Triggering efficient reconstructions of Co/Fe dual-metal incorporated Ni hydroxide by phosphate additives for electrochemical hydrogen and oxygen evolutions

Alkaline electrochemical water splitting has been considered as an efficient way for the green hydrogen production in industry, where the electrocatalysts play the critical role for the electricity-to-fuel conversion efficiency. Phosphate salts are widely used as additives in the fabrication of electrocatalysts with improved activity, but their roles on the electrocatalytic performance have not been fully understood. Herein, we fabricate Co, Fe dual-metal incorporated Ni hydroxide on Ni foam using NaH2PO4 ((Co, Fe)NiOxHy-pi) and NaH2PO2 ((Co, Fe)NiOxHy-hp) as additive, respectively. We find that (Co, Fe)NiOxHy-hp with NaH2PO2 in the fabrication shows high activity and stability for both HER and OER (a overpotential of -0.629 V and 0.65 V at 400 mA cm-2 for HER and OER, respectively). Further experiment reveals that the reconstructed structures of electrocatalyst by using NaH2PO2 (hp) endow high electrocatalytic performances: (1) in-situ generated active metal improves the accumulation, transportation and activity of hydrogen species in the HER process; and (2) in-situ generated poor-crystalline hydroxide endows superior charge/mass transportation and kinetics improvements in the OER process. Our study may provide an insightful understanding on the catalytic performance of non-precious metal electrocatalysts by controlling additives and guidance for the design and synthesis of novel electrocatalysts.

Multi-metal electrocatalyst with crystalline/amorphous structure for enhanced alkaline water/seawater hydrogen evolution

The development of well-defined nanomaterials as non-noble metal electrocatalysts has broad application prospect for hydrogen generation technology. Recently, multi-metal electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have attracted extensive attention due to their high catalytic performance arising from the synergistic effect of multi-metal interaction. However, most multi-metal catalysts suffer from the limited synergistic effect because of poor interfacial compatibility between different components. Here, a novel multi-metal catalyst (Ni/MoO2@CoFeOx) nanosheet with a crystalline/amorphous structure is demonstrated, which shows high HER activity. Ni/MoO2@CoFeOx exhibits an ultra-low overpotential of 18, 39, and 93 mV at 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline water, alkaline seawater and natural seawater, respectively, which outperformances most of the state-of-the-art non-noble metal compounds. In addition, the catalyst shows exceptional stability under 500 mA cm-2 in alkaline solution. In-situ Raman and other advanced structural characterization confirms the excellent catalytic activity is mainly contributed by: (1) the strong synergistic effect of multi-metal components provides multiple active sites in the catalytic process; (2) the crystalline/amorphous interface in Ni/MoO2@CoFeOx boosts the catalytically active sites and structure stability; (3) the crystalline phase enhances the intrinsic conductivity greatly; and (4) the amorphous phase provides abundant unsaturated sites for improved intrinsic catalytic activity. This work provides a feasible way to design electrocatalyst with high activity and stability for practical applications.

Facile and Stable CuInO2 Nanoparticles for Efficient Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Searching for electrocatalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (e-CO2RR) with high selectivity and stability remains a significant challenge. In this study, we design a Cu-CuInO2 composite with stable states of Cu0/Cu+ by electrochemically depositing indium onto CuCl-decorated Cu foil. The catalyst displays superior selectivity toward the CO product, with a maximal Faraday efficiency of 89% at -0.9 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode, and maintains impressive stability up to 27 h with a retention rate of >76% in Faraday efficiency. Our systematical characterizations reveal that the catalyst's high performance is attributed to CuInO2 nanoparticles. First-principles calculations further confirm that CuInO2(012) is more conducive to CO generation than Cu(111) under applied potential and presents a higher energy barrier than Cu(111) for the hydrogen evolution reaction. These theoretical predictions are consistent with our experimental observations, suggesting that CuInO2 nanoparticles offer a facile catalyst with a high selectivity and stability for e-CO2RR.

Mutagenesis and structural studies reveal the basis for the specific binding of SARS-CoV-2 SL3 RNA element with human TIA1 protein

Viral RNA-host protein interactions are indispensable during RNA virus transcription and replication, but their detailed structural and dynamical features remain largely elusive. Here, we characterize the binding interface for the SARS-CoV-2 stem-loop 3 (SL3) cis-acting element to human TIA1 protein with a combined theoretical and experimental approaches. The highly structured SARS-CoV-2 SL3 has a high binding affinity to TIA1 protein, in which the aromatic stacking, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions collectively direct this specific binding. Further mutagenesis studies validate our proposed 3D binding model and reveal two SL3 variants have enhanced binding affinities to TIA1. And disruptions of the identified RNA-protein interactions with designed antisense oligonucleotides dramatically reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells. Finally, TIA1 protein could interact with conserved SL3 RNA elements within other betacoronavirus lineages. These findings open an avenue to explore the viral RNA-host protein interactions and provide a pioneering structural basis for RNA-targeting antiviral drug design.

Facile formation of Zn-incorporated NiFe layered double hydroxide as highly-efficient oxygen evolution catalyst

Electrochemical water splitting is the primary method to produce green hydrogen, which is considered an efficient alternative to fossil fuels for achieving carbon neutrality. For meeting the increasing market demand for green hydrogen, high-efficiency, low-cost, and large-scale electrocatalysts are crucial. In this study, we report a simple spontaneous corrosion and cyclic voltammetry (CV) activation method to fabricate Zn-incorporated NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) on commercial NiFe foam, which shows excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. The electrocatalyst achieves an overpotential of 565 mV and outstanding stability of up to 112 h at 400 mA cm^-2. The active layer for OER is shown to be β-NiFeOOH according to the results of in-situ Raman. Our findings suggest that the NiFe foam treated by simple spontaneous corrosion has promising industrial applications as a highly efficient OER catalyst.

Artificial nanovesicles for dsRNA delivery in spray-induced gene silencing for crop protection

Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is an innovative and eco-friendly technology where topical application of pathogen gene-targeting RNAs to plant material can enable disease control. SIGS applications remain limited because of the instability of RNA, which can be rapidly degraded when exposed to various environmental conditions. Inspired by the natural mechanism of cross-kingdom RNAi through extracellular vesicle trafficking, we describe herein the use of artificial nanovesicles (AVs) for RNA encapsulation and control against the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. AVs were synthesized using three different cationic lipid formulations, DOTAP + PEG, DOTAP and DODMA, and examined for their ability to protect and deliver double stranded RNA (dsRNA). All three formulations enabled dsRNA delivery and uptake by B. cinerea. Further, encapsulating dsRNA in AVs provided strong protection from nuclease degradation and from removal by leaf washing. This improved stability led to prolonged RNAi-mediated protection against B. cinerea both on pre- and post-harvest plant material using AVs. Specifically, the AVs extended the protection duration conferred by dsRNA to 10 days on tomato and grape fruits and to 21 days on grape leaves. The results of this work demonstrate how AVs can be used as a new nanocarrier to overcome RNA instability in SIGS for crop protection.

Numerical study of hydrodynamic effects on Manila clam population distribution and transport in the Southwest Laizhou Bay, China

Pelagic larvae of marine organisms are abundant on many continental shelves. Due to their importance as a biological resource and contribution to marine biodiversity, the dynamics of pelagic larvae have received wide attention. Numerical models are an efficient approach to assessing pelagic larval transport driven by various ocean dynamics. However, few studies have focused on the pelagic larval distribution of Manila clam populations and related dynamic factors in the southwestern Laizhou Bay (SLB) during late spring. A hydrodynamic model including realistic meteorologic and oceanic boundary conditions was coupled with a larval transport model to describe the pelagic larval distribution and transport processes. The hydrodynamic model was validated with observational and satellite-derived data. Effects of hydrodynamics and biological behavior on pelagic dynamics were further simulated with numerical experiments. During the early planktonic period, most clam larvae in the SLB were transported eastward or northeastward. Two potential larval settlement areas (LSAs) were recognized: the east side of the dike outside Guangli port and the Lao River estuary. The dominant controlling factor was southerly wind, and larvae's response to river plume or estuarine circulation played a secondary role. Larval transport depended on bottom subtidal currents when late-stage larvae settled near the bottom layer. The hydrodynamic and larval transport model established in this study can be applied to other bays and coastal waters. Understanding the clam larval distribution and transport dynamics in the SLB can provide a reference for predicting LSAs and biological resource management in coastal aquaculture areas.

Artificial nanovesicles for dsRNA delivery in spray induced gene silencing for crop protection

Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) is an innovative and eco-friendly technology where topical application of pathogen gene-targeting RNAs to plant material can enable disease control. SIGS applications remain limited because of the instability of dsRNA, which can be rapidly degraded when exposed to various environmental conditions. Inspired by the natural mechanism of cross-kingdom RNAi through extracellular vesicle trafficking, we describe herein the use of artificial nanovesicles (AVs) for dsRNA encapsulation and control against the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. AVs were synthesized using three different cationic lipid formulations, DOTAP + PEG, DOTAP, and DODMA, and examined for their ability to protect and deliver dsRNA. All three formulations enabled dsRNA delivery and uptake by B. cinerea. Further, encapsulating dsRNA in AVs provided strong protection from nuclease degradation and from removal by leaf washing. This improved stability led to prolonged RNAi-mediated protection against B. cinerea both on pre- and post-harvest plant material using AVs. Specifically, the AVs extended the protection duration conferred by dsRNA to 10 days on tomato and grape fruits and to 21 days on grape leaves. The results of this work demonstrate how AVs can be used as a new nanocarrier to overcome dsRNA instability in SIGS for crop protection.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Protoplast Preparation and Transformation

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes white mold, leading to substantial losses on a wide variety of hosts around the world. Many genes encoding effector proteins play important roles in the pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum. Therefore, establishment of a transformation system for the exploration of gene function is necessarily significant. Here, we introduce a modified protocol to acquire protoplasts for transformation and generate knockout strains, which completements the transformation system of S. sclerotiorum.

[A cross-sectional survey and analysis of influencing factors of humanistic of the current status of humanistic care ability of burn specialist nurses]

Objective: To investigate the current status of humanistic care ability of burn specialist nurses and to analyze the influencing factors. Methods: A single-center cross-sectional research method was conducted. From May to August 2020, 63 burn specialist nurses who met the inclusion criteria in Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were selected. Self-made general data questionnaire was used to investigate 17 indexes, including gender, age, professional title, working years, whether received humanistic care training, academic qualification, and caring ability inventory (CAI) was used to evaluate their humanistic care ability. After the nurses were classified by the general data, independent sample t test and one-way analysis of variance were performed on the data to analyze the total score of CAI. The CAI total scores and scores of cognition, courage, and patience of the nurses were compared with the international norm. The factors with statistically significant differences in unvariate analysis were selected for multiple linear regression analysis to screen the independent influencing factors of humanistic care ability of burn specialist nurses. Results: A total of 63 questionnaires were collected in this survey, all of which were valid. Among the 63 nurses, there were 4 males and 59 females, with the age mainly ranging from 20 to 30 years (30 nurses, 47.62%), the professional titles mainly being nurse practitioner (36 nurses, 57.14%), the working years mainly being more than 10 years (28 nurses, 44.44%), 32 nurses not receiving humanistic care training, and academic qualifications mostly being junior college (37 nurses, 58.73%). There were significant differences in the total scores of CAI among nurses with different ages, professional titles, working years, whether received humanistic care training, and academic qualifications (with F values of 53.95, 49.14, and 75.42, t values of 6.08 and -2.82, respectively, P<0.01). The scores of cognition, courage, and patience and the total scores of CAI of nurses in this group were significantly lower than those of international norm (with t values of -2.02, -2.04, -6.19, and -3.89, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age, working years, professional title, and whether received humanistic care training were the independent influencing factors of humanistic care ability of burn specialist nurses (with 95% confidence intervals of 1.91-23.23, 16.25-31.48, 1.05-19.09, and 6.72-31.82, unstandardized coefficient values of 12.57, 23.86, 10.07, and 19.27, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions: The humanistic care ability of burn specialist nurses is relatively weak. Age, professional title, working years, and whether received humanistic care training are the independent influencing factors of humanistic care ability of burn specialist nurses.

Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake

Recent discoveries show that fungi can take up environmental RNA, which can then silence fungal genes through environmental RNA interference. This discovery prompted the development of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) for plant disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of SIGS across a variety of eukaryotic microbes. We first examined the efficiency of RNA uptake in multiple pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, and an oomycete pathogen. We observed efficient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) uptake in the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger and Verticillium dahliae, but no uptake in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and weak uptake in a beneficial fungus, Trichoderma virens. For the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, RNA uptake was limited and varied across different cell types and developmental stages. Topical application of dsRNA targeting virulence-related genes in pathogens with high RNA uptake efficiency significantly inhibited plant disease symptoms, whereas the application of dsRNA in pathogens with low RNA uptake efficiency did not suppress infection. Our results have revealed that dsRNA uptake efficiencies vary across eukaryotic microbe species and cell types. The success of SIGS for plant disease management can largely be determined by the pathogen's RNA uptake efficiency.

Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake

Recent discoveries show that fungi can take up environmental RNA, which can then silence fungal genes through environmental RNA interference. This discovery prompted the development of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) for plant disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of SIGS across a variety of eukaryotic microbes. We first examined the efficiency of RNA uptake in multiple pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, and an oomycete pathogen. We observed efficient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) uptake in the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger and Verticillium dahliae, but no uptake in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and weak uptake in a beneficial fungus, Trichoderma virens. For the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, RNA uptake was limited and varied across different cell types and developmental stages. Topical application of dsRNA targeting virulence-related genes in pathogens with high RNA uptake efficiency significantly inhibited plant disease symptoms, whereas the application of dsRNA in pathogens with low RNA uptake efficiency did not suppress infection. Our results have revealed that dsRNA uptake efficiencies vary across eukaryotic microbe species and cell types. The success of SIGS for plant disease management can largely be determined by the pathogen's RNA uptake efficiency.

CircRNA_0048211 protects postmenopausal osteoporosis through targeting miRNA-93-5p to regulate BMP2

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the potential influence of circular RNA (circRNA)_0048211/miRNA-93-5p/BMP2 regulatory loop in the progression of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Bone marrow samples were collected from PMOP patients (n=30) and healthy subjects (n=30) for isolating hBMSCs. Relative levels of circRNA_0048211, miRNA-93-5p, and BMP2 in hBMSCs isolated from PMOP patients and healthy controls were detected. In addition, their dynamic expressions in hBMSCs isolated from PMOP patients undergoing osteogenesis for 0, 7, 14, and 21 days were examined. Then, the interaction in the circRNA_0048211/miRNA-93-5p/BMP2 regulatory loop was verified by Dual-Luciferase reporter gene assay. Next, the potential influences of circRNA_0048211/miRNA-93-5p/BMP2 regulatory loop on osteogenesis-associated gene expressions, ALP activity, and mineralization ability were assessed.

RESULTS

CircRNA_0048211 and BMP2 were downregulated, while miRNA-93-5p was upregulated in hBMSCs isolated from PMOP patients. In hBMSCs undergoing osteogenesis, circRNA_0048211, miRNA-93-5p and BMP2 were time-dependently changed. Overexpression of circRNA_0048211 upregulated RUNX2, OPN, and OCN, which also stimulated ALP activity and mineralization ability. CircRNA_0048211 could bind to miRNA-93-5p, and BMP2 was a direct target of miRNA-93-5p. In the meantime, circRNA_0048211 was negatively correlated with miRNA-93-5p, and positively correlated with BMP2. Besides, CircRNA_0048211/miRNA-93-5p/BMP2 regulatory loop was responsible for regulating osteogenesis-associated gene expressions, ALP activity, and mineralization ability in hBMSCs.

CONCLUSIONS

CircRNA_0048211 negatively targets miRNA-93-5p to upregulate BMP2, thus alleviating the progression of PMOP.

[The study of the association between lung cancer screening and smoking behavior change]

The smoking cessation rate of 1 314 people at high risk of lung cancer in the area of lung cancer screening and early diagnosis and early treatment in Sichuan Province increased from 22.37% at baseline to 41.78% after screening (χ²=227.97, P<0.001), and the smoking amount of persistent smokers decreased from 20 cigarettes per day to 15 cigarettes per day (t=11.76, P<0.001). Those with positive results in lung cancer screening were more likely to quit smoking or continue to quit smoking. Male, younger age or lower education level would increase the risk of continuous smoking or relapse (P<0.05).

RNA-binding proteins contribute to small RNA loading in plant extracellular vesicles

Plants use extracellular vesicles (EVs) to transport small RNAs (sRNAs) into their fungal pathogens and silence fungal virulence-related genes through a phenomenon called 'cross-kingdom RNAi'. It remains unknown, however, how sRNAs are selectively loaded into EVs. Here, we identified several RNA-binding proteins in Arabidopsis, including Argonaute 1 (AGO1), RNA helicases (RHs) and annexins (ANNs), which are secreted by exosome-like EVs. AGO1, RH11 and RH37 selectively bind to EV-enriched sRNAs but not to non-EV-associated sRNAs, suggesting that they contribute to the selective loading of sRNAs into EVs. Conversely, ANN1 and ANN2 bind to sRNAs non-specifically. The ago1, rh11 rh37 and ann1 ann2 mutants showed reduced secretion of sRNAs in EVs, demonstrating that these RNA-binding proteins play an important role in sRNA loading and/or stabilization in EVs. Furthermore, rh11 rh37 and ann1 ann2 showed increased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea, suggesting that RH11, RH37, ANN1 and ANN2 positively regulate plant immunity against B. cinerea.

MiR-33a inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of ovine adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells by targeting SIRT6

Adipose tissue is important for the regulation of energy balance through its metabolic, cellular, and endocrine functions. Furthermore, the excessive storage of subcutaneous fat can seriously affect the health and carcass traits of domestic animals. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell adipogenic differentiation increases the number of differentiated adipocytes and plays a role in lipid deposition. The adipogenic differentiation of SVF cells is regulated by various factors, including microRNAs and cytokines. Sirt6 and miR-33a are known to be involved in metabolism and adipogenesis, respectively; however, their effects on the adipogenic differentiation of ovine SVF cells were previously unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate this. The results showed that SIRT6 is a binding target for miR-33a. Moreover, overexpression or inhibition of miR-33a was found to change the expression of SIRT6 messenger RNA and protein. Furthermore, modulating SIRT6 altered the expression of adipogenic marker genes. In addition, miR-33a and SIRT6 were found to play opposing roles in adipogenesis. Specifically, we demonstrated that miR-33a is involved in the negative regulation of ovine SVF cell adipogenic differentiation by inhibiting the expression of SIRT6. These findings reveal a key role for miR-33a and SIRT6 in adipogenesis, which will enrich our understanding of the regulatory factors associated with SVF cell adipogenic differentiation and provide a basis for further study on this process.

Rice siR109944 suppresses plant immunity to sheath blight and impacts multiple agronomic traits by affecting auxin homeostasis

Plant small RNAs (sRNAs) play significant roles in regulating various developmental processes and hormone signalling pathways involved in plant responses to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of sRNAs in response to rice sheath blight remain unclear. We screened rice (Oryza sativa) sRNA expression patterns against Rhizoctonia solani and found that Tourist-miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE)-derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) (here referred to as siR109944) expression was clearly suppressed upon R. solani infection. One potential target of siR109944 is the F-Box domain and LRR-containing protein 55 (FBL55), which encode the transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1)-like protein. We found that rice had significantly enhanced susceptibility when siR109944 was overexpressed, while FBL55 OE plants showed resistance to R. solani challenge. Additionally, multiple agronomic traits of rice, including root length and flag leaf inclination, were affected by siR109944 expression. Auxin metabolism-related and signalling pathway-related genes were differentially expressed in the siR109944 OE and FBL55 OE plants. Importantly, pre-treatment with auxin enhanced sheath blight resistance by affecting endogenous auxin homeostasis in rice. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing siR109944 exhibited early flowering, increased tiller numbers, and increased susceptibility to R. solani. Our results demonstrate that siR109944 has a conserved function in interfering with plant immunity, growth, and development by affecting auxin homeostasis in planta. Thus, siR109944 provides a genetic target for plant breeding in the future. Furthermore, exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or auxin analogues might effectively protect field crops against diseases.

Expression of rice siR109944 in Arabidopsis affects plant immunity to multiple fungal pathogens

Plant small RNA (sRNA)-mediated gene expression has a conserved role in regulating plant growth, development, and immunity. Heterologous expression of sRNA contributes to determining whether the function of sRNA is conservative or independent. We recently characterized the Tourist-miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE)-derived siR109944 had a conserved function that enhanced susceptibility to Rhizoctonia solani infection by affecting auxin homeostasis in rice and Arabidopsis. To ascertain whether the function of rice siR109944 has a broad-spectrum immunity in Arabidopsis, we infected Arabidopsis with a variety of fungal pathogens. Overexpression of siR109944 in Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotium, and Verticillium dahliae infection. Further studies found that Arabidopsis auxin-related miRNAs were suppressed in siR109944 OE. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of rice siR109944 in Arabidopsis affected immune responses to multiple pathogens by inhibiting auxin-related miRNA expression in planta.

Effects of stacking periodicity on the electronic and optical properties of GaAs/AlAs superlattice: a first-principles study

The effects of stacking periodicity on the electronic and optical properties of GaAs/AlAs superlattice have been explored by density functional theory calculations. Among the (GaAs)m/(AlAs)m, (GaAs)1/(AlAs)m and (GaAs)m/(AlAs)1 (m = 1 to 5) superlattices, the band gaps of (GaAs)m/(AlAs)1 superlattices decrease significantly as the layer of GaAs increases, and the cut-off wavelengths are found to locate in the near infrared region. For (GaAs)m/(AlAs)1 SLs, the conduction bands shift toward Fermi level, resulting in the smaller band gap, while conduction bands of (GaAs)1/(AlAs)n SLs slightly shift to higher energy, which lead to comparable band gaps. The layer number of GaAs shows negligible effects on the reflectivity spectra of superlattice structures, while the absorption coefficient shows a red-shift with the increasing layer of GaAs, which is beneficial for the application of GaAs/AlAs superlattice in the field of near infrared detector. These results demonstrate that controlling the number of GaAs layers is a good method to engineer the optoelectronic properties of GaAs/AlAs superlattice.

Interfaces of graphitic carbon nitride-based composite photocatalysts

This review concentrates on the interface issues of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts, including methods for constructing interfaces, techniques for identifying interfaces, and the types and roles of the as-developed interfaces.

Synthesizing Fluorescently Labeled dsRNAs and sRNAs to Visualize Fungal RNA Uptake

Fungal pathogens are responsible for severe crop losses worldwide. Defending crops against fungal disease is critical for global food security; however, most current disease management approaches rely on chemical fungicides that can leave dangerous residues in the environment. RNA interference (RNAi) is an important process through which RNA molecules target and silence complementary genes, regulating gene expression during both transcription and translation. Recently, it has been discovered that some species of fungi can efficiently take up RNAs originating from their host plant and the environment. If these RNAs are complementary to fungal genes, this can lead to the targeting and silencing of fungal genes, termed "cross-kingdom RNAi," if the RNA originated from a plant host, or "environmental RNAi," if the RNA originated from the environment. These discoveries have inspired the development of spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), an innovative crop protection strategy involving the foliar application of RNAs which target and silence fungal virulence genes for plant protection against fungal pathogens. The effectiveness of SIGS is largely dependent on the ability of fungi to take up environmental RNAs. Here, we describe the protocols used to label and visualize RNAs which are taken up by Botrytis cinerea. This protocol could easily be adapted for use across various fungal species. Determining the efficiency of RNA uptake by a specific fungal species is a critical first step to determining if SIGS approaches could be an effective control strategy for that fungus.

MiR-203 is essential for the shift from osteogenic differentiation to adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in postmenopausal osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to investigate how miR-203 promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMSCs) by regulating its target gene DKK1, thereby inhibiting the occurrence of osteoporosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 60 cases with postmenopausal osteoporosis and 40 cases of normal individuals were recruited. The expression of miR-203 in serum of all cases was detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The capacity of osteogenesis and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs was determined by alizarin red staining and oil red staining, respectively. Transfection of miR-203 mimics and miR-203 inhibitor were mediated by Liposomes, and then the MSCs were induced osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. MiR-203 mimic was co-transfected with wild-type or mutant DKK1 for luciferase reporter gene detection. In the osteoporosis model of rats, the tibia was taken for micro-CT examination of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/structural parameters (BV/TV), while the femur was taken for the measurement of absorption parameters (Ob.S)./BS) and the number of osteoclasts per circumference of bone (N.Oc/B.Pm).

RESULTS

The expression level of miR-203 was significantly lower in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis than that in normal individuals. The osteogenic capacity of BMSCs in these patients was reduced, while their adipogenic capacity was enhanced. MiR-203 promoted the expression of osteogenic genes and inhibited that of adipogenic genes. Knockdown of miR-203 decreased the level of osteogenic related genes but increased that of adipogenic related genes, while overexpression of miR-203 led to the opposite results. Furthermore, miR-203 inhibited the protein expression of DKK1. In addition, bone density and bone volume/structural parameters were lower in ovariectomized rats than those in normal rats. Meanwhile, bone resorption parameters and the number of osteoclasts per bone circumference in ovariectomized rats were higher than those in normal rats.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-203 can promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by downregulating the gene expression of DKK1.

[Analysis of the level of the core knowledge and related factors of cancer prevention and treatment in the upper gastrointestinal cancer screening area of Sichuan Province in 2018]

Objective: To investigate the level of the core knowledge and related factors of cancer prevention and treatment among residents in the upper gastrointestinal cancer screening areas of Sichuan Province in 2018. Methods: From April to May 2018, a total of 1 386 residents from Chaotian District of Guangyuan, Enyang District of Bazhong, Nanjiang County of Bazhong, Cangxi County of Guangyuan, Shehong County of Suining, Yilong County of Nanchong, Xichong County of Nanchong and Xuanhan County of Dazhou were recruited in this study. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect basic demographic characteristics and the knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment. The level of the core knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment of different population was analyzed. A multivariate linear regression model was performed to analyze the related factors. Results: In total, 80.9% (1 120) of all subjects was 25-64 years old and 48.0% (665) were male. The total number of questions answered by the subjects was 18 018, of which 12 147 were known, and the overall awareness rate among the respondents was 67.42%. The female respondents, respondentsaged 65 years old and over, with junior college education or above, and worked in government institutions had a good performance of the core knowledge (P<0.05), about 70.11% (6 571/9 373), 69.23% (387/559), 76.05% (6 327/8 320), and 77.09% (5 602/7 267) respectively. The results of multivariate linear regression showed that the older the age [β=0.871 (95%CI: 0.623-1.119)], the higher the educational level [β=0.741 (95%CI: 0.540-0.943)], the more questions respondents could know; compared with the workers in government organization and institution, workers in enterprise [β=-2.913 (95%CI:-3.499--2.327)], farming workers [β=-0.635 (95%CI:-1.175--0.095)] and other occupation people [β=-1.126 (95%CI:-1.663--0.589)] could know fewer questions. Conclusion: In 2018, the level of the core knowledge of cancer prevention and treatment among residents in upper gastrointestinal cancer screening areas of Sichuan Province was relatively high. Age, education level and occupation were relevant factors.

Comparison of total curative effect between total hip arthroplasty and hip arthrodesis in treating coxotuberculosis

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effect of total hip arthroplasty (THA) and hip arthrodesis (HA) in treating coxotuberculosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

40 patients with coxotuberculosis treated in the Orthopedic Department in our hospital from February 2011 to February 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Comparison of total curative effect between THA and HA in treating coxotuberculosis was analyzed. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Harris hip function score (HHS), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein, postoperative hip pain time (PHPT), postoperative start walking time(PSWT), postoperative start weight bearing time(PSWBT) and postoperative complications were observed and compared.

RESULTS

All patients successfully underwent successful THA or HA without major complications. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage volume in patients who underwent HA were better than those of patients who underwent THA (p<0.001, p=0.010, p<0.001, respectively). During the postoperative evaluation, VAS, HHS, ESR, CRP in patients who underwent THA were better than those of patients who underwent HA, and the differences were statistically significant. About the recovery, PHPT, PSWT, PSWBT in patients who underwent THA were shorter than those in patients who underwent HA (p=0.021, p=0.044, p<0.001, respectively). There was no fracture, infection, dislocation, neurological or vascular complications in THA group. No patient had subsidence, loosening or heterotopic ossification. 1 patient in HA group had a fracture of the steel plate, and 1 patient had delayed union in HA group.

CONCLUSIONS

THA is an effective treatment for advanced tuberculous arthritis. THA is superior to HA in the treatment of coxotuberculosis.

[Effect of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A and its domains II on hepatocyte gluconeogenesis in mice]

Objective: To investigate the role of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and its domains I, II, and III in regulating gluconeogenesis in mice and the underlying mechanism. Methods: A total of 60 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups. Recombinant lentiviral particles with specific expression of full-length NS5A, NS5A domain I, NS5A domain II, or NS5A domain III were injected via the caudal vein to establish a mouse model, and the group without injection and the group with the injection of the lentiviral particles containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were established as negative control. The effect of full-length NS5A protein and its domains on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting serum insulin (FINS) were measured. Liver tissue was collected to prepare a paraffin section. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in hepatocytes, quantitative real-time PCR and/or Western blot were used to measure the expression of NS5A, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), and PEPCK. Results: Compared with the group without injection and the group with the injection of the lentiviral particles containing EGFP, the groups with the injection of the lentiviral particles containing full-length NS5A and NS5A domain II had significant increases in FBG and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR showed a significant increase in the expression of PEPCK, a key enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis. Western blot showed that full-length NS5A protein and NS5A domain II inhibited the level of p-AMPK and increased the levels of SREBP-1 and PEPCK. Conclusion: NS5A protein and NS5A domain II may affect glucose metabolism in hepatocytes in mice by regulating AMPK/SREBP-1/PEPCK, and NS5A domain II may play an important role in insulin resistance in hepatocytes caused by HCV infection.

B-cell translocation gene 3 overexpression inhibits proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer SW480 cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Increasing evidences have shown that B-cell translocation gene 3 (BTG3) inhibits metastasis of multiple cancer cells. However, the role of BTG3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its possible mechanism have not yet been reported. In our study, we evaluated BTG3 expression in several CRC cell lines. Then, pcDNA3.1-BTG3 was transfected into SW480 cells. We found that BTG3 was upregulated in SW480 cells after overexpression plasmid transfection. BTG3 overexpression significantly inhibited cell growth and decreased PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and Ki67 levels. BTG3 overexpression markedly downregulated Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1 levels, whereas elevated p27. Overexpression of BTG3 arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase, which was abrogated by p27 silencing. Furthermore, migration, invasion and EMT of SW480 cells were significantly suppressed by BTG3 overexpression. Further investigations showed the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We then used GSK3β specific inhibitor SB-216763 to activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We found that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation reversed the effect of BTG3 overexpression on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, invasion and EMT. In conclusion, BTG3 overexpression inhibited cell growth, induced cell cycle arrest and suppressed the metastasis of SW480 cells via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. BTG3 may be considered as a therapeutic target in CRC treatment.

200 Developing exosomes as a mediator for CRISPR/Cas-9 delivery

CRISPR/Cas systems present a powerful gene-editing tool with the potential for widespread therapeutic use; however, current methods of in vivo delivery such as adeno-associated viruses (AAV) may stimulate an immune response, creating the need for an alternative for delivery of CRISPR/Cas9. Exosomes are small vesicles that are released by cells and serve as a delivery system for RNA, proteins, and various molecules to other cells. The focus of this project was to use exosomes as a delivery system for Cas9, exploiting their high uptake by target cells and their ability to avoid the immune system in vivo. Porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFF) were grown to 80% confluency; after 48h, exosomes were isolated and concentrated from conditioned media by filtration with a 0.22-μm filter followed by 100-kDa molecular weight cutoff filter. Transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting for presence of CD81, and an uptake assay for exosomes stained with the lipophilic dye DiI (Invitrogen/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) were used to characterise isolated exosomes, and average particle size was evaluated by NanoSight (Salisbury, United Kingdom). After characterisation, exosomes were loaded with Cas9 (PNA Bio, Newbury Park, CA, USA) using sonication, incubation with saponin, or extrusion. For each method of loading, 1.0×1011 exosomes and 500ng of Cas9 were used. For sonication, exosomes and Cas9 were sonicated 4 times: 4s on/2s off, left on ice for 2min, and then repeated for 4 more cycles. Loaded exosomes were then incubated at 37°C for 20min. For incubation with saponin, 100μL of 0.6% saponin solution was made in PBS, mixed with exosomes and Cas9, and then incubated on a shaker at 800 rpm for 20min. For extrusion, exosomes and Cas9 were extruded (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL, USA) 10, 15, or 20 times through a 0.22-μm filter. To evaluate efficiency of Cas9 loading into exosomes, loaded exosome samples were split in half, with one-half receiving a proteinase K digest (100μg mL−1) to remove free Cas9 and the other receiving no treatment. Proteinase K-treated and untreated samples were then compared side by side on Western blot staining for Cas9. ImageJ software (National Institutes for Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to quantify band intensity and loading efficiency. With optimal conditions, our preliminary results show loading efficiency for sonication and saponin to be 16.7 and 19.2%, respectively, whereas loading by extrusion was undetectable. For CRISPR/Cas targeting, transgenic PFF carrying one copy of H2B-GFP were used to test delivery of ribonucleotide protein complex (RNP). To verify efficiency of the guide (g)RNA targeting green fluorescent protein (GFP), cells were nucleofected with Cas9 and gRNA. The DNA was extracted, PCR amplified, and sequenced (Eton Bioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) and then evaluated for indels with TIDE, resulting in a 53.2% cleavage efficiency. Next, exosomes will be loaded with RNP to knockout GFP in H2B-GFP cells, and targeting efficiency will be evaluated by flow cytometry and TIDE. We hypothesise that based on loading efficiency and target cell uptake, exosomes will present a safe and efficient method for in vitro and in vivo delivery of Cas9. The financial support of the Comparative Medicine Institute is gratefully acknowledged.

Boosting charge separation of Sr2Ta2O7 by Cr doping for enhanced visible light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen generation

Visible-light driven Cr-doped Sr₂Ta₂O₇ nanosheets with enhanced photocatalytic performance were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method.

Constructing a direct Z-scheme photocatalytic system based on 2D/2D WO3/ZnIn2S4 nanocomposite for efficient hydrogen evolution under visible light

A photocatalytic Z-scheme system based on 2D/2D WO₃/ZnIn₂S₄ nanocomposite was prepared to generate sustainable hydrogen.

MiRNA-seq reveals that miR-124-3p inhibits adipogenic differentiation of the stromal vascular fraction in sheep via targeting C/EBPα

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding 20-25 nt RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by posttranscriptional repression of messenger RNA. There have been few investigations on the profiles and functions of miRNAs in ovine subcutaneous fat; their roles in the metabolism and deposition of subcutaneous fat also remain unclear. In this study, small RNA libraries were constructed for 2 important Chinese local sheep breeds, Small-tailed Han Sheep, and Shanxi Meat Sheep Dam Line, and used for high-throughput sequencing. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, revealing the effect of miR-124-3p on adipogenic differentiation by targeting C/EBPα. Our results provide both a comprehensive understanding of miRNA expression patterns in sheep subcutaneous fat and an insight into the specific roles of miRNAs in adipogenesis.

Research on correlation between GALNT3 gene and osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between GALNT3 gene and osteoporosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this study, 184 cases of osteoporosis that were treated at our hospital from 2013 to 2014 were selected as research subjects in the observation group. In addition, 84 healthy people were selected as the control group from 2013 to 2014. The bone mineral density of the observation and control groups were detected by x-rays and the expression levels and differences of mRNA of the GALNT3 gene and protein in their body was detected using fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), enzyme-linked immunoassay, and Western blotting.

RESULTS

X-ray results suggest that when compared to the healthy group, bone mineral density of patients in the observation group was significantly lower than that of research subjects in the control group, with significant differences. The fluorescence qPCR results suggest that the expression levels of mRNA of the GALNT3 gene in patients with osteoporosis were significantly lower than that in the healthy group (p<0.05). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results suggest that the expression levels of the GALNT3 gene in patients with osteoporosis (1.26±0.32) μg/L was significantly lower than that in the healthy group (12.41±0.28) μg/L, with significant differences (p<0.05). The Western blotting results agreed with the ELISA results. We also found in our research that the bone mineral density of patients with osteoporosis significantly correlated with the expression levels of the GALNT3 gene (r=0.95).

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, the GALNT3 gene significantly correlated with osteoporosis and the low expression of GALNT3 gene can promote the occurrence and deterioration of osteoporosis.

Understanding Combustion of H2/O2 Gases inside Nanobubbles Generated by Water Electrolysis Using Reactive Molecular Dynamic Simulations

This work explored the mechanism of spontaneous combustion of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures inside nanobubbles (which were generated by water electrolysis) using reactive molecular dynamic simulations based on the first-principles derived reactive force field ReaxFF. The effects of surface-assisted dissociation of H₂ and O₂ gases that produced H and O radicals were examined. Additionally, the ignition outcome and species evolution as a function of the initial system pressure (or bubble size) were studied. A significant amount of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), 6-140 times water (H₂O), was observed in the combustion products. This was attributed to the low-temperature (∼300 K) and high-pressure (2-80 atm) conditions at which the chemical reactions were taking place. In addition, the rate of consumption of H₂ and O₂ molecules was found to increase with an increase in added H and O radical concentrations and initial system pressure. The rate at which heat was being lost from the combustion chamber (nanobubbles) was also compared to the rate at which heat was being released from the chemical reactions. Only a slight rise in the reaction temperature was observed (∼68 K), signifying that, at such small scales, heat losses dominate. The resulting chemistry was quite different from macroscopic combustion, which usually takes place at a much higher temperatures of above 1000 K.

A serine protease homologue Bombyx mori scarface induces a short and fat body shape in silkworm

Body shape is one of the most prominent and basic characteristics of any organism. In insects, abundant variations in body shape can be observed both within and amongst species. However, the molecular mechanism underlying body shape fine-tuning is very complex and has been largely unknown until now. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, the tubby (tub) mutant has an abnormal short fat body shape and the abdomen of tub larvae expands to form a fusiform body shape. Morphological investigation revealed that the body length was shorter and the body width was wider than that of the Dazao strain. Thus, this mutant is a good model for studying the molecular mechanisms of body shape fine-tuning. Using positional cloning, we identified a gene encoding the serine protease homologue, B. mori scarface (Bmscarface), which is associated with the tub phenotype. Sequence analysis revealed a specific 312-bp deletion from an exon of Bmscarface in the tub strain. In addition, recombination was not observed between the tub and Bmscarface loci. Moreover, RNA interference of Bmscarface resulted in the tub-like phenotype. These results indicate that Bmscarface is responsible for the tub mutant phenotype. This is the first study to report that mutation of a serine protease homologue can induce an abnormal body shape in insects.

[Analysis of lymph node jump metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma]

Objective:To summarize the metastatic feature of lateral neck lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.Method:Clinical and pathological data were collected from 301 patients who were first diagnosed as PTC in our hospital. These patients were divided into positive and negative status of lateral cervical lymph nodes and lymph node jump metastasis. Chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between lateral cervical lymph node status and clinicopathology.Result:Tumor size over 2cm, Unilateral thyroid gland contains multiple foci,multiple foci, capsular invasion, ultrasound feature of PTC,the main foci located in the isthmus and the pole of gland, trachea/parathyroid lymph nodes positive were associated with the lymph node jump metastasis in papillary thyroid(P<0.05).Conclusion:Multiple foci in single gland, multifocal foci, calcification and the primary tumor involving the superior pole and middle of the thyroid gland are independent influencing factors for skip lateral lymph node metastasis in PTC(P<0.05).

Plants send small RNAs in extracellular vesicles to fungal pathogen to silence virulence genes

Some pathogens and pests deliver small RNAs (sRNAs) into host cells to suppress host immunity. Conversely, hosts also transfer sRNAs into pathogens and pests to inhibit their virulence. Although sRNA trafficking has been observed in a wide variety of interactions, how sRNAs are transferred, especially from hosts to pathogens and pests, is still unknown. Here, we show that host Arabidopsis cells secrete exosome-like extracellular vesicles to deliver sRNAs into fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea These sRNA-containing vesicles accumulate at the infection sites and are taken up by the fungal cells. Transferred host sRNAs induce silencing of fungal genes critical for pathogenicity. Thus, Arabidopsis has adapted exosome-mediated cross-kingdom RNA interference as part of its immune responses during the evolutionary arms race with the pathogen.

Deep Sequencing Uncovers Rice Long siRNAs and Its Involvement in Immunity Against Rhizoctonia solani

Small RNA (sRNA) is a class of noncoding RNA that can silence the expression of target genes. In rice, the majority of characterized sRNAs are within the range of 21 to 24 nucleotides (nt) long, whose biogenesis and function are associated with a specific sets of components, such as Dicer-like (OsDCLs) and Argonaute proteins (OsAGOs). Rice sRNAs longer than 24 nt are occasionally reported, with biogenesis and functional mechanism uninvestigated, especially in a context of defense responses against pathogen infection. By using deep sequencing, we identified a group of rice long small interfering RNAs (lsiRNAs) that are within the range of 25 to 40 nt in length. Our results show that some rice lsiRNAs are differentially expressed upon infection of Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of the rice sheath blight disease. Bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation indicate that some rice lsiRNAs can target defense-related genes. We further demonstrate that rice lsiRNAs are neither derived from RNA degradation nor originated as secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Moreover, lsiRNAs require OsDCL4 for biogenesis and OsAGO18 for function. Therefore, our study indicates that rice lsiRNAs are a unique class of endogenous sRNAs produced in rice, which may participate in response against pathogens.

Copper–nickel embedded into a nitrogen-doped carbon octahedron as an effective bifunctional electrocatalyst

The CuNi-NC serves as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for HER and OER, in which the role of Ni is investigated in detail.

Novel two-dimensional Bi4V2O11 nanosheets: controllable synthesis, characterization and insight into the band structure

Novel two-dimensional Bi₄V₂O₁₁ nanosheets were controllably prepared using a stable [Bi(EDTA)]⁻ complex, and their band structures were investigated as well.

[A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy combined with probiotic supplement for eradication of Helicobacter pylori]

Objective: The bismuth containing quadruple therapy (BCQT) acts as first-line therapy in China. Probiotics supplement also shows Helicobacter pylori eradication effects. Adding probiotics along with BCQT may improve eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori. Methods: Electronic databases including Medline, Embase, Wanfang Database, etc. were searched by the established searching strategy. After that, a funnel plot was adopted to evaluate publication bias. The meta-analysis was supplemented in fixed effect model for low heterogeneity and randomized effect model for high heterogeneity conversely. Results: A total of 16 RCTs with 2 466 subjects finally met the inclusion criteria. There was no significant heterogeneity among the trials. Compared with control group (BCQT only), the probiotic group (combined supplement of probiotics and BCQT) underwent higher eradication rate[90.76%(1 130/1 245) vs 80.43%(982/1 221)]with statistical significance (P=0.000). The probiotics might improve the eradication rate in patients not receiving previous eradication therapy [89.00%(445/500) vs 84.73%(416/491), P=0.04]. Probiotics might also improve the eradication rate[91.06%(326/358) vs 73.83%(268/363)]in patients relapsed from triple therapy (P=0.000). The patients who underwent the combination of BCQT and single Lactobacillus genus showed higher eradiation rate than those with two or more genera. Moreover, fewer adverse reactions were reported in probiotics group than that in control group[13.59%(104/765) vs 28.90%(213/737), P=0.000]. Conclusions: The combination of BCQT and probiotics may improve the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori especially in patients receiving front-line eradication regimen or failed from triple therapy. Probiotics may reduce the adverse reactions when combined with other eradication agents.

The correlation analysis of primary liver cancer with Type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE

To explore the relationship between Type 2 diabetes and primary liver cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the period from December 2008 to December 2014, all blood sugar data of patients in our hospital was collected, and the total number is 18213. Except for repeatedly hospitalized diabetic person, newborn stress status, or venous transfusion blood glucose, gestational diabetes, etc., By retrieving the medical record information of patients in the hospital, and using telephone or letter follow-up the patients, we collected 127 people with type 1 diabetes and found no liver cancer patients; Type 2 diabetes, 10,794 cases of patient information, 59 with primary liver cancer. For data analysis, Stata11.0 ratio was used as the main analysis indicators, using Chi-square test and statistical analysis.

RESULTS

About 10,794 Type 2 diabetes cases with 59 primary liver cancer, the incidence is 54.66/10,000, men liver cancer incidence (92.78/10,000) than women (27.13/10,000), with significant difference (χ2 = 26.621, P < 0.001). As the growth of the age, the possibility of liver cancer in patients with diabetes increased significantly (χ2 = 19.961, P = 0.001). The rate was highest for 50-60-year-old men, and the women at age 70, and older incidence is highest. Irrespective of men or women with diabetes as the growth of the age, the possibility of liver cancer had significantly increased (P = 0.001, P = 0.002). Hepatitis B or hepatitis C incidence was 2.94%, but diabetes incidence of hepatitis men (3.98%) and women (2.01%) did not find significant differences (χ2 = 0.3361, P = 0.562). Three hundred and seventeen cases of Type 2 diabetes with hepatitis, the incidence of primary liver cancer was 11.67%, the liver cancer incidence of diabetes patients with hepatitis men (17.78%) than women (3.97%), with significant difference (χ2 = 37.429, P < 0.001). With the growth of age, the overall risk of getting liver cancer (χ2 =15.023, P = 0.01) of diabetes and hepatitis patients is significantly increased, and with the growth of age, the risk of getting liver cancer of male patients showed significant (P < 0.05), but not the female patients. Without merge hepatitis, the morbility of primary liver cancer in 10477 cases of type2 diabetes incidence is 0.21%, the liver cancer incidence men (0.34%) than women (0.11%), with significant difference (χ2 = 6.471, P = 0.011).As the growth of age, the overall risk of getting liver cancer of diabetes patients without hepatits is significantly increased (χ2 =15.612, P = 0.008) ,and the risk of getting liver cancer of male patients showed significant (P < 0.05) as the growth of the age, but not the female patients. Diabetic persons according to the illness time can be divided into 0-5 years, 5-10 years, 10-20 years, and over 20 years of four stages, including 5-10 years and 10-20 years is liver cancer patients with diabetes incidence peak, male diabetic hepatitis in patients with liver cancer incidence than women, with significant difference (χ2 = 22.757, P < 0.001). The possibility of liver cancer in patients with diabetes increased significantly (χ2 = 15.023, P = 0.01) for longer duration of illness, but only the male patients with liver cancer incidence showed significant difference with longer duration of illness, women showed no significance.

CONCLUSION

Diabetes was associated with the primary liver cancer, most likely is one of the causes of primary liver cancer.

[Effects of transient exposure to high glucose on biological behaviors of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells]

Objective: To observe the effects of transient exposure to high glucose on biological behaviors of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells cultured in vitro. Methods: The dividing method and treatment of cells for the detection of all indexes in this study were as follows. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells of the 4th passage were divided into 3 groups according to the random number table, with 12 wells in each group. Cells in control group (C) were cultured with complete culture solution containing 5 mmol/L D-glucose for 7 d. Cells in transient high glucose group (THG) were cultured with complete culture solution containing 30 mmol/L D-glucose for 2 d and complete culture solution containing 5 mmol/L D-glucose for 5 d. Cells in prolonged high glucose group (PHG) were cultured with complete culture solution containing 30 mmol/L D-glucose for 7 d. (1) The cell morphology in groups C and PHG on culture day 7 and that in group THG on culture day 2 and 7 was observed by inverted optical microscope. (2) On culture day 0, 2, 4, and 7, cell proliferation rate was determined by cell viability analyzing counter. (3) After culture day 2, the scratch experiment was performed, and the cells were further cultured. At post scratch hour (PSH) 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120, the scratch area was measured, and the cell migration rates of the latter 5 time points were calculated. (4) On culture day 0, 2, 4, and 7, the cell apoptosis rate was determined by cell analyzer. (5) Cells were seeded into Matrigel to culture for 24 h after culture day 7. The formation of vessel-like structure was observed by inverted optical microscope. The length and number of branch point of vessel-like structure were calculated. (6) On culture day 2, 4, and 7, mRNA expression of vascularization-related gene tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) was determined with real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Data were processed with analysis of variance of factorial design, analysis of variance for repeated measurement, one-way analysis of variance, and LSD test. Results: (1) Cells in group C exhibited ovary shape in cobble stone order on culture day 7. Cells in group THG exhibited long ovary shape and lost cobble stone order on culture day 2 and kept the same changes on culture day 7. Cells in group PHG exhibited long ovary shape and lost cobble stone order on culture day 7. (2) On culture day 0, there was no significant difference in cell proliferation rate among the 3 groups (F=0.23, P>0.05). On culture day 2, cell proliferation rates in groups THG and PHG were similar (P>0.05), which were significantly lower than the cell proliferation rate in group C (with P values below 0.01). On culture day 4 and 7, the cell proliferation rates in groups THG and C were similar (with P values above 0.05), which were significantly higher than those in group PHG (with P values below 0.01). (3) At PSH 24-120, the cell migration rates in groups THG and PHG were similar (with P values above 0.05), which were significantly lower than those in group C (with P values below 0.01). (4) On culture day 0, there was no statistically significant difference in cell apoptosis rate among the 3 groups (F=0.78, P>0.05). On culture day 2, cell apoptosis rates in groups THG and PHG were similar (P>0.05), which were significantly higher than the cell apoptosis rate in group C (with P values below 0.01). On culture day 4 and 7, the cell apoptosis rates in groups THG and C were similar (with P values above 0.05), which were significantly lower than those in group PHG (with P values below 0.01). (5) The length of vessel-like structure of cells in group THG was (1.84±0.10)×10(5) μm, close to (1.82±0.11)×10(5) μm in group PHG (P>0.05), both significantly shorter than (2.75±0.23)×10(5) μm in group C (with P values below 0.01). The numbers of branch point of vessel-like structure of cells in groups THG and PHG were 43±5 and 46±8 respectively, which were close to each other (P>0.05) and both significantly less than 103±21 in group C (with P values below 0.01). (6) On culture day 2, 4, and 7, mRNA expressions of TIMP-3 of cells in groups THG and PHG were similar (with P values above 0.05), which were significantly lower than those in group C (with P values below 0.05). Conclusions: Transient exposure to high glucose can cause metabolic memory of morphology, migration, and angiogenesis in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells cultured in vitro, resulting in sustained changes in biological behaviors. The mechanism may be related to the changes of vascularization-related genes.

Novel stent in the palliation of malignant esophageal strictures: a retrospective study

The placement of metal stents is often used as a palliative treatment for malignant esophageal stenosis. We designed a novel stent that has been used clinically since 2011, and we therefore performed a retrospective study to compare the therapeutic effects of this novel metal stent to a conventional partially covered metal stent in patients with malignant esophageal strictures. The records of 201 consecutive patients who underwent placement of either the conventional partially covered metal stents (Group A, n = 92) or the new metal stents (Group B, n = 109) in the Endoscopy Center of General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command from October 2008 to March 2013 were reviewed. The median dysphagia score significantly improved in both groups 1 week following stent placement (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in success rate (P = 0.910) or the complication rate (P = 0.426) between groups. Six months after stent placement, recurrent dysphagia due to stent migration, tissue ingrowth or overgrowth or food obstruction occurred in 45% and 29% of patients in the conventional stent and new stent groups, respectively. The results of this retrospective study indicate that the new modified self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) is at least as safe and effective as the conventional partially covered SEMS in treatment of malignant esophageal strictures.

[Efficacy of esophageal cancer screening in high risk population: results of 105 561 subjects in Sichuan province]

Objective: To analyze the efficacy of endoscopic screening for esophageal cancer in high risk population from high risk areas in order to provide scientific basis for evaluation of the results of early diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer. Methods: Ten high incidence cities and counties of esophageal cancer in Sichuan province were included in this study. Subjects aged 40-69 years were selected to participate in the endoscopic screening based on the cluster sampling, and the screening-positive subjects were further confirmed by pathological examination. Results: A total of 105 561 subjects were screened during 2006-2014 in 10 cities and counties in Sichuan Province. The detection rate of precancerous lesions was 5.53% (5 841/105 561), and the positive detection rate was 1.13% (1 193/105 561). The overall detection rates of low-grade hyperplasia, moderate hyperplasia, high-grade hyperplasia/carcinoma in situ, early esophageal cancer and invasive carcinoma were 3.87% (4 089/105 561), 1.66% (1 752/105 561), 0.77% (816/105 561), 0.08% (84/105 561) and 0.28% (293/105 561), respectively. The detection rates of all lesions in males were significantly higher than those in females (P<0.05), and were gradually increased with age (P<0.05). Conclusions: At these ten cities and counties in Sichuan Province with high incidence of esophageal cancer, the endoscopic screening has good effect. There are considerable numbers of patients aged 40-69 with precancerous lesions from the high risk areas. Improving the follow-up work of the population with precancerous lesions will achieve better results of early diagnosis and early treatment.

Selective-releasing-affected lubricant mechanism of a self-assembled MoS2/Mo–S–C nanoperiod multilayer film sliding in diverse atmospheres

A self-assembled MoS₂/Mo–S–C multilayer film prepared by r.f. co-sputtering of MoS₂ and graphite targets was tribotested in diverse sliding atmospheres, and the lubricant mechanism and its correlations to the selective releasing behavior of non-lubricant component were analyzed in detail.