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Liu C, Zhang Q, Shi X, Zhu H, Chai R, Hu G, Desneux N, Luo C, Hu Z. Direct effects of barley yellow dwarf virus on the performance, parasitoid resistance, and feeding behavior of its vector Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:5112-5119. [PMID: 38860678 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex interaction between plant viruses and their insect vectors is the basis for the epidemiology of plant viruses. The 'Vector Manipulation Hypothesis' (VMH) was proposed to demonstrate the evolution of strategies in plant viruses to enhance their transmission to new hosts through direct effects on insect vector behavior and/or physiology. However, the aphid vectors used in previous studies were mostly obtained by feeding on virus-infected plants and as a result, it was difficult to eliminate the confounding effects of infected host plants. Furthermore, the mechanisms of the direct effects of plant viruses on insect vectors have rarely been examined comprehensively. RESULTS We fed Sitobion avenae on an artificial diet infused with a purified suspension of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) PAV strain to obtain viruliferous aphids. We then examined their growth and reproduction performance, resistance to the parasitoid Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead, and feeding behavior. The results indicate that (1) viruliferous aphids had a shorter life span and a lower relative growth rate at the nymphal stage; (2) A. gifuensis had a lower parasitism rate, mummification rate, and emergence rate in viruliferous aphids; (3) Viruliferous aphids spent more time on non-probing and salivation behavior and had a shorter total duration of penetration and ingestion compared with healthy conspecifics. CONCLUSION These results suggest that plant virus infection may directly alter vector fitness and behavior that improves plant virus transmission, but not vector growth. These findings highlight the mechanisms of VMH and the ecological significance of vector manipulation by plant viruses, and have implications for plant virus disease and vector management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruirui Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Geyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | | | - Chen Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zuqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Xiao J, Nie B, Chen ME, Ge D, Liu R. Discovery and Genomic Analysis of Three Novel Viruses in the Order Mononegavirales in Leafhoppers. Viruses 2024; 16:1321. [PMID: 39205295 PMCID: PMC11360795 DOI: 10.3390/v16081321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Leafhoppers are economically important pests and may serve as vectors for pathogenic viruses that cause substantial crop damage. In this study, using deep transcriptome sequencing, we identified three novel viruses within the order Mononegavirales, including two viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae and one to the family Lispiviridae. The complete genome sequences were obtained via the rapid amplification of cDNA ends and tentatively named Recilia dorsalis rhabdovirus 1 (RdRV1, 14,251 nucleotides, nt), Nephotettix virescens rhabdovirus 1 (NvRV1, 13,726 nt), and Nephotettix virescens lispivirus 1 (NvLV1, 14,055 nt). The results of a phylogenetic analysis and sequence identity comparison suggest that RdRV1 and NvRV1 represent novel species within the family Rhabdoviridae, while NvLV1 is a new virus belonging to the family Lispiviridae. As negative-sense single-strand RNA viruses, RdRV1 and NvRV1 contain the conserved transcription termination signal and intergenic trinucleotides in the non-transcribed region. Intergenomic sequence and transcriptome profile analyses suggested that all these genes were co-transcriptionally expressed in these viral genomes, facilitated by specific intergenic trinucleotides and putative transcription initiation sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Xiao
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.X.); (B.N.); (M.-E.C.)
| | - Binghua Nie
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.X.); (B.N.); (M.-E.C.)
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meng-En Chen
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.X.); (B.N.); (M.-E.C.)
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Danfeng Ge
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.X.); (B.N.); (M.-E.C.)
| | - Renyi Liu
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.X.); (B.N.); (M.-E.C.)
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3
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Sun X, Du Y, Cheng Y, Guan W, Li Y, Chen H, Jia D, Wei T. Insect ribosome-rescuer Pelo-Hbs1 complex on sperm surface mediates paternal arbovirus transmission. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6817. [PMID: 39122673 PMCID: PMC11316119 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses can be paternally transmitted by male insects to offspring for long-term persistence, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we use a model system of a destructive rice reovirus and its leafhopper vector to find that insect ribosome-rescuer Pelo-Hbs1 complex expressed on the sperm surface mediates paternal arbovirus transmission. This occurs through targeting virus-containing tubules constituted by viral nonstructural protein Pns11 to sperm surface via Pns11-Pelo interaction. Tubule assembly is dependent on Hsp70 activity, while Pelo-Hbs1 complex inhibits tubule assembly via suppressing Hsp70 activity. However, virus-activated ubiquitin ligase E3 mediates Pelo ubiquitinated degradation, synergistically causing Hbs1 degradation. Importantly, Pns11 effectively competes with Pelo for binding to E3, thus antagonizing E3-mediated Pelo-Hbs1 degradation. These processes cause a slight reduction of Pelo-Hbs1 complex in infected testes, promoting effective tubule assembly. Our findings provide insight into how insect sperm-specific Pelo-Hbs1 complex is modulated to promote paternal virus transmission without disrupting sperm function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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4
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Wang H, Chen Q, Wei T. Complex interactions among insect viruses-insect vector-arboviruses. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:683-693. [PMID: 37877630 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates, plants, and fungi. Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring. The insect virus-host relationship is intricate, as these viruses can impact various aspects of insect biology, such as development, reproduction, sex ratios, and immunity. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that cause substantial global health or agricultural problems can also be vertically transmitted to insect vector progeny. Multiple infections with insect viruses and arboviruses are common in nature. Such coinfections involve complex interactions, including synergism, dependence, and antagonism. Recent studies have shed light on the influence of insect viruses on the competence of insect vectors for arboviruses. In this review, we focus on the biological effects of insect viruses on the transmission of arboviruses by insects. We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which insect viruses affect the ability of hosts to transmit arboviruses, as well as potential strategies for disease control through manipulation of insect viruses. Analyses of the interactions among insect vectors, insect viruses and arboviruses will provide new opportunities for development of innovative strategies to control arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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5
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Jia D, Luo G, Guan H, Yu T, Sun X, Du Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Wei T. Arboviruses antagonize insect Toll antiviral immune signaling to facilitate the coexistence of viruses with their vectors. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012318. [PMID: 38865374 PMCID: PMC11198909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Many plant arboviruses are persistently transmitted by piercing-sucking insect vectors. However, it remains largely unknown how conserved insect Toll immune response exerts antiviral activity and how plant viruses antagonize it to facilitate persistent viral transmission. Here, we discover that southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a devastating planthopper-transmitted rice reovirus, activates the upstream Toll receptors expression but suppresses the downstream MyD88-Dorsal-defensin cascade, resulting in the attenuation of insect Toll immune response. Toll pathway-induced the small antibacterial peptide defensin directly interacts with viral major outer capsid protein P10 and thus binds to viral particles, finally blocking effective viral infection in planthopper vector. Furthermore, viral tubular protein P7-1 directly interacts with and promotes RING E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitinated degradation of Toll pathway adaptor protein MyD88 through the 26 proteasome pathway, finally suppressing antiviral defensin production. This virus-mediated attenuation of Toll antiviral immune response to express antiviral defensin ensures persistent virus infection without causing evident fitness costs for the insects. E3 ubiquitin ligase also is directly involved in the assembly of virus-induced tubules constructed by P7-1 to facilitate viral spread in planthopper vector, thereby acting as a pro-viral factor. Together, we uncover a previously unknown mechanism used by plant arboviruses to suppress Toll immune response through the ubiquitinated degradation of the conserved adaptor protein MyD88, thereby facilitating the coexistence of arboviruses with their vectors in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guozhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Heran Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xinyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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6
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Chen B, Cao G, Chen Y, Zhang T, Zhou G, Yang X. Reduced cold tolerance of viral-infected leafhoppers attenuates viral persistent epidemics. mBio 2024; 15:e0321123. [PMID: 38564693 PMCID: PMC11077983 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03211-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Most arthropod-borne viruses produce intermittent epidemics in infected plants. However, the underlying mechanisms of these epidemics are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV), a viral pathogen, significantly increases the mortality of its overwintering vector, the leafhopper species Recilia dorsalis. Cold-stress assays indicated that RSMV reduces the cold tolerance of leafhoppers, a process associated with the downregulation of leafhopper cuticular protein genes. An RSMV-derived small RNA (vsiR-t00355379) was found to facilitate the downregulation of a leafhopper endocuticle gene that is mainly expressed in the abdomen (named RdABD-5) and is conserved across dipteran species. The downregulation of RdABD-5 expression in R. dorsalis resulted in fewer and thinner endocuticle lamellae, leading to decreased cold tolerance. This effect was correlated with a reduced incidence rate of RSMV in early-planted rice plants. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanism by which viral pathogens reduce cold tolerance in arthropod vectors and suggest an approach to managing the fluctuating prevalence of arboviruses. IMPORTANCE Increasing arthropod vector dispersal rates have increased the susceptibility of crop to epidemic viral diseases. However, the incidence of some viral diseases fluctuates annually. In this study, we demonstrated that a rice virus reduces the cold tolerance of its leafhopper vector, Recilia dorsalis. This effect is linked to the virus-derived small RNA-mediated downregulation of a gene encoding a leafhopper abdominal endocuticle protein. Consequently, the altered structural composition of the abdominal endocuticle reduces the overwinter survival of leafhoppers, resulting in a lower incidence of RSMV infection in early-planted rice plants. Our findings illustrate the important roles of RNA interference in virus-vector insect-environment interactions and help explain the annual fluctuations of viral disease epidemics in rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gehui Cao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulu Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Ge P, Lu H, Wang W, Ma Y, Li Y, Zhou T, Wei T, Wu J, Cui F. Plasmodesmata-associated Flotillin positively regulates broad-spectrum virus cell-to-cell trafficking. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1387-1401. [PMID: 38130080 PMCID: PMC11022789 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases seriously threaten rice production. Plasmodesmata (PD)-associated proteins are deemed to play a key role in viral infection in host plants. However, few PD-associated proteins have been discovered in rice to afford viral infection. Here, inspired by the infection mechanism in insect vectors, we identified a member of the Flotillin family taking part in the cell-to-cell transport of rice stripe virus (RSV) in rice. Flotillin1 interacted with RSV nucleocapsid protein (NP) and was localized on PD. In flotillin1 knockout mutant rice, which displayed normal growth, RSV intercellular movement was retarded, leading to significantly decreased disease incidence. The PD pore sizes of the mutant rice were smaller than those of the wild type due to more callose deposits, which was closely related to the upregulation of two callose synthase genes. RSV infection stimulated flotillin1 expression and enlarged the PD aperture via RSV NP. In addition, flotillin1 knockout decreased disease incidences of southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) and rice dwarf virus (RDV) in rice. Overall, our study reveals a new PD-associated protein facilitating virus cell-to-cell trafficking and presents the potential of flotillin1 as a target to produce broad-spectrum antiviral rice resources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yonghuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector‐borne Virus Research Center, Institute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector‐borne Virus Research Center, Institute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Zhu M, Wu N, Zhong J, Chen C, Liu W, Ren Y, Wang X, Jin H. N 6-methyladenosine modification of the mRNA for a key gene in purine nucleotide metabolism regulates virus proliferation in an insect vector. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113821. [PMID: 38368611 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The titer of viruses that persist and propagate in their insect vector must be high enough for transmission yet not harm the insect, but the mechanism of this dynamic balance is unclear. Here, expression of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (LsIMPDH), a rate-limiting enzyme for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) synthesis, is shown to be downregulated by increased levels of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) on LsIMPDH mRNA in rice stripe virus (RSV)-infected small brown planthoppers (SBPHs; Laodelphax striatellus), the RSV vector, which decreases GTP content, thus limiting viral proliferation. Moreover, planthopper methyltransferase-like protein 3 (LsMETTL3) and m6A reader protein LsYTHDF3 are found to catalyze and recognize the m6A on LsIMPDH mRNA, respectively, and cooperate in destabilizing LsIMPDH transcripts. Co-silencing assays show that negative regulation of viral proliferation by both LsMETTL3 and LsYTHDF3 is partially dependent on LsIMPDH. This distinct mechanism limits virus replication in an insect vector, providing a potential gene target to block viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingdang Ren
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Huaibing Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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9
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Chen S, Zhou A, Xu Y. Symbiotic Bacteria Regulating Insect-Insect/Fungus/Virus Mutualism. INSECTS 2023; 14:741. [PMID: 37754709 PMCID: PMC10531535 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria associated with insects potentially provide many beneficial services and have been well documented. Mutualism that relates to insects is widespread in ecosystems. However, the interrelation between "symbiotic bacteria" and "mutualism" has rarely been studied. We introduce three systems of mutualism that relate to insects (ants and honeydew-producing Hemiptera, fungus-growing insects and fungi, and plant persistent viruses and vector insects) and review the species of symbiotic bacteria in host insects, as well as their functions in host insects and the mechanisms underlying mutualism regulation. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and role of symbiotic bacteria, based on metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiology, will be required for describing the entire interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Aiming Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Wu W, Lei JN, Mao Q, Tian YZ, Shan HW, Chen JP. Insights into Brochosome Distribution, Synthesis, and Novel Rapid-Release Mechanism in Maiestas dorsalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:734. [PMID: 37754701 PMCID: PMC10531587 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The leafhopper family Cicadellidae, comprising over 22,000 species, exhibits a unique behavior of anointing their bodies with excretions containing brochosomes. Brochosomes are synthesized in the distal segment of the Malpighian tubules and serve various functions, including hydrophobic protection and defense against pathogens and predators. In this study, we investigated the distribution, synthesis, and release mechanisms of brochosomes in the rice pest leafhopper Maiestas dorsalis. Using SEM and TEM, we observed brochosomes' consistent coverage on the integument throughout the insect's life cycle. Moreover, we identified four distinct developmental stages of brochosome synthesis within the distal segment of the Malpighian tubules, originating from the Golgi region. Most importantly, our research revealed a novel and highly efficient release mechanism involving the fusion of brochosome-containing vesicles, leading to a rapid and substantial release of brochosomes into the tubule lumen after molting. These findings shed light on the intricate processes of brochosome synthesis and release in leafhoppers, offering valuable insights into their functional significance and ecological role in these fascinating insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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11
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Wu W, Lei JN, Mao Q, Tian YZ, Shan HW, Chen JP. Distribution, Vertical Transmission, and Cooperative Mechanisms of Obligate Symbiotic Bacteria in the Leafhopper Maiestas dorsalis (Hemiptera, Cicadellidea). INSECTS 2023; 14:710. [PMID: 37623420 PMCID: PMC10455556 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Many insects rely on ancient symbiotic bacterial associations for essential nutrition. Auchenorrhyncha commonly harbor two obligate symbionts: Sulcia (Bacteroidetes) and a proteobacterial partner that supplies essential amino acids lacking in their plant-sap diets. In this study focusing on Maiestas dorsalis, we investigated the distribution and vertical transmission of two obligate symbiotic bacteria, Sulcia and Nasuia, within the leafhopper. Sulcia primarily inhabits the external region of the bacteriome, while Nasuia is restricted to the internal region. Both symbionts progressively infiltrate the ovary through the epithelial plug, ultimately reaching the developing primary oocyte. Furthermore, co-phylogenetic analysis suggests a close correlation between the evolution of Auchenorrhyncha insects and the presence of their obligate symbiotic bacteria. Genomic analysis further unveiled the extreme genome reduction of the obligate symbiotic bacteria, with Sulcia retaining genes involved in basic cellular processes and limited energy synthesis, while Nasuia exhibited further gene loss in replication, transcription, translation, and energy synthesis. However, both symbionts retained the genes for synthesizing the essential amino acids required by the host insect. Our study highlights the coevolutionary dynamics between Sulcia, proteobacterial partners, and their insect hosts, shedding light on the intricate nutritional interactions and evolutionary adaptations in Auchenorrhyncha insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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12
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Huang Q, Shan HW, Chen JP, Wu W. Diversity and Dynamics of Bacterial Communities in the Digestive and Excretory Systems across the Life Cycle of Leafhopper, Recilia dorsalis. INSECTS 2023; 14:545. [PMID: 37367361 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Recilia dorsalis is a notorious rice pest that harbors numerous symbiotic microorganisms. However, the structure and dynamics of bacterial communities in various tissues of R. dorsalis throughout its life cycle remain unclear. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the bacterial communities in the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems of R. dorsalis at different developmental stages. The results showed that the initial microbiota in R. dorsalis mostly originated from vertical transmission via the ovaries. After the second-instar nymphs, the diversity of bacterial communities in the salivary gland and Malpighian tubules gradually decreased, while the midgut remained stable. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that the structure of bacterial communities in R. dorsalis was primarily influenced by the developmental stage, with minimal variation in bacterial species among different tissues but significant variation in bacterial abundance. Tistrella was the most abundant bacterial genus in most developmental stages, followed by Pantoea. The core bacterial community in R. dorsalis continuously enriched throughout development and contributed primarily to food digestion and nutrient supply. Overall, our study enriches our knowledge of the bacterial community associated with R. dorsalis and provides clues for developing potential biological control technologies against this rice pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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13
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Li H, Chen Y, Lu C, Tian H, Lin S, Wang L, Linghu T, Zheng X, Wei H, Fan X, Chen Y. Chemosensory protein regulates the behavioural response of Frankliniella intonsa and Frankliniella occidentalis to tomato zonate spot virus-Infected pepper (Capsicum annuum). PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011380. [PMID: 37155712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many herbivorous insects rely on plant volatiles to locate their host plants. Vector-borne viral infections induce changes in plant volatiles, which render infected plants more attractive to insect vectors. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the olfactory responses of insect vectors induced by the volatiles produced by virus-infected plants are poorly understood. Here, we show that volatiles emitted by pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants infected with tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV), particularly the volatile cis-3-hexenal, which is recognized by chemosensory protein 1 of the thrips Frankliniella intonsa (FintCSP1), are more attractive to F. intonsa than the volatiles emitted by non-infected pepper plants. FintCSP1 is highly abundant in the antenna of F. intonsa. Silencing of FintCSP1 significantly decreased electroantennogram responses of F. intonsa antennae to cis-3-hexenal and impaired thrips' responses to TZSV-infected pepper plants and cis-3-hexenal, as assessed using a Y-tube olfactometer. Three-dimensional model predictions indicated that FintCSP1 consists of seven α-helixes and two disulfide bridges. Molecular docking analysis suggested that cis-3-hexenal is positioned deep inside the binding pocket of FintCSP1 and binds to residues of the protein. We combined site-directed mutagenesis and fluorescence binding assays and identified three hydrophilic residues, Lys26, Thr28, and Glu67, of FintCSP1 as being critical for cis-3-hexenal binding. Furthermore, CSP of F. occidentalis (FoccCSP) is also a key olfactory protein involved in modulating the behaviour of F. occidentalis to TZSV-infected pepper. This study revealed the specific binding characteristics of CSPs to cis-3-hexenal and confirmed the general hypothesis that virus infections induce changes in host volatiles, which can be recognized by the olfactory proteins of the insect vector to enhance vector attraction and this may facilitate viral spread and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengcong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houjun Tian
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Linghu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue Zheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou, China
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14
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Huang Q, Feng Y, Shan HW, Chen JP, Wu W. A Novel Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Raoultella electrica Isolated from the Midgut of the Leafhopper Recilia dorsalis. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050431. [PMID: 37233059 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a crucial element for the growth and development of insects, but herbivorous insects often suffer from nitrogen nutrition deficiencies in their diets. Some symbiotic microorganisms can provide insect hosts with nitrogen nutrition through nitrogen fixation. Extensive research has clearly demonstrated the process of nitrogen fixation by symbiotic microorganisms in termites, while evidence supporting the occurrence and significance of nitrogen fixation in the diets of the Hemiptera is less conclusive. In this study, we isolated a strain of R. electrica from the digestive tract of a leafhopper, R. dorsalis, and found that it had nitrogen-fixing capabilities. Fluorescence in situ hybridization results showed that it was located in the gut of the leafhopper. Genome sequencing revealed that R. electrica possessed all the genes required for nitrogen fixation. We further evaluated the growth rate of R. electrica in nitrogen-containing and nitrogen-free media and measured its nitrogenase activity through an acetylene reduction assay. The findings of these studies could shed light on how gut microbes contribute to our understanding of nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yilu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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15
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Arboviruses and symbiotic viruses cooperatively hijack insect sperm-specific proteins for paternal transmission. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1289. [PMID: 36894574 PMCID: PMC9998617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses and symbiotic viruses can be paternally transmitted by male insects to their offspring for long-term viral persistence in nature, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we identify the sperm-specific serpin protein HongrES1 of leafhopper Recilia dorsalis as a mediator of paternal transmission of the reovirus Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) and a previously undescribed symbiotic virus of the Virgaviridae family, Recilia dorsalis filamentous virus (RdFV). We show that HongrES1 mediates the direct binding of virions to leafhopper sperm surfaces and subsequent paternal transmission via interaction with both viral capsid proteins. Direct interaction of viral capsid proteins mediates simultaneously invasion of two viruses into male reproductive organs. Moreover, arbovirus activates HongrES1 expression to suppress the conversion of prophenoloxidase to active phenoloxidase, potentially producing a mild antiviral melanization defense. Paternal virus transmission scarcely affects offspring fitness. These findings provide insights into how different viruses cooperatively hijack insect sperm-specific proteins for paternal transmission without disturbing sperm functions.
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16
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Jia D, Liang Q, Chen H, Liu H, Li G, Zhang X, Chen Q, Wang A, Wei T. Autophagy mediates a direct synergistic interaction during co-transmission of two distinct arboviruses by insect vectors. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023:10.1007/s11427-022-2228-y. [PMID: 36917406 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple viral infections in insect vectors with synergistic effects are common in nature, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we find that rice gall dwarf reovirus (RGDV) facilitates the transmission of rice stripe mosaic rhabdovirus (RSMV) by co-infected leafhopper vectors. RSMV nucleoprotein (N) alone activates complete anti-viral autophagy, while RGDV nonstructural protein Pns11 alone induces pro-viral incomplete autophagy. In co-infected vectors, RSMV exploits Pns11-induced autophagosomes to assemble enveloped virions via N-Pns11-ATG5 interaction. Furthermore, RSMV could effectively propagate in Sf9 cells. Expression of Pns11 in Sf9 cells or leafhopper vectors causes the recruitment of N from the ER to Pns11-induced autophagosomes and inhibits N-induced complete autophagic flux, finally facilitating RSMV propagation. In summary, these results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of autophagy in the regulation of the direct synergistic interaction during co-transmission of two distinct arboviruses by insect vectors and reveal the functional importance of virus-induced autophagosomes in rhabdovirus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qifu Liang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Guangjun Li
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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17
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Santiago MFM, King KC, Drew GC. Interactions between insect vectors and plant pathogens span the parasitism-mutualism continuum. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220453. [PMID: 36883313 PMCID: PMC9993222 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural crops infected with vector-borne pathogens can suffer severe negative consequences, but the extent to which phytopathogens affect the fitness of their vector hosts remains unclear. Evolutionary theory predicts that selection on vector-borne pathogens will favour low virulence or mutualistic phenotypes in the vector, traits facilitating effective transmission between plant hosts. Here, we use a multivariate meta-analytic approach on 115 effect sizes across 34 unique plant-vector-pathogen systems to quantify the overall effect of phytopathogens on vector host fitness. In support of theoretical models, we report that phytopathogens overall have a neutral fitness effect on vector hosts. However, the range of fitness outcomes is diverse and span the parasitism-mutualism continuum. We found no evidence that various transmission strategies, or direct effects and indirect (plant-mediated) effects, of phytopathogens have divergent fitness outcomes for the vector. Our finding emphasizes diversity in tripartite interactions and the necessity for pathosystem-specific approaches to vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayla C. King
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Georgia C. Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
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18
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Wang P, Liu J, Lyu Y, Huang Z, Zhang X, Sun B, Li P, Jing X, Li H, Zhang C. A Review of Vector-Borne Rice Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102258. [PMID: 36298813 PMCID: PMC9609659 DOI: 10.3390/v14102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major staple foods for global consumption. A major roadblock to global rice production is persistent loss of crops caused by plant diseases, including rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial blight, and particularly various vector-borne rice viral diseases. Since the late 19th century, 19 species of rice viruses have been recorded in rice-producing areas worldwide and cause varying degrees of damage on the rice production. Among them, southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) and rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) in Asia, rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in Africa, and rice stripe necrosis virus (RSNV) in America currently pose serious threats to rice yields. This review systematizes the emergence and damage of rice viral diseases, the symptomatology and transmission biology of rice viruses, the arm races between viruses and rice plants as well as their insect vectors, and the strategies for the prevention and control of rice viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agronomy, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yajing Lyu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Co-Construction State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ziting Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pengbai Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinxin Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Li H, Linghu T, Chen Y, Tian H, Lin S, Zheng X, Wei H. The Infection Route of Tomato Zonate Spot Virus in the Digestive System of Its Insect Vector Frankliniella occidentalis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911751. [PMID: 35836419 PMCID: PMC9274000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV) is a phytopathogen of the genus Orthotospovirus (Bunyaviridae) that is widespread in many areas of Southwest China. TZSV is mainly transmitted by Frankliniella occidentalis, but its exact infection route remains unclear. To explore this issue, we detected the nucleocapsid protein of TZSV in the digestive systems of first-instar F. occidentalis nymphs fed with TZSV-infected pepper leaves. TZSV infection in the F. occidentalis digestive system begins within 4 h post-first access to diseased plants: The foregut is likely the primary site of infection, and primary salivary glands (PSGs) are the destination. There are three potential routes for TZSV transmission from the alimentary canal to the PSGs: (1) virus dissemination from the midgut to hemocoel followed by movement to the PSGs; (2) accumulation in midgut epithelial cells and arrival at PSGs via tubular salivary glands and efferent ducts; and (3) arrival at epitheliomuscular cells of the forepart of the midgut and movement along the ligament to the PSGs. We tested the transmission efficiency of F. occidentalis in second-instar nymphs and female and male adults. TZSV was transmitted in a persistent-propagative mode by both nymphs and adults, with adults appearing to show slightly higher transmission efficiency than nymphs. We confirmed the presence of all three routes for TZSV transmission in F. occidentalis and determined that like other Orthotospoviruses, TZSV is transmitted in a persistent-propagative manner. These results should facilitate the control of TZSV-related diseases and further our understanding of the transmission biology of Orthotospoviruses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Heng Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Linghu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houjun Tian
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue Zheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wei,
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20
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Jia D, Liang Q, Liu H, Li G, Zhang X, Chen Q, Wang A, Wei T. A nonstructural protein encoded by a rice reovirus induces an incomplete autophagy to promote viral spread in insect vectors. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010506. [PMID: 35533206 PMCID: PMC9119444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can hijack autophagosomes as the nonlytic release vehicles in cultured host cells. However, how autophagosome-mediated viral spread occurs in infected host tissues or organs in vivo remains poorly understood. Here, we report that an important rice reovirus, rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) hijacks autophagosomes to traverse multiple insect membrane barriers in the midgut and salivary gland of leafhopper vector to enhance viral spread. Such virus-containing double-membraned autophagosomes are prevented from degradation, resulting in increased viral propagation. Mechanistically, viral nonstructural protein Pns11 induces autophagy and embeds itself in the autophagosome membranes. The autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5)-ATG12 conjugation is essential for initial autophagosome membrane biogenesis. RGDV Pns11 specifically interacts with ATG5, both in vitro and in vivo. Silencing of ATG5 or Pns11 expression suppresses ATG8 lipidation, autophagosome formation, and efficient viral propagation. Thus, Pns11 could directly recruit ATG5-ATG12 conjugation to induce the formation of autophagosomes, facilitating viral spread within the insect bodies. Furthermore, Pns11 potentially blocks autophagosome degradation by directly targeting and mediating the reduced expression of N-glycosylated Lamp1 on lysosomal membranes. Taken together, these results highlight how RGDV remodels autophagosomes to benefit viral propagation in its insect vector. Numerous plant viruses replicate inside the cells of their insect vectors. Here, we demonstrate that the progeny virions of rice gall dwarf virus in leafhopper vector are engulfed within virus-induced double-membraned autophagosomes. Such autophagosomes are modified to evade degradation, thus can be persistently exploited by viruses to safely transport virions across multiple insect membrane barriers. Viral nonstructural protein Pns11 induces the formation of autophagosomes via interaction with ATG5, and potentially blocks autophagosome degradation via mediating the reduced expression of N-glycosylated Lamp1 on lysosomal membranes. For the first time, we reveal that a nonstructural protein encoded by a persistent plant virus can induce an incomplete autophagy to benefit viral propagation in its insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qifu Liang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guangjun Li
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Jia D, Luo G, Shi W, Liu Y, Liu H, Zhang X, Wei T. Rice Gall Dwarf Virus Promotes the Propagation and Transmission of Rice Stripe Mosaic Virus by Co-infected Insect Vectors. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:834712. [PMID: 35222343 PMCID: PMC8874222 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.834712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV), a newly discovered plant cytorhabdovirus, and rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV), a plant reovirus, are transmitted by leafhopper Recilia dorsalis in a persistent-propagative manner. In this study, field surveys in Luoding city, Guangdong province of southern China, showed that RSMV and RGDV frequently co-infected rice plants. Furthermore, this co-infection had a synergistic effect on viral replication potential and pathogenicity in rice plants. Meanwhile, RSMV and RGDV also co-infected R. dorsalis vectors, and RGDV significantly promoted the propagation of RSMV in co-infected vectors. Accordingly, co-infection significantly promoted the acquisition and transmission efficiencies of RSMV by R. dorsalis. However, such co-infection did not significantly affect the propagation of RGDV in vectors. More importantly, we also observed that non-viruliferous R. dorsalis preferred to feed on co-infected rice plants, and this process further affected the feeding behavior of R. dorsalis to enhance viral release into rice phloem. These results provided the clues as to why RSMV had been a gradually expanding problem, creating an increasing risk of damage to rice production. Our findings revealed that synergism between RSMV and RGDV in their host and vector enhanced the propagation and transmission of RSMV, which will help guide the formulation of viral control strategies.
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22
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Cunniffe NJ, Taylor NP, Hamelin FM, Jeger MJ. Epidemiological and ecological consequences of virus manipulation of host and vector in plant virus transmission. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009759. [PMID: 34968387 PMCID: PMC8754348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors. Transmission can be described as persistent or non-persistent depending on rates of acquisition, retention, and inoculation of virus. Much experimental evidence has accumulated indicating vectors can prefer to settle and/or feed on infected versus noninfected host plants. For persistent transmission, vector preference can also be conditional, depending on the vector’s own infection status. Since viruses can alter host plant quality as a resource for feeding, infection potentially also affects vector population dynamics. Here we use mathematical modelling to develop a theoretical framework addressing the effects of vector preferences for landing, settling and feeding–as well as potential effects of infection on vector population density–on plant virus epidemics. We explore the consequences of preferences that depend on the host (infected or healthy) and vector (viruliferous or nonviruliferous) phenotypes, and how this is affected by the form of transmission, persistent or non-persistent. We show how different components of vector preference have characteristic effects on both the basic reproduction number and the final incidence of disease. We also show how vector preference can induce bistability, in which the virus is able to persist even when it cannot invade from very low densities. Feedbacks between plant infection status, vector population dynamics and virus transmission potentially lead to very complex dynamics, including sustained oscillations. Our work is supported by an interactive interface https://plantdiseasevectorpreference.herokuapp.com/. Our model reiterates the importance of coupling virus infection to vector behaviour, life history and population dynamics to fully understand plant virus epidemics. Plant virus diseases–which cause devastating epidemics in plant populations worldwide–are most often transmitted by insect vectors. Recent experimental evidence indicates how vectors do not choose between plants at random, but instead can be affected by whether plants are infected (or not). Virus infection can cause plants to “smell” different, because they produce different combinations of volatile chemicals, or “taste” different, due to chemical changes in infected tissues. Vector reproduction rates can also be affected when colonising infected versus uninfected plants. Potential effects on epidemic spread through a population of plants are not yet entirely understood. There are also interactions with the mode of virus transmission. Some viruses can be transmitted after only a brief probe by a vector, whereas others are only picked up after an extended feed on an infected plant. Furthermore there are differences in how long vectors remain able to transmit the virus. This ranges from a matter of minutes, right up to the entire lifetime of the insect, depending on the plant-virus-vector combination under consideration. Here we use mathematical modelling to synthesise all this complexity into a coherent theoretical framework. We illustrate our model via an online interface https://plantdiseasevectorpreference.herokuapp.com/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik J. Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Nick P. Taylor
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael J. Jeger
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
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23
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Yi G, Wu W, Wei T. Delivery of Rice Gall Dwarf Virus Into Plant Phloem by Its Leafhopper Vectors Activates Callose Deposition to Enhance Viral Transmission. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:662577. [PMID: 34025616 PMCID: PMC8132966 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) and its leafhopper vector Recilia dorsalis are plant phloem-inhabiting pests. Currently, how the delivery of plant viruses into plant phloem via piercing-sucking insects modulates callose deposition to promote viral transmission remains poorly understood. Here, we initially demonstrated that nonviruliferous R. dorsalis preferred feeding on RGDV-infected rice plants than viruliferous counterpart. Electrical penetration graph assay showed that viruliferous R. dorsalis encountered stronger physical barriers than nonviruliferous insects during feeding, finally prolonging salivary secretion and ingestion probing. Viruliferous R. dorsalis feeding induced more defense-associated callose deposition on sieve plates of rice phloem. Furthermore, RGDV infection significantly increased the cytosolic Ca2+ level in rice plants, triggering substantial callose deposition. Such a virus-mediated insect feeding behavior change potentially impedes insects from continuously ingesting phloem sap and promotes the secretion of more infectious virions from the salivary glands into rice phloem. This is the first study demonstrating that the delivery of a phloem-limited virus by piercing-sucking insects into the plant phloem activates the defense-associated callose deposition to enhance viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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24
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Abstract
Many insects harbor obligate bacterial symbionts that can be vertically transmitted to offspring by female insects through eggs. Here, we report that leafhopper vitellogenin (Vg) recognizes and binds a surface channel molecule (porin) on the envelope of obligate bacterial symbiont Nasuia, which potentially induces the opening of porin channels for Vg to access the cytoplasm of Nasuia. Thus, Vg can exploit bacterial symbionts as the independent carriers into the oocytes. Such Nasuia-carried Vg contents support efficient insect egg development. Thus, our findings indicate that insects have evolved strategies to exploit the symbionts for carrying additional Vgs to guarantee optimal insect reproduction. Many insect species, such as aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and whiteflies harbor obligate bacterial symbionts that can be transovarially transmitted to offspring through the oocytes of female insects. Whether obligate bacterial symbionts can carry important molecules/resources to the embryos to support egg development is still unknown. Here, we show that the vitellogenin (Vg) precursor of rice leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps is biosynthesized by the fat body, secreted into the hemolymph and subsequently cleaved into the 35- and 178-kDa subunits, whereas only the 178-kDa subunit is taken up by the leading end of oocytes in a receptor-dependent manner or moves into the posterior pole of the terminal oocyte in association with obligate bacterial symbiont “Candidatus Nasuia deltocephalinicola” (hereafter Nasuia) in a receptor-independent manner. Furthermore, the 178-kDa Vg subunit can directly interact with a surface channel molecule (porin) on the envelope of Nasuia, allowing Vg to enter bacterial cytoplasm. Thus, Vg can hitchhike the ancient oocyte entry path of Nasuia, the common obligate symbiont of leafhoppers. Knocking down a Nasuia growth-related protein expression or treatment with porin antibody strongly prevents the ability of Nasuia to carry Vgs into oocytes and impair insect egg development. Nasuia-carried Vgs provide at least 20% of the total Vgs in the developing eggs. We anticipate that the bacterial symbiont-mediated Vg uptake into oocytes to support efficient egg development may be a common pattern shared by many insects.
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25
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Du Z, Fu Y, Liu Y, Wang X. Transmission Characteristics of Wheat Yellow Striate Virus by its Leafhopper Vector Psammotettix alienus. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:222-226. [PMID: 31660798 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-19-0934-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wheat yellow striate virus (WYSV), which is found in wheat fields of Northwest China and transmitted by leafhopper vector Psammotettix alienus, is a tentative new species in the genus Nucleorhabdovirus. Although the insect vector and host range of WYSV have been characterized, many aspects of the acquisition and transmission processes by its insect vector have not been elucidated. Here, the transmission parameters of WYSV by P. alienus were determined using wheat cv. Yangmai 12 as the indicator plant under a controlled temperature (23 ± 1°C) and photoperiod (16 h of light). The results showed that the minimum periods for acquisition were 5 min and 10 min for inoculation access. The latent period for successful transmission was most commonly 16 to 20 days (minimum, 10 days; maximum, 22 days). The quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR results indicated that the WYSV titer increased with time after acquisition, suggesting that WYSV can replicate in P. alienus. Notably, female P. alienus transovarially transmitted the virus to next generations at relatively high efficiency. Electron microscopy of the WYSV-infected leafhopper revealed bacilliform particles aggregated in the cytoplasm of the salivary gland and midgut tissues. Our present studies suggested that acquisition and transmission of WYSV by P. alienus is consistent with a propagative, circulative, and persistent mode of transmission. Details regarding transmission competencies and distribution of WYSV in P. alienus will provide a basis for designing preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Du
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yumei Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Chen Q, Wei T. Cell Biology During Infection of Plant Viruses in Insect Vectors and Plant Hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:18-25. [PMID: 31729283 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0184-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses typically cause severe pathogenicity in plants, even resulting in the death of plants. Many pathogenic plant viruses are transmitted in a persistent manner via insect vectors. Interestingly, unlike in the plant hosts, persistent viruses are either nonpathogenic or show limited pathogenicity in their insect vectors, while taking advantage of the cellular machinery of insect vectors for completing their life cycles. This review discusses why persistent plant viruses are nonpathogenic or have limited pathogenicity to their insect vectors while being pathogenic to plants hosts. Current advances in cell biology of virus-insect vector interactions are summarized, including virus-induced inclusion bodies, changes of insect cellular ultrastructure, and immune response of insects to the viruses, especially autophagy and apoptosis. The corresponding findings of virus-plant interactions are compared. An integrated view of the balance strategy achieved by the interaction between viral attack and the immune response of insect is presented. Finally, we outline progress gaps between virus-insect and virus-plant interactions, thus highlighting the contributions of cultured cells to the cell biology of virus-insect interactions. Furthermore, future prospects of studying the cell biology of virus-vector interactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
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27
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Tian H, Chen Y, Lin S, Mao Q, Zheng N, Zhao J, Gu X, Wei H. Distribution of Pheromone Biosynthesis-Activating Neuropeptide in the Central Nervous System of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2638-2648. [PMID: 31310309 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect neuropeptides in the pyrokinin/pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) family are actively involved in many essential endocrinal functions and serve as potential targets in the search for novel insect control agents. Here, we dissect the nervous system of larval, pupal, and adult Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and describe the ganglion morphology and localization of PBAN during different insect developmental stages. Our results show that the central nervous system (CNS) of this species consists of four types of ganglia: cerebral ganglia (brain), subesophageal ganglion (SEG), thoracic ganglia, and abdominal ganglia. A two-lobed brain is connected to the reniform SEG with a nerve cord in larvae and prepupae, whereas in the late pupae and adults, the brain and SEG are fused, forming a brain-SEG complex. The larvae and prepupae have eight abdominal ganglia each, whereas the late pupae and adults each have four abdominal ganglia. Furthermore, all life stages of P. xylostella had similar patterns of PBAN immunoreactivity in the CNS, and the accumulation of PBAN was similar during all life stages except in adult males. PBAN immunoreactive signals were observed in the brain and SEG, and fluorescence signals originating in the SEG extended the entire length of the ventral nerve cord, ending in the terminal abdominal ganglia. Our results provide morphological data that inform the development and evolution of the CNS. In addition, they indicate that the nervous system contains PBAN, which could be used to control P. xylostella populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houjun Tian
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
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28
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Moeini P, Afsharifar A, Izadpanah K, Sadeghi SE, Eigenbrode SD. Maize Iranian mosaic virus (family Rhabdoviridae) improves biological traits of its vector Laodelphax striatellus. Arch Virol 2019; 165:169-178. [PMID: 31773326 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses can alter the behavior or performance of their arthropod vectors, either indirectly (through effects of virus infection on the host plant) or directly (from virus acquisition by the vector). Given the diversity of plant viruses and their arthropod vectors, the effects for any specific system are not possible to predict. Here, we present experimental evidence that acquisition of maize Iranian mosaic virus (MIMV, genus Nucleorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae) modifies the biological traits of its insect vector, the small brown planthopper (SBPH) Laodelphax striatellus. MIMV is an economically important virus of maize and several other grass species. It is transmitted by SBPHs in a persistent-propagative manner. We evaluated the effects of MIMV acquisition by SBPH on its life history when reared on healthy barley plants (Hordeum vulgare). We conclude that 1) MIMV acquisition by SBPHs increases female fecundity, duration of the nymph stage, adult longevity, and survival of SBPHs, (2) the mortality rate and female-to-male sex ratio are reduced in MIMV-infected planthoppers, and (3) MIMV infection increases the concentration of some biochemical components of the infected plants, including carbohydrates, some amino acids, and total protein, which might influence the life traits of its insect vector. The results indicate the potential of MIMV to improve the ecological fitness of its vector, SBPH, through direct or indirect effects, with the potential to increase the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Moeini
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Seyed Ebrahim Sadeghi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran
| | - Sanford D Eigenbrode
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA
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29
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Wu W, Huang L, Mao Q, Wei J, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Jia D, Wei T. Interaction of viral pathogen with porin channels on the outer membrane of insect bacterial symbionts mediates their joint transovarial transmission. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180320. [PMID: 30967020 PMCID: PMC6367154 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many hemipteran insects that can transmit plant viruses in a persistent and transovarial manner are generally associated with a common obligate bacterial symbiont Sulcia and its β-proteobacterial partner. Rice dwarf virus (RDV), a plant reovirus, can bind to the envelope of Sulcia through direct interaction of the viral minor outer capsid protein P2 with the bacterial outer membrane protein, allowing the virus to exploit the ancient oocyte entry path of Sulcia in rice leafhopper vectors. Here, we show that RDV can hitchhike with both Sulcia and its β-proteobacterial partner Nasuia to ensure their simultaneous transovarial transmission. Interestingly, RDV can move through the outer envelope of Nasuia and reside in the periplasmic space, which is mediated by the specific interaction of the viral major outer capsid protein P8 and the porin channel on the bacterial outer envelope. Nasuia porin-specific antibody efficiently interferes with the binding between RDV and the Nasuia envelope, thus strongly preventing viral transmission to insect offspring. Thus, RDV has evolved different strategies to exploit the ancient oocyte entry paths used by two obligate bacterial symbionts in rice leafhoppers. Our results thus reveal that RDV has formed complex, cooperative interactions with both Sulcia and Nasuia during their joint transovarial transmission. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhi Huang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
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30
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Mao Q, Wu W, Liao Z, Li J, Jia D, Zhang X, Chen Q, Chen H, Wei J, Wei T. Viral pathogens hitchhike with insect sperm for paternal transmission. Nat Commun 2019; 10:955. [PMID: 30814506 PMCID: PMC6393494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) can be maternally transmitted by female insects to their offspring, however, it is unknown whether male sperm can directly interact with the arbovirus and mediate its paternal transmission. Here we report that an important rice arbovirus is paternally transmitted by the male leafhoppers by hitchhiking with the sperm. The virus-sperm binding is mediated by the interaction of viral capsid protein and heparan sulfate proteoglycan on the sperm head surfaces. Mating experiments reveal that paternal virus transmission is more efficient than maternal transmission. Such paternal virus transmission scarcely affects the fitness of adult males or their offspring, and plays a pivotal role in maintenance of viral population during seasons unfavorable for rice hosts in the field. Our findings reveal that a preferred mode of vertical arbovirus transmission has been evolved by hitchhiking with insect sperm without disturbing sperm functioning, facilitating the long-term viral epidemic and persistence in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzhuo Mao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhenfeng Liao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Zhao P, Sun X, Li P, Sun J, Yue Y, Wei J, Wei T, Jia D. Infection Characteristics of Rice Stripe Mosaic Virus in the Body of the Vector Leafhoppers. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3258. [PMID: 30671049 PMCID: PMC6331539 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV), a novel species of Cytorhabdovirus, is transmitted by the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis in a persistent-propagative manner. In this study, we firstly confirmed that N protein of RSMV is a component of viroplasm and virion in vector culture cells of R. dorsalis. Confocal microscopy revealed that RSMV initially accumulated in epithelial cells of the filter chamber of R. dorsalis, from where it proceeded to the visceral muscles surrounding the filter chamber. Subsequently, RSMV spread quickly throughout the suspensory ligament to the salivary glands. Meanwhile, RSMV spread from the filter chamber to midgut, hindgut, esophagus, hemolymph, and central nervous system. We further observed that RSMV particles displayed as non-enveloped form when propagating in cytoplasm of different tissues, and became enveloped when spread within insect body by electron microscopy. Additionally, we found that the leafhopper Nephotettix virescens was also able to acquire and transmit RSMV. These results clarified the infection characteristics of RSMV in its leafhopper vectors, which will help guide the formulation of RSMV prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dongsheng Jia
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Chen Q, Zheng L, Mao Q, Liu J, Wang H, Jia D, Chen H, Wu W, Wei T. Fibrillar structures induced by a plant reovirus target mitochondria to activate typical apoptotic response and promote viral infection in insect vectors. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007510. [PMID: 30653614 PMCID: PMC6353215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous plant viruses that cause significant agricultural problems are persistently transmitted by insect vectors. We wanted to see if apoptosis was involved in viral infection process in the vector. We found that a plant reovirus (rice gall dwarf virus, RGDV) induced typical apoptotic response during viral replication in the leafhopper vector and cultured vector cells, as demonstrated by mitochondrial degeneration and membrane potential decrease. Fibrillar structures formed by nonstructural protein Pns11 of RGDV targeted the outer membrane of mitochondria, likely by interaction with an apoptosis-related mitochondrial protein in virus-infected leafhopper cells or nonvector insect cells. Such association of virus-induced fibrillar structures with mitochondria clearly led to mitochondrial degeneration and membrane potential decrease, suggesting that RGDV Pns11 was the inducer of apoptotic response in insect vectors. A caspase inhibitor treatment and knockdown of caspase gene expression using RNA interference each reduced apoptosis and viral accumulation, while the knockdown of gene expression for the inhibitor of apoptosis protein improved apoptosis and viral accumulation. Thus, RGDV exploited caspase-dependent apoptotic response to promote viral infection in insect vectors. For the first time, we directly confirmed that a nonstructural protein encoded by a persistent plant virus can induce the typical apoptotic response to benefit viral transmission by insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, PR China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jiejie Liu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
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33
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Widana Gamage SMK, Rotenberg D, Schneweis DJ, Tsai CW, Dietzgen RG. Transcriptome-wide responses of adult melon thrips (Thrips palmi) associated with capsicum chlorosis virus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208538. [PMID: 30532222 PMCID: PMC6286046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrips palmi is a widely distributed major agricultural pest in the tropics and subtropics, causing significant losses in cucurbit and solanaceous crops through feeding damage and transmission of tospoviruses. Thrips palmi is a vector of capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) in Australia. The present understanding of transmission biology and potential effects of CaCV on T. palmi is limited. To gain insights into molecular responses to CaCV infection, we performed RNA-Seq to identify thrips transcripts that are differentially-abundant during virus infection of adults. De-novo assembly of the transcriptome generated from whole bodies of T. palmi adults generated 166,445 contigs, of which ~24% contained a predicted open reading frame. We identified 1,389 differentially-expressed (DE) transcripts, with comparable numbers up- (708) and down-regulated (681) in virus-exposed thrips compared to non-exposed thrips. Approximately 59% of these DE transcripts had significant matches to NCBI non-redundant proteins (Blastx) and Blast2GO identified provisional functional categories among the up-regulated transcripts in virus-exposed thrips including innate immune response-related genes, salivary gland and/or gut-associated genes and vitellogenin genes. The majority of the immune-related proteins are known to serve functions in lysosome activity and melanisation in insects. Most of the up-regulated oral and extra-oral digestion-associated genes appear to be involved in digestion of proteins, lipids and plant cell wall components which may indirectly enhance the likelihood or frequency of virus transmission or may be involved in the regulation of host defence responses. Most of the down-regulated transcripts fell into the gene ontology functional category of 'structural constituent of cuticle'. Comparison to DE genes responsive to tomato spotted wilt virus in Frankliniella occidentalis indicates conservation of some thrips molecular responses to infection by different tospoviruses. This study assembled the first transcriptome in the genus Thrips and provides important data to broaden our understanding of networks of molecular interactions between thrips and tospoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirani M. K. Widana Gamage
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Derek J. Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Chi-Wei Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Wei J, Jia D, Mao Q, Zhang X, Chen Q, Wu W, Chen H, Wei T. Complex interactions between insect-borne rice viruses and their vectors. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 33:18-23. [PMID: 30031984 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect-borne rice viral diseases are widespread and economically important in many rice-growing countries. Long-term associations between rice viruses and their insect vectors result in evolutionary trade-offs that maintain a balance between the fitness cost of the viral infection of insects and the persistent transmission of the virus by the insect. To promote optimal replication, rice viruses activate innate immune responses, such as autophagy, apoptosis, and stress-regulated signaling pathways in the vector; meanwhile, a conserved insect small interfering RNA antiviral pathway is activated to control excessive viral replication, guaranteeing persistent virus transmission. Furthermore, growing evidence has shown that rice viruses can manipulate their vectors either directly or by inducing changes in host plants to promote the spread of viral pathogens. Thus, understanding the plant-virus-insect relationships offers important insights into how disease epidemics occur and facilitates the design of powerful new strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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35
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Mauck KE, Chesnais Q, Shapiro LR. Evolutionary Determinants of Host and Vector Manipulation by Plant Viruses. Adv Virus Res 2018; 101:189-250. [PMID: 29908590 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses possess adaptations for facilitating acquisition, retention, and inoculation by vectors. Until recently, it was hypothesized that these adaptations are limited to virus proteins that enable virions to bind to vector mouthparts or invade their internal tissues. However, increasing evidence suggests that viruses can also manipulate host plant phenotypes and vector behaviors in ways that enhance their own transmission. Manipulation of vector-host interactions occurs through virus effects on host cues that mediate vector orientation, feeding, and dispersal behaviors, and thereby, the probability of virus transmission. Effects on host phenotypes vary by pathosystem but show a remarkable degree of convergence among unrelated viruses whose transmission is favored by the same vector behaviors. Convergence based on transmission mechanism, rather than phylogeny, supports the hypothesis that virus effects are adaptive and not just by-products of infection. Based on this, it has been proposed that viruses manipulate hosts through multifunctional proteins that facilitate exploitation of host resources and elicitation of specific changes in host phenotypes. But this proposition is rarely discussed in the context of the numerous constraints on virus evolution imposed by molecular and environmental factors, which figure prominently in research on virus-host interactions not dealing with host manipulation. To explore the implications of this oversight, we synthesized available literature to identify patterns in virus effects among pathogens with shared transmission mechanisms and discussed the results of this synthesis in the context of molecular and environmental constraints on virus evolution, limitations of existing studies, and prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
| | - Quentin Chesnais
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Lan H, Hong X, Huang R, Lin X, Li Q, Li K, Zhou T. RNA interference-mediated knockdown and virus-induced suppression of Troponin C gene adversely affect the behavior or fitness of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 97:e21438. [PMID: 29193300 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, is a major rice pest in Southeast Asia and Southern China. Novel control strategies must be explored to control the rice pest. Behavior or fitness regulation of insect by modulating the Troponin C (TnC) may be a novel strategy in the comprehensive management of the insect pest. However, characterizations and functions of TnC, especially regarding effect of its RNA interference-mediated gene knockdown on the behavior or fitness of N. cincticeps remain unknown. Here, we successfully cloned and characterized TnC gene from N. cincticeps (Nc-TnC). We demonstrated that Nc-TnC ubiquitously transcribed at all development stages and special tissues in adult insects, with relative higher levels at the adult stage and in the intestinal canal. Microinjection- or oral membrane feeding-based transient knockdown of Nc-TnC adversely affected the performance or fitness, such as the decreased survival, feeding capacity, weight, and fecundity of N. cincticeps. Furthermore, we revealed that the expression of Nc-TnC was suppressed by its interaction with rice dwarf virus-encoded nonstructural protein 10, which ultimately affected detrimentally the corresponding parameters of the performance or fitness of N. cincticeps. In conclusion, our data deepen understanding of Nc-TnC functions during the development of and viral infection in N. cincticeps. It imply Nc-TnC may serve as a potential target for N. cincticeps control in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhong Lan
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Hong
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, PR China
| | - Ranran Huang
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Lin
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, PR China
| | - Qinghuang Li
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaihui Li
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, PR China
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Liu Y, Mao Q, Lan H, Wang H, Wei T, Chen Q. Investigation of alimentary canal ultrastructure following knockdown of the Dicer-2 gene in planthoppers reveals the potential pathogenicity of southern rice black streaked dwarf virus to its insect vector. Virus Res 2018; 244:117-127. [PMID: 29141205 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies are suggesting that plant viruses, including southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), can adversely affect biological characteristics of insect vectors by unknown mechanisms. To study the adverse effect of SRBSDV at cellular level on the insect vector, we promoted viral infection by the disruption of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway. The transmission electron microscopy was utilized to describe the ultrastructural changes that occurred in insects when the core component of the siRNA pathway, Dicer-2, was knocked down. The increasing accumulation of SRBSDV in virus-infected vector, the white-backed planthoppers, caused severe cytopathology in the alimentary canal. Similar cytopathology changes in the midgut ultrastructure were characterized in the virus-infected incompetent vector, the small brown planthopper. These results not only add support to the existing evidence suggesting that the siRNA pathway has an antiviral effect, but also reveal the universal and potential ability of SRBSDV to cause damage to the insect tissues of both the vector and non-vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Liu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Hanhong Lan
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.
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38
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Eigenbrode SD, Bosque-Pérez NA, Davis TS. Insect-Borne Plant Pathogens and Their Vectors: Ecology, Evolution, and Complex Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:169-191. [PMID: 28968147 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of insect-borne plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, phytoplasmas, and fungi depends upon the abundance and behavior of their vectors. These pathogens should therefore be selected to influence their vectors to enhance their transmission, either indirectly, through the infected host plant, or directly, after acquisition of the pathogen by the vector. Accumulating evidence provides partial support for the occurrence of vector manipulation by plant pathogens, especially for plant viruses, for which a theoretical framework can explain patterns in the specific effects on vector behavior and performance depending on their modes of transmission. The variability in effects of pathogens on their vectors, however, suggests inconsistency in the occurrence of vector manipulation but also may reflect incomplete information about these systems. For example, manipulation can occur through combinations of specific effects, including direct and indirect effects on performance and behavior, and dynamics in those effects with disease progression or pathogen acquisition that together constitute syndromes that promote pathogen spread. Deciphering the prevalence and forms of vector manipulation by plant pathogens remains a compelling field of inquiry, but gaps and opportunities to advance it remain. A proposed research agenda includes examining vector manipulation syndromes comprehensively within pathosystems, expanding the taxonomic and genetic breadth of the systems studied, evaluating dynamic effects that occur during disease progression, incorporating the influence of biotic and abiotic environmental factors, evaluating the effectiveness of putative manipulation syndromes under field conditions, deciphering chemical and molecular mechanisms whereby pathogens can influence vectors, expanding the use of evolutionary and epidemiological models, and seeking opportunities to exploit these effects to improve management of insect-borne, economically important plant pathogens. We expect this field to remain vibrant and productive in its own right and as part of a wider inquiry concerning host and vector manipulation by plant and animal pathogens and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanford D Eigenbrode
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2329; ,
| | - Nilsa A Bosque-Pérez
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2329; ,
| | - Thomas S Davis
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1472;
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39
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Yang X, Zhang T, Chen B, Zhou G. Transmission Biology of Rice Stripe Mosaic Virus by an Efficient Insect Vector Recilia dorsalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2457. [PMID: 29312171 PMCID: PMC5732235 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV) is a newly discovered species of cytorhabdovirus infecting rice plants that is transmitted by the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis. In this study, the transmission characteristics of RSMV by R. dorsalis were investigated. Under suitable growth conditions for R. dorsalis, the RSMV acquisition rate reached 71.9% in the second-generation population raised on RSMV-infected rice plants. The minimum acquisition and inoculation access periods of R. dorsalis were 3 and 30 min, respectively. The minimum and maximum latent transmission periods of RSMV in R. dorsalis were 6 and 18 d, respectively, and some R. dorsalis intermittently transmitted RSMV at 2-6 d intervals. Our findings revealed that the virus can replicate in the leafhopper body, but is likely not transovarially transmitted to offspring. These transmission characteristics will help guide the formulation of RSMV prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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40
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Chen Y, Chen Q, Li M, Mao Q, Chen H, Wu W, Jia D, Wei T. Autophagy pathway induced by a plant virus facilitates viral spread and transmission by its insect vector. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006727. [PMID: 29125860 PMCID: PMC5708841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viral pathogens are persistently transmitted by insect vectors and cause agricultural or health problems. Generally, an insect vector can use autophagy as an intrinsic antiviral defense mechanism against viral infection. Whether viruses can evolve to exploit autophagy to promote their transmission by insect vectors is still unknown. Here, we show that the autophagic process is triggered by the persistent replication of a plant reovirus, rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) in cultured leafhopper vector cells and in intact insects, as demonstrated by the appearance of obvious virus-containing double-membrane autophagosomes, conversion of ATG8-I to ATG8-II and increased level of autophagic flux. Such virus-containing autophagosomes seem able to mediate nonlytic viral release from cultured cells or facilitate viral spread in the leafhopper intestine. Applying the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or silencing the expression of Atg5 significantly decrease viral spread in vitro and in vivo, whereas applying the autophagy inducer rapamycin or silencing the expression of Torc1 facilitate such viral spread. Furthermore, we find that activation of autophagy facilitates efficient viral transmission, whereas inhibiting autophagy blocks viral transmission by its insect vector. Together, these results indicate a plant virus can induce the formation of autophagosomes for carrying virions, thus facilitating viral spread and transmission by its insect vector. We believe that such a role for virus-induced autophagy is common for vector-borne persistent viruses during their transmission by insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Manman Li
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
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Wang Q, Han N, Dang C, Lu Z, Wang F, Yao H, Peng Y, Stanley D, Ye G. Combined influence of Bt rice and rice dwarf virus on biological parameters of a non-target herbivore, Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181258. [PMID: 28753622 PMCID: PMC5533439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of genetically modified (GM) Bt rice creates the possibility of interactions among Bt crops, crop pathogens and non-target herbivores. In particular, information on how pathogen-infected Bt-expressing plants will influence non-target herbivores is necessary to predict the sustainability of GM cropping systems. Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the potential combined impacts of rice dwarf virus (RDV) and two Bt rice lines, T1C-19 (Cry1C) and T2A-1 (Cry2A), on non-target green rice leafhopper (GRLH), Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). In the first experiment, GRLHs feeding preference tests on Bt rice lines compared to a parental control rice line, MH63, were conducted. As rice plants were uninfected with RDV, GRLHs generally preferred the control MH63 line over the two Bt lines during the initial 8 h, with no significant preference during the following 64 h. As rice plants were infected with RDV, there were no clear preferences between the Bt rice lines and the control MH63 line. In the second experiment, we assessed the combined influence of RDV-infection status and Bt rice lines on GRLH biological parameters. Egg duration, adult weights, and male adult longevity were significantly affected on RDV-infected Bt rice. Other parameters, egg hatching rate, nymph survival and fecundity were not significantly influenced. We infer that interaction effect among two testing Bt rice lines and RDV will not lead to enlarged pest populations, thus demonstrating that growing these two Bt rice lines will poses negligible risk to GRLH in sustainable rice agroecosystems. Long-term field experiments to monitor the population dynamics of GRLHs at large scale need to be carried out to confirm the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Naishun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zengbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia MO, United States of America
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Liao Z, Mao Q, Li J, Lu C, Wu W, Chen H, Chen Q, Jia D, Wei T. Virus-Induced Tubules: A Vehicle for Spread of Virions into Ovary Oocyte Cells of an Insect Vector. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:475. [PMID: 28382031 PMCID: PMC5360704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many arthropod-borne viruses are persistently propagated and transovarially transmitted by female insect vectors through eggs, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. Insect oocytes are surrounded by a layer of follicular cells, which are connected to the oocyte through actin-based microvilli. Here, we demonstrate that a plant reovirus, rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV), exploits virus-containing tubules composed of viral non-structural protein Pns11 to pass through actin-based junctions between follicular cells or through actin-based microvilli from follicular cells into oocyte of its leafhopper vector Recilia dorsalis, thus overcoming transovarial transmission barriers. We further determine that the association of Pns11 tubules with actin-based cellular junctions or microvilli of the ovary is mediated by a specific interaction between Pns11 and actin. Interestingly, RGDV can replicate and assemble progeny virions in the oocyte cytoplasm. The destruction of the tubule assembly by RNA interference with synthesized double-stranded RNA targeting the Pns11 gene strongly inhibits transovarial transmission of RGDV by its vectors. For the first time, we show that a virus can exploit virus-induced tubule as a vehicle to overcome the transovarial transmission barrier by insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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Mauck KE. Variation in virus effects on host plant phenotypes and insect vector behavior: what can it teach us about virus evolution? Curr Opin Virol 2016; 21:114-123. [PMID: 27644035 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection can elicit changes in host plant cues that mediate vector orientation, feeding, and dispersal. Given the importance of plant cues for vector-mediated virus transmission, it is unlikely that selection is blind to these effects. Indeed, there are many examples of viruses altering plant cues in ways that should enhance transmission. However, there are also examples of viruses inducing transmission-limiting plant phenotypes. These apparently mal-adaptive effects occur when viruses experience host plant environments that also limit infectivity or within-host multiplication. The apparent link between virus effects and pathology argues for consideration of prior evolutionary relationships between viruses and host plants in order to understand how viruses might evolve to manipulate vector behavior via effects on host plant cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Rice reoviruses, transmitted by leafhopper or planthopper vectors in a persistent propagative manner, seriously threaten the stability of rice production in Asia. Understanding the mechanisms that enable viral transmission by insect vectors is a key to controlling these viral diseases. This review describes current understanding of replication cycles of rice reoviruses in vector cell lines, transmission barriers, and molecular determinants of vector competence and persistent infection. Despite recent breakthroughs, such as the discoveries of actin-based tubule motility exploited by viruses to overcome transmission barriers and mutually beneficial relationships between viruses and bacterial symbionts, there are still many gaps in our knowledge of transmission mechanisms. Advances in genome sequencing, reverse genetics systems, and molecular technologies will help to address these problems. Investigating the multiple interaction systems among the virus, insect vector, insect symbiont, and plant during natural infection in the field is a central topic for future research on rice reoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China;
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China;
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