently, increasing pieces of evidence indicate the roles of TPL/TPR family proteins in the modulation of plant immunity. This is supported by studies on effectors of distantly related pathogens that target TPL/TPR proteins in planta. In this short review, we will summarize the latest findings concerning pathogens targeting plant TPL/TPR proteins to manipulate plant signaling responses for the successful invasion of their hosts. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Pavithran S, Murugan M, Mannu J, Yogendra K, Balasubramani V, Sanivarapu H, Harish S, Natesan S. Identification of salivary proteins of the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora by transcriptome and LC-MS/MS analyses. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 165:104060. [PMID: 38123026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aphid salivary proteins mediate the interaction between aphids and their host plants. Moreover, these proteins facilitate digestion, detoxification of secondary metabolites, as well as activation and suppression of plant defenses. The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, is an important sucking pest of leguminous crops worldwide. Although aphid saliva plays an important role in aphid plant interactions, knowledge of the cowpea aphid salivary proteins is limited. In this study, we performed transcriptomic and LC-MS/MS analyses to identify the proteins present in the salivary glands and saliva of A. craccivora. A total of 1,08,275 assembled transcripts were identified in the salivary glands of aphids. Of all these assembled transcripts, 53,714 (49.11%) and 53,577 (49.48%) transcripts showed high similarity to known proteins in the Nr and UniProt databases, respectively. A total of 2159 proteins were predicted as secretory proteins from the salivary gland transcriptome dataset, which contain digestive enzymes, detoxification enzymes, previously known effectors and elicitors, and potential proteins whose functions have yet to be determined. The proteomic analysis of aphid saliva resulted in the identification of 171 proteins. Tissue-specific expression of selected genes using RT-PCR showed that three genes were expressed only in the salivary glands. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive repertoire of cowpea aphid salivary proteins from the salivary gland and saliva, which will be a good resource for future effector functional studies and might also be useful for sustainable aphid management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugasundram Pavithran
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Marimuthu Murugan
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India.
| | - Jayakanthan Mannu
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Kalenahalli Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Venkatasamy Balasubramani
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Hemalatha Sanivarapu
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Sankarasubramanian Harish
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
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18
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Wang Y, Liao X, Shang W, Qin J, Xu X, Hu X. The secreted feruloyl esterase of Verticillium dahliae modulates host immunity via degradation of GhDFR. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13431. [PMID: 38353627 PMCID: PMC10866084 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase (ferulic acid esterase, FAE) is an essential component of many biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This research aimed to investigate the role of FAE and its regulation mechanism in plant immunity. We identified a secreted feruloyl esterase VdFAE from the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdFAE acted as an important virulence factor during V. dahliae infection, and triggered plant defence responses, including cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of VdFAE led to a decrease in the degradation of ethyl ferulate. VdFAE interacted with Gossypium hirsutum protein dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (GhDFR), a positive regulator in plant innate immunity, and promoted the degradation of GhDFR. Furthermore, silencing of GhDFR led to reduced resistance of cotton plants against V. dahliae. The results suggested a fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes FAE to interact with host DFR and interfere with plant immunity, thereby promoting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiwen Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenjing Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiangming Xu
- Pest & Pathogen Ecology, NIAB East MallingWest MallingUK
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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19
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Wang K, Yang Z, Luo S, Quan W. Endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens promotes changes in the phenotype and secondary metabolite profile of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1710. [PMID: 38243055 PMCID: PMC10798976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The interactions between microbes and plants are governed by complex chemical signals, which can forcefully affect plant growth and development. Here, to understand how microbes influence Houttuynia cordata Thunb. plant growth and its secondary metabolite through chemical signals, we established the interaction between single bacteria and a plant. We inoculated H. cordata seedlings with bacteria isolated from their roots. The results showed that the total fresh weight, the total dry weight, and the number of lateral roots per seedling in the P. fluorescens-inoculated seedlings were 174%, 172% and 227% higher than in the control seedlings. Pseudomonas fluorescens had a significant promotional effect of the volatile contents compared to control, with β-myrcene increasing by 192%, 2-undecanone by 203%, decanol by 304%, β-caryophyllene by 197%, α-pinene by 281%, bornyl acetate by 157%, γ-terpinene by 239% and 3-tetradecane by 328% in P. fluorescens-inoculated H. cordata seedlings. the contents of chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercitin, and afzelin were 284%, 154%, 137%, and 213% higher than in control seedlings, respectively. Our study provided basic data to assess the linkages between endophytic bacteria, plant phenotype and metabolites of H. cordata to provide an insight into P. fluorescens use as biological fertilizer, promoting the synthesis of medicinal plant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhannan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Shiqiong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
- School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Wenxuan Quan
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Zhang B, Zhang N, Li R, Fu Z, Sun Y, Ren Z, Mu F, Han Y, Han Y. Underlying Mechanisms of the Hedgehog-Like Panicle and Filamentous Leaf Tissue Symptoms Caused by Sclerospora graminicola in Foxtail Millet. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:73-83. [PMID: 37535821 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0097-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola is a systemic infectious disease affecting foxtail millet production in Africa and Asia. S. graminicola-infected leaves could be decomposed to a state where only the veins remain, resulting in a filamentous leaf tissue symptom. The aim of the present study was to investigate how S. graminicola influences the formation of the filamentous leaf tissue symptoms in hosts at the morphological and molecular levels. We discovered that vegetative hyphae expanded rapidly, with high biomass accumulated at the early stages of S. graminicola infection. In addition, S. graminicola could affect spikelet morphological development at the panicle branch differentiation stage to the pistil and stamen differentiation stage by interfering with hormones and nutrient metabolism in the host, resulting in hedgehog-like panicle symptoms. S. graminicola could acquire high amounts of nutrients from host tissues through secretion of β-glucosidase, endoglucanase, and pectic enzyme, and destroyed host mesophyll cells by mechanical pressure caused by rapid expansion of hyphae. At the later stages, S. graminicola could rapidly complete sexual reproduction through tryptophan, fatty acid, starch, and sucrose metabolism and subsequently produce numerous oospores. Oospore proliferation and development further damage host leaves via mechanical pressure, resulting in a large number of degraded and extinct mesophyll cells and, subsequently, malformed leaves with only veins left, that is, "filamentous leaf tissue." Our study revealed the S. graminicola expansion characteristics from its asexual to sexual development stages, and the potential mechanisms via which the destructive effects of S. graminicola on hosts occur at different growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Renjian Li
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Zhenxin Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Yurong Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Zhixian Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Fan Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Yanqing Han
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, 030000, China
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Gutierrez-Castillo DE, Barrett E, Roberts R. A recently collected Xanthomonas translucens isolate encodes TAL effectors distinct from older, less virulent isolates. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001177. [PMID: 38189214 PMCID: PMC10868612 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas translucens, the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS) in cereals, is a re-emerging pathogen that is becoming increasingly destructive across the world. While BLS has caused yield losses in the past, there is anecdotal evidence that newer isolates may be more virulent. We observed that two X. translucens isolates collected from two sites in Colorado, USA, are more aggressive on current wheat and barley varieties compared to older isolates, and we hypothesize that genetic changes between recent and older isolates contribute to the differences in isolate aggressiveness. To test this, we phenotyped and genetically characterized two X. translucens isolates collected from Colorado in 2018, which we designated CO236 (from barley) and CO237 (from wheat). Using pathovar-specific phenotyping and PCR primers, we determined that CO236 belongs to pathovar translucens (Xtt) and CO237 belongs to pathovar undulosa (Xtu). We sequenced the full genomes of the isolates using Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing, and compared their whole genomes against published X. translucens genomes. This analysis confirmed our pathovar designations for Xtt CO236 and Xtu CO237, and showed that, at the whole-genome level, there were no obvious genomic structural changes between Xtt CO236 and Xtu CO237 and other respective published pathovar genomes. Focusing on pathovar undulosa (Xtu CO237), we then compared putative type III effectors among all available Xtu isolate genomes and found that they were highly conserved. However, there were striking differences in the presence and sequence of various transcription activator-like effectors between Xtu CO237 and published undulosa genomes, which correlate with isolate virulence. Here, we explore the potential implications of the differences in these virulence factors, and provide possible explanations for the increased virulence of recently emerged isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Barrett
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robyn Roberts
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Suzuki M, Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Maejima K, Matsuyama J, Matsumoto O, Oshima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. Target degradation specificity of phytoplasma effector phyllogen is regulated by the recruitment of host proteasome shuttle protein. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13410. [PMID: 38105442 PMCID: PMC10799209 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas infect a wide variety of plants and can cause distinctive symptoms including the conversion of floral organs into leaf-like organs, known as phyllody. Phyllody is induced by an effector protein family called phyllogens, which interact with floral MADS-box transcription factors (MTFs) responsible for determining the identity of floral organs. The MTF/phyllogen complex then interacts with the proteasomal shuttle protein RADIATION SENSITIVE23 (RAD23), which facilitates delivery of the MTF/phyllogen complex to the host proteasome for MTF degradation. Previous studies have indicated that the MTF degradation specificity of phyllogens is determined by their ability to bind to MTFs. However, in the present study, we discovered a novel mechanism determining the degradation specificity through detailed functional analyses of a phyllogen homologue of rice yellow dwarf phytoplasma (PHYLRYD ). PHYLRYD degraded a narrower range of floral MTFs than other phyllody-inducing phyllogens, resulting in compromised phyllody phenotypes in plants. Interestingly, PHYLRYD was able to bind to some floral MTFs that PHYLRYD was unable to efficiently degrade. However, the complex of PHYLRYD and the non-degradable MTF could not interact with RAD23. These results indicate that the MTF degradation specificity of PHYLRYD is correlated with the ability to form the MTF/PHYLRYD /RAD23 ternary complex, rather than the ability to bind to MTF. This study elucidated that phyllogen target specificity is regulated by both the MTF-binding ability and RAD23 recruitment ability of the MTF/phyllogen complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Juri Matsuyama
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Oki Matsumoto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience, Hosei UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Ando S, Otawara S, Tabei Y, Tsushima S. Plasmodiophora brassicae affects host gene expression by secreting the transcription factor-type effector PbZFE1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:454-467. [PMID: 37738570 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae hijacks the metabolism and development of host cruciferous plants and induces clubroot formation, but little is known about its regulatory mechanisms. Previously, the Pnit2int2 sequence, a sequence around the second intron of the nitrilase gene (BrNIT2) involved in auxin biosynthesis in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, was identified as a specific promoter activated during clubroot formation. In this study, we hypothesized that analysis of the transcriptional regulation of Pnit2int2 could reveal how P. brassicae affects the host gene regulatory system during clubroot development. By yeast one-hybrid screening, the pathogen zinc finger protein PbZFE1 was identified to specifically bind to Pnit2int2. Specific binding of PbZFE1 to Pnit2int2 was also confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The binding site of PbZFE1 is essential for promoter activity of Pnit2int2 in clubbed roots of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (Pnit2int2-2::GUS), indicating that PbZFE1 is secreted from P. brassicae and functions within plant cells. Ectopic expression of PbZEF1 in A. thaliana delayed growth and flowering time, suggesting that PbZFE1 has significant impacts on host development and metabolic systems. Thus, P. brassicae appears to secrete PbZFE1 into host cells as a transcription factor-type effector during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugihiro Ando
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramakiaza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Otawara
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramakiaza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tabei
- Division of Plant Sciences, The Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Seiya Tsushima
- Strategic Planning Headquarters, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-1 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan
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Bhadauria V, Han T, Li G, Ma W, Zhang M, Yang J, Zhao W, Peng YL. A gln-tRNA-based CRISPR/Cas9 knockout system enables the functional characterization of genes in the genetically recalcitrant brassica anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127953. [PMID: 37951433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum causes anthracnose disease in brassicas. The availability of the C. higginsianum genome has paved the way for the genome-wide exploration of genes associated with virulence/pathogenicity. However, delimiting the biological functions of these genes remains an arduous task due to the recalcitrance of C. higginsianum to genetic manipulations. Here, we report a CRISPR/Cas9-based system that can knock out the genes in C. higginsianum with a staggering 100% homologous recombination frequency (HRF). The system comprises two vectors: pCas9-Ch_tRp-sgRNA, in which a C. higginsianum glutaminyl-tRNA drives the expression of sgRNA, and pCE-Zero-HPT carrying a donor DNA cassette containing the marker gene HPT flanked by homology arms. Upon co-transformation of the C. higginsianum protoplasts, pCas9-Ch_tRp-sgRNA causes a DNA double-strand break in the targeted gene, followed by homology-directed replacement of the gene with HPT by pCE-Zero-HPT, thereby generating loss-of-function mutants. Using the system, we generated the knockout mutants of two effector candidates (ChBas3 and OBR06881) with a 100% HRF. Interestingly, the ΔChBas3 and ΔOBR06881 mutants did not seem to affect the C. higginsianum infection of Arabidopsis thaliana. Altogether, the CRISPR/Cas9 system developed in the study enables the targeted deletion of genes, including effectors, in C. higginsianum, thus determining their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tongling Han
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangjun Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wendi Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manyu Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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25
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Kulhánek M, Asrade DA, Suran P, Sedlář O, Černý J, Balík J. Plant Nutrition-New Methods Based on the Lessons of History: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4150. [PMID: 38140480 PMCID: PMC10747035 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
As with new technologies, plant nutrition has taken a big step forward in the last two decades. The main objective of this review is to briefly summarise the main pathways in modern plant nutrition and attract potential researchers and publishers to this area. First, this review highlights the importance of long-term field experiments, which provide us with valuable information about the effects of different applied strategies. The second part is dedicated to the new analytical technologies (tomography, spectrometry, and chromatography), intensively studied environments (rhizosphere, soil microbial communities, and enzymatic activity), nutrient relationship indexes, and the general importance of proper data evaluation. The third section is dedicated to the strategies of plant nutrition, i.e., (i) plant breeding, (ii) precision farming, (iii) fertiliser placement, (iv) biostimulants, (v) waste materials as a source of nutrients, and (vi) nanotechnologies. Finally, the increasing environmental risks related to plant nutrition, including biotic and abiotic stress, mainly the threat of soil salinity, are mentioned. In the 21st century, fertiliser application trends should be shifted to local application, precise farming, and nanotechnology; amended with ecofriendly organic fertilisers to ensure sustainable agricultural practices; and supported by new, highly effective crop varieties. To optimise agriculture, only the combination of the mentioned modern strategies supported by a proper analysis based on long-term observations seems to be a suitable pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kulhánek
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.A.A.); (P.S.); (O.S.); (J.Č.); (J.B.)
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26
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Liu Q, Maqbool A, Mirkin FG, Singh Y, Stevenson CEM, Lawson DM, Kamoun S, Huang W, Hogenhout SA. Bimodular architecture of bacterial effector SAP05 that drives ubiquitin-independent targeted protein degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310664120. [PMID: 38039272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310664120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, targeted protein degradation (TPD) typically depends on a series of interactions among ubiquitin ligases that transfer ubiquitin molecules to substrates leading to degradation by the 26S proteasome. We previously identified that the bacterial effector protein SAP05 mediates ubiquitin-independent TPD. SAP05 forms a ternary complex via interactions with the von Willebrand Factor Type A (vWA) domain of the proteasomal ubiquitin receptor Rpn10 and the zinc-finger (ZnF) domains of the SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) and GATA BINDING FACTOR (GATA) transcription factors (TFs). This leads to direct TPD of the TFs by the 26S proteasome. Here, we report the crystal structures of the SAP05-Rpn10vWA complex at 2.17 Å resolution and of the SAP05-SPL5ZnF complex at 2.20 Å resolution. Structural analyses revealed that SAP05 displays a remarkable bimodular architecture with two distinct nonoverlapping surfaces, a "loop surface" with three protruding loops that form electrostatic interactions with ZnF, and a "sheet surface" featuring two β-sheets, loops, and α-helices that establish polar interactions with vWA. SAP05 binding to ZnF TFs involves single amino acids responsible for multiple contacts, while SAP05 binding to vWA is more stable due to the necessity of multiple mutations to break the interaction. In addition, positioning of the SAP05 complex on the 26S proteasome points to a mechanism of protein degradation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate how a small bacterial bimodular protein can bypass the canonical ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis pathway, enabling ubiquitin-independent TPD in eukaryotic cells. This knowledge holds significant potential for the creation of TPD technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Federico G Mirkin
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Yeshveer Singh
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E M Stevenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - David M Lawson
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Weijie Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Centre for Plant Stress Biology, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Wei YY, Liang S, Zhu XM, Liu XH, Lin FC. Recent Advances in Effector Research of Magnaporthe oryzae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1650. [PMID: 38002332 PMCID: PMC10669146 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recalcitrant rice blast disease is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, which has a significant negative economic reverberation on crop productivity. In order to induce the disease onto the host, M. oryzae positively generates many types of small secreted proteins, here named as effectors, to manipulate the host cell for the purpose of stimulating pathogenic infection. In M. oryzae, by engaging with specific receptors on the cell surface, effectors activate signaling channels which control an array of cellular activities, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The most recent research on effector identification, classification, function, secretion, and control mechanism has been compiled in this review. In addition, the article also discusses directions and challenges for future research into an effector in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wei
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China;
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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28
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Man J, Harrington TA, Lally K, Bartlett ME. Asymmetric Evolution of Protein Domains in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase Family of Plant Signaling Proteins. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad220. [PMID: 37787619 PMCID: PMC10588794 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The coding sequences of developmental genes are expected to be deeply conserved, with cis-regulatory change driving the modulation of gene function. In contrast, proteins with roles in defense are expected to evolve rapidly, in molecular arms races with pathogens. However, some gene families include both developmental and defense genes. In these families, does the tempo and mode of evolution differ between genes with divergent functions, despite shared ancestry and structure? The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLKs) protein family includes members with roles in plant development and defense, thus providing an ideal system for answering this question. LRR-RLKs are receptors that traverse plasma membranes. LRR domains bind extracellular ligands; RLK domains initiate intracellular signaling cascades in response to ligand binding. In LRR-RLKs with roles in defense, LRR domains evolve faster than RLK domains. To determine whether this asymmetry extends to LRR-RLKs that function primarily in development, we assessed evolutionary rates and tested for selection acting on 11 subfamilies of LRR-RLKs, using deeply sampled protein trees. To assess functional evolution, we performed heterologous complementation assays in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). We found that the LRR domains of all tested LRR-RLK proteins evolved faster than their cognate RLK domains. All tested subfamilies of LRR-RLKs had strikingly similar patterns of molecular evolution, despite divergent functions. Heterologous transformation experiments revealed that multiple mechanisms likely contribute to the evolution of LRR-RLK function, including escape from adaptive conflict. Our results indicate specific and distinct evolutionary pressures acting on LRR versus RLK domains, despite diverse organismal roles for LRR-RLK proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett Man
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - T A Harrington
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Kyra Lally
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Madelaine E Bartlett
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
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Prasad P, Jain N, Chaudhary J, Thakur RK, Savadi S, Bhardwaj SC, Gangwar OP, Lata C, Adhikari S, Kumar S, Balyan HS, Gupta PK. Candidate effectors for leaf rust resistance gene Lr28 identified through transcriptome and in-silico analysis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1143703. [PMID: 37789861 PMCID: PMC10543267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1143703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Puccinia spp. causing rust diseases in wheat and other cereals secrete several specialized effector proteins into host cells. Characterization of these proteins and their interaction with host's R proteins could greatly help to limit crop losses due to diseases. Prediction of effector proteins by combining the transcriptome analysis and multiple in-silico approaches is gaining importance in revealing the pathogenic mechanism. The present study involved identification of 13 Puccinia triticina (Pt) coding sequences (CDSs), through transcriptome analysis, that were differentially expressed during wheat-leaf rust interaction; and prediction of their effector like features using different in-silico tools. NCBI-BLAST and pathogen-host interaction BLAST (PHI-BLAST) tools were used to annotate and classify these sequences based on their most closely matched counterpart in both the databases. Homology between CDSs and the annotated sequences in the NCBI database ranged from 79 to 94% and with putative effectors of other plant pathogens in PHI-BLAST from 24.46 to 54.35%. Nine of the 13 CDSs had effector-like features according to EffectorP 3.0 (≥0.546 probability of these sequences to be effector). The qRT-PCR expression analysis revealed that the relative expression of all CDSs in compatible interaction (HD2329) was maximum at 11 days post inoculation (dpi) and that in incompatible interactions (HD2329 + Lr28) was maximum at 3 dpi in seven and 9 dpi in five CDSs. These results suggest that six CDSs (>0.8 effector probability as per EffectorP 3.0) could be considered as putative Pt effectors. The molecular docking and MD simulation analysis of these six CDSs suggested that candidate Lr28 protein binds more strongly to candidate effector c14094_g1_i1 to form more stable complex than the remaining five. Further functional characterization of these six candidate effectors should prove useful for a better understanding of wheat-leaf rust interaction. In turn, this should facilitate effector-based leaf rust resistance breeding in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Prasad
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, India
| | - Neelu Jain
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Chaudhary
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Rajni Kant Thakur
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, India
| | | | | | - Om Prakash Gangwar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, India
| | - Charu Lata
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, India
| | - Sneha Adhikari
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, India
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, India
| | - Harindra Singh Balyan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
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Wang D, Yang Q, Hu X, Liu B, Wang Y. A Method for Identification of Biotype-Specific Salivary Effector Candidates of Aphid. INSECTS 2023; 14:760. [PMID: 37754728 PMCID: PMC10532216 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyphagous aphids often consist of host-specialized biotypes that perform poorly in non-native hosts. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Host-specialized biotypes may express biotype-specific salivary effectors or elicitors that determine aphid hosts. Here, we tried three strategies to identify possible effectors in Malvaceae- (MA) and Cucurbitaceae-specialized (CU) biotypes of the cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii Glover. The whole-aphid RNA-seq identified 765 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and 139 of them were possible effectors; aphid-head RNA-seq identified 523 DEGs were identified, and 98 of them were possible effectors. The homologous genes of published aphid effectors were not differentially expressed between CU and MA. Next, quantitative proteomic analyses of saliva identified 177 possible proteins, and 44 of them were different proteins. However, none of the genes of the 44 proteins were differentially expressed, reflecting the discrepancy between transcriptome and proteome data. Finally, we searched for DEGs of the 177 salivary proteins in the aphid-head transcriptomes, and the salivary proteins with expression differences were regarded as effector candidates. Through this strategy, 11 effector candidates were identified, and their expression differences were all confirmed by RT-qPCR. The combinatorial analysis has great potential to identify biotype-specific effector candidates in aphids and other sap-sucking insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoqi Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.)
| | - Qinglan Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.)
| | - Biao Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China;
| | - Yongmo Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.)
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Molloy B, Baum T, Eves-van den Akker S. Unlocking the development- and physiology-altering 'effector toolbox' of plant-parasitic nematodes. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:732-738. [PMID: 37438213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasites take advantage of host developmental plasticity to elicit profound developmental and physiological changes. In the case of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), these changes can result in the development of new plant organs. Despite the importance of the development- and physiology-altering abilities of these parasites in pathology, research has historically focused on their abilities to suppress immunity. We argue that, given the dramatic changes involved in feeding site establishment, it is entirely possible that development- and physiology-altering abilities of PPNs may, in fact, dominate effector repertoires - highlighting the need for novel high-throughput screens for development- and physiology-altering 'tools'. Uncovering this portion of the nematode 'toolbox' can enable biotechnology, enhance crop protection, and shed light on fundamental host biology itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Molloy
- Department of Plant Sciences - Crop Science Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Förderer A, Kourelis J. NLR immune receptors: structure and function in plant disease resistance. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1473-1483. [PMID: 37602488 PMCID: PMC10586772 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are a diverse family of intracellular immune receptors that play crucial roles in recognizing and responding to pathogen invasion in plants. This review discusses the overall model of NLR activation and provides an in-depth analysis of the different NLR domains, including N-terminal executioner domains, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) module, and the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Understanding the structure-function relationship of these domains is essential for developing effective strategies to improve plant disease resistance and agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Förderer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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Derbyshire MC, Raffaele S. Surface frustration re-patterning underlies the structural landscape and evolvability of fungal orphan candidate effectors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5244. [PMID: 37640704 PMCID: PMC10462633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to subvert host physiology and cause disease. Effectors are engaged in a molecular arms race with the host resulting in conflicting evolutionary constraints to manipulate host cells without triggering immune responses. The molecular mechanisms allowing effectors to be at the same time robust and evolvable remain largely enigmatic. Here, we show that 62 conserved structure-related families encompass the majority of fungal orphan effector candidates in the Pezizomycotina subphylum. These effectors diversified through changes in patterns of thermodynamic frustration at surface residues. The underlying mutations tended to increase the robustness of the overall effector protein structure while switching potential binding interfaces. This mechanism could explain how conserved effector families maintained biological activity over long evolutionary timespans in different host environments and provides a model for the emergence of sequence-unrelated effector families with conserved structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Will I, Beckerson WC, de Bekker C. Using machine learning to predict protein-protein interactions between a zombie ant fungus and its carpenter ant host. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13821. [PMID: 37620441 PMCID: PMC10449854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic fungi produce proteins that modulate virulence, alter host physiology, and trigger host responses. These proteins, classified as a type of "effector," often act via protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The fungal parasite Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani (zombie ant fungus) manipulates Camponotus floridanus (carpenter ant) behavior to promote transmission. The most striking aspect of this behavioral change is a summit disease phenotype where infected hosts ascend and attach to an elevated position. Plausibly, interspecific PPIs drive aspects of Ophiocordyceps infection and host manipulation. Machine learning PPI predictions offer high-throughput methods to produce mechanistic hypotheses on how this behavioral manipulation occurs. Using D-SCRIPT to predict host-parasite PPIs, we found ca. 6000 interactions involving 2083 host proteins and 129 parasite proteins, which are encoded by genes upregulated during manipulated behavior. We identified multiple overrepresentations of functional annotations among these proteins. The strongest signals in the host highlighted neuromodulatory G-protein coupled receptors and oxidation-reduction processes. We also detected Camponotus structural and gene-regulatory proteins. In the parasite, we found enrichment of Ophiocordyceps proteases and frequent involvement of novel small secreted proteins with unknown functions. From these results, we provide new hypotheses on potential parasite effectors and host targets underlying zombie ant behavioral manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Will
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
| | - William C Beckerson
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Charissa de Bekker
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
- Department of Biology, Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Shi W, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Misas Villamil JC, Saur IML, Doehlemann G. Combination of in vivo proximity labeling and co-immunoprecipitation identifies the host target network of a tumor-inducing effector in the fungal maize pathogen Ustilago maydis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4736-4750. [PMID: 37225161 PMCID: PMC10433927 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete effectors, which target host proteins to facilitate infection. The Ustilago maydis effector UmSee1 is required for tumor formation in the leaf during infection of maize. UmSee1 interacts with maize SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of skp1) and blocks its phosphorylation in vivo. In the absence of UmSee1, U. maydis cannot trigger tumor formation in the bundle sheath. However, it remains unclear which host processes are manipulated by UmSee1 and the UmSee1-SGT1 interaction to cause the observed phenotype. Proximity-dependent protein labeling involving the turbo biotin ligase tag (TurboID) for proximal labeling of proteins is a powerful tool for identifying the protein interactome. We have generated transgenic U. maydis that secretes biotin ligase-fused See1 effector (UmSee1-TurboID-3HA) directly into maize cells. This approach, in combination with conventional co-immunoprecipitation, allowed the identification of additional UmSee1 interactors in maize cells. Collectively, our data identified three ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-related proteins (ZmSIP1, ZmSIP2, and ZmSIP3) that either interact with or are close to UmSee1 during host infection of maize with U. maydis. ZmSIP3 represents a cell cycle regulator whose degradation appears to be promoted in the presence of UmSee1. Our data provide a possible explanation of the requirement for UmSee1 in tumor formation during U. maydis-Zea mays interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johana C Misas Villamil
- Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
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Pascoal-Ferreira P, Chahed A, Costa R, Branco I, Choupina A. Use of iRNA in the post-transcriptional gene silencing of necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1(NPP1) in Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6493-6504. [PMID: 37326749 PMCID: PMC10374718 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora cinnamomi is an Oomycetes associated with soil, this Oomycete is one of the most destructive species of Phytophthora, being responsible for the decline of more than 5000 ornamental, forest, or fruit plants. It can secrete a class of protein NPP1 (Phytophthora necrosis inducing protein 1), responsible for inducing necrosis in leaves and roots of plants, leading to their death. OBJECTIVE This work will report the characterization of the Phytophthora cinnamomi NPP1 gene responsible for the infection of Castanea sativa roots and will characterize the mechanisms of interaction between Phytophthora cinnamomi and Castanea sativa, by gene silencing NPP1 from Phytophthora cinnamomi mediated by RNAi. METHODS AND RESULTS For silencing a part of the coding region of the NPP1 gene, was placed in the sense and antisense directions between an intron and ligated to the integrative vector pTH210. Cassette integration was confirmed by PCR and sequencing on the hygromycin-resistant Phytophthora cinnamomi transformants. Transformants obtained with the silenced gene was used to infect Castanea sativa. CONCLUSIONS Plants infected with these transformants showed a great reduction in disease symptoms, confirming iRNA as a potential alternative biological tool in the study of molecular factors, and in the control and management of Phytophthora cinnamomi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pascoal-Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Abdessalem Chahed
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratory for Research on Genetics Biodiversity and Bioresources Valuation of (LR11ES41), ISBM, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Iuliia Branco
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Altino Choupina
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
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Bakhat N, Vielba-Fernández A, Padilla-Roji I, Martínez-Cruz J, Polonio Á, Fernández-Ortuño D, Pérez-García A. Suppression of Chitin-Triggered Immunity by Plant Fungal Pathogens: A Case Study of the Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Fungus Podosphaera xanthii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:771. [PMID: 37504759 PMCID: PMC10381495 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are significant plant-destroying microorganisms that present an increasing threat to the world's crop production. Chitin is a crucial component of fungal cell walls and a conserved MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) that can be recognized by specific plant receptors, activating chitin-triggered immunity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the perception of chitin by specific receptors are well known in plants such as rice and Arabidopsis thaliana and are believed to function similarly in many other plants. To become a plant pathogen, fungi have to suppress the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. Therefore, fungal pathogens have evolved various strategies, such as prevention of chitin digestion or interference with plant chitin receptors or chitin signaling, which involve the secretion of fungal proteins in most cases. Since chitin immunity is a very effective defensive response, these fungal mechanisms are believed to work in close coordination. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current understanding of chitin-triggered immune signaling and the fungal proteins developed for its suppression. Second, as an example, we discuss the mechanisms operating in fungal biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi, particularly in the model species Podosphaera xanthii, the main causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits. The key role of fungal effector proteins involved in the modification, degradation, or sequestration of immunogenic chitin oligomers is discussed in the context of fungal pathogenesis and the promotion of powdery mildew disease. Finally, the use of this fundamental knowledge for the development of intervention strategies against powdery mildew fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Bakhat
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandra Vielba-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Padilla-Roji
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Liu R, Chen M, Liu B, Huang K, Mao Z, Li H, Zhao J. A root-knot nematode effector manipulates the rhizosphere microbiome for establishing parasitism relationship with hosts. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1217863. [PMID: 37538840 PMCID: PMC10395084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1217863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) is one of the most infamous soilborne plant diseases, causing severe crop losses every year. Effector proteins secreted by RKNs play crucial roles during plant-nematode interaction. However, less is known about whether RKN effector proteins can impact the rhizosphere microbial environment. Methods In this study, we investigated the rhizosphere microbiome community of MiMIF-2 (a plant immunity-modulating effector) transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with or without nematode infection using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing analysis. Results and discussion The results showed that the bacterial species richness index increased, while the fungi species richness index decreased in M. incognita-infected MiMIF-2 transgenic A. thaliana plants. The relative abundance of genera such as Clitopilus, Komagataeibacter, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Moritella, Vibrio, Escherichia-Shigella, and Pseudomonas was reduced in MiMIF-2 transgenic A. thaliana plants compared to wild type, but was significantly increased after inoculation with M. incognita. The Cluster of Orthologous Genes (COG) function classification analysis revealed a decrease in the relative abundance of defense mechanisms, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport, and nematode infection catabolism-related functions in MiMIF-2 lines compared to the wild type. These differences may be the reason for the increased susceptibility of MiMIF-2 transgenic A. thaliana to nematode infection. Our results provide a new insight into RKN effector proteins and their association with the microbial community, host, and plant pathogens, which will lead to the exploration of new innovative ideas for future biological control of RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University/Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Mengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University/Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Guo L, Mu Y, Wang D, Ye C, Zhu S, Cai H, Zhu Y, Peng Y, Liu J, He X. Structural mechanism of heavy metal-associated integrated domain engineering of paired nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat proteins in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1187372. [PMID: 37448867 PMCID: PMC10338059 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1187372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are immune sensors that detect pathogen effectors and initiate a strong immune response. In many cases, single NLR proteins are sufficient for both effector recognition and signaling activation. These proteins possess a conserved architecture, including a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a central nucleotide-binding (NB) domain, and a variable N-terminal domain. Nevertheless, many paired NLRs linked in a head-to-head configuration have now been identified. The ones carrying integrated domains (IDs) can recognize pathogen effector proteins by various modes; these are known as sensor NLR (sNLR) proteins. Structural and biochemical studies have provided insights into the molecular basis of heavy metal-associated IDs (HMA IDs) from paired NLRs in rice and revealed the co-evolution between pathogens and hosts by combining naturally occurring favorable interactions across diverse interfaces. Focusing on structural and molecular models, here we highlight advances in structure-guided engineering to expand and enhance the response profile of paired NLR-HMA IDs in rice to variants of the rice blast pathogen MAX-effectors (Magnaporthe oryzae AVRs and ToxB-like). These results demonstrate that the HMA IDs-based design of rice materials with broad and enhanced resistance profiles possesses great application potential but also face considerable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Youyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Youliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Zhang J, Wang L, Ren A, Sheng Y, Chang X, Li X, Guan M, Shang N, Zhao P, Sun S. Prediction of Effector Proteins from Trichoderma longibrachiatum Through Transcriptome Sequencing. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:259. [PMID: 37358649 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma longibrachiatum SMF2 is an important biocontrol strain isolated by our group that can promote plant growth and induce plant disease resistance. To further study its biocontrol mechanism, the effector proteins secreted by T. longibrachiatum SMF2 were analyzed through bioinformatics and transcriptome sequencing. Overall, 478 secretory proteins produced by T. longibrachiatum were identified, of which 272 were upregulated after treatment with plants. Functional annotation showed that 36 secretory proteins were homologous with different groups of effectors from pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, the quantitative PCR results of six putative effector proteins were consistent with those of transcriptome sequencing. Taken together, these findings indicate that the secretory proteins secreted by T. longibrachiatum SMF2 may act as effectors to facilitate its own growth and colonization or to induce plant immunity response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijun Wang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Aizhi Ren
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | | | - Xue Chang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
- Liaocheng Land and Resources Bureau, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | | | - Na Shang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
- Liaocheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Peibao Zhao
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
| | - Shulei Sun
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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41
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Zhu L, Wu Z, Fang W, Wang Y. High-Quality Genome and Annotation Resource of Orange Pink Rot Pathogen Trichothecium roseum Strain YXFP-22015 Isolated from Hubei, China. PLANT DISEASE 2023:PDIS10222403A. [PMID: 36471473 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-22-2403-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecium roseum is widely distributed throughout the world and forms pink powdery molds on various fruits and vegetables, lowering their quality and leading to great economic losses. Due to the limited availability of high-quality genomic and annotation resources, little is known about the pathogenesis of T. roseum at the molecular level. In this study, we reported a high-quality genome assembly of strain YXFP-22015 using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) for long read sequencing and MGISEQ-2000 for short read sequencing. The genome was also well-annotated based on the combination of RNA-seq by MGISEQ-2000 and in silico prediction. Further analysis on this will contribute to a better understanding of T. roseum infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Pesticides, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyuan Wu
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Pesticides, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China
| | - Wei Fang
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Pesticides, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China
| | - Yueying Wang
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Pesticides, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China
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42
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Teodoro-Paulo J, Alba JM, Charlesworth S, Kant MR, Magalhães S, Duncan AB. Intraspecific variation for host immune activation by the spider mite Tetranychus evansi. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230525. [PMID: 37325599 PMCID: PMC10265008 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many parasites can interfere with their host's defences to maximize their fitness. Here, we investigated if there is heritable variation in the spider mite Tetranychus evansi for traits associated with how they interact with their host plant. We also determined if this variation correlates with mite fecundity. Tetranychus evansi can interfere with jasmonate (JA) defences which are the main determinant of anti-herbivore immunity in plants. We investigated (i) variation in fecundity in the presence and absence of JA defences, making use of a wild-type tomato cultivar and a JA-deficient mutant (defenseless-1), and (ii) variation in the induction of JA defences, in four T. evansi field populations and 59 inbred lines created from an outbred population originating from controlled crosses of the four field populations. We observed a strong positive genetic correlation between fecundity in the presence (on wild-type) and the absence of JA defences (on defenseless-1). However, fecundity did not correlate with the magnitude of induced JA defences in wild-type plants. Our results suggest that the performance of the specialist T. evansi is not related to their ability to manipulate plant defences, either because all lines can adequately reduce levels of defences, or because they are resistant to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Teodoro-Paulo
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Juan M. Alba
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Charlesworth
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alison B. Duncan
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Meile L, Garrido-Arandia M, Bernasconi Z, Peter J, Schneller A, Bernasconi A, Alassimone J, McDonald BA, Sánchez-Vallet A. Natural variation in Avr3D1 from Zymoseptoria sp. contributes to quantitative gene-for-gene resistance and to host specificity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1562-1577. [PMID: 36529883 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Successful host colonization by plant pathogens requires the circumvention of host defense responses, frequently through sequence modifications in secreted pathogen proteins known as avirulence factors (Avrs). Although Avr sequences are often polymorphic, the contribution of these polymorphisms to virulence diversity in natural pathogen populations remains largely unexplored. We used molecular genetic tools to determine how natural sequence polymorphisms of the avirulence factor Avr3D1 in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici contributed to adaptive changes in virulence. We showed that there is a continuous distribution in the magnitude of resistance triggered by different Avr3D1 isoforms and demonstrated that natural variation in an Avr gene can lead to a quantitative resistance phenotype. We further showed that homologues of Avr3D1 in two nonpathogenic sister species of Z. tritici are recognized by some wheat cultivars, suggesting that Avr-R gene-for-gene interactions can contribute to nonhost resistance. We suggest that the mechanisms underlying host range, qualitative resistance, and quantitative resistance are not exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Meile
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoe Bernasconi
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jules Peter
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alissa Schneller
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Bernasconi
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Julien Alassimone
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Jose RC, Kanchal T, Louis B, Talukdar NC, Chowdhury D. Grain Characteristics, Moisture, and Specific Peptides Produced by Ustilaginoidea virens Contribute to False Smut Disease in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040669. [PMID: 37189416 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, the causative agent of false smut in rice (Oryza sativa L.), is responsible for one of the severe grain diseases that lead to significant losses worldwide. In this research, microscopic and proteomic analyses were performed by comparing U. virens infected and non-infected grains of the susceptible and resistant rice varieties to provide insights into the molecular and ultrastructural factors involved in false smut formation. Prominent differentially expressed peptide bands and spots were detected due to false smut formation as revealed by sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) SDS-PAGE profiles and were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The proteins identified from the resistant grains were involved in diverse biological processes such as cell redox homeostasis, energy, stress tolerance, enzymatic activities, and metabolic pathways. It was found that U. virens produces diverse degrading enzymes such as β-1, 3-endoglucanase, subtilisin-like protease, putative nuclease S1, transaldolase, putative palmitoyl-protein thioesterase, adenosine kinase, and DNase 1 that could discretely alter the host morphophysiology resulting in false smut. The fungus also produced superoxide dismutase, small secreted proteins, and peroxidases during the smut formation. This study revealed that the dimension of rice grain spikes, their elemental composition, moisture content, and the specific peptides produced by the grains and the fungi U. virens play a vital role in the formation of false smut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson C Jose
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Imphal 795001, India
| | - Thangjam Kanchal
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Imphal 795001, India
| | - Bengyella Louis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania State University, 101 Tyson Bldg, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Narayan C Talukdar
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
- Faculty of Science, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati 781026, India
| | - Devasish Chowdhury
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
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Lovelace AH, Dorhmi S, Hulin MT, Li Y, Mansfield JW, Ma W. Effector Identification in Plant Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:637-650. [PMID: 37126080 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0337-kd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Effectors play a central role in determining the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. As key virulence proteins, effectors are collectively indispensable for disease development. By understanding the virulence mechanisms of effectors, fundamental knowledge of microbial pathogenesis and disease resistance have been revealed. Effectors are also considered double-edged swords because some of them activate immunity in disease resistant plants after being recognized by specific immune receptors, which evolved to monitor pathogen presence or activity. Characterization of effector recognition by their cognate immune receptors and the downstream immune signaling pathways is instrumental in implementing resistance. Over the past decades, substantial research effort has focused on effector biology, especially concerning their interactions with virulence targets or immune receptors in plant cells. A foundation of this research is robust identification of the effector repertoire from a given pathogen, which depends heavily on bioinformatic prediction. In this review, we summarize methodologies that have been used for effector mining in various microbial pathogens which use different effector delivery mechanisms. We also discuss current limitations and provide perspectives on how recently developed analytic tools and technologies may facilitate effector identification and hence generation of a more complete vision of host-pathogen interactions. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Dorhmi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | | | - Yufei Li
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - John W Mansfield
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, U.K
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
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46
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Sun L, Wu X, Diao J, Zhang J. Pathogenesis mechanisms of phytopathogen effectors. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1592. [PMID: 36593734 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants commonly face the threat of invasion by a wide variety of pathogens and have developed sophisticated immune mechanisms to defend against infectious diseases. However, successful pathogens have evolved diverse mechanisms to overcome host immunity and cause diseases. Different cell structures and unique cellular organelles carried by plant cells endow plant-specific defense mechanisms, in addition to the common framework of innate immune system shared by both plants and animals. Effectors serve as crucial virulence weapons employed by phytopathogens to disarm the plant immune system and promote infection. Here we summarized the many diverse strategies by which phytopathogen effectors overcome plant defense and prospected future perspectives. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Diao
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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47
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Kovi B, Sakai T, Abe A, Kanzaki E, Terauchi R, Shimizu M. Isolation of Pikps, an allele of Pik, from the aus rice cultivar Shoni. Genes Genet Syst 2023; 97:229-235. [PMID: 36624071 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.22-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast disease caused by the filamentous fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) is one of the most destructive diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.) around the globe. An aus cultivar, Shoni, showed resistance against at least four Japanese P. oryzae isolates. To understand Shoni's resistance against the P. oryzae isolate Naga69-150, genetic analysis was carried out using recombinant inbred lines developed by a cross between Shoni and the japonica cultivar Hitomebore, which is susceptible to Naga69-150. The result indicated that the resistance was controlled by a single locus, which was named Pi-Shoni. A QTL analysis identified Pi-Shoni as being located in the telomeric region of chromosome 11. A candidate gene approach in the region indicated that Pi-Shoni corresponds to the previously cloned Pik locus, and we named this allele Pikps. Loss of gene function mediated by RNA interference demonstrated that a head-to-head-orientated pair of NBS-LRR receptor genes (Pikps-1 and Pikps-2) are required for the Pikps-mediated resistance. Amino acid sequence comparison showed that Pikps-1 is 99% identical to Pikp-1, while Pikps-2 is identical to Pikp-2. Pikps-1 had one amino acid substitution (Pro351Ser) in the NBS domain as compared to Pikp-1. The recognition specificity of Pikps against known AVR-Pik alleles is identical to that of Pikp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Kovi
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | | | | | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University.,Iwate Biotechnology Research Center
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48
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Hypothetical Protein VDAG_07742 Is Required for Verticillium dahliae Pathogenicity in Potato. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043630. [PMID: 36835042 PMCID: PMC9965449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne pathogenic fungus that causes Verticillium wilt in host plants, a particularly serious problem in potato cultivation. Several pathogenicity-related proteins play important roles in the host infection process, hence, identifying such proteins, especially those with unknown functions, will surely aid in understanding the mechanism responsible for the pathogenesis of the fungus. Here, tandem mass tag (TMT) was used to quantitatively analyze the differentially expressed proteins in V. dahliae during the infection of the susceptible potato cultivar "Favorita". Potato seedlings were infected with V. dahliae and incubated for 36 h, after which 181 proteins were found to be significantly upregulated. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses showed that most of these proteins were involved in early growth and cell wall degradation. The hypothetical, secretory protein with an unknown function, VDAG_07742, was significantly upregulated during infection. The functional analysis with knockout and complementation mutants revealed that the associated gene was not involved in mycelial growth, conidial production, or germination; however, the penetration ability and pathogenicity of VDAG_07742 deletion mutants were significantly reduced. Therefore, our results strongly indicate that VDAG_07742 is essential in the early stage of potato infection by V. dahliae.
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49
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Vincent M, Boubakri H, Gasser M, Hay AE, Herrera-Belaroussi A. What contribution of plant immune responses in Alnus glutinosa-Frankia symbiotic interactions? Symbiosis 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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50
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Kong F, Yang L. Pathogen-triggered changes in plant development: Virulence strategies or host defense mechanism? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1122947. [PMID: 36876088 PMCID: PMC9975269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, are constantly exposed to pathogens in nature. Plants rely on physical barriers, constitutive chemical defenses, and sophisticated inducible immunity to fight against pathogens. The output of these defense strategies is highly associated with host development and morphology. Successful pathogens utilize various virulence strategies to colonize, retrieve nutrients, and cause disease. In addition to the overall defense-growth balance, the host-pathogen interactions often lead to changes in the development of specific tissues/organs. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of pathogen-induced changes in plants' development. We discuss that changes in host development could be a target of pathogen virulence strategies or an active defense strategy of plants. Current and ongoing research about how pathogens shape plant development to increase their virulence and causes diseases could give us novel views on plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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