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Pant P, Kaur J. Control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum via an RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated targeting of SsPac1 and SsSmk1. PLANTA 2024; 259:153. [PMID: 38744752 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The study evaluates the potential of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing and Host-Induced Gene Silencing for sustainable crop protection against the broad-spectrum necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, an aggressive ascomycete fungus causes white rot or cottony rot on a broad range of crops including Brassica juncea. The lack of sustainable control measures has necessitated biotechnological interventions such as RNA interference (RNAi) for effective pathogen control. Here we adopted two RNAi-based strategies-Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) and Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) to control S. sclerotiorum. SIGS was successful in controlling white rot on Nicotiana benthamiana and B. juncea by targeting SsPac1, a pH-responsive transcription factor and SsSmk1, a MAP kinase involved in fungal development and pathogenesis. Topical application of dsRNA targeting SsPac1 and SsSmk1 delayed infection initiation and progression on B. juncea. Further, altered hyphal morphology and reduced radial growth were also observed following dsRNA application. We also explored the impact of stable dsRNA expression in A. thaliana against S. sclerotiorum. In this report, we highlight the utility of RNAi as a biofungicide and a tool for preliminary functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Pant
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Jagreet Kaur
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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2
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Jiao W, Li M, Lei T, Liu X, Zhang J, Hu J, Zhang X, Liu J, Shi S, Pan H, Zhang Y. The APSES Transcription Factor SsStuA Regulating Cell Wall Integrity Is Essential for Sclerotia Formation and Pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:238. [PMID: 38667909 PMCID: PMC11051248 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
APSES (Asm1p, Phd1p, Sok2p, Efg1p, and StuAp) family transcription factors play crucial roles in various biological processes of fungi, however, their functional characterization in phytopathogenic fungi is limited. In this study, we explored the role of SsStuA, a typical APSES transcription factor, in the regulation of cell wall integrity (CWI), sclerotia formation and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which is a globally important plant pathogenic fungus. A deficiency of SsStuA led to abnormal phosphorylation level of SsSmk3, the key gene SsAGM1 for UDP-GlcNAc synthesis was unable to respond to cell wall stress, and decreased tolerance to tebuconazole. In addition, ΔSsStuA was unable to form sclerotia but produced more compound appressoria. Nevertheless, the virulence of ΔSsStuA was significantly reduced due to the deficiency of the invasive hyphal growth and increased susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide. We also revealed that SsStuA could bind to the promoter of catalase family genes which regulate the expression of catalase genes. Furthermore, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was found to be increased in ΔSsStuA. In summary, SsStuA, as a core transcription factor involved in the CWI pathway and ROS response, is required for vegetative growth, sclerotia formation, fungicide tolerance and the full virulence of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Jiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Maoxiang Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Tianyi Lei
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Management Committee, Scientific Research Center, Dongying 257091, China
| | - Junting Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jun Hu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shusen Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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3
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Zhu Z, Yu C, Dong Z, Mo R, Zhang C, Liu X, Zuo Y, Li Y, Deng W, Hu X. Phylogeny and Fungal Community Structures of Helotiales Associated with Sclerotial Disease of Mulberry Fruits in China. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:502-512. [PMID: 37647089 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-23-0223-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry fruit sclerotiniose is a prevalent disease caused by the fungal species Ciboria shiraiana, C. carunculoides, and Scleromitrula shiraiana of the order Helotiales, and severely affects the production of mulberry. However, these species have only been identified using morphological and rDNA-ITS sequence analyses, and their genetic variation is unclear. To address this, morphological and two-locus (ITS and RPB2) phylogenetic analyses were conducted using culture-dependent and independent methods for 49 samples from 31 orchards across four provinces in China. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to assess the fungal communities obtained from fruits varying in disease severity and color from an orchard in Wuhan. Conidial suspensions of C. shiraiana and C. carunculoides isolated from diseased fruits, diseased fruits affected with hypertrophy and pellet sorosis sclerotiniose, and mycelia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were determined to be pathogenic to the mulberry cultivar YSD10. However, fruits inoculated with S. sclerotiorum mycelia exhibited nontypical disease symptoms, and mycelia and conidia obtained from C. carunculoides and S. shiraiana strains were not pathogenic. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses using the sequences of the assessed loci indicated species variability with no evidence of geographic specialization. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the diversity of fungal communities was reduced with disease progression. Furthermore, within a single fruit, the presence of two Ciboria spp. was detected. These results provide novel insights into Ciboria spp., revealing the secondary infections caused by conidia in diseased fruits, genetic variations of the pathogens, and the occurrence of coinfection. This improved understanding of fungal pathogens will aid in developing effective disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Zhu
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Cui Yu
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhaoxia Dong
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Rongli Mo
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zuo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xingming Hu
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
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Shang Q, Jiang D, Xie J, Cheng J, Xiao X. The schizotrophic lifestyle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13423. [PMID: 38407560 PMCID: PMC10895550 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a cosmopolitan and typical necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species. Because no cultivars highly resistant to S. sclerotiorum are available, managing Sclerotinia disease caused by S. sclerotiorum is still challenging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that S. sclerotiorum has a beneficial effect and can live mutualistically as an endophyte in graminaceous plants, protecting the plants against major fungal diseases. An in-depth understanding of the schizotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum during interactions with plants under different environmental conditions will provide new strategies for controlling fungal disease. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum during its attack of host plants as a destructive pathogen and discuss its lifestyle as a beneficial endophytic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingna Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Daohong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Djami-Tchatchou AT, Tetorya M, Godwin J, Codjoe JM, Li H, Shah DM. Small Cationic Cysteine-Rich Defensin-Derived Antifungal Peptide Controls White Mold in Soybean. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:873. [PMID: 37754982 PMCID: PMC10532163 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
White mold disease caused by a necrotrophic ascomycete pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum results in serious economic losses of soybean yield in the USA. Lack of effective genetic resistance to this disease in soybean germplasm and increasing pathogen resistance to fungicides makes white mold difficult to manage. Small cysteine-rich antifungal peptides with multi-faceted modes of action possess potential for development as sustainable spray-on bio-fungicides. We have previously reported that GMA4CG_V6 peptide, a 17-amino acid variant of the MtDef4 defensin-derived peptide GMA4CG containing the active γ-core motif, exhibits potent antifungal activity against the gray mold fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in planta. GMA4CG_V6 exhibited antifungal activity against an aggressive field isolate of S. sclerotiorum 555 in vitro with an MIC value of 24 µM. At this concentration, internalization of this peptide into fungal cells occurred prior to discernible membrane permeabilization. GMA4CG_V6 markedly reduced white mold disease symptoms when applied to detached soybean leaves, pods, and stems. Its spray application on soybean plants provided robust control of this disease. GMA4CG_V6 at sub-lethal concentrations reduced sclerotia production. It was also non-phytotoxic to soybean plants. Our results demonstrate that GMA4CG_V6 peptide has potential for development as a bio-fungicide for white mold control in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dilip M. Shah
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; (A.T.D.-T.); (M.T.); (J.G.); (J.M.C.); (H.L.)
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6
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Qin L, Nong J, Cui K, Tang X, Gong X, Xia Y, Xu Y, Qiu Y, Li X, Xia S. SsCak1 Regulates Growth and Pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12610. [PMID: 37628791 PMCID: PMC10454577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating fungal pathogen that causes severe crop losses worldwide. It is of vital importance to understand its pathogenic mechanism for disease control. Through a forward genetic screen combined with next-generation sequencing, a putative protein kinase, SsCak1, was found to be involved in the growth and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum. Knockout and complementation experiments confirmed that deletions in SsCak1 caused defects in mycelium and sclerotia development, as well as appressoria formation and host penetration, leading to complete loss of virulence. These findings suggest that SsCak1 is essential for the growth, development, and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum. Therefore, SsCak1 could serve as a potential target for the control of S. sclerotiorum infection through host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), which could increase crop resistance to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jieying Nong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Kan Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Xianyu Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xin Gong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yunong Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yilan Qiu
- Department of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
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7
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Xu Y, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Li X. A cAMP phosphodiesterase is essential for sclerotia formation and virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1175552. [PMID: 37324679 PMCID: PMC10264682 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1175552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a plant pathogenic fungus that causes white mold or stem rot diseases. It affects mostly dicotyledonous crops, resulting in significant economic losses worldwide. Sclerotia formation is a special feature of S. sclerotiorum, allowing its survival in soil for extended periods and facilitates the spread of the pathogen. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of how sclerotia are formed and how virulence is achieved in S. sclerotiorum are not fully understood. Here, we report the identification of a mutant that cannot form sclerotia using a forward genetics approach. Next-generation sequencing of the mutant's whole genome revealed candidate genes. Through knockout experiments, the causal gene was found to encode a cAMP phosphodiesterase (SsPDE2). From mutant phenotypic examinations, we found that SsPDE2 plays essential roles not only in sclerotia formation, but also in the regulation of oxalic acid accumulation, infection cushion functionality and virulence. Downregulation of SsSMK1 transcripts in Sspde2 mutants revealed that these morphological defects are likely caused by cAMP-dependent inhibition of MAPK signaling. Moreover, when we introduced HIGS construct targeting SsPDE2 in Nicotiana benthamiana, largely compromised virulence was observed against S. sclerotiorum. Taken together, SsPDE2 is indispensable for key biological processes of S. sclerotiorum and can potentially serve as a HIGS target to control stem rot in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yilan Qiu
- Department of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Hossain MM, Sultana F, Li W, Tran LSP, Mostofa MG. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: Insights into the Pathogenomic Features of a Global Pathogen. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071063. [PMID: 37048136 PMCID: PMC10093061 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a broad host-range fungus that infects an inclusive array of plant species and afflicts significant yield losses globally. Despite being a notorious pathogen, it has an uncomplicated life cycle consisting of either basal infection from myceliogenically germinated sclerotia or aerial infection from ascospores of carpogenically germinated sclerotia. This fungus is unique among necrotrophic pathogens in that it inevitably colonizes aging tissues to initiate an infection, where a saprophytic stage follows the pathogenic phase. The release of cell wall-degrading enzymes, oxalic acid, and effector proteins are considered critical virulence factors necessary for the effective pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of S. sclerotiorum pathogenesis is still imprecise and remains a topic of continuing research. Previous comprehensive sequencing of the S. sclerotiorum genome has revealed new insights into its genome organization and provided a deeper comprehension of the sophisticated processes involved in its growth, development, and virulence. This review focuses on the genetic and genomic aspects of fungal biology and molecular pathogenicity to summarize current knowledge of the processes utilized by S. sclerotiorum to parasitize its hosts. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the infection process of S. sclerotiorum will contribute to devising strategies for preventing infections caused by this destructive pathogen.
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The SsAtg1 Activating Autophagy Is Required for Sclerotia Formation and Pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121314. [PMID: 36547647 PMCID: PMC9787769 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that produces sclerotia. Sclerotia are essential components of the survival and disease cycle of this devastating pathogen. In this study, we analyzed comparative transcriptomics of hyphae and sclerotia. A total of 1959 differentially expressed genes, 919 down-regulated and 1040 up-regulated, were identified. Transcriptomes data provide the possibility to precisely comprehend the sclerotia development. We further analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in sclerotia to explore the molecular mechanism of sclerotia development, which include ribosome biogenesis and translation, melanin biosynthesis, autophagy and reactivate oxygen metabolism. Among these, the autophagy-related gene SsAtg1 was up-regulated in sclerotia. Atg1 homologs play critical roles in autophagy, a ubiquitous and evolutionarily highly conserved cellular mechanism for turnover of intracellular materials in eukaryotes. Therefore, we investigated the function of SsAtg1 to explore the function of the autophagy pathway in S. sclerotiorum. Deficiency of SsAtg1 inhibited autophagosome accumulation in the vacuoles of nitrogen-starved cells. Notably, ΔSsAtg1 was unable to form sclerotia and displayed defects in vegetative growth under conditions of nutrient restriction. Furthermore, the development and penetration of the compound appressoria in ΔSsAtg1 was abnormal. Pathogenicity analysis showed that SsAtg1 was required for full virulence of S. sclerotiorum. Taken together, these results indicate that SsAtg1 is a core autophagy-related gene that has vital functions in nutrient utilization, sclerotia development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum.
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Cong J, Xiao K, Jiao W, Zhang C, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Pan H. The Coupling Between Cell Wall Integrity Mediated by MAPK Kinases and SsFkh1 Is Involved in Sclerotia Formation and Pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:816091. [PMID: 35547112 PMCID: PMC9081980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.816091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum can survive on a wide range of hosts and cause significant losses on crop yields. FKH, a forkhead box (FOX)-containing protein, functions to regulate transcription and signal transduction. As a transcription factor (TF) with multiple biological functions in eukaryotic organisms, little research has been done on the role of FKH protein in pathogenic fungi. SsFkh1 encodes a protein which has been predicted to contain FOX domain in S. sclerotiorum. In this study, the deletion mutant of SsFkh1 resulted in severe defects in hyphal development, virulence, and sclerotia formation. Moreover, knockout of SsFkh1 lead to gene functional enrichment in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in transcriptome analysis and SsFkh1 was found to be involved in the maintenance of the cell wall integrity (CWI) and the MAPK signaling pathway. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that SsFkh1 interacts with SsMkk1. In addition, we explored the conserved MAPK signaling pathway components, including Bck1, Mkk1, Pkc1, and Smk3 in S. sclerotiorum. ΔSsmkk1, ΔSspkc1, ΔSsbck1, and ΔSssmk3knockout mutant strains together with ΔSsmkk1com, ΔSspkc1com, ΔSsbck1com, and ΔSssmk3com complementation mutant strains were obtained. The results indicated that ΔSsmkk1, ΔSspkc1, ΔSsbck1, and ΔSssmk3 displayed similar phenotypes to ΔSsfkh1 in sclerotia formation, compound appressorium development, and pathogenicity. Taken together, SsFkh1 may be the downstream substrate of SsMkk1 and involved in sclerotia formation, compound appressorium development, and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cong
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kunqin Xiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenli Jiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ma YH, Deng WJ, Luo ZY, Jing J, Pan PW, Yao YB, Fang YB, Teng JF. Inhibition of microRNA-29b suppresses oxidative stress and reduces apoptosis in ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:433-439. [PMID: 34269220 PMCID: PMC8463996 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate protein expression by antagonizing the translation of mRNAs and are effective regulators of normal nervous system development, function, and disease. MicroRNA-29b (miR-29b) plays a broad and critical role in brain homeostasis. In this study, we tested the function of miR-29b in animal and cell models by inhibiting miR-29b expression. Mouse models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were established using the modified Zea-Longa suture method. Prior to modeling, 50 nmol/kg miR-29b antagomir was injected via the tail vein. MiR-29b expression was found to be abnormally increased in ischemic brain tissue. The inhibition of miR-29b expression decreased the neurological function score and reduced the cerebral infarction volume and cell apoptosis. In addition, the inhibition of miR-29b significantly decreased the malondialdehyde level, increased superoxide dismutase activity, and Bcl-2 expression, and inhibited Bax and Caspase3 expression. PC12 cells were treated with glutamate for 12 hours to establish in vitro cell models of ischemic stroke and then treated with the miR-29 antagomir for 48 hours. The results revealed that miR-29b inhibition in PC12 cells increased Bcl-2 expression and inhibited cell apoptosis and oxidative damage. These findings suggest that the inhibition of miR-29b inhibits oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in ischemic stroke, producing therapeutic effects in ischemic stroke. This study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (approval No. 201709276S) on September 27, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hua Ma
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Luo
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Peng-Wei Pan
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yao-Bing Yao
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan-Bo Fang
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jun-Fang Teng
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Xiong D, Yu L, Shan H, Tian C. CcPmk1 is a regulator of pathogenicity in Cytospora chrysosperma and can be used as a potential target for disease control. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:710-726. [PMID: 33835616 PMCID: PMC8126189 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fus3/Kss1, also known as Pmk1 in several pathogenic fungi, is a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway that functions as a regulator in fungal development, stress response, mating, and pathogenicity. Cytospora chrysosperma, a notorious woody plant-pathogenic fungus, causes canker disease in many species, and its Pmk1 homolog, CcPmk1, is required for fungal development and pathogenicity. However, the global regulation network of CcPmk1 is still unclear. In this study, we compared transcriptional analysis between a CcPmk1 deletion mutant and the wild type during the simulated infection process. A subset of transcription factor genes and putative effector genes were significantly down-regulated in the CcPmk1 deletion mutant, which might be important for fungal pathogenicity. Additionally, many tandem genes were found to be regulated by CcPmk1. Eleven out of 68 core secondary metabolism biosynthesis genes and several gene clusters were significantly down-regulated in the CcPmk1 deletion mutant. GO annotation of down-regulated genes showed that the ribosome biosynthesis-related processes were over-represented in the CcPmk1 deletion mutant. Comparison of the CcPmk1-regulated genes with the Pmk1-regulated genes from Magnaporthe oryzae revealed only a few overlapping regulated genes in both CcPmk1 and Pmk1, while the enrichment GO terms in the ribosome biosynthesis-related processes were also found. Subsequently, we calculated that in vitro feeding artificial small interference RNAs of CcPmk1 could silence the target gene, resulting in inhibited fungal growth. Furthermore, silencing of BcPmk1 in Botrytis cinerea with conserved CcPmk1 and BcPmk1 fragments could significantly compromise fungal virulence using the virus-induced gene silencing system in Nicotiana benthamiana. These results suggest that CcPmk1 functions as a regulator of pathogenicity and can potentially be designed as a target for broad-spectrum disease control, but unintended effects on nonpathogenic fungi need to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianguang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationCollege of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest ControlBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lu Yu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationCollege of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huimin Shan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationCollege of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationCollege of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest ControlBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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13
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O’Sullivan CA, Belt K, Thatcher LF. Tackling Control of a Cosmopolitan Phytopathogen: Sclerotinia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:707509. [PMID: 34490008 PMCID: PMC8417578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.707509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic members of the Sclerotinia genus cause widespread disease across a broad range of economically important crops. In particular, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is considered one of the most destructive and cosmopolitan of plant pathogens. Here, were review the epidemiology of the pathogen, its economic impact on agricultural production, and measures employed toward control of disease. We review the broad approaches required to tackle Sclerotinia diseases and include cultural practices, crop genetic resistance, chemical fungicides, and biological controls. We highlight the benefits and drawbacks of each approach along with recent advances within these controls and future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise F. Thatcher
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Louise F. Thatcher,
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Luo H, Qian J, Xu Z, Liu W, Xu L, Li Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Xu X, Liu C, He L, Li J, Sun C, Martin F, Song J, Chen S. The Wolfiporia cocos Genome and Transcriptome Shed Light on the Formation of Its Edible and Medicinal Sclerotium. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:455-467. [PMID: 33359677 PMCID: PMC8242266 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wolfiporia cocos (F. A. Wolf) has been praised as a food delicacy and medicine for centuries in China. Here, we present the genome and transcriptome of the Chinese strain CGMCC5.78 of W. cocos. High-confidence functional prediction was made for 9277 genes among the 10,908 total predicted gene models in the W. cocos genome. Up to 2838 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified to be related to sclerotial development by comparing the transcriptomes of mycelial and sclerotial tissues. These DEGs are involved in mating processes, differentiation of fruiting body tissues, and metabolic pathways. A number of genes encoding enzymes and regulatory factors related to polysaccharide and triterpenoid production were strikingly regulated. A potential triterpenoid gene cluster including the signature lanosterol synthase (LSS) gene and its modified components were annotated. In addition, five nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS)-like gene clusters, eight polyketide synthase (PKS) gene clusters, and 15 terpene gene clusters were discovered in the genome. The differential expression of the velevt family proteins, transcription factors, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and signaling components indicated their essential roles in the regulation of fungal development and secondary metabolism in W. cocos. These genomic and transcriptomic resources will be valuable for further investigations of the molecular mechanisms controlling sclerotial formation and for its improved medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ying Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liu He
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianqin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, 54280 Champenoux, France; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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15
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Jun SC, Kim JH, Han KH. The Conserved MAP Kinase MpkB Regulates Development and Sporulation without Affecting Aflatoxin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040289. [PMID: 33207581 PMCID: PMC7711526 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the MAP kinase signaling pathway plays pivotal roles in regulating the expression of genes required for growth, development, and stress response. Here, we deleted the mpkB gene (AFLA_034170), an ortholog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FUS3 gene, to characterize its function in Aspergillus flavus, a cosmopolitan, pathogenic, and aflatoxin-producing fungus. Previous studies revealed that MpkB positively regulates sexual and asexual differentiation in Aspergillus nidulans. In A. flavus, mpkB deletion resulted in an approximately 60% reduction in conidia production compared to the wild type without mycelial growth defects. Moreover, the mutant produced immature and abnormal conidiophores exhibiting vesicular dome-immaturity in the conidiophore head, decreased phialide numbers, and very short stalks. Interestingly, the ΔmpkB mutant could not produce sclerotia but produced aflatoxin B1 normally. Taken together, these results suggest that the A. flavus MpkB MAP kinase positively regulates conidiation and sclerotia formation but is not involved in the production of secondary metabolites such as aflatoxin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jong-Hwa Kim
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (K.-H.H.); Tel.: +82-63-290-1439 (J.-H.K.); +82-63-290-1427 (K.-H.H.)
| | - Kap-Hoon Han
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (K.-H.H.); Tel.: +82-63-290-1439 (J.-H.K.); +82-63-290-1427 (K.-H.H.)
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16
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Atallah O, Yassin S. Aspergillus spp. eliminate Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by imbalancing the ambient oxalic acid concentration and parasitizing its sclerotia. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5265-5279. [PMID: 32844537 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a pathogen of more than 600 host plants, secretes oxalic acid to regulate the ambient acidity and provide conducive environment for pathogenicity and reproduction. Few Aspergillus spp. were previously proposed as potential biocontrol agents for S. sclerotiorum as they deteriorate sclerotia and prevent pathogen's overwintering and initial infections. We studied the nature of physical and biochemical interactions between Aspergillus and Sclerotinia. Aspergillus species inhibited sclerotial germination as they colonized its rind layer. However, Aspergillus-infested sclerotia remain solid and viable for vegetative and carpogenic germination, indicating that Aspergillus infestation is superficial. Aspergillus spp. of section Nigri (Aspergillus japonicus and Aspergillus niger) were also capable of suppressing sclerotial formation by S. sclerotiorum on agar plates. Their culture filtrate contained high levels of oxalic, citric and glutaric acids comparing to the other Aspergillus spp. tested. Exogenous supplementation of oxalic acid altered growth and reproduction of S. sclerotiorum at low concentrations. Inhibitory concentrations of oxalic acid displayed lower pH values comparing to their parallel concentrations of other organic acids. Thus, S. sclerotiorum growth and reproduction are sensitive to the ambient oxalic acid fluctuations and the environmental acidity. Together, Aspergillus species parasitize colonies of Sclerotinia and prevent sclerotial formation through their acidic secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Atallah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Sherene Yassin
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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Zhang X, Xu J, Muhayimana S, Xiong H, Liu X, Huang Q. Antifungal effects of 3-(2-pyridyl)methyl-2-(4-chlorphenyl) iminothiazolidine against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2978-2985. [PMID: 32246520 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum threatens oilseed rape cultivation, and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains has led to control failures worldwide. Identifying novel chemical alternatives with different modes of action and high antifungal activities is thus crucial. Herein we evaluated the antifungal effects of 3-(2-pyridyl)methyl-2-(4-chlorphenyl)imino- thiazolidine (PMAS) on S. sclerotiorum to determine its efficacy for SSR management. RESULTS PMAS had an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth; the EC50 values were 17.83 and 21.15 μg mL-1 for the carbendazim-susceptible strain Ss01 and carbendazim-resistant strain Hm25, respectively. PMAS treatment changed the color of inhibited mycelia to green, and the hyphae were sustained in the undifferentiated stage. Cysteine supplementation made this green color disappear, whereas methionine enhanced the color. Moreover, PMAS treatment markedly inhibited oxalic acid biogenesis, increased free thiol content in mycelia, and weakened the activities of oxaloacetase and malate dehydrogenase, but had little effect on the activity of glyoxylate dehydrogenase. Cysteine could reverse the inhibitory effects of PMAS on mycelial morphogenesis and biochemical constituents, except thiol production. In the pot-culture experiment, PMAS showed a good protective effect, with the control efficacy being >91% on SSR. CONCLUSION PMAS appears to be an effective fungicide for SSR management. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuyong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Solange Muhayimana
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchun Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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18
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Xia S, Xu Y, Hoy R, Zhang J, Qin L, Li X. The Notorious Soilborne Pathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: An Update on Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010027. [PMID: 31892134 PMCID: PMC7168625 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most damaging soilborne fungal pathogens affecting hundreds of plant hosts, including many economically important crops. Its genomic sequence has been available for less than a decade, and it was recently updated with higher completion and better gene annotation. Here, we review key molecular findings on the unique biology and pathogenesis process of S. sclerotiorum, focusing on genes that have been studied in depth using mutant analysis. Analyses of these genes have revealed critical players in the basic biological processes of this unique pathogen, including mycelial growth, appressorium establishment, sclerotial formation, apothecial and ascospore development, and virulence. Additionally, the synthesis has uncovered gaps in the current knowledge regarding this fungus. We hope that this review will serve to build a better current understanding of the biology of this under-studied notorious soilborne pathogenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
- Correspondence: (S.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Yan Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.X.); (R.H.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ryan Hoy
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.X.); (R.H.)
| | - Julia Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Lei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.X.); (R.H.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.X.); (X.L.)
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Pandaranayaka EP, Frenkel O, Elad Y, Prusky D, Harel A. Network analysis exposes core functions in major lifestyles of fungal and oomycete plant pathogens. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1020. [PMID: 31878885 PMCID: PMC6933724 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic studies demonstrate that components of virulence mechanisms in filamentous eukaryotic pathogens (FEPs, fungi and oomycetes) of plants are often highly conserved, or found in gene families that include secreted hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., cellulases and proteases) and secondary metabolites (e.g., toxins), central to the pathogenicity process. However, very few large-scale genomic comparisons have utilized complete proteomes from dozens of FEPs to reveal lifestyle-associated virulence mechanisms. Providing a powerful means for exploration, and the discovery of trends in large-scale datasets, network analysis has been used to identify core functions of the primordial cyanobacteria, and ancient evolutionary signatures in oxidoreductases. Results We used a sequence-similarity network to study components of virulence mechanisms of major pathogenic lifestyles (necrotroph (ic), N; biotroph (ic), B; hemibiotroph (ic), H) in complete pan-proteomes of 65 FEPs and 17 saprobes. Our comparative analysis highlights approximately 190 core functions found in 70% of the genomes of these pathogenic lifestyles. Core functions were found mainly in: transport (in H, N, B cores); carbohydrate metabolism, secondary metabolite synthesis, and protease (H and N cores); nucleic acid metabolism and signal transduction (B core); and amino acid metabolism (H core). Taken together, the necrotrophic core contains functions such as cell wall-associated degrading enzymes, toxin metabolism, and transport, which are likely to support their lifestyle of killing prior to feeding. The biotrophic stealth growth on living tissues is potentially controlled by a core of regulatory functions, such as: small G-protein family of GTPases, RNA modification, and cryptochrome-based light sensing. Regulatory mechanisms found in the hemibiotrophic core contain light- and CO2-sensing functions that could mediate important roles of this group, such as transition between lifestyles. Conclusions The selected set of enriched core functions identified in our work can facilitate future studies aimed at controlling FEPs. One interesting example would be to facilitate the identification of the pathogenic potential of samples analyzed by metagenomics. Finally, our analysis offers potential evolutionary scenarios, suggesting that an early-branching saprobe (identified in previous studies) has probably evolved a necrotrophic lifestyle as illustrated by the highest number of shared gene families between saprobes and necrotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswari Pj Pandaranayaka
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arye Harel
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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Sousa Melo B, Voltan AR, Arruda W, Cardoso Lopes FA, Georg RC, Ulhoa CJ. Morphological and molecular aspects of sclerotial development in the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Microbiol Res 2019; 229:126326. [PMID: 31493702 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary produces a resistance structure called sclerotium, which guarantees its survival in soil for long periods. Morphological and melanization aspects during sclerotial development were evaluated by microscopy and qRT-PCR techniques. S. sclerotiorum produces sclerotia with different phases of maturation and melanization during growth in PDA medium. Using scanning electron microscopy we observed that there are no structural differences in the three stages of formation of melanized and non-melanized sclerotium. Through histochemical analysis we observed that the melanized sclerotium accumulates more glycogen and produces less protein than non-melanized sclerotia. Melanin was most commonly found in the rind of melanized sclerotia, and the highest concentration of lipofucsins was found in non-melanized sclerotia. These molecules are products of the lipid peroxidation pathway and are associated with oxidative stress during differentiation in fungi. The expression of histidine kinase (shk) and adenylate cyclase (sac) genes in melanized and non-melanized sclerotiawere also evaluated. The higher gene expression of shk and lesser expression of sac in non-melanized sclerotiais an indication of the participation of cell signaling in the development of these structures. The higher expression of polyketide synthase (pks), tyrosinase (tyr) and laccase (lac) in non-melanized sclerotia suggested that S. sclerotiorum can use the DHN and L-dopa pathways to produce melanin. Expression studies of the enzymes chitin synthase and glucan synthase suggest that this process occurs along with the formation of melanin. This is interesting since polysaccharides, such as chitin and β-1,3-glucan, serve as a scaffold to which the melanin granules are cross-linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Sousa Melo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás (ICB II), Campus Samambaia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Aline Raquel Voltan
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás (ICB II), Campus Samambaia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Walquiria Arruda
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás (ICB II), Campus Samambaia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | - Raphaela Castro Georg
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás (ICB II), Campus Samambaia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás (ICB II), Campus Samambaia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
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Yu L, Xiong D, Han Z, Liang Y, Tian C. The mitogen-activated protein kinase gene CcPmk1 is required for fungal growth, cell wall integrity and pathogenicity in Cytospora chrysosperma. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 128:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Wang J, Zhou M, Wang M, Feng J. Antifungal Activity and Action Mechanism of the Natural Product Cinnamic Acid Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:944-950. [PMID: 30895869 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-18-1355-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary spreads worldwide and causes serious economic losses. Considering the development of fungicide resistance and chemical residues, it is urgently necessary to explore alternative fungicides. In this study, the activity of the natural product cinnamic acid was assessed. The EC50 values for cinnamic acid inhibition of mycelial growth of 103 S. sclerotiorum strains ranged from 9.37 to 42.54 µg/ml with an average EC50 value of 18.77 (±3.39) µg/ml. No cross-resistance was detected between cinnamic acid and the commonly used fungicides carbendazim or dimethachlon. After treatment with cinnamic acid, mycelia distorted with more branches, no sclerotia developed, and the oxalic acid content decreased, whereas cell membrane permeability increased significantly. In pot experiments, cinnamic acid at 2,000 µg/ml provided over 95% efficacy against both carbendazim-sensitive and carbendazim-resistant strains of S. sclerotiorum. The expression of the sclerotia development-correlated genes Sac1, Pac1, Smk1, and Pka1 decreased, whereas the Cna1 gene expression increased. Altogether, cinnamic acid shows potential to be a natural alternative to commercial fungicides or a lead compound to develop new fungicides for the control of Sclerotinia stem rot. The biological characteristics contribute to the understanding of the action mechanism of cinnamic acid against S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingxia Zhou
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miaomaio Wang
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juntao Feng
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Liu W, Cai Y, He P, Chen L, Bian Y. Comparative transcriptomics reveals potential genes involved in the vegetative growth of Morchella importuna. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:81. [PMID: 30800592 PMCID: PMC6374242 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
True morels (Morchella spp.) are edible, medicinal mushrooms which have recently been artificially cultivated in China but stable production remains a problem. Here, we describe complete and comprehensive transcriptome of Morchella importuna at the stages of vegetative mycelium (VM), initial sclerotium (IS) and mature sclerotium (MS) by deep transcriptional sequencing and de novo assembly for the first time and which will potentially provide useful information for improving its cultivation. A total of 26,496 genes were identified with a contig N50 length of 1763 bp and an average length of over 1064 bp. Additionally, 11,957 open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted and 9676 of them (80.9%) were annotated. The 2605 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by gene expression clustering were mainly involved with energy metabolism and could be divided into three broad clusters, of which genes in cluster_1 and cluster_2 were involved in the metabolic process of carbohydrate, polysaccharide, hydrolase, caprolactam, beta-galactosidase, and disaccharide, respectively. Genes in cluster_3 were the largest category, mainly identified with the catalytic activity and transporter activity. Overall, the enzymes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism were highly expressed, and the CAZyme (carbohydrate-active enzyme) genes were significantly expressed within cluster_3. For expression verification, 16 CAZYme genes were selected for qRT-PCR, and the results suggested that the catabolism of carbohydrates occurs mainly in the vegetative mycelium stage, and the anabolism of the energy-rich substances is the main event of mycelial growth and sclerotial morphogenesis of M. importuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yingli Cai
- Institute of Vegetable, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Peixin He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lianfu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yinbing Bian
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei China
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24
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Du J, Huang Z, Fang A, Yang Y, Bi C, Qing L, Yu Y. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Thioredoxin Reductase Is Required for Oxidative Stress Tolerance, Virulence, and Sclerotial Development. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:233. [PMID: 30837967 PMCID: PMC6382746 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a destructive ascomycete plant pathogen with worldwide distribution. Extensive research on different aspects of this pathogen's capability to cause disease will help to uncover clues about new ways to safely control Sclerotinia diseases. The thioredoxin (Trx) system consists of Trx and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which play critical roles in maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. In this study, we functionally characterized a gene encoding a TrxR (SsTrr1) in S. sclerotiorum. The amino acids of SsTrr1 exhibited high similarity with reported TrxRs in plant pathogens and targeted silencing of SsTrr1 lead to a decrease in TrxR activities of mycelium. SsTrr1 showed high expression levels during hyphae growth, and the levels decreased at the different stages of sclerotial development. SsTrr1 gene-silenced strains produced a smaller number of larger sclerotia on potato dextrose agar medium. The observations were consistent with the inhibitory effects on sclerotial development by the TrxR inhibitor, anrunofin. The expression of SsTrr1 showed a dramatic increase under the oxidative stress and the hyphal growth of gene-silenced strains showed more sensitivity to H2O2. SsTrr1 gene-silenced strains also showed impaired virulence in different hosts. Taken together, our results suggest that SsTrr1 encodes a TrxR that is of great important for oxidative stress tolerance, virulence, and sclerotial development of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Sang H, Chang HX, Chilvers MI. A Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Transcription Factor Involved in Sclerotial Development and Virulence on Pea. mSphere 2019; 4:e00615-18. [PMID: 30674647 PMCID: PMC6344603 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00615-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a plant-pathogenic ascomycete fungus and infects over 400 host plants, including pea (Pisum sativum L.). The fungus causes white mold on pea, and substantial yield loss is attributed to the disease. To improve white mold management, further understanding of S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity is crucial. In this study, 389 transcription factors (TFs) were mined from the complete genome sequence of S. sclerotiorum and their in planta expression patterns were determined in susceptible and partially resistant pea lines and compared to in vitro expression patterns on culture medium. One of the transcription factors was significantly induced in planta at 24 and 48 h postinfection compared to the expression in vitro This putative C6 transcription factor of S. sclerotiorum (SsC6TF1) was knocked down using a gene-silencing approach to investigate its functions in vegetative growth and sclerotial development as well as its virulence and pathogenicity in pea. While the SsC6TF1 knockdown mutants had hyphal growth rates identical to those of the wild-type strain and were capable of infection, the knockdown mutants produced no sclerotia or significantly fewer and smaller sclerotia on the culture medium and exhibited reduced virulence on both pea lines. This study profiled genome-wide expression for S. sclerotiorum transcription factors in planta and in vitro and functionally characterized a novel transcription factor, SsC6TF1, which positively regulates sclerotial development and virulence on pea. The finding provides molecular insights into S. sclerotiorum biology and interaction with pea and other economically important crops.IMPORTANCE White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a destructive disease on important legume species such as soybean, dry bean, and pea. This study investigated expression levels of transcription factors in S. sclerotiorumin planta (pea lines) and in vitro (culture medium). One transcription factor displaying high expression in planta was found to be involved in sclerotial development and virulence on pea. This report provides a new understanding regarding transcription factors of S. sclerotiorum in development and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkyu Sang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Hao-Xun Chang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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26
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Song Z. Fungal microsclerotia development: essential prerequisites, influencing factors, and molecular mechanism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9873-9880. [PMID: 30255231 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microsclerotia (MS) consist of an outer layer of pigment parenchyma cells and an inner layer of colorless medulla cells. In nature, MS are formed as overwintering and spreading structures in phytopathogenic fungi. For biological applications, MS can be induced in artificial liquid medium. To understand the complicated structure of MS and molecular mechanism of MS development in entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi, data from different studies can be integrated. In this review, the essential prerequisites, environmental cues, and internal stimulating factors for MS development are explored. Emerging knowledges about the association between transcriptional regulatory circuits and signaling pathways involved in MS development in entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Xu L, Li G, Jiang D, Chen W. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: An Evaluation of Virulence Theories. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:311-338. [PMID: 29958073 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid production in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has long been associated with virulence. Research involving UV-induced, genetically undefined mutants that concomitantly lost oxalate accumulation, sclerotial formation, and pathogenicity supported the conclusion that oxalate is an essential pathogenicity determinant of S. sclerotiorum. However, recent investigations showed that genetically defined mutants that lost oxalic acid production but accumulated fumaric acid could cause disease on many plants and substantiated the conclusion that acidic pH, not oxalic acid per se, is the necessary condition for disease development. Critical evaluation of available evidence showed that the UV-induced mutants harbored previously unrecognized confounding genetic defects in saprophytic growth and pH responsiveness, warranting reevaluation of the conclusions about virulence based on the UV-induced mutants. Furthermore, analyses of the evidence suggested a hypothesis for the existence of an unrecognized regulator responsive to acidic pH. Identifying the unknown pH regulator would offer a new avenue for investigating pH sensing/regulation in S. sclerotiorum and novel targets for intervention in disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
- Departments of Plant Pathology and Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA;
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28
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Li J, Mu W, Veluchamy S, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Pan H, Rollins JA. The GATA-type IVb zinc-finger transcription factor SsNsd1 regulates asexual-sexual development and appressoria formation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1679-1689. [PMID: 29227022 PMCID: PMC6638148 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The sclerotium, a multicellular structure composed of the compact aggregation of vegetative hyphae, is critical for the long-term survival and sexual reproduction of the plant-pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The development and carpogenic germination of sclerotia are regulated by integrating signals from both environmental and endogenous processes. Here, we report the regulatory functions of the S. sclerotiorum GATA-type IVb zinc-finger transcription factor SsNsd1 in these processes. SsNsd1 is orthologous to the Aspergillus nidulans NsdD (never in sexual development) and the Neurospora crassa SUB-1 (submerged protoperithecia-1) proteins. Ssnsd1 gene transcript accumulation remains relatively low, but variable, during vegetative mycelial growth and multicellular development. Ssnsd1 deletion mutants (Δnsd1-KOs) produce phialides and phialospores (spermatia) excessively in vegetative hyphae and promiscuously within the interior medulla of sclerotia. In contrast, phialospore development occurs only on the sclerotium surface in the wild-type. Loss of SsNsd1 function affects sclerotium structural integrity and disrupts ascogonia formation during conditioning for carpogenic germination. As a consequence, apothecium development is abolished. The Ssnsd1 deletion mutants are also defective in the transition from hyphae to compound appressorium formation, resulting in a loss of pathogenicity on unwounded hosts. In sum, our results demonstrate that SsNsd1 functions in a regulatory role similar to its ascomycete orthologues in regulating sexual and asexual development. Further, SsNsd1 appears to have evolved as a regulator of pre-penetration infectious development required for the successful infection of its many hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Li
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunJilin Province130062China
| | - Wenhui Mu
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunJilin Province130062China
| | - Selvakumar Veluchamy
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA
- Present address:
Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension CenterNorth Carolina State UniversityMills RiverNC 28759USA
| | - Yanzhi Liu
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunJilin Province130062China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunJilin Province130062China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunJilin Province130062China
| | - Jeffrey A. Rollins
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA
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29
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Liu P, Wei M, Zhang J, Wang R, Li B, Chen Q, Weng Q. Changes in mycelia growth, sporulation, and virulence of Phytophthora capsici when challenged by heavy metals (Cu 2+, Cr 2+ and Hg 2+) under acid pH stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:372-380. [PMID: 29306805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici, an economically devastating oomycete pathogen, causes devastating disease epidemics on a wide range of vegetable plants and pose a grave threat to global vegetables production. Heavy metals and acid pH are newly co-occurring stresses to soil micro-organisms, but what can be expected for mycelia growth and virulence and how they injure the oomycetes (especially P. capsici) remains unknown. Here, the effects of different heavy metals (Cu2+, Cr2+, and Hg2+) on mycelia growth and virulence were investigated at different pHs (4.0 vs. 7.0) and the plausible molecular and physiological mechanisms were analyzed. In the present study, we compared the effective inhibition of different heavy metals (Cu2+, Cr2+, and Hg2+) and acid pH on a previously genome sequenced P. capsici virulent strain LT1534. Both stress factors independently affected its mycelia growth and sporulation. Next, we investigated whether ROS participated in the pH-inhibited mycelial growth, finding that the ROS scavenger, catalase (CAT), significantly inhibited the acid pH-induced ROS in mycelia. Additionally, because MAPK specially transmits different stress responsive signals in environment into cells, we employed CAT and a p38-MAPK pathway inhibitor to investigate ROS and p38-MAPK roles in heavy metal-inhibited mycelia growth at different pHs (4.0 vs. 7.0), finding that they significantly inhibited growth. Furthermore, ROS and p38-MAPK influenced the heavy metal-induced TBARS content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and CAT activity at different pHs, and also reduced the expression of infection-related laccases (PcLAC2) and an effector-related protein (PcNLP14). We propose that acid pH stress accelerates how heavy metals inhibit mycelium growth, sporulation, and virulence change in P. capsici, and posit that ROS and p38-MAPK function to regulate the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying this toxicity. Although these stresses induce molecular and physiological challenges to oomycetes, much remains to be known the mechanisms dedicated to resolve these environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Mengyao Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Qiyong Weng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
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30
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Yu Y, Xiao J, Zhu W, Yang Y, Mei J, Bi C, Qian W, Qing L, Tan W. Ss-Rhs1, a secretory Rhs repeat-containing protein, is required for the virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1052-1061. [PMID: 27392818 PMCID: PMC6638210 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic plant pathogen with a worldwide distribution. Cell wall-degrading enzymes and oxalic acid are important to the virulence of this pathogen. Here, we report a novel secretory protein, Ss-Rhs1, which is essential for the virulence of S. sclerotiorum. Ss-Rhs1 is believed to contain a typical signal peptide at the N-terminal and eight rearrangement hotspot (Rhs) repeats. Ss-Rhs1 exhibited a high level of expression at the initial stage of sclerotial development, as well as during the hyphal infection process. Targeted silencing of Ss-Rhs1 resulted in abnormal colony morphology and reduced virulence on host plants. Microscopic observations indicated that Ss-Rhs1-silenced strains exhibited reduced efficiency in compound appressoria formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingCity400715China
| | - Jifen Xiao
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingCity400715China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringWuhan Polytechnic UniversityWuhanCity430023China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingCity400715China
| | - Jiaqin Mei
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingCity400715China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingCity400715China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingCity400715China
| | - Ling Qing
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingCity400715China
| | - Wanzhong Tan
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingCity400715China
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31
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Song Z, Lin Y, Du F, Yin Y, Wang Z. Statistical optimisation of process variables and large-scale production of Metarhizium rileyi (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) microsclerotia in submerged fermentation. Mycology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1279688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Song
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Lin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Du
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youping Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongkang Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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32
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The high osmotic response and cell wall integrity pathways cooperate to regulate morphology, microsclerotia development, and virulence in Metarhizium rileyi. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38765. [PMID: 27941838 PMCID: PMC5150533 DOI: 10.1038/srep38765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsclerotia (MS) formation was successfully induced in Metarhizium rileyi under changing liquid culture conditions. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in fungal development and in coordinating many stress responses. To investigate how M. rileyi transduces growth stress and regulates MS differentiation, we characterized the roles of two MAPKs, Hog1- and Slt2-type orthologues, in M. rileyi. Compared with the wild-type strain, the deletion mutants of Mrhog1 (ΔMrhog1) and Mrslt2 (ΔMrslt2) delayed germination and vegetative growth, displayed sensitivities to various stress, and produced morphologically abnormal clones. The ΔMrhog1 and ΔMrslt2 mutants significantly reduced conidial (42–99%) and MS (96–99%) yields. A transcriptional analysis showed that the two MAPKs regulate MS development in a cooperative manner. Insect bioassays revealed that ΔMrhog1 and ΔMrslt2 had decreased virulence levels in topical (36–56%) and injection (78–93%) bioassays. Our results confirmed the roles of MrHog1 and MrSlt2 in sensing growth-related stress and in regulating MS differentiation.
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33
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Zhong J, Chen D, Zhu HJ, Gao BD, Zhou Q. Hypovirulence of Sclerotium rolfsii Caused by Associated RNA Mycovirus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1798. [PMID: 27891121 PMCID: PMC5103162 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoviruses associated with hypovirulence are potential biological control agents and could be useful to study the pathogenesis of fungal host pathogens. Sclerotium rolfsii, a pathogenic fungus, causes southern blight in a wide variety of crops. In this study, we isolated a series of dsRNAs from a debilitated S. rolfsii strain, BLH-1, which had pronounced phenotypic aberrations including reduced pathogenicity, mycelial growth and deficient sclerotia production. Virus-curing and horizontal transmission experiments that eliminated or transmitted, respectively, all dsRNA elements showed that the dsRNAs were involved in the hypovirulent traits of BLH-1. Ultrastructure examination also showed hyphae fracture and cytoplasm or organelle degeneration in BLH-1 hyphal cells compared to the virus-free strain. Three assembled cDNA contigs generated from the cDNA library cloned from the purified dsRNA indicated that strain BLH-1 was infected by at least three novel mycoviruses. One has similarity to the hypovirulence-associated Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirus 2 (SsHV2) in the family Hypoviridae, and the other two are related to two different unclassified dsRNA mycovirus families. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. rolfsii hypovirulence that was correlated with its associated dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
| | - Hong J Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
| | - Bi D Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha, China
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34
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Wei W, Shu S, Zhu W, Xiong Y, Peng F. The Kinome of Edible and Medicinal Fungus Wolfiporia cocos. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1495. [PMID: 27708635 PMCID: PMC5030230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolfiporia cocos is an edible and medicinal fungus that grows in association with pine trees, and its dried sclerotium, known as Fuling in China, has been used as a traditional medicine in East Asian countries for centuries. Nearly 10% of the traditional Chinese medicinal preparations contain W. cocos. Currently, the commercial production of Fuling is limited because of the lack of pine-based substrate and paucity of knowledge about the sclerotial development of the fungus. Since protein kinase (PKs) play significant roles in the regulation of growth, development, reproduction, and environmental responses in filamentous fungi, the kinome of W. cocos was analyzed by identifying the PKs genes, studying transcript profiles and assigning PKs to orthologous groups. Of the 10 putative PKs, 11 encode atypical PKs, and 13, 10, 2, 22, and 11 could encoded PKs from the AGC, CAMK, CK, CMGC, STE, and TLK Groups, respectively. The level of transcripts from PK genes associated with sclerotia formation in the mycelium and sclerotium stages were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Based on the functions of the orthologs in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (a sclerotia-formation fungus) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the potential roles of these W. cocos PKs were assigned. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first identification and functional discussion of the kinome in the edible and medicinal fungus W. cocos. Our study systematically suggests potential roles of W. cocos PKs and provide comprehensive and novel insights into W. cocos sclerotial development and other economically important traits. Additionally, based on our result, genetic engineering can be employed for over expression or interference of some significant PKs genes to promote sclerotial growth and the accumulation of active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University Wuhan, China
| | - Shaohua Shu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Hefei Inzyme Information Technology Co., Ltd Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Peng
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China
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35
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Bashi ZD, Gyawali S, Bekkaoui D, Coutu C, Lee L, Poon J, Rimmer SR, Khachatourians GG, Hegedus DD. The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Slt2 mitogen-activated protein kinase ortholog, SMK3, is required for infection initiation but not lesion expansion. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:836-850. [PMID: 27503454 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a central role in transferring signals and regulating gene expression in response to extracellular stimuli. An ortholog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall integrity MAPK was identified in the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Disruption of the S. sclerotiorum Smk3 gene severely reduced virulence on intact host plant leaves but not on leaves stripped of cuticle wax. This was attributed to alterations in hyphal apical dominance leading to the inability to aggregate and form infection cushions. The mutation also caused loss of the ability to produce sclerotia, increased aerial hyphae formation, and altered hyphal hydrophobicity and cell wall integrity. Mutants had slower radial expansion rates on solid media but more tolerance to elevated temperatures. Loss of the SMK3 cell wall integrity MAPK appears to have impaired the ability of S. sclerotiorum to sense its surrounding environment, leading to misregulation of a variety of functions. Many of the phenotypes were similar to those observed in S. sclerotiorum adenylate cyclase and SMK1 MAPK mutants, suggesting that these signaling pathways co-regulate aspects of fungal growth, physiology, and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Dallal Bashi
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada.,b Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Sanjaya Gyawali
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada
| | - Diana Bekkaoui
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada
| | - Leora Lee
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada
| | - Jenny Poon
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada
| | - S Roger Rimmer
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada
| | - George G Khachatourians
- b Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada.,b Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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36
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De novo assembly and transcriptome analysis of sclerotial development in Wolfiporia cocos. Gene 2016; 588:149-55. [PMID: 27185634 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Wolfiporia cocos Ryvarden et Gilbertson, a well-known medicinal fungus in the Basidiomycetes, is widely distributed in East Asia. Its dried sclerotium, which is known as Fuling in China, has been used as a traditional crude drug in Chinese traditional medicine for thousand years. However, little is known about how the sclerotium is developed at the genetic level. In this study, the de novo sequencing of sclerotia of W. cocos (S1_initial stage; S2_developmental stage and S3_mature stage) was carried out by illumina HiSeq 2000 technology. 27,438 unigenes were assembled from ~30Gbp raw data, and 12,093 unigenes were significantly annotated. The analysis of expression profiles during development returned 304 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were clustered into four different groups according to their expression trends. Especially for the maturation stage (S3), the sclerotium exhibited a markedly different expression profile from other stages. We further showed that peroxisome, unsaturation of fatty acids and degradation pathway were respectively prevalent in S1, S2 and S3 stages as evidenced by enrichment analysis. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of sclerotial development transcriptomics in W. cocos. The obtained results provide novel insights into the developmental biology of the sclerotia, which is helpful for future studies about cultivation and breeding of W. cocos.
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Wang L, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Pan H. The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum FoxE2 Gene Is Required for Apothecial Development. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:484-490. [PMID: 26756829 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-15-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a widely dispersed plant pathogenic fungus causing many diseases such as white mold, Sclerotinia stem rot, stalk rot, and Sclerotinia head rot on many varieties of broadleaf crops worldwide. Previous studies have shown that the Forkhead-box transcription factors (FOX TFs) play key regulatory roles in the sexual reproduction of some fungi. Ss-FoxE2 is one of four FOX TF family member genes in S. sclerotiorum. Based on ortholog function in other fungi it is hypothesized to function in S. sclerotiorum sexual reproduction. In this study, the role of Ss-FoxE2 in S. sclerotiorum was identified with a gene knock-out strategy. Following transformation and screening, strains having undergone homologous recombination in which the hygromycin resistance gene replaced the gene Ss-FoxE2 from the genomic DNA were identified. No difference in hyphae growth, number, and weight of sclerotia and no obvious change in virulence was observed among the wild type Ss-FoxE2 knock-out mutant and genetically complemented mutant; however, following induction of sclerotia for sexual development, apothecia were not formed in Ss-FoxE2 knock-out mutant. The Ss-FoxE2 gene expressed significantly higher in the apothecial stages than in other developmental stages. These results indicate that Ss-FoxE2 appears to be necessary for the regulation of sexual reproduction, but may not affect the pathogenicity and vegetative development of S. sclerotiorum significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062
| | - Yanzhi Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062
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Hegedus DD, Gerbrandt K, Coutu C. The eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily of the necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:634-647. [PMID: 26395470 PMCID: PMC6638376 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases have been implicated in the regulation of many processes that guide pathogen development throughout the course of infection. A survey of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum genome for genes encoding proteins containing the highly conserved eukaryotic protein kinase (ePK) domain, the largest protein kinase superfamily, revealed 92 S. sclerotiorum ePKs. This review examines the composition of the S. sclerotiorum ePKs based on conserved motifs within the ePK domain family, and relates this to orthologues found in other filamentous fungi and yeasts. The ePKs are also discussed in terms of their proposed role(s) in aspects of host pathogenesis, including the coordination of mycelial growth/development and deployment of pathogenicity determinants in response to environmental stimuli, nutrients and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A9
| | - Kelsey Gerbrandt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X2
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Lyu X, Shen C, Fu Y, Xie J, Jiang D, Li G, Cheng J. The Microbial Opsin Homolog Sop1 is involved in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Development and Environmental Stress Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1504. [PMID: 26779159 PMCID: PMC4703900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial opsins play a crucial role in responses to various environmental signals. Here, we report that the microbial opsin homolog gene sop1 from the necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was dramatically up-regulated during infection and sclerotial development compared with the vegetative growth stage. Further, study showed that sop1 was essential for growth, sclerotial development and full virulence of S. sclerotiorum. Sop1-silenced transformants were more sensitive to high salt stress, fungicides and high osmotic stress. However, they were more tolerant to oxidative stress compared with the wild-type strain, suggesting that sop1 is involved in different stress responses and fungicide resistance, which plays a role in the environmental adaptability of S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, a Delta blast search showed that microbial opsins are absent from the genomes of animals and most higher plants, indicating that sop1 is a potential drug target for disease control of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Cuicui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Wang Y, Duan Y, Wang J, Zhou M. A new point mutation in the iron-sulfur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase confers resistance to boscalid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:653-61. [PMID: 25441450 PMCID: PMC6638386 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Research has established that mutations in highly conserved amino acids of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex in various fungi confer SDH inhibitor (SDHI) resistance. For Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, a necrotrophic fungus with a broad host range and a worldwide distribution, boscalid resistance has been attributed to the mutation H132R in the highly conserved SdhD subunit protein of the SDH complex. In our previous study, however, only one point mutation, A11V in SdhB (GCA to GTA change in SdhB), was detected in S. sclerotiorum boscalid-resistant (BR) mutants. In the current study, replacement of the SdhB gene in a boscalid-sensitive (BS) S. sclerotiorum strain with the mutant SdhB gene conferred resistance. Compared with wild-type strains, BR and GSM (SdhB gene in the wild-type strain replaced by the mutant SdhB gene) mutants were more sensitive to osmotic stress, lacked the ability to produce sclerotia and exhibited lower expression of the pac1 gene. Importantly, the point mutation was not located in the highly conserved sequence of the iron-sulfur subunit of SDH. These results suggest that resistance based on non-conserved vs. conserved protein domains differs in mechanism. In addition to increasing our understanding of boscalid resistance in S. sclerotiorum, the new information will be useful for the development of alternative antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
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41
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Jain A, Singh A, Singh S, Sarma BK, Singh HB. Biocontrol agents-mediated suppression of oxalic acid induced cell death during Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-pea interaction. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:601-6. [PMID: 24920251 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxalic acid (OA) is an important pathogenic factor during early Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-host interaction and might work by reducing hydrogen peroxide production (H2 O2 ). In the present investigation, oxalic acid-induced cell death in pea was studied. Pea plants treated with biocontrol agents (BCAs) viz., Pseudomonas aeruginosa PJHU15, Bacillus subtilis BHHU100, and Trichoderma harzianum TNHU27 either singly and/or in consortium acted on S. sclerotiorum indirectly by enabling plants to inhibit the OA-mediated suppression of oxidative burst via induction of H2 O2 . Our results showed that BCA treated plants upon treatment with culture filtrate of the pathogen, conferred the resistance via. significantly decreasing relative cell death of pea against S. sclerotiorum compared to control plants without BCA treatment but treated with the culture filtrate of the pathogen. The results obtained from the present study indicate that the microbes especially in consortia play significant role in protection against S. sclerotiorum by modulating oxidative burst and partially enhancing tolerance by increasing the H2 O2 generation, which is otherwise suppressed by OA produced by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Jain
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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42
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Xu L, Xiang M, White D, Chen W. pH dependency of sclerotial development and pathogenicity revealed by using genetically defined oxalate-minus mutants of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2896-909. [PMID: 25720941 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The devastating plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces copious (up to 50 mM) amounts of oxalic acid, which, for over a quarter century, has been claimed as the pathogenicity determinant based on UV-induced mutants that concomitantly lost oxalate production and pathogenicity. Such a claim was made without fulfilling the molecular Koch's postulates because the UV mutants are genetically undefined and harbour a developmental defect in sclerotial production. Here, we generated oxalate-minus mutants of S. sclerotiorum using two independent mutagenesis techniques, and tested the resulting mutants for growth at different pHs and for pathogenicity on four host plants. The oxalate-minus mutants accumulated fumaric acid, produced functional sclerotia and have reduced ability to acidify the environment. The oxalate-minus mutants retained pathogenicity on plants, but their virulence varied depending on the pH and buffering capacity of host tissue. Acidifying the host tissue enhanced virulence of the oxalate-minus mutants, whereas supplementing with oxalate did not. These results suggest that it is low pH, not oxalic acid itself, that establishes the optimum conditions for growth, reproduction, pathogenicity and virulence expression of S. sclerotiorum. Exonerating oxalic acid as the primary pathogenicity determinant will stimulate research into identifying additional candidates as pathogenicity factors towards better understanding and managing Sclerotinia diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Meichun Xiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - David White
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,USDA-ARS, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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43
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Shu C, Chen J, Sun S, Zhang M, Wang C, Zhou E. Two distinct classes of protein related to GTB and RRM are critical in the sclerotial metamorphosis process of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 15:449-59. [PMID: 25763752 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-015-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sheath blight of rice, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG-1 IA [teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk], is one of the major diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.) worldwide. Sclerotia produced by R. solani AG-1 IA are crucial for their survival in adverse environments and further dissemination when environmental conditions become conducive. Differentially expressed genes during three stages of sclerotial metamorphosis of R. solani AG-1 IA were investigated by utilizing complementary DNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique. A total of 258 transcript derived fragments (TDFs) were obtained and sequenced, among which 253 TDFs were annotated with known functions through BLASTX by searching the GenBank database and 19 annotated TDFs were assigned into 19 secondary metabolic pathways through searching the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) PATHWAY database. Moreover, the results of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expression patterns of eight representative annotated TDFs were positively correlated with sclerotial metamorphosis. Sequence annotation of TDFs showed homology similarities to several genes encoding for proteins belonging to the glycosyltransferases B (GTB) and RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily and to other development-related proteins. Taken together, it is concluded that the members of the GTB and RRM superfamilies and several new genes involved in proteolytic process identified in this study might serve as the scavengers of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus play an important role in the sclerotial metamorphosis process of R. solani AG-1 IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canwei Shu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
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44
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Song Z, Shen L, Yin Y, Tan W, Shao C, Xu J, Wang Z. Role of two Nomuraea rileyi transmembrane sensors Sho1p and Sln1p in adaptation to stress due to changing culture conditions during microsclerotia development. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:477-85. [PMID: 25595731 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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Nagygyörgy E, Kovács B, Leiter É, Miskei M, Pócsi I, Hornok L, Ádám A. Toxicity of abiotic stressors to Fusarium species: differences in hydrogen peroxide and fungicide tolerance. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2014; 61:189-208. [PMID: 24939687 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.61.2014.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stress sensitivity of three related phytopathogenic Fusarium species (Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium verticillioides) to different oxidative, osmotic, cell wall, membrane, fungicide stressors and an antifungal protein (PAF) were studied in vitro. The most prominent and significant differences were found in oxidative stress tolerance: all the three F. graminearum strains showed much higher sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and, to a lesser extent, to menadione than the other two species. High sensitivity of F. verticillioides strains was also detectable to an azole drug, Ketoconazole. Surprisingly, no or limited differences were observed in response to other oxidative, osmotic and cell wall stressors. These results indicate that fungal oxidative stress response and especially the response to hydrogen peroxide (this compound is involved in a wide range of plant-fungus interactions) might be modified on niche-specific manner in these phylogenetically related Fusarium species depending on their pathogenic strategy. Supporting the increased hydrogen peroxide sensitivity of F. graminearum, genome-wide analysis of stress signal transduction pathways revealed the absence one CatC-type catalase gene in F. graminearum in comparison to the other two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Nagygyörgy
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 102 Hungary
| | - Barbara Kovács
- 2 University of Debrecen Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences H-4032 Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- 2 University of Debrecen Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences H-4032 Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
| | - Márton Miskei
- 2 University of Debrecen Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences H-4032 Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- 2 University of Debrecen Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences H-4032 Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 Hungary
| | - László Hornok
- 3 Szent István University Mycology Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection H-2103 Gödöllő Páter K. u. 1 Hungary
| | - Attila Ádám
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 102 Hungary
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Zeng LM, Zhang J, Han YC, Yang L, Wu MD, Jiang DH, Chen W, Li GQ. Degradation of oxalic acid by the mycoparasiteConiothyrium minitansplays an important role in interacting withSclerotinia sclerotiorum. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:2591-610. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Yong-Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Ming-de Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Dao-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Weidong Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
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Xiao X, Xie J, Cheng J, Li G, Yi X, Jiang D, Fu Y. Novel secretory protein Ss-Caf1 of the plant-pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is required for host penetration and normal sclerotial development. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:40-55. [PMID: 24299212 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-13-0145-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To decipher the mechanism of pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a pathogenicity-defective mutant, Sunf-MT6, was isolated from a T-DNA insertional library. Sunf-MT6 could not form compound appressorium and failed to induce lesions on leaves of rapeseed though it could produce more oxalic acid than the wild-type strain. However, it could enter into host tissues via wounds and cause typical necrotic lesions. Furthermore, Sunf-MT6 produced fewer but larger sclerotia than the wild-type strain Sunf-M. A gene, named Ss-caf1, was disrupted by T-DNA insertion in Sunf-MT6. Gene complementation and knockdown experiments confirmed that the disruption of Ss-caf1 was responsible for the phenotypic changes of Sunf-MT6. Ss-caf1 encodes a secretory protein with a putative Ca(2+)-binding EF-hand motif. High expression levels of Ss-caf1 were observed at an early stage of compound appressorium formation and in immature sclerotia. Expression of Ss-caf1 without signal peptides in Nicotiana benthamiana via Tobacco rattle virus-based vectors elicited cell death. These results suggest that Ss-caf1 plays an important role in compound appressorium formation and sclerotial development of S. sclerotiorum. In addition, Ss-Caf1 has the potential to interact with certain host proteins or unknown substances in host cells, resulting in subsequent host cell death.
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Daval S, Lebreton L, Gracianne C, Guillerm-Erckelboudt AY, Boutin M, Marchi M, Gazengel K, Sarniguet A. Strain-specific variation in a soilborne phytopathogenic fungus for the expression of genes involved in pH signal transduction pathway, pathogenesis and saprophytic survival in response to environmental pH changes. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 61:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Criscitiello MF, Dickman MB, Samuel JE, de Figueiredo P. Tripping on acid: trans-kingdom perspectives on biological acids in immunity and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003402. [PMID: 23874196 PMCID: PMC3715416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
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Kaneko I, Iyama-Kadono M, Togashi-Nishigata K, Yamaguchi I, Teraoka T, Arie T. Heterotrimeric G protein β subunit GPB1 and MAP kinase MPK1 regulate hyphal growth and female fertility in Fusarium sacchari. MYCOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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