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Dong H, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Li H, Chen L. Activity and safety evaluation of natural preservatives. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114548. [PMID: 38945593 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic preservatives are widely used in the food industry to control spoilage and growth of pathogenic microorganisms, inhibit lipid oxidation processes and extend the shelf life of food. However, synthetic preservatives have some side effects that can lead to poisoning, cancer and other degenerative diseases. With the improvement of living standards, people are developing safer natural preservatives to replace synthetic preservatives, including plant derived preservatives (polyphenols, essential oils, flavonoids), animal derived preservatives (lysozyme, antimicrobial peptide, chitosan) and microorganism derived preservatives (nisin, natamycin, ε-polylysine, phage). These natural preservatives exert antibacterial effects by disrupting microbial cell wall/membrane structures, interfering with DNA/RNA replication and transcription, and affecting protein synthesis and metabolism. This review summarizes the natural bioactive compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids and terpenoids, etc.) in these preservatives, their antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and safety evaluation in various products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Dong
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Cao Y, Song X, Xu G, Zhang X, Yan H, Feng J, Ma Z, Liu X, Wang Y. Study on the Antifungal Activity and Potential Mechanism of Natamycin against Colletotrichum fructicola. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17713-17722. [PMID: 37943656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, the antifungal activity, its influence on the quality of apples, and the molecular mechanism of natamycin against Colletotrichum fructicola were systematically explored. Our findings indicated that natamycin showed significant inhibition against C. fructicola. Moreover, it efficaciously maintained the apple quality by modulating the physicochemical index. Research on the antifungal mechanism showed that natamycin altered the mycelial microstructure, disrupted the plasma membrane integrality, and decreased the ergosterol content of C. fructicola. Interestingly, the exogenous addition of ergosterol weakened the antifungal activity of natamycin. Importantly, natamycin markedly inhibited the expression of Cyp51A and Cyp51B genes in C. fructicola, which was contrary to the results obtained after treatment with triazole fungicide flusilazole. All these results exhibited sufficient proof that natamycin had enormous potential to be conducive as a promising biopreservative against C. fructicola on apples, and these findings will advance our knowledge on the mechanism of natamycin against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanyou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - He Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Juntao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100 Shaanxi, China
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Saito S, Wang F, Xiao CL. Sensitivity of Mucor piriformis to Natamycin and Efficacy of Natamycin Alone and with Salt and Heat Treatments Against Mucor Rot of Stored Mandarin Fruit. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3602-3607. [PMID: 37272052 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-23-0796-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucor rot caused by Mucor piriformis is an emerging postharvest disease of mandarin fruit in California. Natamycin is a newly registered biofungicide for postharvest use on citrus and some other fruits. In the study, baseline sensitivity to natamycin in 50 isolates of M. piriformis was determined in vitro. The mean EC50 (effective concentration to inhibit sporangiospore germination by 50%) and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration to inhibit mycelial growth by 100%) values were 0.59 μg/ml and less than 1.0 μg/ml, respectively. Natamycin at the label rate of 920 μg/ml alone or in combination with 3% potassium sorbate (PS) or 3% sodium carbonate (SC) applied at 20 or 50°C was evaluated for control of Mucor rot on inoculated 'Tango' mandarin fruit. Natamycin alone reduced Mucor rot incidence on stored mandarin fruit from 100% among nontreated control fruit to approximately 30%, a reduction of more than 70% compared to the nontreated control, while 3% PS and 3% SC had no to little control. When applied at 50°C, natamycin and 3% PS reduced Mucor rot incidence by 65.0 and 31.2%, respectively; while natamycin in combination with 3% PS reduced disease incidence by 92.5% compared to the nontreated control after 2 weeks of storage at 5°C. This combined treatment remained effective even when the application of the treatment was delayed for 6 and 12 h after inoculation. However, the effectiveness of the treatments declined when storage was extended to 3 or 4 weeks. Natamycin can be an effective tool to control Mucor rot on mandarin fruit, and minimizing the period of extended storage could help maintain the control efficacy of natamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saito
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - F Wang
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - C L Xiao
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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Gelain J, Lykins S, Rosa PF, Soares AT, Dowling M, Schnabel G, May De Mio LL. Identification and Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum spp. from Apple Flowers and Fruitlets in Brazil. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:1183-1191. [PMID: 36256738 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0243-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and bitter rot (BR), caused by Colletotrichum spp., are major diseases on apple in southern Brazil. Among integrated pest management tools for disease management in commercial orchards, fungicides remain an important component. This study aimed to identify Colletotrichum spp. from cultivar Eva in Paraná state orchards; evaluate their in vitro sensitivity to cyprodinil, tebuconazole, iprodione, and fluazinam; and determine the baseline in vitro sensitivity of these isolates to benzovindiflupyr and natamycin. Most isolates belonged to Colletotrichum melonis and C. nymphaeae of the C. acutatum species complex. The two species varied in sensitivity to fluazinam and tebuconazole, but no variability was found for any other fungicide. The lowest 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of Colletotrichum spp. were observed for cyprodinil (mean EC50 < 0.02) and benzovindiflupyr (mean EC50 < 0.05); EC50 values were intermediate for fluazinam (mean EC50 < 0.33) and tebuconazole (mean EC50 < 0.14), and they were highest for natamycin (mean EC50 < 5.56) and iprodione (mean EC50 > 12). Cyprodinil and fluazinam are registered for use in Brazil for apple disease management but not specifically for GLS and BR. Tebuconazole is one of the few products registered for Colletotrichum spp. control in apples. In conclusion, flowers and fruitlets can serve as sources of inoculum for GLS and BR disease; C. acutatum was the predominant species complex in these tissues; cyprodinil and fluazinam applications may suppress GLS and BR; and benzovindiflupyr and natamycin warrant further investigation for GLS and BR disease control of apple due to comparably high in vitro sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhulia Gelain
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Sydney Lykins
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Pâmela Franciella Rosa
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Alex Teixeira Soares
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Madeline Dowling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Louise Larissa May De Mio
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Protection, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80035-050, Brazil
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Xu X, Peng X, Huan C, Chen J, Meng Y, Fang S. Development of natamycin-loaded zein-casein composite nanoparticles by a pH-driven method and application to postharvest fungal control on peach against Monilinia fructicola. Food Chem 2023; 404:134659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guo TR, Zeng Q, Yang G, Ye SS, Chen ZY, Xie SY, Wang H, Mo YW. Isolation, identification, biological characteristics, and antifungal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate combined with natamycin on Aspergillus niger from Shengzhou nane ( Prunus salicina var. taoxingli) fruit. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1075033. [PMID: 36713153 PMCID: PMC9879613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1075033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungi causing fruit rot were isolated from symptomatic Shengzhou nane (Prunus salicina var. taoxingli) fruit and were identified as Aspergillus niger by biological characteristics and molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (rDNA-ITS) and translation elongation factor-1α (TEF-1α) sequences. Optimal growth conditions for A. niger were 30°C, pH 5.0-6.0, and fructose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources. The effects of sodium bicarbonate (SBC), natamycin (NT), and combined treatments on A. niger inhibition were investigated. Treatment with 4.0 g/L sodium bicarbonate (SBC) + 5.0 mg/L natamycin (NT) inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination as completely as 12.0 mg/L SBC or 25.0 mg/L NT. SBC and NT treatments disrupted the structural integrity of cell and mitochondria membranes and decreased enzyme activities involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP production in mitochondria, and ergosterol content in the plasma membrane, thus leading to the inhibition of A. niger growth. Moreover, experimental results in vivo showed that the rot lesion diameter and decay rate of Shengzhou nane fruit treated with SBC and NT were significantly reduced compared with the control. The results suggest that the combination treatment of SBC and NT could be an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling postharvest Shengzhou nane decay caused by A. niger.
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Du Y, Li Y, Tian Z, Cheng Y, Long CA. Natamycin as a safe food additive to control postharvest green mold and sour rot in citrus. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3438-3450. [PMID: 35947063 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to explore the potential inhibitory mechanism and assess the feasibility of natamycin as an antifungal agent in the utilization of citrus storage. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, the mycelial growth, spore germination as well as germ tube elongations of Geotrichum citri-aurantii and Penicillium digitatum were significantly inhibited by natamycin treatment. The relative conductivities of G. citri-aurantii and P. digitatum mycelia were increased as time went by and the damages of plasma membranes were up to 17.43 % and 28.61 %. The mitochondria abnormalities and vacuolation were also observed in the TEM. Moreover, the sour rot and green mold decay incidences were reduced to 18.33 % and 10 % post-incubation with G. citri-aurantii and P. digitatum under 300 mg L-1 natamycin application, respectively. For the citrus storage experiment, there was no significant difference in edible rate, juice yield, total soluble solid (TSS) content, titratable acid (TA) and decay incidences of the 'Newhall' navel orange fruit treated with 300 mg L-1 natamycin stored for 90 d. CONCLUSIONS Natamycin could decrease the expansions of green mold and sour rot and maintain quality and improve storability on citrus fruit. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work explores the potential inhibition mechanism of natamycin G. citri-aurantii and P. digitatum, and assesses the feasibility of natamycin as an antifungal agent in the utilization of citrus storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, National R&D Center For Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, National R&D Center For Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, National R&D Center For Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, National R&D Center For Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-An Long
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, National R&D Center For Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Fernández G, Sbres M, Lado J, Pérez-Faggiani E. Postharvest sour rot control in lemon fruit by natamycin and an Allium extract. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 368:109605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Edible Mushroom Extracts: Assessment of Fungal Resistance. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial efficacy of the water or methanolic extracts of three medicinal mushrooms Taiwanofungus camphoratus, Agaricus blazei Murrill, and Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst were investigated against yeast and filamentous fungal pathogens as well as against commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The methanolic extract of T. camphoratus (TcM) exhibited both potent antifungal and antibacterial activity, while the water extract of T. camphoratus (TcW) showed limited antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Neither the methanolic nor water extracts of A. blazei and G. lucidum exhibited antimicrobial activity. In the risk assessment testing monitoring the development of fungal tolerance to mushroom extracts in food matrices, two P. expansum mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutants exhibited a tolerance to TcM. In a proof-of-concept bioassay using the natural benzoic salicylaldehyde (SA), P. expansum and A. fumigatus MAPK antioxidant mutants showed similar tolerance to SA, suggesting that natural ingredients in TcM such as benzoic derivatives could negatively affect the efficacy of TcM when antioxidant mutants are targeted. Conclusion: TcM could be developed as a food ingredient having antimicrobial potential. The antimicrobial activity of TcM operates via the intact MAPK antioxidant signaling system in microbes, however, mutants lacking genes in the MAPK system escape the toxicity triggered by TcM. Therefore, caution should be exercised in the use of TcM so as to not adversely affect food safety and quality by triggering the resistance of antioxidant mutants in contaminated food.
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Abstract
Citrus essential oils (EOs) are widely used as flavoring agents in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetical and chemical industries. For this reason, their demand is constantly increasing all over the world. Besides industrial applications, the abundance of EOs in the epicarp is particularly relevant for the quality of citrus fruit. In fact, these compounds represent a natural protection against postharvest deteriorations due to their remarkable antimicrobial, insecticidal and antioxidant activities. Several factors, including genotype, climatic conditions and cultural practices, can influence the assortment and accumulation of EOs in citrus peels. This review is focused on factors influencing variation of the EOs’ composition during ripening and on the implications on postharvest quality of the fruit.
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Biotransformation of Waste Bile Acids: A New Possible Sustainable Approach to Anti-Fungal Molecules for Crop Plant Bioprotection? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084152. [PMID: 35456970 PMCID: PMC9031571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi are among the main causes of productivity losses in agriculture. To date, synthetic chemical pesticides, such as hydroxyanilides, anilinopyrimidines and azole derivatives, represent the main treatment tools for crop plant defence. However, the large and uncontrolled use of these substances has evidenced several side effects, namely the resistance to treatments, environmental damage and human health risks. The general trend is to replace chemicals with natural molecules in order to reduce these side effects. Moreover, the valorisation of agri-food industry by-products through biotransformation processes represents a sustainable alternative to chemical synthesis in several sectors. This research is aimed at comparing the anti-phytopathogenic activity of waste bovine and porcine bile with secosteroids obtained by biotransformation of bile acids with Rhodococcus strains. The ultimate goal is to apply these natural products on food crops affected by phytopathogenic fungi.
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Raorane CJ, Raj V, Lee JH, Lee J. Antifungal activities of fluoroindoles against the postharvest pathogen Botrytis cinerea: In vitro and in silico approaches. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 362:109492. [PMID: 34861563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a common necrotrophic fungal pathogen, leading cause of gray mold diseases in plants and fruit. Several benzimidazoles are used for controlling B. cinerea-associated infection in fruit and vegetables, but benzimidazoles resistance restricts its further uses. Therefore, it is a need for alternative drugs that control B. cinerea. Indoles are multi-faceted compounds and their structural similarities with antifungal benzimidazoles make them a choice for further investigation. Thus, the main objective of the study was to investigate the antifungal potencies of indoles against B. cinerea and to decipher the molecular mechanism involved. We conducted in vitro antifungal assays, fruit assays, and computational studies of interactions between indoles and fungal microtubule polymerase. Of the 16 halogenated indoles examined, 4-fluoroindole, 5-fluoroindole, and 7-fluoroindole (MIC range 2-5 mg/L) were found to be more potent than the fungicides fluconazole and natamycin. Fluoroindoles inhibited or eradicated B. cinerea infections in tangerines and strawberries. Molecular dynamic simulation and density functional theory showed that these fluoroindoles stably interacted with microtubule polymerase. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of halogenated indoles revealed that the presence of a fluoro group in the indole moiety is essential for anti-Botrytis activity. The plausibility of the underlying antifungal mechanism was confirmed by in vitro tubulin polymerization. Collective outcomes of this study indicates that fluoroindoles could be used as alternative fungicidal agents against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Dopazo V, Luz C, Quiles JM, Calpe J, Romano R, Mañes J, Meca G. Potential application of lactic acid bacteria in the biopreservation of red grape from mycotoxigenic fungi. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:898-907. [PMID: 34240436 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi are the main contamination agent in the viticultural sector. Use of synthetic fungicides is the regular answer to these contaminations. Nevertheless, because of several problems associated with the use of synthetic compounds, the industry demands new and safer methods. In the present work, the biopreservation potential of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains was studied against the principal grape contaminant fungi. RESULTS Agar diffusion test evidenced that all four culture-free supernatant (CFS) had antifungal properties against all tested fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) test values evidenced that media fermented by the Lactobacillus plantarum E3 and Lactobacillus plantarum E4 strains showed the highest antifungal activity, resulting in an MFC from 6.3 to 100 g L-1 . Analysis of CFS evidenced the presence of different antifungal compounds, such as lactic acid, phenyllactic acid and pyrazines. In tests on red grapes, an average reduction of 1.32 log10 of the spores per gram of fruit was achieved by all CFS in grapes inoculated with Aspergillus ochraceus and by 0.94 log10 for L. plantarum E3 CFS against Botrytis cinerea. CONCLUSION The antifungal activity of the fermented CFS by L. plantarum E3 reduced the growth of B. cinerea and A. ochraceus in grapes, which are the main contaminant and main producer of ochratoxin A in these crops, respectively. Therefore, based on the results obtained in this work, use of the strain L. plantarum E3 could be an interesting option for the biopreservation of grapes. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Dopazo
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Carlos Luz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan M Quiles
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jorge Calpe
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Raffaele Romano
- Department of Agriculture, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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14
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Torrijos R, Nazareth TM, Calpe J, Quiles JM, Mañes J, Meca G. Antifungal activity of natamycin and development of an edible film based on hydroxyethylcellulose to avoid Penicillium spp. growth on low-moisture mozzarella cheese. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Wang F, Saito S, Michailides TJ, Xiao CL. Baseline Sensitivity of Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens to Natamycin and Control of Alternaria Rot on Stored Mandarin Fruit. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3653-3656. [PMID: 34085850 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0809-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens is one of the major postharvest diseases on mandarin fruit in California. In this study, natamycin, a newly registered biofungicide, was evaluated for its potential as a postharvest treatment to control Alternaria rot on mandarin fruit. The baseline sensitivities of A. alternata and A. arborescens to natamycin were determined. Effective concentration inhibiting 50% of fungal growth (EC50) values of natamycin for 70 A. alternata isolates ranged from 0.694 to 1.275 µg/ml (mean = 0.921 µg/ml) in a conidial germination assay and from 2.001 to 3.788 µg/ml (mean = 2.797 µg/ml) for 40 A. alternata isolates in a mycelial growth assay. EC50 values of natamycin for 30 A. arborescens isolates ranged from 0.698 to 1.203 µg/ml (mean = 0.923 µg/ml) in a conidial germination assay and from 2.035 to 3.368 µg/ml (mean = 2.658 µg/ml) for 20 A. arborescens isolates in a mycelial growth assay. Control tests on detached mandarin fruit showed that natamycin at both low (460 µg/ml) and high (920 µg/ml) recommended rates significantly reduced disease incidence and severity on mandarin fruit inoculated with Alternaria isolates, regardless of species. High rate of natamycin significantly reduced disease incidence and severity compared with the nontreated control even when natamycin treatment was delayed for 6, 12, and 18 h after inoculation. Our results suggested that natamycin can be an effective postharvest fungicide for control of Alternaria rot on mandarin fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Seiya Saito
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California Davis, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Chang-Lin Xiao
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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16
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Raj V, Raorane CJ, Lee JH, Lee J. Appraisal of Chitosan-Gum Arabic-Coated Bipolymeric Nanocarriers for Efficient Dye Removal and Eradication of the Plant Pathogen Botrytis cinerea. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47354-47370. [PMID: 34596375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of textile wastewater comprising many dyes as contaminants endures an essential task for environmental remediation. In addition, combating antifungal multidrug resistance (MDR) is an intimidating task, specifically owing to the limited options of alternative drugs with multitarget drug mechanisms. Incorporating natural polymeric biomaterials for drug delivery provides desirable properties for drug molecules, effectively eradicating MDR fungal growth. The current study fabricated the bipolymeric drug delivery system using chitosan-gum arabic-coated liposome 5ID nanoparticles (CS-GA-5ID-LP-NPs). This study focused on improving the solubility and sustained release profile of 5I-1H-indole (5ID). These NPs were characterized and tested mechanically as a dye adsorbent as well as their antifungal potencies against the plant pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. CS-GA-5ID-LP-NPs showed 71.23% congo red dye removal compared to crystal violet and phenol red from water and effectively had an antifungal effect on B. cinerea at 25 μg/mL MIC concentrations. The mechanism of the inhibition of B. cinerea via CS-GA-5ID-LP-NPs was attributed to stabilized microtubule polymerization in silico and in vitro. This study opens a new avenue for designing polymeric NPs as adsorbents and antifungal agents for environmental and agriculture remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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17
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Antifungal Efficacy of Redox-Active Natamycin against Some Foodborne Fungi-Comparison with Aspergillus fumigatus. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092073. [PMID: 34574183 PMCID: PMC8469148 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal antioxidant system is one of the targets of the redox-active polyene antifungal drugs, including amphotericin B (AMB), nystatin (NYS), and natamycin (NAT). Besides medical applications, NAT has been used in industry for preserving foods and crops. In this study, we investigated two parameters (pH and food ingredients) affecting NAT efficacy. In the human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, NAT (2 to 16 μg mL−1) exerted higher activity at pH 5.6 than at pH 3.5 on a defined medium. In contrast, NAT exhibited higher activity at pH 3.5 than at pH 5.6 against foodborne fungal contaminants, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Penicillium expansum, with P. expansum being the most sensitive. In commercial food matrices (10 organic fruit juices), food ingredients differentially affected NAT antifungal efficacy. Noteworthily, NAT overcame tolerance of the A. fumigatus signaling mutants to the fungicide fludioxonil and exerted antifungal synergism with the secondary metabolite, kojic acid (KA). Altogether, NAT exhibited better antifungal activity at acidic pH against foodborne fungi; however, the ingredients from commercial food matrices presented greater impact on NAT efficacy compared to pH values. Comprehensive determination of parameters affecting NAT efficacy and improved food formulation will promote sustainable food/crop production, food safety, and public health.
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18
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Chen D, Fӧrster H, Adaskaveg JE. Baseline Sensitivities of Major Citrus, Pome, and Stone Fruits Postharvest Pathogens to Natamycin and Estimation of the Resistance Potential in Penicillium digitatum. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2114-2121. [PMID: 33306429 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1421-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natamycin is a biofungicide that was registered in the United States in 2016 and approved in California in 2017 for postharvest use on citrus and stone fruits. It has been used as a food preservative for many decades, with no resistance ever observed to date. The objective of this study was to determine baseline sensitivities for mycelial growth of 43 to 72 isolates of seven postharvest pathogens to natamycin and the resistance potential of Penicillium digitatum. Mean effective concentrations to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (EC50 values), as determined by the spiral gradient method, were 0.90 μg/ml for Alternaria alternata, 0.76 μg/ml for Botrytis cinerea, 3.20 μg/ml for Geotrichum citri-aurantii, 0.17 μg/ml for Monilinia fructicola, 1.54 μg/ml for P. digitatum, 1.14 μg/ml for P. expansum, and 0.48 μg/ml for Rhizopus stolonifer. Distributions of EC50 values for each pathogen were unimodal and mostly normal with no outliers detected. Natamycin was also inhibitory to spore germination with values for five of the species similar to those for mycelial growth. Microscopically, natamycin generally arrested spores at the pregermination swelling stage. Mass platings of a conidial mixture of 10 isolates of P. digitatum were inoculated on agar media with 2.5-log radial concentration gradients of natamycin or fludioxonil, and a conidial mixture of 10 isolates of G. citri-aurantii were plated on media amended with natamycin or propiconazole. No resistant isolates were observed for both species to natamycin or for G. citri-aurantii to propiconazole, whereas a resistance frequency of 4.5 × 10-6 to 3.1 × 10-6 was calculated for P. digitatum to fludioxonil. The wide spectrum of activity against different fungal pathogens and a low resistance potential support the registration of natamycin as a postharvest treatment and its integration into an integrated pest management program with other practices including sanitation and rotation of other fungicides with different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Helga Fӧrster
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - James E Adaskaveg
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
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19
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Matrose NA, Obikeze K, Belay ZA, Caleb OJ. Plant extracts and other natural compounds as alternatives for post-harvest management of fruit fungal pathogens: A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Chen D, Förster H, Adaskaveg JE. Natamycin, a Biofungicide for Managing Major Postharvest Fruit Decays of Citrus. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1408-1414. [PMID: 33320038 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-20-1650-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal polyene macrolide natamycin was evaluated as a postharvest biopesticide for citrus fruit. Aqueous spray applications with 1,000 µg/ml were moderately to highly effective against green mold incidence after inoculation but did not reduce sporulation of Penicillium digitatum on infected fruit. Treatments with natamycin were significantly more effective against green mold on grapefruit and lemon than on orange and mandarin, with 92.9, 88.5, 57.5, and 60.9% reductions in decay, respectively, as compared with the control. The biofungicide was compatible with a storage fruit coating but was less effective when applied in a packing coating. However, when either fruit coating was applied following an aqueous natamycin treatment (i.e., staged applications), the incidence of decay was reduced to ≤10.7% as compared with the untreated control (with 81.9%). The incidence of sour rot of lemon and mandarin was also significantly reduced from the untreated control by natamycin (1,000 µg/ml) but propiconazole (540 µg/ml) and propiconazole + natamycin (540 + 500 µg/ml) mixtures generally were significantly more effective than natamycin alone when using a severe inoculation procedure. Experimental and commercial packingline studies demonstrated that natamycin-fludioxonil or natamycin-propiconazole mixtures applied in a storage fruit coating or as an aqueous flooder treatment were highly effective and typically resulted in a >85.0% reduction of green mold and sour rot. Resistance to natamycin has never been documented in filamentous fungi. Thus, the use of natamycin, in contrast to other registered postharvest fungicides for citrus, can be an antiresistance strategy and an effective treatment in mixtures with other fungicides for the management of major postharvest decays of citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Helga Förster
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - James E Adaskaveg
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
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21
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Wang W, Fang Y, Imran M, Hu Z, Zhang S, Huang Z, Liu X. Characterization of the Field Fludioxonil Resistance and Its Molecular Basis in Botrytis cinerea from Shanghai Province in China. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020266. [PMID: 33525426 PMCID: PMC7912569 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a destructive necrotrophic pathogen that can infect many plant species. The control of gray mold mainly relies on the application of fungicides, and the fungicide fludioxonil is widely used in China. However, the field fungicide resistance of B. cinerea to this compound is largely unknown. In this study, B. cinerea isolates were collected from different districts of Shanghai province in 2015–2017, and their sensitivity to fludioxonil was determined. A total of 65 out of 187 field isolates (34.76%) were found to be resistant to fludioxonil, with 36 (19.25%) showing high resistance and 29 (15.51%) showing moderate resistance. Most of these resistant isolates also showed resistance to iprodione, and some developed resistance to fungicides of other modes of action. AtrB gene expression, an indicator of MDR1 and MDR1h phenotypes, was not dramatically increased in the tested resistant isolates. Biological characteristics and osmotic sensitivity investigations showed that the fitness of resistant isolates was lower than that of sensitive ones. To investigate the molecular resistance mechanisms of B. cinerea to fludioxonil, the Bos1 amino acid sequences were compared between resistant and sensitive isolates. Resistant isolates revealed either no amino acid variations or the mutations I365S, I365N, Q369P/N373S, and N373S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (Y.F.); (M.I.); (Z.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (Y.F.); (M.I.); (Z.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (Y.F.); (M.I.); (Z.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (Y.F.); (M.I.); (Z.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (Y.F.); (M.I.); (Z.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhongqiao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (Y.F.); (M.I.); (Z.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (Y.F.); (M.I.); (Z.H.); (S.Z.); (Z.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712110, China
- Correspondence:
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