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Vélez S, Ariza-Sentís M, Valente J. EscaYard: Precision viticulture multimodal dataset of vineyards affected by Esca disease consisting of geotagged smartphone images, phytosanitary status, UAV 3D point clouds and Orthomosaics. Data Brief 2024; 54:110497. [PMID: 38774243 PMCID: PMC11106823 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2024.110497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The "EscaYard" dataset comprises multimodal data collected from vineyards to support agricultural research, specifically focusing on vine health and productivity. Data collection involved two primary methods: (1) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for capturing multispectral images and 3D point clouds, and (2) smartphones for detailed ground-level photography. The UAV used was DJI Matrice 210 V2 RTK, equipped with a Micasense Altum sensor, flying at 30 m above ground level to ensure detailed coverage. Ground-level data were collected using smartphones (iPhone X and Xiaomi Poco X3 Pro), which provided high-resolution images of individual plants. These images were geotagged, enabling location mapping, and included data on the phytosanitary status and number of grape clusters per plant. Additionally, the dataset contains RTK GNSS data, offering high-precision location information for each vine, enhancing the dataset's value for spatial analysis. Moreover, the dataset is structured to support various research applications, including agronomy, remote sensing, and machine learning. It is particularly suited for studying disease detection, yield estimation, and vineyard management strategies. The high-resolution and multispectral nature of the data allows for a detailed analysis of vineyard conditions. Potential reuse of the dataset spans multiple disciplines, enabling studies on environmental monitoring, geographic information systems (GIS), and precision agriculture. Its comprehensive nature makes it a valuable resource for developing and testing algorithms for disease classification, yield prediction, and plant phenotyping. For instance, the images of bunches and grape leaves can be used to train object detection algorithms for accurate disease detection and consequent precise spraying. Moreover, yield prediction algorithms can be trained by extracting the phenotypic traits of the grape bunches. The "EscaYard" dataset provides a foundation for advancing research in sustainable farming practices, optimising crop health, and improving productivity through precise agricultural technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Vélez
- Information Technology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mar Ariza-Sentís
- Information Technology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - João Valente
- Information Technology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Shen C, Lu Q, Yang D, Zhang X, Huang X, Li R, Que Z, Chen N. Genome-wide identification analysis in wild-type Solanum pinnatisectum reveals some genes defending against Phytophthora infestans. Front Genet 2024; 15:1379784. [PMID: 38812971 PMCID: PMC11134371 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1379784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Solanum pinnatisectum exhibits strong resistance to late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans but only an incomplete genome assembly based on short Illumina reads has been published. In this study, we generated the first chromosome-level draft genome for the wild-type potato species S. pinnatisectum in China using Oxford Nanopore technology sequencing and Hi-C technology. The high-quality assembled genome size is 664 Mb with a scaffold N50 value of 49.17 Mb, of which 65.87% was occupied by repetitive sequences, and predominant long terminal repeats (42.51% of the entire genome). The genome of S. pinnatisectum was predicted to contain 34,245 genes, of which 99.34% were functionally annotated. Moreover, 303 NBS-coding disease resistance (R) genes were predicted in the S. pinnatisectum genome to investigate the potential mechanisms of resistance to late blight disease. The high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of S. pinnatisectum is expected to provide potential valuable resources for intensively and effectively investigating molecular breeding and genetic research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Shen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Resources and Environment Sciences, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Qineng Lu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Resources and Environment Sciences, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Di Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Resources and Environment Sciences, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | | | | | - Rungen Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Resources and Environment Sciences, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Zhiqun Que
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Resources and Environment Sciences, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Na Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Growth and Development Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Resources and Environment Sciences, Yichun University, Yichun, China
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3
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Li X, Tao N, Xu B, Xu J, Yang Z, Jiang C, Zhou Y, Deng M, Lv J, Zhao K. Establishment and application of a root wounding-immersion method for efficient virus-induced gene silencing in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1336726. [PMID: 38708388 PMCID: PMC11066161 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1336726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has played an important role in research on reverse genetics in plants. Commonly used Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS inoculation methods include stem scratching, leaf infiltration, use of agrodrench, and air-brush spraying. In this study, we developed a root wounding-immersion method in which 1/3 of the plant root (length) was cut and immersed in a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)1:TRV2 mixed solution for 30 min. We optimized the procedure in Nicotiana benthamiana and successfully silenced N. benthamiana, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena), and Arabidopsis thaliana phytoene desaturase (PDS), and we observed the movement of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the roots to the stem and leaves. The silencing rate of PDS in N. benthamiana and tomato was 95-100%. In addition, we successfully silenced two disease-resistance genes, SITL5 and SITL6, to decrease disease resistance in tomatoes (CLN2037E). The root wounding-immersion method can be used to inoculate large batches of plants in a short time and with high efficiency, and fresh bacterial infusions can be reused several times. The most important aspect of the root wounding-immersion method is its application to plant species susceptible to root inoculation, as well as its ability to inoculate seedlings from early growth stages. This method offers a means to conduct large-scale functional genome screening in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Na Tao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Caiqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Minghua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junheng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Zarka KA, Jagd LM, Douches DS. T-DNA characterization of genetically modified 3-R-gene late blight-resistant potato events with a novel procedure utilizing the Samplix Xdrop ® enrichment technology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1330429. [PMID: 38419775 PMCID: PMC10900525 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1330429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Before the commercialization of genetically modified crops, the events carrying the novel DNA must be thoroughly evaluated for agronomic, nutritional, and molecular characteristics. Over the years, polymerase chain reaction-based methods, Southern blot, and short-read sequencing techniques have been utilized for collecting molecular characterization data. Multiple genomic applications are necessary to determine the insert location, flanking sequence analysis, characterization of the inserted DNA, and determination of any interruption of native genes. These techniques are time-consuming and labor-intensive, making it difficult to characterize multiple events. Current advances in sequencing technologies are enabling whole-genomic sequencing of modified crops to obtain full molecular characterization. However, in polyploids, such as the tetraploid potato, it is a challenge to obtain whole-genomic sequencing coverage that meets the regulatory approval of the genetic modification. Here we describe an alternative to labor-intensive applications with a novel procedure using Samplix Xdrop® enrichment technology and next-generation Nanopore sequencing technology to more efficiently characterize the T-DNA insertions of four genetically modified potato events developed by the Feed the Future Global Biotech Potato Partnership: DIA_MSU_UB015, DIA_MSU_UB255, GRA_MSU_UG234, and GRA_MSU_UG265 (derived from regionally important varieties Diamant and Granola). Using the Xdrop® /Nanopore technique, we obtained a very high sequence read coverage within the T-DNA and junction regions. In three of the four events, we were able to use the data to confirm single T-DNA insertions, identify insert locations, identify flanking sequences, and characterize the inserted T-DNA. We further used the characterization data to identify native gene interruption and confirm the stability of the T-DNA across clonal cycles. These results demonstrate the functionality of using the Xdrop® /Nanopore technique for T-DNA characterization. This research will contribute to meeting regulatory safety and regulatory approval requirements for commercialization with small shareholder farmers in target countries within our partnership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Zarka
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - David S. Douches
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Hernández-Soto I, González-García Y, Juárez-Maldonado A, Hernández-Fuentes AD. Impact of Argemone mexicana L. on tomato plants infected with Phytophthora infestans. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16666. [PMID: 38188144 PMCID: PMC10771083 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal diseases can cause significant losses in the tomato crop. Phytophthora infestans causes the late blight disease, which considerably affects tomato production worldwide. Weed-based plant extracts are a promising ecological alternative for disease control. Methods In this study, we analyzed the plant extract of Argemone mexicana L. using chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). We evaluated its impact on the severity of P. infestans, as well as its effect on the components of the antioxidant defense system in tomato plants. Results The extract from A. mexicana contains twelve compounds most have antifungal and biostimulant properties. The findings of the study indicate that applying the A. mexicana extract can reduce the severity of P. infestans, increase tomato fruit yield, enhance the levels of photosynthetic pigments, ascorbic acid, phenols, and flavonoids, as well as decrease the biosynthesis of H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide anion in the leaves of plants infected with this pathogen. These results suggest that using the extract from A. mexicana could be a viable solution to control the disease caused by P. infestans in tomato crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iridiam Hernández-Soto
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Yolanda González-García
- Centro de Investigación Regional Noreste, Campo Experimental Todos Santos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Emiliano Zapata, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico
| | - Antonio Juárez-Maldonado
- Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Departamento de Botánica, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Alma Delia Hernández-Fuentes
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Martini F, Jijakli MH, Gontier E, Muchembled J, Fauconnier ML. Harnessing Plant's Arsenal: Essential Oils as Promising Tools for Sustainable Management of Potato Late Blight Disease Caused by Phytophthora infestans-A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7302. [PMID: 37959721 PMCID: PMC10650712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato late blight disease is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans and is listed as one of the most severe phytopathologies on Earth. The current environmental issues require new methods of pest management. For that reason, plant secondary metabolites and, in particular, essential oils (EOs) have demonstrated promising potential as pesticide alternatives. This review presents the up-to-date work accomplished using EOs against P. infestans at various experimental scales, from in vitro to in vivo. Additionally, some cellular mechanisms of action on Phytophthora spp., especially towards cell membranes, are also presented for a better understanding of anti-oomycete activities. Finally, some challenges and constraints encountered for the development of EOs-based biopesticides are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Martini
- Joint and Research Unit, 1158 BioEcoAgro Junia, 59000 Lille, France;
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Innovation, BIOPI-UPJV, UMRT BioEcoAgro INRAE1158, UFR Sciences of University of Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80000 Amiens, France;
| | - M. Haïssam Jijakli
- Integrated and Urban Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Eric Gontier
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Innovation, BIOPI-UPJV, UMRT BioEcoAgro INRAE1158, UFR Sciences of University of Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80000 Amiens, France;
| | - Jérôme Muchembled
- Joint and Research Unit, 1158 BioEcoAgro Junia, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liege University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
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Troussieux S, Gilgen A, Souche JL. Fighting Tomato Fungal Diseases with a Biocontrol Product Based on Amoeba Lysate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3603. [PMID: 37896066 PMCID: PMC10609735 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
New solutions to reduce the use of chemical pesticides to combat plant diseases and to meet societal and political demands are needed to achieve sustainable agriculture. Tomato production, both in greenhouses and in open fields, is affected by numerous pathogens. The aim of this study is to assess the possibility of controlling both late blight and powdery mildew in tomatoes with a single biocontrol product currently under registration. The biocontrol product AXP12, based on the lysate of Willaertia magna C2c Maky, has already proved its efficacy against downy mildew of grapevine and potato late blight. Its ability to elicit tomato defenses and its efficacy in the greenhouse and in the field were tested. This study establishes that AXP12 stimulates the tomato genes involved in plant defense pathways and has the capacity to combat in greenhouse and field both late blight (Phytophtora infestans) and powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici and Leveillula taurica) of tomato.
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8
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Al Harethi AA, Abdullah QYM, Al Jobory HJ, Al Aquil SA, Arafa RA. First report of molecular identification of Phytophthora infestans causing potato late blight in Yemen. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16365. [PMID: 37773211 PMCID: PMC10541906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most destructive potato diseases in the world. In Yemen, identification of P. infestans still depends on a visual survey and external examination of late blight symptoms. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify P. infestans by using advanced methods. We collected 71 disease samples and isolated the pathogen using the tuber slice method. To identify an isolated pathogen, we performed morphological characterization and gene sequence analysis of the coding genes for internal transcribed spacers. We used Koch's hypotheses to confirm the previous results. In our study. The morphological characters of the mycelium pattern of P. infestans isolates in Yemen were profusely branching, fluffy, and white. The sporangia showed remarkable limoniform papillate sporangial shape. with average length and width of 30.6 and 28.6 µm, respectively. The sequences analysis showed high homology with a degree of identity ranging from 98 to 100% to the database sequences on GenBank. Pathogenicity tests showed that the P. infestans was the causal agent. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the isolation and characterization of P. infestans in Yemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Al Harethi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Qais Y M Abdullah
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Hala J Al Jobory
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Samar A Al Aquil
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Ramadan A Arafa
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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Qi Y, Cao J, Li C, Ren P, Qin S, Li J. Dissipation, Processing Factors and Dietary Exposure Assessment of Myclobutanil in Tomato. Molecules 2023; 28:5978. [PMID: 37630230 PMCID: PMC10459743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myclobutanil residue poses a potential threat to consumers' health. This work aims to investigate the degradation behavior, residue levels, processing factors (PFs) and dietary risk of myclobutanil in tomato. Myclobutanil was analyzed using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and average recoveries ranged from 82% to 102% with relative standard deviations RSDs ≤ 9.1%. After spraying myclobutanil miscible oil under field conditions, the initial concentration of myclobutanil was 0.055 mg/kg, and its dissipation followed the first-order kinetics equation with a half-life of 2.88 days. Myclobutanil was mainly present in the tomato skin, and its concentration was about four times that in the whole tomato. The initial concentration of myclobutanil in raw tomato was 0.100 mg/kg. After washing, peeling, homogenization, simmering and canning, the residual level of myclobutanil decreased to 0.067 mg/kg, 0.023 mg/kg, 0.013 mg/kg, 0.044 mg/kg and 0.041 mg/kg, respectively. Although the procedure of simmering led to an increase in myclobutanil concentration, the PFs were all less than 1 in the whole process, showing that the processing procedure significantly decreased the residual level of myclobutanil canned tomato paste in comparison with the raw agricultural commodity. Washing, peeling, and homogenization played critical roles in reducing pesticide residues. The residues of myclobutanil during the processing of tomato pose low dietary exposure risks to consumers in China, which were acceptable. However, the acute and chronic risk quotient for children revealed that it was necessary to monitor the dietary exposure of pesticide residues for children closely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jindong Li
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 79, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan 030031, China; (Y.Q.); (J.C.); (C.L.); (P.R.); (S.Q.)
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Pozharskiy A, Kostyukova V, Khusnitdinova M, Adilbayeva K, Nizamdinova G, Kapytina A, Kerimbek N, Taskuzhina A, Kolchenko M, Abdrakhmanova A, Kisselyova N, Kalendar R, Gritsenko D. Genetic diversity of the breeding collection of tomato varieties in Kazakhstan assessed using SSR, SCAR and CAPS markers. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15683. [PMID: 37483968 PMCID: PMC10358335 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most prominent crops in global horticulture and an important vegetable crop in Kazakhstan. The lack of data on the genetic background of local varieties limits the development of tomato breeding in the country. This study aimed to perform an initial evaluation of the breeding collection of tomato varieties from the point of view of their genetic structure and pathogen resistance using a set of PCR based molecular markers, including 13 SSR markers for genetic structure analysis, and 14 SCAR and CAPS markers associated with resistance to five pathogens: three viruses, fungus Fusarium oxysporum, and oomycete P hytophthora infestans. Nine SSR markers were with a PIC value varying from 0.0562 (low information content) to 0.629 (high information content). A weak genetic structure was revealed in the samples of varieties including local cultivars and, predominantly, varieties from Russia and other ex-USSR countries. The local varieties were closely related to several groups of cultivars of Russian origin. Screening for a set of resistance markers revealed the common occurrence of the resistance locus I against Fusarium oxysporum and only the occasional presence of resistance alleles of other markers. No markers of resistance to the three considered viruses were revealed in local tomato varieties. Only two local cultivars had markers of resistance to P. infestans, and only the 'Meruert' cultivar had a combination of resistance markers against P. infestans and F. oxysporum. The obtained results have demonstrated the need for further studies of local tomato varieties with a wider range of molecular markers and source germplasm to lay a foundation for the development of tomato breeding in Kazakhstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Pozharskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeriya Kostyukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Marina Khusnitdinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kamila Adilbayeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnaz Nizamdinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anastasiya Kapytina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nazym Kerimbek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aisha Taskuzhina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Mariya Kolchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aisha Abdrakhmanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Ruslan Kalendar
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Dilyara Gritsenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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11
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Nam B, Lee HJ, Choi YJ. Organic Farming Allows Balanced Fungal and Oomycetes Communities. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1307. [PMID: 37317281 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional and organic farming systems affect soils differently, thereby influencing microbial diversity and composition. Organic farming, which relies on natural processes, biodiversity, and cycles adapted to local conditions, is generally known to improve soil texture and alleviate microbial diversity loss compared with that of conventional farming, which uses synthetic inputs such as chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides. Although they affect the health and productivity of host plants, the community dynamics of fungi and fungi-like oomycetes (under Chromista) in organic farmland are poorly understood. The present study aimed to determine the differences in the diversity and composition of fungi and oomycetes inhabiting organic and conventional farm soils using culture-based DNA barcoding and culture-independent environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. Four tomato farms with different farming practices were selected and investigated: mature pure organic (MPO) via non-pesticide and organic fertiliser, mature integrated organic (MIO) via non-pesticide and chemical fertiliser, mature conventional chemical (MCC) via both pesticide and chemical fertiliser, and young conventional chemical (YCC). Culture-based analysis revealed that different genera were dominant on the four farms: Linnemannia in MPO, Mucor in MIO, and Globisporangium in MCC and YCC. eDNA metabarcoding demonstrated that the fungal richness and diversity on the MPO farm were higher than that on other farms. Both conventional farms exhibited simpler fungal and oomycete network structures with lower phylogenetic diversity. Interestingly, a high richness of oomycetes was shown in YCC; in which, Globisporangium, a potential pathogenic group on tomato plants, was abundantly observed. Our findings indicate that organic farming enhances fungal and oomycete diversity, which may provide robust support for maintaining healthy and sustainable agricultural practices. This study contributes to our knowledge on the positive effects of organic farming on crop microbiomes and provides essential information for maintaining biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Nam
- Department of Biological Science, College of Ocean, Natural Sciences, and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
- Center for Convergent Agrobioengineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Ocean, Natural Sciences, and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Choi
- Department of Biological Science, College of Ocean, Natural Sciences, and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
- Center for Convergent Agrobioengineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
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12
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Guan Y, Wei Z, Song P, Zhou L, Hu H, Hu P, Li C. MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Response to Phytophthora infestans and Oidium neolycopersici and Functional Identification of sly-miR397 in Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:497-507. [PMID: 36346372 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-22-0117-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Late blight and powdery mildew are two widespread tomato diseases caused by Phytophthora infestans and Oidium neolycopersici, respectively, which reduce the quantity and quality of tomato. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in tomato resistance to various pathogens. Investigating the function of miRNAs is of great significance in controlling tomato diseases. To identify potential miRNAs involved in the interaction of tomato with P. infestans or O. neolycopersici, we analyzed the expression profiles of small RNAs in tomato leaves infected with these two pathogens using RNA-seq technology. A total of 330 and 288 miRNAs exhibited differences in expression levels after exposure to P. infestans and O. neolycopersici, respectively. One hundred and forty-six commonly differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs responsive to P. infestans and O. neolycopersici infestation were detected, including 10 commonly known conserved DE miRNAs and 136 novel miRNAs. Among these known DE miRNAs, sly-miR397 was strongly downregulated in response to P. infestans or O. neolycopersici infection. Silencing of sly-miR397 resulted in enhanced tolerance to the pathogens, whereas overexpression of sly-miR397 showed increased susceptibility. Furthermore, changes in sly-miR397 expression could also affect expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes and reactive oxygen species-scavenging genes, leading to altered necrotic cells and H2O2 levels. In addition, the number of lateral branches significantly changed in transgenic plants. Taken together, our results provide potential miRNA resources for further research of miRNA-disease associations and indicates that sly-miR397 acts as a negative regulator of disease resistance and influences lateral branch development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Guan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Puwen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Luyi Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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13
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Fu KK, Liang J, Wan W, Jing X, Feng H, Cai Y, Zhou S. Overexpression of SQUALENE SYNTHASE Reduces Nicotiana benthamiana Resistance against Phytophthora infestans. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020261. [PMID: 36837880 PMCID: PMC9960828 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant triterpenoids play a critical role in plant resistance against Phytophthora infestans de Bary, the causal pathogen of potato and tomato late blight. However, different triterpenoids could have contrasting functions on plant resistance against P. infestans. In this study, we targeted the key biosynthetic gene of all plant triterpenoids, SQUALENE SYNTHASE (SQS), to examine the function of this gene in plant-P. infestans interactions. A post-inoculation, time-course gene expression analysis revealed that SQS expression was induced in Nicotiana benthamiana but was transiently suppressed in Solanum lycopersicum. Consistent with the host-specific changes in SQS expression, concentrations of major triterpenoid compounds were only induced in S. lycopersicum. A stable overexpression of SQS in N. benthamiana reduced plant resistance against P. infestans and induced the hyperaccumulation of stigmasterol. A comparative transcriptomics analysis of the transgenic lines showed that diverse plant physiological processes were influenced by SQS overexpression, suggesting that phytosterol content regulation may not be the sole mechanism through which SQS promotes plant susceptibility towards P. infestans. This study provides experimental evidence for the host-specific transcriptional regulation and function of SQS in plant interactions with P. infestans, offering a novel perspective in examining the quantitative disease resistance against late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ke Fu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Junhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiangfeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
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14
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Buziashvili A, Yemets A. Lactoferrin and its role in biotechnological strategies for plant defense against pathogens. Transgenic Res 2022; 32:1-16. [PMID: 36534334 PMCID: PMC9761627 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural crops are susceptible to many diseases caused by various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. This paper reviews the general principles of plant protection against pathogens, as well as the role of iron and antimicrobial peptide metabolism in plant immunity. The article highlights the principles of antibacterial, fungicidal and antiviral action of lactoferrin, a mammalian secretory glycoprotein, and lactoferrin peptides, and their role in protecting plants from phytopathogens. This review offers a comprehensive analysis and shows potential prospects of using the lactoferrin gene to enhance plant resistance to various phytopathogens, as well as the advantages of this biotechnological approach over existing methods of protecting plants against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Buziashvili
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskogo Str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123 Ukraine
| | - Alla Yemets
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskogo Str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123 Ukraine
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15
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Ragunathan J, Appusami S, Kadiri M, Venkatesan R, Nallusamy S, Sevugapperumal N. Deciphering the Biomolecules from Bacillus atrophaeus NMB01 Untangles the Anti-Oomycetes Action of Trioxsalen and Corynan-17-ol, Against Phytophthora infestans Inciting Late Blight of Potato. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:641-650. [PMID: 36458213 PMCID: PMC9705679 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-022-01044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The antagonistic Bacillus spp. is known well for the production of versatile antimicrobial biomolecules with broad spectrum of action against different types of plant pathogens. Considering the significance of metabolically active biomolecules, attempts were made to decipher the anti-oomycete nature of biomolecules produced by Bacillus atrophaeus NMB01 during di-trophic interaction with Phytophthora infestans. Ten biomolecules produced by B. atrophaeus NMB01 during di-trophic interaction with P. infestans were docked against the twelve target proteins of P. infestans. Molecular docking of biomolecules reported trioxsalen and corynan-17-ol,18,19-didehydro-10-methoxy-acetate(ester) as best hits with highest binding energy in the range of - 7.5 to - 5 kcal/mol against target proteins of P. infestans. Comparatively less binding energy was observed for commercially available fungicides mandipropamid and metalaxyl on docking against the target proteins of P. infestans. We also confirmed the direct impact of trioxsalen andcorynan-17-ol, on P. infestans under in vitro with 66% and 50% inhibition of mycelial growth of P. infestans, respectively. This is the first study attempted to untangle the role of bioactive anti-oomycete compounds produced by B. atrophaeus strain NMB01 during di-trophic interaction with P. infestans against late blight pathogen P. infestans infecting potato. From the present study, we conclude that the biomolecules, trioxsalen and corynan-17-ol, can be explored for the management of P. infestans, the incitant of late blight of potato. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-022-01044-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ragunathan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Sudha Appusami
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Mahendra Kadiri
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Ragapriya Venkatesan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Saranya Nallusamy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Nakkeeran Sevugapperumal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
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16
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Li R, Maioli A, Yan Z, Bai Y, Valentino D, Milani AM, Pompili V, Comino C, Lanteri S, Moglia A, Acquadro A. CRISPR/Cas9-Based Knock-Out of the PMR4 Gene Reduces Susceptibility to Late Blight in Two Tomato Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314542. [PMID: 36498869 PMCID: PMC9735651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight (LB) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), is a devastating disease and a serious concern for plant productivity. The presence of susceptibility (S) genes in plants facilitates pathogen proliferation; thus, disabling these genes may help provide a broad-spectrum and durable type of tolerance/resistance. Previous studies on Arabidopsis and tomato have highlighted that knock-out mutants of the PMR4 susceptibility gene are tolerant to powdery mildew. Moreover, PMR4 knock-down in potato has been shown to confer tolerance to LB. To verify the same effect in tomato in the present study, a CRISPR-Cas9 vector containing four single guide RNAs (sgRNAs: sgRNA1, sgRNA6, sgRNA7, and sgRNA8), targeting as many SlPMR4 regions, was introduced via Agrobacterium-tumefaciens-mediated transformation into two widely grown Italian tomato cultivars: 'San Marzano' (SM) and 'Oxheart' (OX). Thirty-five plants (twenty-six SM and nine OX) were selected and screened to identify the CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations. The different sgRNAs caused mutation frequencies ranging from 22.1 to 100% and alternatively precise insertions (sgRNA6) or deletions (sgRNA7, sgRNA1, and sgRNA8). Notably, sgRNA7 induced in seven SM genotypes a -7 bp deletion in the homozygous status, whereas sgRNA8 led to the production of fifteen SM genotypes with a biallelic mutation (-7 bp and -2 bp). Selected edited lines were inoculated with P. infestans, and four of them, fully knocked out at the PMR4 locus, showed reduced disease symptoms (reduction in susceptibility from 55 to 80%) compared to control plants. The four SM lines were sequenced using Illumina whole-genome sequencing for deeper characterization without exhibiting any evidence of mutations in the candidate off-target regions. Our results showed, for the first time, a reduced susceptibility to Phytophtora infestans in pmr4 tomato mutants confirming the role of KO PMR4 in providing broad-spectrum protection against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Li
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alex Maioli
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danila Valentino
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Valerio Pompili
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cinzia Comino
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Kumar R, Kumar S, Bulone V, Srivastava V. Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Insights into Substrate Recognition of Pectin Methylesterase from Phytophthora Infestans. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6023-6032. [PMID: 36382180 PMCID: PMC9647417 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are a class of carbohydrate-active enzymes that act on the O6-methyl ester groups of the homogalacturonan component of pectins, resulting in de-esterification of the substrate polymers and formation of pectate and methanol. PMEs occur in higher plants and microorganisms, including fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and archaea. Microbial PMEs play a crucial role in pathogens’ invasion of plant tissues. Here, we have determined the structural and functional properties of Pi-PME, a PME from the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans. This enzyme exhibits maximum activity at alkaline pH (8.5) and is active over a wide temperature range (25–50 °C). In silico determination of the structure of Pi-PME reveals that the protein consists essentially of three parallel β-sheets interconnected by loops that adopt an overall β-helix organization. The loop regions in the vicinity of the active site are extended compared to plant and fungal PMEs, but they are shorter than the corresponding bacterial and insect regions. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that Pi-PME interacts most strongly with partially de-methylated homogalacturonans, suggesting that it preferentially uses this type of substrates. The results are compared and discussed with other known PMEs from different organisms, highlighting the specific features of Pi-PME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park Campus, Sturt Road, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
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18
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Hong Y, Zhang Y, Cui J, Meng J, Chen Y, Zhang C, Yang J, Luan Y. The lncRNA39896-miR166b-HDZs module affects tomato resistance to Phytophthora infestans. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1979-1993. [PMID: 35929655 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The yield and quality of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) is seriously affected by Phytophthora infestans. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Sl-lncRNA39896 is induced after P. infestans infection and was previously predicted to act as an endogenous target mimic (eTM) for the microRNA Sl-miR166b, which function in stress responses. Here, we further examined the role of Sl-lncRNA39896 and Sl-miR166b in tomato resistance to P. infestans. Sl-miR166b levels were higher in Sl-lncRNA39896-knockout mutants than in wild-type plants, and the mutants displayed enhanced resistance to P. infestans. A six-point mutation in the region of Sl-lncRNA39896 that binds to Sl-miR166b disabled the interaction, suggesting that Sl-lncRNA39896 acts as an eTM for Sl-miR166b. Overexpressing Sl-miR166b yielded a similar phenotype to that produced by Sl-lncRNA39896-knockout, whereas silencing of Sl-miR166b impaired resistance. We verified that Sl-miR166b cleaved transcripts of its target class III homeodomain-leucine zipper genes SlHDZ34 and SlHDZ45. Silencing of SlHDZ34/45 decreased pathogen accumulation in plants infected with P. infestans. Additionally, jasmonic acid and ethylene contents were elevated following infection in the plants with enhanced resistance. Sl-lncRNA39896 is the first known lncRNA to negatively regulate resistance to P. infestans in tomato. We propose a novel mechanism in which the lncRNA39896-miR166b-HDZ module modulates resistance to P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Hong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Jun Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Meng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yinhua Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Jinxiao Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yushi Luan
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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19
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Khan S, Bibi G, Dilbar S, Iqbal A, Ahmad M, Ali A, Ullah Z, Jaremko M, Iqbal J, Ali M, Haq I, Ali I. Biosynthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles from Mentha spicata and screening its combating potential against Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1001499. [PMID: 36226302 PMCID: PMC9548704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1001499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause serious diseases to agricultural crops which lead to food insecurity in the world. To combat plant pathogens, various strategies have been developed including the use of agrochemicals. The overuse of these chemicals is now leading to the pesticide-resistant capability of pathogens. To overcome this problem, modern nanobiotechnology offers the production of alternative nano drugs. In this study, we used Mentha spicata for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using the green synthesis method. The synthesis of Fe2O3 NPs was confirmed through various characterizations. UV-Vis analysis detected a characteristic absorbance at the spectral range of 272 nm. The SEM micrographic analysis at various magnifications displayed circular or rod-shaped nanoparticles with a size ranging from 21 to 82 nm. The elemental EDX characterization showed intense peaks with a weight percent of 57, 34.93, and 8.07 for Fe, O, and, Cl respectively. TGA analysis showed that weight loss at 44-182, 500, and 660°C with no further modification indicates the thermal stability of iron oxide nanoparticles. FTIR spectrum of uncalined detects various bands at 3331, 1625, and 1,437 cm-1 for the hydroxyl group. After calcination two bands at 527 and 434 cm-1 were observed for Fe-O. The antimicrobial in vitro study showed maximum growth inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by the concentration of 100 μg ml-1 of Fe2O3-PE and Fe2O3 NPs. Therefore, this study resulted that bio-stable iron oxide nanoparticles can be used as alternative antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Khan
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Gulfam Bibi
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Dilbar
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Iqbal
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Maaz Ahmad
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ullah
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ihtishamul Haq
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- Centre for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Charbagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Pathirana R, Carimi F. Management and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for a Sustainable Agriculture. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152038. [PMID: 35956515 PMCID: PMC9370719 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite the dramatic increase in food production thanks to the Green Revolution, hunger is increasing among human populations around the world, affecting one in nine people. The negative environmental and social consequences of industrial monocrop agriculture is becoming evident, particularly in the contexts of greenhouse gas emissions and the increased frequency and impact of zoonotic disease emergence, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Human activity has altered 70–75% of the ice-free Earth’s surface, squeezing nature and wildlife into a corner. To prevent, halt, and reverse the degradation of ecosystems worldwide, the UN has launched a Decade of Ecosystem Restoration. In this context, this review describes the origin and diversity of cultivated species, the impact of modern agriculture and other human activities on plant genetic resources, and approaches to conserve and use them to increase food diversity and production with specific examples of the use of crop wild relatives for breeding climate-resilient cultivars that require less chemical and mechanical input. The need to better coordinate in situ conservation efforts with increased funding has been highlighted. We emphasise the need to strengthen the genebank infrastructure, enabling the use of modern biotechnological tools to help in genotyping and characterising accessions plus advanced ex situ conservation methods, identifying gaps in collections, developing core collections, and linking data with international databases. Crop and variety diversification and minimising tillage and other field practices through the development and introduction of herbaceous perennial crops is proposed as an alternative regenerative food system for higher carbon sequestration, sustaining economic benefits for growers, whilst also providing social and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Pathirana
- Plant & Food Research Australia Pty Ltd., Waite Campus Research Precinct—Plant Breeding WT46, University of Adelaide, Waite Rd, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus Research Precinct—Plant Breeding WT46, University of Adelaide, Waite Rd, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Carimi
- Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse (IBBR), C.N.R., Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy
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Arafa RA, Kamel SM, Taher DI, Solberg SØ, Rakha MT. Leaf Extracts from Resistant Wild Tomato Can Be Used to Control Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) in the Cultivated Tomato. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141824. [PMID: 35890458 PMCID: PMC9320409 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Late blight disease, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is one of the most challenging diseases threatening tomato production and other Solanaceae crops. Resistance to late blight is found in certain wild species, but the mechanism behind the resistance is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to examine the metabolic profiles in the leaf tissue of late blight-resistant wild tomato and to investigate if leaf extracts from such genotypes could be used to control late blight in tomato production. We included three recognized late blight-resistant wild tomato accessions of Solanum habrochaites (LA1777, LA2855, and LA1352) and two recognized highly susceptible genotypes, S. lycopersicum (‘Super Strain B’) and S. pimpinellifolium (LA0375). The metabolic profiles were obtained in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants by analyzing leaf extracts using high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with three replicate analyses of each genotype. We focused on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and identified 31 such compounds from the five genotypes with a retention time ranging from 6.6 to 22.8 min. The resistant genotype LA 1777 produced the highest number of VOCs (22 and 21 in the inoculated and control plants, respectively), whereas the susceptible genotype ‘Super Strain B’ produced the lowest number of VOCs (11 and 13 in the respective plants). Among the VOCs, 14 were detected only in the resistant genotypes, while two were detected only in the susceptible ones. In vitro trials, with the use of a detached leaflet assay and whole-plant approach, were conducted. We revealed promising insights regarding late blight management and showed that metabolic profiling may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind P. infestans resistance in tomato and its wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan A. Arafa
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; (R.A.A.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Said M. Kamel
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; (R.A.A.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Dalia I. Taher
- Vegetable Crops Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Svein Ø. Solberg
- Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway
- Correspondence: or (S.Ø.S.); or (M.T.R.); Tel.: +20-1553110804 (M.T.R.)
| | - Mohamed T. Rakha
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kafrelsheikh, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (S.Ø.S.); or (M.T.R.); Tel.: +20-1553110804 (M.T.R.)
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22
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Perez W, Alarcon L, Rojas T, Correa Y, Juarez H, Andrade-Piedra JL, Anglin NL, Ellis D. Screening South American Potato Landraces and Potato Wild Relatives for Novel Sources of Late Blight Resistance. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1845-1856. [PMID: 35072509 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-21-1582-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Late blight (LB) caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is one of the most important biotic constraints for potato production worldwide. This study assessed 508 accessions (79 wild potato species and 429 landraces from a cultivated core collection) held at the International Potato Center genebank for resistance to LB. One P. infestans isolate belonging to the EC-1 lineage, which is currently the predominant type of P. infestans in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, was used in whole plant assays under greenhouse conditions. Novel sources of resistance to LB were found in accessions of Solanum albornozii, S. andreanum, S. lesteri, S. longiconicum, S. morelliforme, S. stenophyllidium, S. mochiquense, S. cajamarquense, and S. huancabambense. All of these species are endemic to South America and thus could provide novel sources of resistance for potato breeding programs. We found that the level of resistance to LB in wild species and potato landraces cannot be predicted from altitude and bioclimatic variables of the locations where the accessions were collected. The high percentage (73%) of potato landraces susceptible to LB in our study suggests the importance of implementing disease control measures, including planting susceptible genotypes in less humid areas and seasons or switching to genotypes identified as resistant. In addition, this study points out a high risk of genetic erosion in potato biodiversity at high altitudes of the Andes due to susceptibility to LB in the native landraces, which has been exacerbated by climatic change that favors the development of LB in those regions.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willmer Perez
- Centro Internacional de la Papa, CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas, Lima, Peru
| | - Lesly Alarcon
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru
| | - Tania Rojas
- Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Yanina Correa
- Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Peru
| | - Henry Juarez
- Centro Internacional de la Papa, CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge L Andrade-Piedra
- Centro Internacional de la Papa, CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas, Lima, Peru
| | - Noelle L Anglin
- Centro Internacional de la Papa, CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas, Lima, Peru
| | - David Ellis
- Centro Internacional de la Papa, CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas, Lima, Peru
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23
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Perez W, Forbes GA, Arias R, Pradel W, Kawarazuka N, Andrade-Piedra J. Farmer Perceptions Related to Potato Production and Late Blight Management in Two Communities in the Peruvian Andes. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.873490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato late blight (LB), caused by the oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, continues to be a major constraint of potato in the Andean region and worldwide. Farmers perception regarding potato production with particular emphasis on management practices for LB was surveyed in two communities in the Peruvian highlands using a questionnaire with 25 questions, many with multiple choice questions. In the village of Paucartambo, 84 women and 485 men of different ages participated in the survey, while in the village of Ulcumayo, there were 146 women and 396 men, also of different ages. Overall, responses were similar between the two locations, with some small but significant differences. In general, there was a very clear association between age and education, with only young men and women having secondary education. Respondents in both locations overwhelmingly chose LB as the main constraint to production and cited either personal experience or agrochemical vendors as the primary sources of information about disease management. Many cultivars (25+) are grown in both locations, with the two most important cultivars, Yungay and Huayro, being common in both locations while others differed. There was evidence of confusion around the concept of host plant resistance, as certain cultivars were cited as both relatively resistant and susceptible. Many trade names of fungicides were recalled by respondents, but most were relatively old products. Correspondence analysis indicated gender effects on LB management practices and information sources in both locations that could be taken into consideration to refine future interventions for research and capacity building, such as offering refresher training courses for extension educators, including female extension workers, to help farmers understand basic concepts to manage host resistance and fungicides properly, and improve access to resistant varieties and effective fungicides.
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Late Blight Resistance Conferred by Rpi-Smira2/R8 in Potato Genotypes In Vitro Depends on the Genetic Background. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101319. [PMID: 35631743 PMCID: PMC9145795 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Potato production worldwide is threatened by late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Highly resistant potato cultivars were developed in breeding programs, using resistance gene pyramiding methods. In Sárpo Mira potatoes, five resistance genes (R3a, R3b, R4, Rpi-Smira1, and Rpi-Smira2/R8) are reported, with the latter gene assumed to be the major contributor. To study the level of late blight resistance conferred by the Rpi-Smira2/R8 gene, potato genotypes with only the Rpi-Smira2/R8 gene were selected from progeny population in which susceptible cultivars were crossed with Sárpo Mira. Ten R8 potato genotypes were obtained using stepwise marker-assisted selection, and agroinfiltration of the avirulence effector gene Avr4. Nine of these R8 genotypes were infected with both Slovenian P. infestans isolates and aggressive foreign isolates. All the progeny R8 genotypes are resistant to the Slovenian P. infestans isolate 02_07, and several show milder late blight symptoms than the corresponding susceptible parent after inoculation with other isolates. When inoculated with foreign P. infestans isolates, the genotype C571 shows intermediate resistance, similar to that of Sárpo Mira. These results suggest that Rpi-Smira2/R8 contributes to late blight resistance, although this resistance is not guaranteed solely by the presence of the R8 in the genome.
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25
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Dufková H, Berka M, Greplová M, Shejbalová Š, Hampejsová R, Luklová M, Domkářová J, Novák J, Kopačka V, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. The Omics Hunt for Novel Molecular Markers of Resistance to Phytophthora infestans. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010061. [PMID: 35009065 PMCID: PMC8747139 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wild Solanum accessions are a treasured source of resistance against pathogens, including oomycete Phytophthora infestans, causing late blight disease. Here, Solanum pinnatisectum, Solanum tuberosum, and the somatic hybrid between these two lines were analyzed, representing resistant, susceptible, and moderately resistant genotypes, respectively. Proteome and metabolome analyses showed that the infection had the highest impact on leaves of the resistant plant and indicated, among others, an extensive remodeling of the leaf lipidome. The lipidome profiling confirmed an accumulation of glycerolipids, a depletion in the total pool of glycerophospholipids, and showed considerable differences between the lipidome composition of resistant and susceptible genotypes. The analysis of putative resistance markers pinpointed more than 100 molecules that positively correlated with resistance including phenolics and cysteamine, a compound with known antimicrobial activity. Putative resistance protein markers were targeted in an additional 12 genotypes with contrasting resistance to P. infestans. At least 27 proteins showed a negative correlation with the susceptibility including HSP70-2, endochitinase B, WPP domain-containing protein, and cyclase 3. In summary, these findings provide insights into molecular mechanisms of resistance against P. infestans and present novel targets for selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Dufková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (M.B.); (Š.S.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (M.B.); (Š.S.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Marie Greplová
- Potato Research Institute, Ltd., 58001 Havlíčkův Brod, Czech Republic; (M.G.); (R.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Šarlota Shejbalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (M.B.); (Š.S.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Romana Hampejsová
- Potato Research Institute, Ltd., 58001 Havlíčkův Brod, Czech Republic; (M.G.); (R.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Markéta Luklová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (M.B.); (Š.S.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Jaroslava Domkářová
- Potato Research Institute, Ltd., 58001 Havlíčkův Brod, Czech Republic; (M.G.); (R.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (M.B.); (Š.S.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | | | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (M.B.); (Š.S.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.D.); (M.B.); (Š.S.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-0-545-133-37
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26
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Pacheco-Moreno A, Stefanato FL, Ford JJ, Trippel C, Uszkoreit S, Ferrafiat L, Grenga L, Dickens R, Kelly N, Kingdon AD, Ambrosetti L, Nepogodiev SA, Findlay KC, Cheema J, Trick M, Chandra G, Tomalin G, Malone JG, Truman AW. Pan-genome analysis identifies intersecting roles for Pseudomonas specialized metabolites in potato pathogen inhibition. eLife 2021; 10:71900. [PMID: 34792466 PMCID: PMC8719888 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural soil harbors a diverse microbiome that can form beneficial relationships with plants, including the inhibition of plant pathogens. Pseudomonas spp. are one of the most abundant bacterial genera in the soil and rhizosphere and play important roles in promoting plant health. However, the genetic determinants of this beneficial activity are only partially understood. Here, we genetically and phenotypically characterize the Pseudomonas fluorescens population in a commercial potato field, where we identify strong correlations between specialized metabolite biosynthesis and antagonism of the potato pathogens Streptomyces scabies and Phytophthora infestans. Genetic and chemical analyses identified hydrogen cyanide and cyclic lipopeptides as key specialized metabolites associated with S. scabies inhibition, which was supported by in planta biocontrol experiments. We show that a single potato field contains a hugely diverse and dynamic population of Pseudomonas bacteria, whose capacity to produce specialized metabolites is shaped both by plant colonization and defined environmental inputs. Potato scab and blight are two major diseases which can cause heavy crop losses. They are caused, respectively, by the bacterium Streptomyces scabies and an oomycete (a fungus-like organism) known as Phytophthora infestans. Fighting these disease-causing microorganisms can involve crop management techniques – for example, ensuring that a field is well irrigated helps to keep S. scabies at bay. Harnessing biological control agents can also offer ways to control disease while respecting the environment. Biocontrol bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, can produce compounds that keep S. scabies and P. infestans in check. However, the identity of these molecules and how irrigation can influence Pseudomonas population remains unknown. To examine these questions, Pacheco-Moreno et al. sampled and isolated hundreds of Pseudomonas strains from a commercial potato field, closely examining the genomes of 69 of these. Comparing the genetic information of strains based on whether they could control the growth of S. scabies revealed that compounds known as cyclic lipopeptides are key to controlling the growth of S. scabies and P. infestans. Whether the field was irrigated also had a large impact on the strains forming the Pseudomonas population. Working out how Pseudomonas bacteria block disease could speed up the search for biological control agents. The approach developed by Pacheco-Moreno et al. could help to predict which strains might be most effective based on their genetic features. Similar experiments could also work for other combinations of plants and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pacheco-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan J Ford
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Trippel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Uszkoreit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ferrafiat
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Grenga
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Dickens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Kelly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Dh Kingdon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Liana Ambrosetti
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kim C Findlay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jitender Cheema
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Trick
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Govind Chandra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jacob G Malone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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27
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Wang W, Chen L, Fengler K, Bolar J, Llaca V, Wang X, Clark CB, Fleury TJ, Myrvold J, Oneal D, van Dyk MM, Hudson A, Munkvold J, Baumgarten A, Thompson J, Cai G, Crasta O, Aggarwal R, Ma J. A giant NLR gene confers broad-spectrum resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6263. [PMID: 34741017 PMCID: PMC8571336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by P. sojae is a destructive soybean soil-borne disease found worldwide. Discovery of genes conferring broad-spectrum resistance to the pathogen is a need to prevent the outbreak of the disease. Here, we show that soybean Rps11 is a 27.7-kb nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR or NLR) gene conferring broad-spectrum resistance to the pathogen. Rps11 is located in a genomic region harboring a cluster of large NLR genes of a single origin in soybean, and is derived from rounds of unequal recombination. Such events result in promoter fusion and LRR expansion that may contribute to the broad resistance spectrum. The NLR gene cluster exhibits drastic structural diversification among phylogenetically representative varieties, including gene copy number variation ranging from five to 23 copies, and absence of allelic copies of Rps11 in any of the non-Rps11-donor varieties examined, exemplifying innovative evolution of NLR genes and NLR gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Liyang Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kevin Fengler
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Joy Bolar
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Victor Llaca
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Xutong Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chancelor B Clark
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tomara J Fleury
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, USDA, ARS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jon Myrvold
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - David Oneal
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | | | - Ashley Hudson
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Jesse Munkvold
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Andy Baumgarten
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Jeff Thompson
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Guohong Cai
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, USDA, ARS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Oswald Crasta
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- R&D, Equinom, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Rajat Aggarwal
- Research and Development, Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA.
| | - Jianxin Ma
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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28
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Manghi MC, Masiol M, Calzavara R, Graziano PL, Peruzzi E, Pavoni B. The use of phosphonates in agriculture. Chemical, biological properties and legislative issues. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131187. [PMID: 34157623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Phosphorus (III) derivatives, named Phosphonates, include congeners with properties as fungicides that are effective in controlling Oomycetes. Examples are organic compounds like Fosetyl-Al [Aluminium tris-(ethylphosphonate)] and salts formed with the anion of phosphonic acid [(OH)2HPO] and Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium cations. According to IUPAC, the correct nomenclature for these compounds is "phosphonates", but in common language and scientific literature they are often named "phosphites", creating ambiguity. The European legislation restricts the use of phosphonates, with the ban for application in organic agriculture. However, phosphonate residues were detected in some organic products due to their addition to fertilizers allowed in organic agriculture. The legitimacy of this addition is controversial, as it is not evident if phosphonates have also a nutritional role in addition to their fungicidal properties. The new European Directive EU 1009/2019 resolves the problem by banning the phosphonates addition to fertilizers and placing a limit of 0.5% by mass for unintentional addition. However, an official method is not available for phosphonates determination in fertilizers and approval by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) is necessary in a short time. This review presents an overview about the chemical, biological, analytical and legislative aspects of phosphonates and aims at providing: clarity on the correct nomenclature to avoid misunderstandings; the evaluation of phosphonates properties with the absence of a nutritional role, justifying the ban on adding to fertilizers; a summary of analytical techniques that could be considered by CEN to complete the analytical background for the agricultural use of phosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Manghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, I-30172, Mestre Venezia, Italy.
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, I-30172, Mestre Venezia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Pavoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, I-30172, Mestre Venezia, Italy
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29
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Luo X, Tian T, Bonnave M, Tan X, Huang X, Li Z, Ren M. The Molecular Mechanisms of Phytophthora infestans in Response to Reactive Oxygen Species Stress. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2067-2079. [PMID: 33787286 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0321-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are critical for the growth, development, proliferation, and pathogenicity of microbial pathogens; however, excessive levels of ROSs are toxic. Little is known about the signaling cascades in response to ROS stress in oomycetes such as Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Here, P. infestans was used as a model system to investigate the mechanism underlying the response to ROS stress in oomycete pathogens. Results showed severe defects in sporangium germination, mycelium growth, appressorium formation, and virulence of P. infestans in response to H2O2 stress. Importantly, these phenotypes mimic those of P. infestans treated with rapamycin, the inhibitor of target of rapamycin (TOR, 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase). Strong synergism occurred when P. infestans was treated with a combination of H2O2 and rapamycin, suggesting that a crosstalk exists between ROS stress and the TOR signaling pathway. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome, proteome, and phosphorylation omics showed that H2O2 stress significantly induced the operation of the TOR-mediated autophagy pathway. Monodansylcadaverine staining showed that in the presence of H2O2 and rapamycin, the autophagosome level increased in a dosage-dependent manner. Furthermore, transgenic potatoes containing double-stranded RNA of TOR in P. infestans (PiTOR) displayed high resistance to P. infestans. Therefore, TOR is involved in the ROS response and is a potential target for control of oomycete diseases, because host-mediated silencing of PiTOR increases potato resistance to late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Maxime Bonnave
- Centre for Agriculture and Agro-Industry of Hainaut Province, Ath 7800, Belgium
| | - Xue Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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30
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Nam B, Lee DJ, Choi YJ. High-Temperature-Tolerant Fungus and Oomycetes in Korea, Including Saksenaea longicolla sp. nov. MYCOBIOLOGY 2021; 49:476-490. [PMID: 34803436 PMCID: PMC8583829 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1985698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global temperatures are steadily increasing, leading to significant changes in microbial diversity and ecology. In the present study, we isolated high-temperature-growing fungi and fungi-like group (Oomycota) strains from freshwater environments of Korea and identified them based on cultural, morphological, and multilocus phylogenetic analyses. As a result, we introduce Saksenaea (Fungi) isolates as a new species, Saksenaea longicolla sp. nov. and record Phytophthora chlamydospora and P. lagoariana (Oomycota) new to Korea. In the growth experiments, they exhibited high-temperature tolerance, which can grow at 35-40 °C but become inactive at 4 °C and below. This study confirms the presence of high-temperature-tolerant fungi and oomycetes in Korea and suggests that the Korean climate conditions are changing in favor of these species. This indicates that climate warming is altering microbial distributions in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Nam
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - Dong-Jae Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
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Liu C, Zhang Y, Tan Y, Zhao T, Xu X, Yang H, Li J. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated SlMYBS2 Mutagenesis Reduces Tomato Resistance to Phytophthora infestans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11423. [PMID: 34768853 PMCID: PMC8583707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) recently caused epidemics of tomato late blight. Our study aimed to identify the function of the SlMYBS2 gene in response to tomato late blight. To further investigate the function of SlMYBS2 in tomato resistance to P. infestans, we studied the effects of SlMYBS2 gene knock out. The SlMYBS2 gene was knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9, and the resulting plants (SlMYBS2 gene knockout, slmybs2-c) showed reduced resistance to P. infestans, accompanied by increases in the number of necrotic cells, lesion sizes, and disease index. Furthermore, after P. infestans infection, the expression levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in slmybs2-c plants were significantly lower than those in wild-type (AC) plants, while the number of necrotic cells and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were higher than those in wild-type plants. Taken together, these results indicate that SlMYBS2 acts as a positive regulator of tomato resistance to P. infestans infection by regulating the ROS level and the expression level of PR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huanhuan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.T.); (T.Z.); (X.X.)
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.T.); (T.Z.); (X.X.)
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Zhu H, Deng M, Yang Z, Mao L, Jiang S, Yue Y, Zhao K. Two Tomato (S olanum lycopersicum) Thaumatin-Like Protein Genes Confer Enhanced Resistance to Late Blight ( Phytophthora infestans). PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1790-1799. [PMID: 33616418 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-20-0237-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) poses a serious threat to tomato production but the number of late blight resistance genes isolated from tomato is limited, making resistance gene mining a high research priority. In this study, highly resistant CLN2037E and susceptible No. 5 tomato inbred lines were used to identify late blight resistance genes. Using transcriptome sequencing, we discovered 36 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 21 nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat and 15 pathogenesis-related (PR) disease resistance genes. Cluster analysis and real-time quantitative PCR showed that these 36 genes possessed similar expression patterns in different inbred lines after inoculation with P. infestans. Moreover, two PR genes with unique responses were chosen to verify their functions when exposed to P. infestans: Solyc08g080660 and Solyc08g080670, both of which were thaumatin-like protein genes and were clustered in the tomato genome. Functions of these two genes were identified by gene overexpression and gene editing technology. Overexpression and knockout of single Solyc08g080660 and Solyc08g080670 corresponded to an increase and decrease in resistance to late blight, respectively, and Solyc08g080660 led to a greater change in disease resistance compared with Solyc08g080670. Cotransformation of dual genes resulted in a much greater effect than any single gene. This study provides novel candidate resistance genes for tomato breeding against late blight and insights into the interaction mechanisms between tomato and P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Minghua Deng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhengan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lianzhen Mao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shurui Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yanling Yue
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Qiao L, Lan C, Capriotti L, Ah-Fong A, Nino Sanchez J, Hamby R, Heller J, Zhao H, Glass NL, Judelson HS, Mezzetti B, Niu D, Jin H. Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1756-1768. [PMID: 33774895 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.01.429265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries show that fungi can take up environmental RNA, which can then silence fungal genes through environmental RNA interference. This discovery prompted the development of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) for plant disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of SIGS across a variety of eukaryotic microbes. We first examined the efficiency of RNA uptake in multiple pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, and an oomycete pathogen. We observed efficient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) uptake in the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger and Verticillium dahliae, but no uptake in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and weak uptake in a beneficial fungus, Trichoderma virens. For the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, RNA uptake was limited and varied across different cell types and developmental stages. Topical application of dsRNA targeting virulence-related genes in pathogens with high RNA uptake efficiency significantly inhibited plant disease symptoms, whereas the application of dsRNA in pathogens with low RNA uptake efficiency did not suppress infection. Our results have revealed that dsRNA uptake efficiencies vary across eukaryotic microbe species and cell types. The success of SIGS for plant disease management can largely be determined by the pathogen's RNA uptake efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Chi Lan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - Luca Capriotti
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Audrey Ah-Fong
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jonatan Nino Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rachael Hamby
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jens Heller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
| | - N Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Dongdong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Cui B, Ma X, Li Y, Zhou Y, Ju X, Hussain A, Umbreen S, Yuan B, Tabassum A, Lubega J, Shan W, Loake GJ, Pan Q. Perturbations in nitric oxide homeostasis promote Arabidopsis disease susceptibility towards Phytophthora parasitica. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1134-1148. [PMID: 34242483 PMCID: PMC8359001 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species can infect hundreds of different plants, including many important crops, causing a number of agriculturally relevant diseases. A key feature of attempted pathogen infection is the rapid production of the redox active molecule nitric oxide (NO). However, the potential role(s) of NO in plant resistance against Phytophthora is relatively unexplored. Here we show that the level of NO accumulation is crucial for basal resistance in Arabidopsis against Phytophthora parasitica. Counterintuitively, both relatively low or relatively high NO accumulation leads to reduced resistance against P. parasitica. S-nitrosylation, the addition of a NO group to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol, is an important route for NO bioactivity and this process is regulated predominantly by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (GSNOR1). Loss-of-function mutations in GSNOR1 disable both salicylic acid accumulation and associated signalling, and also the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to susceptibility towards P. parasitica. Significantly, we also demonstrate that secreted proteins from P. parasitica can inhibit Arabidopsis GSNOR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beimi Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Xiangren Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Yu Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xiuyun Ju
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of AgricultureAbdul Wali Khan UniversityMardanPakistan
| | - Saima Umbreen
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Bo Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Anika Tabassum
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jibril Lubega
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Gary J. Loake
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Qiaona Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu ProvinceSchool of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
- Jiangsu Normal University–Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food PlantsJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
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35
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Qiao L, Lan C, Capriotti L, Ah‐Fong A, Nino Sanchez J, Hamby R, Heller J, Zhao H, Glass NL, Judelson HS, Mezzetti B, Niu D, Jin H. Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1756-1768. [PMID: 33774895 PMCID: PMC8428832 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries show that fungi can take up environmental RNA, which can then silence fungal genes through environmental RNA interference. This discovery prompted the development of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) for plant disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of SIGS across a variety of eukaryotic microbes. We first examined the efficiency of RNA uptake in multiple pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, and an oomycete pathogen. We observed efficient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) uptake in the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger and Verticillium dahliae, but no uptake in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and weak uptake in a beneficial fungus, Trichoderma virens. For the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, RNA uptake was limited and varied across different cell types and developmental stages. Topical application of dsRNA targeting virulence-related genes in pathogens with high RNA uptake efficiency significantly inhibited plant disease symptoms, whereas the application of dsRNA in pathogens with low RNA uptake efficiency did not suppress infection. Our results have revealed that dsRNA uptake efficiencies vary across eukaryotic microbe species and cell types. The success of SIGS for plant disease management can largely be determined by the pathogen's RNA uptake efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Qiao
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- Department of Microbiology & Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Chi Lan
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - Luca Capriotti
- Department of Microbiology & Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Audrey Ah‐Fong
- Department of Microbiology & Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Jonatan Nino Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology & Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Rachael Hamby
- Department of Microbiology & Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Jens Heller
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionThe Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
| | - N. Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology DivisionThe Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Howard S. Judelson
- Department of Microbiology & Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Microbiology & Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Dongdong Niu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education)NanjingChina
- Department of Microbiology & Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology & Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
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Abstract
Plants are a major source of food for the world population. Plant diseases contribute to production loss, which can be tackled with continuous monitoring. Manual plant disease monitoring is both laborious and error-prone. Early detection of plant diseases using computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) can help to reduce the adverse effects of diseases and also overcome the shortcomings of continuous human monitoring. In this work, we propose the use of a deep learning architecture based on a recent convolutional neural network called EfficientNet on 18,161 plain and segmented tomato leaf images to classify tomato diseases. The performance of two segmentation models i.e., U-net and Modified U-net, for the segmentation of leaves is reported. The comparative performance of the models for binary classification (healthy and unhealthy leaves), six-class classification (healthy and various groups of diseased leaves), and ten-class classification (healthy and various types of unhealthy leaves) are also reported. The modified U-net segmentation model showed accuracy, IoU, and Dice score of 98.66%, 98.5%, and 98.73%, respectively, for the segmentation of leaf images. EfficientNet-B7 showed superior performance for the binary classification and six-class classification using segmented images with an accuracy of 99.95% and 99.12%, respectively. Finally, EfficientNet-B4 achieved an accuracy of 99.89% for ten-class classification using segmented images. It can be concluded that all the architectures performed better in classifying the diseases when trained with deeper networks on segmented images. The performance of each of the experimental studies reported in this work outperforms the existing literature.
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Mazumdar P, Singh P, Kethiravan D, Ramathani I, Ramakrishnan N. Late blight in tomato: insights into the pathogenesis of the aggressive pathogen Phytophthora infestans and future research priorities. PLANTA 2021; 253:119. [PMID: 33963935 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review provides insights into the molecular interactions between Phytophthora infestans and tomato and highlights research gaps that need further attention. Late blight in tomato is caused by the oomycota hemibiotroph Phytophthora infestans, and this disease represents a global threat to tomato farming. The pathogen is cumbersome to control because of its fast-evolving nature, ability to overcome host resistance and inefficient natural resistance obtained from the available tomato germplasm. To achieve successful control over this pathogen, the molecular pathogenicity of P. infestans and key points of vulnerability in the host plant immune system must be understood. This review primarily focuses on efforts to better understand the molecular interaction between host pathogens from both perspectives, as well as the resistance genes, metabolomic changes, quantitative trait loci with potential for improvement in disease resistance and host genome manipulation via transgenic approaches, and it further identifies research gaps and provides suggestions for future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Mazumdar
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pooja Singh
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dharane Kethiravan
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Idd Ramathani
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Gayaza Road Namulonge, 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - N Ramakrishnan
- ECSE, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Tomato Landraces Are Competitive with Commercial Varieties in Terms of Tolerance to Plant Pathogens—A Case Study of Hungarian Gene Bank Accessions on Organic Farms. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13050195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Landraces are generally neglected by industrialized agriculture, regardless of their potential to provide valuable genetic material for breeding and to diversifying the available assortment for producers and markets. They may also excel in certain plant protection issues with possible resistance or tolerance to plant pathogens. This is the first report on the disease susceptibility traits of Hungarian on certain indeterminate and determinate tomato gene bank accessions under on-farm organic conditions. For this, a three-year on-farm experiment was conducted in two management systems, open-field and protected. Yield and disease symptoms data obtained from ten tomato landraces were compared to commercial varieties. The incidence and severity of three important diseases (caused by late blight ‘Phytophthora infestans’, early blight ‘Alternaria solani’ and Septoria leafspot ‘Septoria lycopersici’), as well as yield, were recorded and assessed. According to these results, there were no significant difference between landraces and control varieties (San Marzano, Kecskeméti 549) regarding the studied parameters, and year was a determinant factor in the occurrence and severity of the infection of the studied diseases. In 2016, rainy, humid weather induced a severe late blight infection, causing serious damage to the open field, while the weather in 2015 and 2017 was favorable for tomato production and our measurements. There were some differences within and between landraces in terms of susceptibility. The investigation revealed that certain accessions can be highly recommended, e.g., the indeterminate ‘Fadd’ (RCAT030275) and ‘Mátrafüred’ (RCAT057656) had suitably high yields with significantly lower susceptibility to late blight, and the determinate ‘Szentlőrinckáta’ (RCAT078726) with high yield as well as tolerance to early blight is also recommendable, but it is sensitive to late blight under an adverse environment. This study suggests that landraces are competitive with the studied commercial varieties under organic production systems. Considering yield and the prevention of the major diseases of tomato, the studied tomato gene bank accessions are recommended for organic field and protected management systems.
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Najdabbasi N, Mirmajlessi SM, Dewitte K, Ameye M, Mänd M, Audenaert K, Landschoot S, Haesaert G. Green Leaf Volatile Confers Management of Late Blight Disease: A Green Vaccination in Potato. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040312. [PMID: 33919547 PMCID: PMC8072593 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yield losses of crops due to plant pathogens are a major threat in all agricultural systems. In view of environmental issues and legislative limitations for chemical crop protection products, the need to design new environmentally friendly disease management strategies has gained interest. Despite the unique capability of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) to suppress a broad spectrum of plant pathogens, their capacity to control the potato late-blight-causing agent Phytophthora infestans has not been well studied. This study addresses the potential role of the GLV Z-3-hexenyl acetate (Z-3-HAC) in decreasing the severity of late blight and the underlying gene-based evidence leading to this effect. Nine-week-old potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were exposed to Z-3-HAC before they were inoculated with P. infestans genotypes at different time points. These pre-exposed potato plants exhibited slower disease development after infection with the highly pathogenic genotype of P. infestans (EU-13-A2) over time. Qualitative assessment showed that the exposed, infected plants possessed significantly lower sporulation intensity and disease severity compared to the control plants. Hypersensitive response (HR)-like symptoms were observed on the treated leaves when inoculated with different pathogen genotypes. No HR-like lesions were detected on the untreated leaves after infection. It was shown that the transcript levels of several defense-related genes, especially those that are involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production pathways were significantly expressed in plants at 48 and 72 h postexposure to the Z-3-HAC. The current work provides evidence on the role of Z-3-HAC in the increased protection of potato plants against late blight through plant immunity and offers new opportunities for the sustainable control of potato diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Najdabbasi
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Kevin Dewitte
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Marika Mänd
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.M.); (K.D.); (M.A.); (K.A.); (S.L.); (G.H.)
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Fan KT, Hsu Y, Yeh CF, Chang CH, Chang WH, Chen YR. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Regulation of the Tomato Proteome in Response to Phytophthora infestans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084174. [PMID: 33920680 PMCID: PMC8073981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Late blight (LB) disease is a major threat to potato and tomato production. It is caused by the hemibiotrophic pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. P. infestans can destroy all of the major organs in plants of susceptible crops and result in a total loss of productivity. At the early pathogenesis stage, this hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen causes an asymptomatic biotrophic infection in hosts, which then progresses to a necrotrophic phase at the later infection stage. In this study, to examine how the tomato proteome is regulated by P. infestans at different stages of pathogenesis, a data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics approach was used to trace the dynamics of the protein regulation. A comprehensive picture of the regulation of tomato proteins functioning in the immunity, signaling, defense, and metabolism pathways at different stages of P. infestans infection is revealed. Among the regulated proteins, several involved in mediating plant defense responses were found to be differentially regulated at the transcriptional or translational levels across different pathogenesis phases. This study increases understanding of the pathogenesis of P. infestans in tomato and also identifies key transcriptional and translational events possibly targeted by the pathogen during different phases of its life cycle, thus providing novel insights for developing a new strategy towards better control of LB disease in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Fan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yang Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Ching-Fang Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Chi-Hsin Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-02-2787-2050
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Zhi X, Shu J, Zheng Z, Li T, Sun X, Bai J, Cui Y, Wang X, Huang Z, Guo Y, Du Y, Yang Y, Liu L, Li J. Fine Mapping of the Ph-2 Gene Conferring Resistance to Late Blight ( Phytophthora infestans) in Tomato. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:851-858. [PMID: 33021912 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0679-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Late blight is a devastating tomato disease. Breeding new varieties with multiple resistance (R) genes is highly effective for preventing late blight. The Ph-2 gene mediates resistance to Phytophthora infestans race T1 in tomato. In this study, we used an F2 population derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum Moboline (resistant) and LA3988 (susceptible) cultivars for the fine mapping of Ph-2. Two flanking markers, CAPS-1 and CC-Ase, mapped Ph-2 to a 141-kb genomic region containing 21 projected genes, 5 of which were identified as putative R genes. The Solyc10g085460 coding sequence varied significantly between the parents. The markers developed and candidate genes identified in this study shall be useful for the molecular breeding of tomato exhibiting increased late blight resistance and for the cloning of the Ph-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinshuai Shu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaorong Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinrui Bai
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanan Cui
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongchen Du
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junming Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Jedelská T, Sedlářová M, Lochman J, Činčalová L, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Protein S-nitrosation differentially modulates tomato responses to infection by hemi-biotrophic oomycetes of Phytophthora spp. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:34. [PMID: 33518717 PMCID: PMC7848004 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of protein function by reversible S-nitrosation, a post-translational modification based on the attachment of nitroso group to cysteine thiols, has emerged among key mechanisms of NO signalling in plant development and stress responses. S-nitrosoglutathione is regarded as the most abundant low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiol in plants, where its intracellular concentrations are modulated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. We analysed modulations of S-nitrosothiols and protein S-nitrosation mediated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase in cultivated Solanum lycopersicum (susceptible) and wild Solanum habrochaites (resistant genotype) up to 96 h post inoculation (hpi) by two hemibiotrophic oomycetes, Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora parasitica. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity and protein level were decreased by P. infestans and P. parasitica infection in both genotypes, whereas protein S-nitrosothiols were increased by P. infestans infection, particularly at 72 hpi related to pathogen biotrophy-necrotrophy transition. Increased levels of S-nitrosothiols localised in both proximal and distal parts to the infection site, which suggests together with their localisation to vascular bundles a signalling role in systemic responses. S-nitrosation targets in plants infected with P. infestans identified by a proteomic analysis include namely antioxidant and defence proteins, together with important proteins of metabolic, regulatory and structural functions. Ascorbate peroxidase S-nitrosation was observed in both genotypes in parallel to increased enzyme activity and protein level during P. infestans pathogenesis, namely in the susceptible genotype. These results show important regulatory functions of protein S-nitrosation in concerting molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Sedlářová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Wang N, Yin Z, Duan W, Zhang X, Pi L, Zhang Y, Dou D. sORF-Encoded Polypeptide SEP1 Is a Novel Virulence Factor of Phytophthora Pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:157-167. [PMID: 33103962 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0160-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by the notorious Phytophthora spp. result in enormous economic losses to crops and forests. Increasing evidence suggests that small open reading frame-encoded polypeptides (SEPs) participate in environmental responses of animals, plants, and fungi. However, it remains largely unknown whether Phytophthora pathogens produce SEPs. Here, we systematically predicted and identified 96 SEP candidates in P. capsici. Among them, three may induce stable cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Phytophthora-specific and conserved SEP1 facilitated P. capsici infection. PcSEP1-induced cell death is BAK1 and SOBIR1 independent and is correlated with its virulence function. Finally, PcSEP1 may be targeted to the apoplast for carrying out its functions, for which the C terminus is indispensable. Together, our results demonstrated that SEP1 is a new virulence factor, and previously unknown SEPs may act as effector proteins in Phytophthora pathogens.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Manickam R, Chen JR, Sotelo-Cardona P, Kenyon L, Srinivasan R. Evaluation of Different Bacterial Wilt Resistant Eggplant Rootstocks for Grafting Tomato. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010075. [PMID: 33401425 PMCID: PMC7824428 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt (BW) is one of the most economically important diseases of tomato and eggplant in the tropics and subtropics, and grafting onto resistant rootstocks can provide an alternative and effective solution to manage soil-borne bacterial in these crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the BW resistance and agronomic potential of newly identified eggplant accessions as rootstocks for tomato grafting. Five BW resistant eggplant accessions (VI041809A, VI041943, VI041945, VI041979A, and VI041984) from the World Vegetable Center were evaluated as rootstocks for grafting with two different fresh market tomato cultivars (Victoria and TStarE) as scion under open field conditions in Taiwan. Graft compatibility using the tube grafting method as well as BW wilting percentage, disease index, fruit yield and quality parameters were assessed. All the rootstocks showed good graft compatibility (93% and above) and grafted plants showed low wilting percentage (0.0–20.0%) and disease index (0.0–20.8%) following inoculation with BW. Yield for the eggplant rootstock grafted tomato plants was higher compared to the non-grafted tomatoes and self-grafted tomato. Fruit quality was not affected by grafting, although some differences in antioxidant activities were observed. The new eggplant rootstocks can be considered as alternatives to the rootstocks currently used for commercial production of tomatoes during the hot-wet season.
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Wang C, Gao H, Chu Z, Ji C, Xu Y, Cao W, Zhou S, Song Y, Liu H, Zhu C. A nonspecific lipid transfer protein, StLTP10, mediates resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:48-63. [PMID: 33118686 PMCID: PMC7749752 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipidtransfer proteins (nsLTPs), which are small, cysteine-rich proteins, belong to the pathogenesis-related protein family, and several of them act as positive regulators during plant disease resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these proteins in plant immune responses are unclear. In this study, a typical nsLTP gene, StLTP10, was identified and functionally analysed in potato. StLTP10 expression was significantly induced by Phytophthora infestans, which causes late blight in potato, and defence-related phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. Characterization of StLTP10-overexpressing and knockdown lines indicated that StLTP10 positively regulates plant resistance to P. infestans. This resistance was coupled with enhanced expression of reactive oxygen species scavenging- and defence-related genes. Furthermore, we identified that StLTP10 physically interacts with ABA receptor PYL4 and affects its subcellular localization. These two proteins work together to regulate stomatal closure during pathogen infection. Interestingly, we also found that wound-induced protein kinase interacts with StLTP10 and positively regulates its protein abundance. Taken together, our results provide insight into the role of StLTP10 in resistance to P. infestans and suggest candidates to enhance broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Hongjuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Changquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Weilin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Shumei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Yunzhi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
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Jaiswal AK, Mengiste TD, Myers JR, Egel DS, Hoagland LA. Tomato Domestication Attenuated Responsiveness to a Beneficial Soil Microbe for Plant Growth Promotion and Induction of Systemic Resistance to Foliar Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:604566. [PMID: 33391227 PMCID: PMC7775394 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.604566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop domestication events followed by targeted breeding practices have been pivotal for improvement of desirable traits and to adapt cultivars to local environments. Domestication also resulted in a strong reduction in genetic diversity among modern cultivars compared to their wild relatives, though the effect this could have on tripartite relationships between plants, belowground beneficial microbes and aboveground pathogens remains undetermined. We quantified plant growth performance, basal resistance and induced systemic resistance (ISR) by Trichoderma harzianum, a beneficial soil microbe against Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungus and Phytophthora infestans, a hemi-biotrophic oomycete, in 25 diverse tomato genotypes. Wild tomato related species, tomato landraces and modern commercial cultivars that were conventionally or organically bred, together, representing a domestication gradient were evaluated. Relationships between basal and ISR, plant physiological status and phenolic compounds were quantified to identify potential mechanisms. Trichoderma enhanced shoot and root biomass and ISR to both pathogens in a genotype specific manner. Moreover, improvements in plant performance in response to Trichoderma gradually decreased along the domestication gradient. Wild relatives and landraces were more responsive to Trichoderma, resulting in greater suppression of foliar pathogens than modern cultivars. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of some tomato genotypes were improved by Trichoderma treatment whereas leaf nitrogen status of the majority of tomato genotypes were not altered. There was a negative relationship between basal resistance and induced resistance for both diseases, and a positive correlation between Trichoderma-ISR to B. cinerea and enhanced total flavonoid contents. These findings suggest that domestication and breeding practices have altered plant responsiveness to beneficial soil microbes. Further studies are needed to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential promotion of plant growth and resistance among genotypes, and identify molecular markers to integrate selection for responsiveness into future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Jaiswal
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Tesfaye D Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - James R Myers
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Daniel S Egel
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Lori A Hoagland
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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van der Waals JE, Krüger K. Emerging potato pathogens affecting food security in southern Africa: Recent research. S AFR J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2020/8055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato is a staple crop that contributes to food security and poverty alleviation in developing nations. Despite this, yields in developing nations are often unsustainably low, due to various biotic and abiotic factors that negatively affect production. Some of the most important biotic constraints are pathogens, many of which are disseminated by seed tubers. The lack of functional or formal seed certification systems in many southern African countries results in a continual increase in pathogen pressure. Short rotation cycles, poor plant nutrition and inefficient control measures exacerbate the crop production challenges faced by resource poor growers. In this review, we discuss five of the most important diseases on potatoes in southern Africa, namely late blight, bacterial wilt, soft rot / blackleg, powdery scab and zebra chip. Management options for small-scale growers are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquie E. van der Waals
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kerstin Krüger
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Zhang T, Chang H, Zhang B, Liu S, Zhao T, Zhao E, Zhao H, Zhang H. Transboundary Pathogenic microRNA Analysis Framework for Crop Fungi Driven by Biological Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Model. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 89:107401. [PMID: 33068919 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant fungal diseases have been affecting the world's agricultural production and economic levels for a long time, such as rice blast, gray tomato mold, potato late blight etc. Recent studies have shown that fungal pathogens transmit microRNA as an effector to host plants for infection. However, bioassay-based verification analysis is time-consuming and challenging, and it is difficult to analyze from a global perspective. With the accumulation of fungal and plant-related data, data analysis methods can be used to analyze pathogenic fungal microRNA further. Based on the microRNA expression data of fungal pathogens infecting plants before and after, this paper discusses the selection strategy of sample data, the extraction strategy of pathogenic fungal microRNA, the prediction strategy of a fungal pathogenic microRNA target gene, the bicluster-based fungal pathogenic microRNA functional analysis strategy and experimental verification methods. A general analysis pipeline based on machine learning and bicluster-based function module was proposed for plant-fungal pathogenic microRNA.The pipeline proposed in this paper is applied to the infection process of Magnaporthe oryzae and the infection process of potato late blight. It has been verified to prove the feasibility of the pipeline. It can be extended to other relevant crop pathogen research, providing a new idea for fungal research on plant diseases. It can be used as a reference for understanding the interaction between fungi and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, China
| | - Haowu Chang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, China
| | - Borui Zhang
- Columbia Independent School, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sifei Liu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, China
| | - Tianheng Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, China
| | - Enshuang Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, China
| | - Hengyi Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, China.
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Developmentally regulated activation of defense allows for rapid inhibition of infection in age-related resistance to Phytophthora capsici in cucumber fruit. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:628. [PMID: 32917129 PMCID: PMC7488727 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related resistance (ARR) is a developmentally regulated phenomenon conferring resistance to pathogens or pests. Although ARR has been observed in several host-pathogen systems, the underlying mechanisms are largely uncharacterized. In cucumber, rapidly growing fruit are highly susceptible to Phytophthora capsici but become resistant as they complete exponential growth. We previously demonstrated that ARR is associated with the fruit peel and identified gene expression and metabolomic changes potentially functioning as preformed defenses. Results Here, we compare the response to infection in fruit at resistant and susceptible ages using microscopy, quantitative bioassays, and weighted gene co-expression analyses. We observed strong transcriptional changes unique to resistant aged fruit 2–4 h post inoculation (hpi). Microscopy and bioassays confirmed this early response, with evidence of pathogen death and infection failure as early as 4 hpi and cessation of pathogen growth by 8–10 hpi. Expression analyses identified candidate genes involved in conferring the rapid response including those encoding transcription factors, hormone signaling pathways, and defenses such as reactive oxygen species metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Conclusion The early pathogen death and rapid defense response in resistant-aged fruit provide insight into potential mechanisms for ARR, implicating both pre-formed biochemical defenses and developmentally regulated capacity for pathogen recognition as key factors shaping age-related resistance.
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50
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Apoplastic Proteases: Powerful Weapons against Pathogen Infection in Plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100085. [PMID: 33367249 PMCID: PMC7748006 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants associate with diverse microbes that exert beneficial, neutral, or pathogenic effects inside the host. During the initial stages of invasion, the plant apoplast constitutes a hospitable environment for invading microbes, providing both water and nutrients. In response to microbial infection, a number of secreted proteins from host cells accumulate in the apoplastic space, which is related to microbial association or colonization processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying plant modulation of the apoplast environment and how plant-secreted proteases are involved in pathogen resistance are still poorly understood. Recently, several studies have reported the roles of apoplastic proteases in plant resistance against bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. On the other hand, microbe-secreted proteins directly and/or indirectly inhibit host-derived apoplastic proteases to promote infection. These findings illustrate the importance of apoplastic proteases in plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, understanding the protease-mediated apoplastic battle between hosts and pathogens is of fundamental importance for understanding plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we provide an overview of plant-microbe interactions in the apoplastic space. We define the apoplast, summarize the physical and chemical properties of these structures, and discuss the roles of plant apoplastic proteases and pathogen protease inhibitors in host-microbe interactions. Challenges and future perspectives for research into protease-mediated apoplastic interactions are discussed, which may facilitate the engineering of resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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