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McCoy AG, Belanger RR, Bradley CA, Cerritos-Garcia DG, Garnica VC, Giesler LJ, Grijalba PE, Guillin E, Henriquez MA, Kim YM, Malvick DK, Matthiesen RL, Mideros SX, Noel ZA, Robertson AE, Roth MG, Schmidt CL, Smith DL, Sparks AH, Telenko DEP, Tremblay V, Wally O, Chilvers MI. A global-temporal analysis on Phytophthora sojae resistance-gene efficacy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6043. [PMID: 37758723 PMCID: PMC10533513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant disease resistance genes are widely used in agriculture to reduce disease outbreaks and epidemics and ensure global food security. In soybean, Rps (Resistance to Phytophthora sojae) genes are used to manage Phytophthora sojae, a major oomycete pathogen that causes Phytophthora stem and root rot (PRR) worldwide. This study aims to identify temporal changes in P. sojae pathotype complexity, diversity, and Rps gene efficacy. Pathotype data was collected from 5121 isolates of P. sojae, derived from 29 surveys conducted between 1990 and 2019 across the United States, Argentina, Canada, and China. This systematic review shows a loss of efficacy of specific Rps genes utilized for disease management and a significant increase in the pathotype diversity of isolates over time. This study finds that the most widely deployed Rps genes used to manage PRR globally, Rps1a, Rps1c and Rps1k, are no longer effective for PRR management in the United States, Argentina, and Canada. This systematic review emphasizes the need to widely introduce new sources of resistance to P. sojae, such as Rps3a, Rps6, or Rps11, into commercial cultivars to effectively manage PRR going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Guillin
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Yong Min Kim
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam H Sparks
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA, Australia
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | - Owen Wally
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
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2
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Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Tian Q, Zeng D, Xu M, Wang Y, Dong S, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zheng X, Ye W. Fusarium-produced vitamin B 6 promotes the evasion of soybean resistance by Phytophthora sojae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2204-2217. [PMID: 37171031 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be infected by multiple pathogens concurrently in natural systems. However, pathogen-pathogen interactions have rarely been studied. In addition to the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, fungi such as Fusarium spp. also cause soybean root rot. In a 3-year field investigation, we discovered that P. sojae and Fusarium spp. frequently coexisted in diseased soybean roots. Out of 336 P. sojae-soybean-Fusarium combinations, more than 80% aggravated disease. Different Fusarium species all enhanced P. sojae infection when co-inoculated on soybean. Treatment with Fusarium secreted non-proteinaceous metabolites had an effect equal to the direct pathogen co-inoculation. By screening a Fusarium graminearum mutant library, we identified Fusarium promoting factor of Phytophthora sojae infection 1 (Fpp1), encoding a zinc alcohol dehydrogenase. Fpp1 is functionally conserved in Fusarium and contributes to metabolite-mediated infection promotion, in which vitamin B6 (VB6) produced by Fusarium is key. Transcriptional and functional analyses revealed that Fpp1 regulates two VB6 metabolism genes, and VB6 suppresses expression of soybean disease resistance-related genes. These results reveal that co-infection with Fusarium promotes loss of P. sojae resistance in soybean, information that will inform the sustainable use of disease-resistant crop varieties and provide new strategies to control soybean root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dandan Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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3
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Hou X, He Z, Che Z, Li H, Tan X, Wang Q. Molecular mechanisms of Phytophthora sojae avirulence effectors escaping host recognition. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1111774. [PMID: 36699593 PMCID: PMC9868715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a well-known destructive oomycete pathogen, which causes soybean stem and root rot and poses a serious threat to global food security. Growing soybean cultivars with the appropriate resistance to P. sojae (Rps) genes are the primary management strategy to reduce losses. In most Phytophthora pathosystems, host resistance protein encoded by a specific R gene in the plant recognizes corresponding RxLR effector protein, encoded by an avirulence gene. This gene-for-gene relationship has been exploited to help breeders and agronomists deploy soybean cultivars. To date, 6 Rps genes have been incorporated into commercial soybean germplasm and trigger plant immunity in response to 8 P. sojae avirulence effectors. The incorporation of Rps genes in the soybean population creates selection pressure in favor of novel pathotypes of P. sojae. The 8 avirulence genes evolved to evade the host immune system, driven by genetic selection pressures. Understanding the evading strategies has important reference value for the prevention and control of Phytophthora stem and root rot. This investigation primarily highlights the research on the strategies of P. sojae avirulence effector evasion of host recognition, looking forward to creating durable resistance genes and thereby enabling successful disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zheng He
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhengzheng Che
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Hengjing Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xinwei Tan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Qunqing Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China,*Correspondence: Qunqing Wang,
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4
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Wang Z, Lv X, Wang R, He Z, Feng W, Liu W, Yang C, Wang Z, Ke Q, Tao K, Chen Q. Use of oxathiapiprolin for controlling soybean root rot caused by Phytophthora sojae: efficacy and mechanism of action. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:381-390. [PMID: 36168957 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxathiapiprolin is a new isoxazoline fungicide developed by DuPont to control oomycete diseases. Although oxathiapiprolin has shown strong inhibitory activity against oomycete pathogens, little is known about its ability to control Phytophthora sojae. RESULTS Oxathiapiprolin showed high inhibitory activity against Phytophthora sojae, with 50% effective concentration (EC50 ) values ranging from 1.15 × 10-4 to 4.43 × 10-3 μg mL-1 . Oxathiapiprolin inhibited various stages of Phytophthora sojae development, including mycelial growth, sporangium formation, oospore production, and zoospore release. Electron microscopy studies revealed that oxathiapiprolin caused severe morphological and ultrastructural damage to Phytophthora sojae. Oxathiapiprolin affected the cell membrane and wall of Phytophthora sojae, making it more sensitive to osmotic and cell wall stress. Oxathiapiprolin exhibited translocation activity; it was absorbed by soybean roots and then translocated to the leaves. It was effective at reducing soybean Phytophthora root rot under glasshouse and field conditions. Both fungicide seed treatment and foliar spray significantly reduced disease incidence and yield losses compared with untreated controls in the field. CONCLUSION Oxathiapiprolin exhibits high inhibitory activity against Phytophthora sojae, and has multiple mechanisms of action including severe mycelial damage and modulation of osmotic and cell wall stress. These results indicate that oxathiapiprolin can be used at low concentrations for highly effective management of soybean Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora sojae. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology, and Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology, and Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zibin He
- Crop Division, Zhangzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Wanzhen Feng
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology, and Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chenxiao Yang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qihan Ke
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Kezhu Tao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Chandra S, Choudhary M, Bagaria PK, Nataraj V, Kumawat G, Choudhary JR, Sonah H, Gupta S, Wani SH, Ratnaparkhe MB. Progress and prospectus in genetics and genomics of Phytophthora root and stem rot resistance in soybean ( Glycine max L.). Front Genet 2022; 13:939182. [PMID: 36452161 PMCID: PMC9702362 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean is one of the largest sources of protein and oil in the world and is also considered a "super crop" due to several industrial advantages. However, enhanced acreage and adoption of monoculture practices rendered the crop vulnerable to several diseases. Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRSR) caused by Phytophthora sojae is one of the most prevalent diseases adversely affecting soybean production globally. Deployment of genetic resistance is the most sustainable approach for avoiding yield losses due to this disease. PRSR resistance is complex in nature and difficult to address by conventional breeding alone. Genetic mapping through a cost-effective sequencing platform facilitates identification of candidate genes and associated molecular markers for genetic improvement against PRSR. Furthermore, with the help of novel genomic approaches, identification and functional characterization of Rps (resistance to Phytophthora sojae) have also progressed in the recent past, and more than 30 Rps genes imparting complete resistance to different PRSR pathotypes have been reported. In addition, many genomic regions imparting partial resistance have also been identified. Furthermore, the adoption of emerging approaches like genome editing, genomic-assisted breeding, and genomic selection can assist in the functional characterization of novel genes and their rapid introgression for PRSR resistance. Hence, in the near future, soybean growers will likely witness an increase in production by adopting PRSR-resistant cultivars. This review highlights the progress made in deciphering the genetic architecture of PRSR resistance, genomic advances, and future perspectives for the deployment of PRSR resistance in soybean for the sustainable management of PRSR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pravin K. Bagaria
- Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | | | | | | | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, India
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Lin F, Chhapekar SS, Vieira CC, Da Silva MP, Rojas A, Lee D, Liu N, Pardo EM, Lee YC, Dong Z, Pinheiro JB, Ploper LD, Rupe J, Chen P, Wang D, Nguyen HT. Breeding for disease resistance in soybean: a global perspective. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3773-3872. [PMID: 35790543 PMCID: PMC9729162 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This review provides a comprehensive atlas of QTLs, genes, and alleles conferring resistance to 28 important diseases in all major soybean production regions in the world. Breeding disease-resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties is a common goal for soybean breeding programs to ensure the sustainability and growth of soybean production worldwide. However, due to global climate change, soybean breeders are facing strong challenges to defeat diseases. Marker-assisted selection and genomic selection have been demonstrated to be successful methods in quickly integrating vertical resistance or horizontal resistance into improved soybean varieties, where vertical resistance refers to R genes and major effect QTLs, and horizontal resistance is a combination of major and minor effect genes or QTLs. This review summarized more than 800 resistant loci/alleles and their tightly linked markers for 28 soybean diseases worldwide, caused by nematodes, oomycetes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The major breakthroughs in the discovery of disease resistance gene atlas of soybean were also emphasized which include: (1) identification and characterization of vertical resistance genes reside rhg1 and Rhg4 for soybean cyst nematode, and exploration of the underlying regulation mechanisms through copy number variation and (2) map-based cloning and characterization of Rps11 conferring resistance to 80% isolates of Phytophthora sojae across the USA. In this review, we also highlight the validated QTLs in overlapping genomic regions from at least two studies and applied a consistent naming nomenclature for these QTLs. Our review provides a comprehensive summary of important resistant genes/QTLs and can be used as a toolbox for soybean improvement. Finally, the summarized genetic knowledge sheds light on future directions of accelerated soybean breeding and translational genomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Sushil Satish Chhapekar
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Caio Canella Vieira
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873 USA
| | - Marcos Paulo Da Silva
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Alejandro Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Dongho Lee
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873 USA
| | - Nianxi Liu
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun,, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Esteban Mariano Pardo
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA) [Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)], Av. William Cross 3150, C.P. T4101XAC, Las Talitas, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873 USA
| | - Zhimin Dong
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun,, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Jose Baldin Pinheiro
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ/USP), PO Box 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Leonardo Daniel Ploper
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA) [Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)], Av. William Cross 3150, C.P. T4101XAC, Las Talitas, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - John Rupe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873 USA
| | - Dechun Wang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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7
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Vargas A, Paul PA, Winger J, Balk CS, Eyre M, Clevinger B, Noggle S, Dorrance AE. Oxathiapiprolin Alone or Mixed with Metalaxyl Seed Treatment for Management of Soybean Seedling Diseases Caused by Species of Phytophthora, Phytopythium, and Pythium. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2127-2137. [PMID: 35133185 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-1952-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Species of Phytophthora, Phytopythium, and Pythium affect soybean seed and seedlings each year, primarily through reduced plant populations and yield. Oxathiapiprolin is effective at managing several foliar diseases caused by some oomycetes. The objectives of these studies were to evaluate oxathiapiprolin in a discriminatory dose assay in vitro; evaluate oxathiapiprolin as a soybean seed treatment on a moderately susceptible cultivar in 10 environments; compare the impact of seed treatment on plant populations and yields in environments with low and high precipitation; and compare a seed treatment mixture on cultivars with different levels of resistance in four environments. There was no reduction in growth in vitro among 13 species of Pythium at 0.1 µg ml-1. Soybean seed treated with the base fungicide plus oxathiapiprolin (12 and 24 µg a.i. seed-1) alone, oxathiapiprolin (12 µg a.i. seed-1) plus mefenoxam (6 µg a.i. seed-1), or oxathiapiprolin (24 µg a.i. seed-1) plus ethaboxam (12.1 µg a.i. seed-1) had greater yields in environments that received ≥50 mm of precipitation within 14 days after planting compared with those that received less. Early plant population and yield were significantly higher for seed treated with oxathiapiprolin (24 µg a.i. seed-1) + metalaxyl (13.2 µg a.i. seed-1) compared with nontreated for six of seven cultivars in at least one of four environments. Oxathiapiprolin combined with another Oomycota fungicide applied to seed has the potential to be used to protect soybean plant establishment and yield in regions prone to poor drainage after high levels of precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilcar Vargas
- Former Graduate Research Associates, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Pierce A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Jonell Winger
- Former Graduate Research Associates, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Christine Susan Balk
- Former Graduate Research Associates, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Meredith Eyre
- Former Graduate Research Associates, Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Bruce Clevinger
- Department of Extension, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sarah Noggle
- Department of Extension, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Anne E Dorrance
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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8
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Karhoff S, Vargas-Garcia C, Lee S, Mian MAR, Graham MA, Dorrance AE, McHale LK. Identification of Candidate Genes for a Major Quantitative Disease Resistance Locus From Soybean PI 427105B for Resistance to Phytophthora sojae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893652. [PMID: 35774827 PMCID: PMC9237613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot is a yield-limiting soybean disease caused by the soil-borne oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Although multiple quantitative disease resistance loci (QDRL) have been identified, most explain <10% of the phenotypic variation (PV). The major QDRL explaining up to 45% of the PV were previously identified on chromosome 18 and represent a valuable source of resistance for soybean breeding programs. Resistance alleles from plant introductions 427105B and 427106 significantly increase yield in disease-prone fields and result in no significant yield difference in fields with less to no disease pressure. In this study, high-resolution mapping reduced the QDRL interval to 3.1 cm, and RNA-seq analysis of near-isogenic lines (NILs) varying at QDRL-18 pinpointed a single gene of interest which was downregulated in inoculated NILs carrying the resistant allele compared to inoculated NILs with the susceptible allele. This gene of interest putatively encodes a serine-threonine kinase (STK) related to the AtCR4 family and may be acting as a susceptibility factor, based on the specific increase of jasmonic acid concentration in inoculated NILs. This work facilitates further functional analyses and marker-assisted breeding efforts by prioritizing candidate genes and narrowing the targeted region for introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Karhoff
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christian Vargas-Garcia
- Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sungwoo Lee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - M. A. Rouf Mian
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Research Unit, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Michelle A. Graham
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Resources Unit, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anne E. Dorrance
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Leah K. McHale
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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9
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Arsenault‐Labrecque G, Santhanam P, Asselin Y, Cinget B, Lebreton A, Labbé C, Belzile F, Gijzen M, Bélanger RR. RXLR effector gene Avr3a from Phytophthora sojae is recognized by Rps8 in soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:693-706. [PMID: 35150190 PMCID: PMC8995065 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of resistance genes in elite soybean cultivars is one of the most widely used methods to manage Phytophthora sojae. This method relies on effector-triggered immunity, where a Resistant to P. sojae (Rps) gene product from the plant recognizes a specific effector from the pathogen, encoded by an avirulence (Avr) gene. Many Avr genes from P. sojae have been identified in the last decade, allowing a better exploitation of this type of resistance. The objective of the present study was to identify the Avr gene triggering immunity derived from the soybean resistance gene Rps8. The analysis of a segregating F2 progeny coupled with a genotyping-by-sequencing approach led to the identification of a putative Avr8 locus. The investigation of this locus using whole-genome sequencing data from 31 isolates of P. sojae identified Avr3a as the likely candidate for Avr8. Long-read sequencing also revealed that P. sojae isolates can carry up to five copies of the Avr3a gene, compared to the four previously reported. Haplotype and transcriptional analyses showed that amino acid changes and absence of Avr3a transcripts from P. sojae isolates caused changes in virulence towards Rps8. Functional analyses using CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and constitutive expression demonstrated that Rps8 interacted with Avr3a. We also showed that a specific allele of Avr3a is recognized by Rps3a but not Rps8. While Rps3a and Rps8 have been previously described as closely linked, this is the first report of a clear distinction hitherto undefined between these two resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanick Asselin
- Department of PhytologyUniversité LavalQuébecQuébecCanada
| | | | | | - Caroline Labbé
- Department of PhytologyUniversité LavalQuébecQuébecCanada
| | | | - Mark Gijzen
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondonOntarioCanada
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10
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Khatri P, Wally O, Rajcan I, Dhaubhadel S. Comprehensive Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases Reveals Insight Into Their Role in Partial Resistance Against Phytophthora sojae in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862314. [PMID: 35498648 PMCID: PMC9048032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) participate in the catalytic conversion of biological compounds in a plethora of metabolic pathways, such as the biosynthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and hormones in plants. Plants utilize these metabolites for growth and defense against biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, we identified 346 P450 (GmP450) enzymes encoded by 317 genes in soybean where 26 GmP450 genes produced splice variants. The genome-wide comparison of both A-type and non-A-type GmP450s for their motifs composition, gene structure, tissue-specific expression, and their chromosomal distribution were determined. Even though conserved P450 signature motifs were found in all GmP450 families, larger variation within a specific motif was observed in the non-A-type GmP450s as compared with the A-type. Here, we report that the length of variable region between two conserved motifs is exact in the members of the same family in majority of the A-type GmP450. Analyses of the transcriptomic datasets from soybean-Phytophthora sojae interaction studies, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with P. sojae resistance, and co-expression analysis identified some GmP450s that may be, in part, play an important role in partial resistance against P. sojae. The findings of our CYPome study provides novel insights into the functions of GmP450s and their involvements in metabolic pathways in soybean. Further experiments will elucidate their roles in general and legume-specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Khatri
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Owen Wally
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Istvan Rajcan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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11
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Hebb LM, Bradley CA, Mideros SX, Telenko DEP, Wise K, Dorrance AE. Pathotype Complexity and Genetic Characterization of Phytophthora sojae Populations in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:663-681. [PMID: 34289716 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-20-0561-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae, the causal agent of Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean, has been managed with single Rps genes since the 1960s but has subsequently adapted to many of these resistance genes, rendering them ineffective. The objective of this study was to examine the pathotype and genetic diversity of P. sojae from soil samples across Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio by assessing which Rps genes were still effective and identifying possible population clusters. There were 218 pathotypes identified from 473 P. sojae isolates with an average of 6.7 out of 15 differential soybean lines exhibiting a susceptible response for each isolate. Genetic characterization of 103 P. sojae isolates from across Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio with 19 simple sequence repeat markers identified 92 multilocus genotypes. There was a moderate level of population differentiation between these four states, with pairwise FST values ranging from 0.026 to 0.246. There were also moderate to high levels of differentiation between fields, with pairwise FST values ranging from 0.071 to 0.537. Additionally, cluster analysis detected the presence of P. sojae population structure across neighboring states. The level of pathotype and genetic diversity, in addition to the identification of population clusters, supports the hypothesis of occasional outcrossing events that allow an increase in diversity and the potential to select for a loss in avirulence to specific resistance genes within regions. The trend of suspected gene flow among neighboring fields is expected to be an ongoing issue with current agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Hebb
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Center for Soybean Research, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Carl A Bradley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Grain and Forage Center of Excellence, Princeton, KY 40546
| | | | - Darcy E P Telenko
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kiersten Wise
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Grain and Forage Center of Excellence, Princeton, KY 40546
| | - Anne E Dorrance
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Center for Soybean Research, Wooster, OH 44691
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12
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McCoy AG, Noel ZA, Jacobs JL, Clouse KM, Chilvers MI. Phytophthora sojae Pathotype Distribution and Fungicide Sensitivity in Michigan. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:425-431. [PMID: 34184554 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0443-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the pathotype structure of a Phytophthora sojae population is crucial for the effective management of Phytophthora stem and root rot of soybean (PRR). P. sojae has been successfully managed with major resistance genes, partial resistance, and fungicide seed treatments. However, prolonged use of resistance genes or fungicides can cause pathogen populations to adapt over time, rendering resistance genes or fungicides ineffective. A statewide survey was conducted to characterize this pathotype structure and fungicide sensitivity of P. sojae within Michigan. Soil samples were collected from 69 fields with a history of PRR and fields having consistent plant stand establishment issues. Eighty-three isolates of P. sojae were obtained, and hypocotyl inoculations were performed on 14 differential soybean cultivars, all of which carry a single Rps gene or no resistance gene. The survey identified a loss of effectiveness of Rps genes 1b, 1k, 3b, and 6, compared with a previous survey conducted in Michigan from 1993 to 1997. Three effective resistance genes were identified for P. sojae management in Michigan; Rps 3a, 3c, and 4. Additionally, the effective concentration of common seed treatment fungicides to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (EC50) was determined. No P. sojae isolates were insensitive to the tested chemistries with mean EC50 values of 2.60 × 10-2 μg/ml for ethaboxam, 3.03 × 10-2 μg/ml for mefenoxam, 2.88 × 10-4 μg/ml for oxathiapiprolin, and 5.08 × 10-2 μg/ml for pyraclostrobin. Results suggest that while there has been a significant shift in Rps gene effectiveness, seed treatments are still effective for early season management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin G McCoy
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Zachary A Noel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Janette L Jacobs
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Kayla M Clouse
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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13
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Hu Y, He Z, Kang Y, Cui L. Mutations in the Promoter and Coding Regions of Avr3a Cause Gain of Virulence of Phytophthora sojae to Rps3a in Soybean. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:759196. [PMID: 34858371 PMCID: PMC8632523 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.759196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae threatens soybean production worldwide, and the cultivation of soybean cultivars carrying Rps genes is the most effective way to control this pathogen. However, DNA mutations in the Avr genes of P. sojae can escape recognization of the corresponding Rps genes, leading to the loss of soybean resistance. In this study, we investigated sequence polymorphism and transcript level of the Avr3a gene in Chinese isolates of P. sojae. Twenty-four mutations resulting in five unique Avr3a alleles were discovered in the Avr3a coding region from 32 P. sojae isolates. The Avr3a transcripts were detectable in the isolates containing Avr3a(I), Avr3a(II), Avr3a(III), and Avr3a(IV) but not in the isolates containing Avr3a(V). Promoter and 5'-UTR sequence analysis revealed eight unique mutations in the promoter region of Avr3a(V), suggesting that the mutations could result in the loss of Avr3a(V) transcription. Virulence tests indicated the isolates containing Avr3a(II) and Avr3a(IV) were virulent, suggesting that the mutations in the coding regions of Avr3a(II) and Avr3a(IV) caused the gain of virulence to Rps3a. Based on DNA mutations of Avr3a in virulent alleles, two SNP markers and one PCR-based marker were developed successfully for detecting the virulence of P. sojae isolates to Rps3a. These findings provide new insights into escape mechanisms of Avr3a and effective support for accurate pathotype identification of P. sojae using molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Hu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhihua He
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yebin Kang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Linkai Cui
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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14
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Chen L, Wang W, Ping J, Fitzgerald JC, Cai G, Clark CB, Aggarwal R, Ma J. Identification and molecular mapping of Rps14, a gene conferring broad-spectrum resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3863-3872. [PMID: 34370048 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A soybean landrace carries broad-spectrum resistance to Phytophthora sojae, which is conferred by a single gene, designated Rps14, on the short arm of chromosome 3. Phytophthora sojae is the causative agent for Phytophthora root and stem rot in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and can be managed by deployment of resistance to P. sojae (Rps) genes. PI 340,029 is a soybean landrace carrying broad-spectrum resistance to the pathogen. Analysis of an F2 population derived from a cross between PI 340,029 and a susceptible cultivar 'Williams' reveals that the resistance to P. sojae race 1 is conferred by a single gene, designated Rps14, which was initially mapped to a 4.5-cM region on the short arm of chromosome 3 by bulked segregant analysis (BSA), and subsequently narrowed to a 1.48 cM region corresponding to 229-kb in the Williams 82 reference genome (Wm82 v2.a1), using F3:4 families derived from the F2 population. Further analysis indicates that the broad-spectrum resistance carried by PI 340,029 is fully attributable to Rps14. The genomic sequences corresponding to the defined Rps14 region from a set of diverse soybean varieties exhibit drastic NBS-LRR gene copy number variation, ranging from 3 to 17 copies. Ultimate isolation of Rps14 would be critical for precise selection and deployment of the gene for soybean protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jieqing Ping
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Seed Technologies and Analytics, BASF Corporation, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Joshua C Fitzgerald
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Centers, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Warsaw, VA, 22572, USA
| | - Guohong Cai
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, USDA, ARS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chancelor B Clark
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Rajat Aggarwal
- Research and Development, Corteva AgriscienceTM, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA.
| | - Jianxin Ma
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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15
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Tremblay V, McLaren DL, Kim YM, Strelkov SE, Conner RL, Wally O, Bélanger RR. Molecular Assessment of Pathotype Diversity of Phytophthora sojae in Canada Highlights Declining Sources of Resistance in Soybean. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:4006-4013. [PMID: 34161124 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0762-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale deployment of resistance to Phytophthora sojae (Rps) genes in soybean has led to the rapid evolution of the virulence profile (pathotype) of P. sojae populations. Determining the pathotypes of P. sojae isolates is important in selecting soybean germplasm carrying the proper Rps, but this process is fastidious and requires specific expertise. In this work, we used a molecular assay to assess the pathotypes of P. sojae isolates obtained throughout the provinces of Québec, Ontario, and Manitoba. In preliminary assays, the molecular tool showed equivalent prediction of the pathotypes as a phenotyping assay and proved to be much faster to apply while eliminating intermediate values. Upon analysis of nearly 300 isolates, 24 different pathotypes were detected in Québec and Ontario, compared with only eight in Manitoba, where soybean culture is more recent. Pathotypes 1a, 1c, and 1d was predominant in Québec, while 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and 1k pathotypes were the most common in Manitoba. Overall, the results showed that 98 and 86% of the isolates carried pathotype 1a or 1c, respectively, suggesting that Rps1a and Rps1c were no longer effective in Canada. Based on the history of soybean varieties used in surveyed fields, it was found that 84% of them contained Rps genes that were no longer resistant against the pathotypes of the isolates found in the fields. While highlighting an easier and more precise option to assess pathotypes, this study presents the first pan-Canadian survey of P. sojae and stresses the importance of carefully managing the declining sources of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Innovation des Végétaux, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Debra L McLaren
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon Research and Development Centre, Brandon, Manitoba, R7A 5Y3 Canada
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon Research and Development Centre, Brandon, Manitoba, R7A 5Y3 Canada
| | - Stephen E Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Robert L Conner
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, Manitoba, R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Owen Wally
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, Ontario, N0R 1G0 Canada
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Centre de Recherche en Innovation des Végétaux, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
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16
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Sun F, Sun S, Yang Y, Zhou B, Duan C, Shan W, Zhu Z. A Novel Disease of Mung Bean, Phytophthora Stem Rot Caused by a New Forma Specialis of Phytophthora vignae. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2160-2168. [PMID: 33315483 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1513-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An emerging soilborne disease resembling Phytophthora stem rot was observed on mung bean plants grown in Anhui, China. To identify the causal agent, diseased plants and soil samples from 13 fields were collected to isolate the pathogen. Twenty-two Phytophthora isolates were recovered from the samples and detailed identification was conducted. Based on morphological and molecular characterizations, all of the isolates were consistently identified as P. vignae. Phylogenetic analysis using eight nuclear loci sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, rRNA gene large subunit, a partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene, translation elongation factor 1α, 60S ribosomal protein L10, the enolase gene, heat shock protein 90, and triose phosphate isomerase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and a mitochondrial locus cytochrome c oxidase subunit I revealed that the mung bean isolates grouped in the same clade as P. vignae and its two formae speciales, P. vignae f. sp. adzukicola and P. vignae f. sp. vignae. A host specificity test showed that the mung bean isolates of P. vignae were pathogenic toward mung bean with a much stronger virulence and toward adzuki bean with a relatively weak virulence, but they were nonpathogenic to the other tested legume crops, including soybean, cowpea, pea, common bean, faba bean, and chickpea. The host range of mung bean isolates significantly differs from those of P. vignae f. sp. adzukicola and P. vignae f. sp. vignae based on our results and on previous studies. Thus, the pathogen causing Phytophthora stem rot of mung bean is proposed as a new forma specialis of P. vignae, designated as P. vignae f. sp. mungcola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Suli Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- Crop Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Crop Institute of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Weixing Shan
- College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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17
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Van K, Rolling W, Biyashev RM, Matthiesen RL, Abeysekara NS, Robertson AE, Veney DJ, Dorrance AE, McHale LK, Saghai Maroof MA. Mining germplasm panels and phenotypic datasets to identify loci for resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20063. [PMID: 33200586 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae causes Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean and has been primarily managed through deployment of qualitative Resistance to P. sojae genes (Rps genes). The effectiveness of each individual or combination of Rps gene(s) depends on the diversity and pathotypes of the P. sojae populations present. Due to the complex nature of P. sojae populations, identification of more novel Rps genes is needed. In this study, phenotypic data from previous studies of 16 panels of plant introductions (PIs) were analyzed. Panels 1 and 2 consisted of 448 Glycine max and 520 G. soja, which had been evaluated for Rps gene response with a combination of P. sojae isolates. Panels 3 and 4 consisted of 429 and 460 G. max PIs, respectively, which had been evaluated using individual P. sojae isolates with complex virulence pathotypes. Finally, Panels 5-16 (376 G. max PIs) consisted of data deposited in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection from evaluations with 12 races of P. sojae. Using these panels, genome-wide association (GWA) analyses were carried out by combining phenotypic and SoySNP50K genotypic data. GWA models identified two, two, six, and seven novel Rps loci with Panels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. A total of 58 novel Rps loci were identified using Panels 5-16. Genetic and phenotypic dissection of these loci may lead to the characterization of novel Rps genes that can be effectively deployed in new soybean cultivars against diverse P. sojae populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyujung Van
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - William Rolling
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ruslan M Biyashev
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rashelle L Matthiesen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Nilwala S Abeysekara
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alison E Robertson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Deloris J Veney
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Anne E Dorrance
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
- Center for Soybean Research, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Leah K McHale
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Soybean Research, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - M A Saghai Maroof
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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18
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Huang Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Huang L, Yang X, Wang L, Pan Q. Dynamics of Race Structures of Pyricularia oryzae Populations Across 18 Seasons in Guangdong Province, China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:144-148. [PMID: 32706326 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1438-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is one of the most damaging fungal diseases affecting rice. Understanding how the pathogen's race structure varies over time supports the efforts of rice breeders to develop improved cultivars. Here, the race structure of P. oryzae in Guangdong province, China, where rice is cropped twice per year, was assessed over 18 seasons from 1999 through 2008. The analysis was based on the reactions of a panel of seven differential Chinese cultivars to inoculation with a set of 1,248 isolates of P. oryzae in the province. The "total race frequency" parameter ranged from 14.7 to 39.7%, and the "race diversity index" ranged from 0.63 to 0.93. Twelve (ZA63, ZA31, ZA29, ZA21, ZA13, ZA9, ZB30, ZB17, ZB8, ZB2, ZC14, and ZC8) and two (ZD8 and ZD3) races were recognized as specific to indica and japonica rice types, respectively. Of the 59 distinct races identified, only two indica type races (ZC13 and ZC15) were identified as population-common, and nine indica type races (ZB1, ZB5, ZB6, ZB7, ZB13, ZB15, ZC5, ZC13, and ZC15) and one japonica type race (ZG1) were deemed to be population-dominant; the "total top two race isolate frequency" parameter ranged from 29.8 to 74.5%. On the host side, dynamics of resistance structures of the differential set were divided into three patterns: Both Tetep and Kanto 51 expressed the highest and most stable resistance, both Sifeng 43 and Lijiangxintuanheigu conveyed much lower and unstable resistance, and Zhenlong 13, Dongnong 363, and Heijiang 18 performed intermediate and seasonally dynamic resistance. Three interesting points distinguishing race structures of P. oryzae populations in southern and northeastern China were also discussed.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Yongxiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Dandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dandong, Liaoning 118109, China
| | - Lifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xueyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qinghua Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Bandara AY, Weerasooriya DK, Conley SP, Allen TW, Esker PD. Modeling the relationship between estimated fungicide use and disease-associated yield losses of soybean in the United States II: Seed-applied fungicides vs seedling diseases. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244424. [PMID: 33370391 PMCID: PMC7769478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of seed-applied fungicides has become commonplace in the United States soybean production systems. Although fungicides have the potential to protect seed/seedlings from critical early stage diseases such as damping-off and root/stem rots, results from previous studies are not consistent in terms of seed-applied fungicide's ability to mitigate yield losses. In the current study, the relationship between estimated soybean production losses due to seedling diseases and estimated seed-applied fungicide use was investigated using annual data from 28 soybean growing states in the U.S. over the period of 2006 to 2014. National, regional (northern and southern U.S.), state, and temporal scale trends were explored using mixed effects version of the regression analysis. Mixed modeling allowed computing generalized R2 values for conditional (R2GLMM(c); contains fixed and random effects) and marginal (R2GLMM(m); contains only fixed effects) models. Similar analyses were conducted to investigate how soybean production was related to fungicide use. National and regional scale modeling revealed that R2GLMM(c) values were significantly larger compared to R2GLMM(m) values, meaning fungicide use had limited utility in explaining the national/regional scale variation of yield loss and production. The state scale analysis revealed the usefulness of seed-applied fungicides to mitigate seedling diseases-associated soybean yield losses in Illinois, Indiana, North Carolina, and Ohio. Further, fungicide use positively influenced the soybean production and yield in Illinois and South Dakota. Taken together, use of seed-applied fungicide did not appear to be beneficial to many of the states. Our findings corroborate the observations made by a number of scientists through field scale seed-applied fungicide trials across the U.S and reiterate the importance of need base-use of seed-applied fungicides rather than being a routine practice in soybean production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Y. Bandara
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dilooshi K. Weerasooriya
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shawn P. Conley
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tom W. Allen
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Esker
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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20
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Scott K, Eyre M, McDuffee D, Dorrance AE. The Efficacy of Ethaboxam as a Soybean Seed Treatment Toward Phytophthora, Phytopythium, and Pythium in Ohio. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1421-1432. [PMID: 32191161 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-1818-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora, Phytopythium, and Pythium species that cause early-season seed decay and pre-emergence and post-emergence damping off of soybean are most commonly managed with seed treatments. The phenylamide fungicides metalaxyl and mefenoxam, and ethaboxam are effective toward some but not all species. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ethaboxam in fungicide mixtures and compare those with other fungicides as seed treatments to protect soybean against Pythium, Phytopythium, and Phytophthora species in both high-disease field environments and laboratory seed plate assays. The second objective was to evaluate these seed treatment mixtures on cultivars that have varying levels and combinations of resistance to these soilborne pathogens. Five of eight environments received adequate precipitation in the 14 days after planting for high levels of seedling disease development and treatment evaluations. Three environments had significantly greater stands, and three had significantly greater yield when ethaboxam was used in the seed treatment mixture compared with treatments containing metalaxyl or mefenoxam alone. Three fungicide formulations significantly reduced disease severity compared with nontreated in the seed plate assay for 17 species. However, the combination of ethaboxam plus metalaxyl in a mixture was more effective than either fungicide alone against some Pythium and Phytopythium species. Overall, our results indicate that the addition of ethaboxam to a fungicide seed treatment is effective in reducing seed rot caused by these pathogens commonly isolated from soybean in Ohio but that these effects can be masked when cultivars with resistance are planted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Scott
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Meredith Eyre
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | | | - Anne E Dorrance
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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21
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Rolling W, Lake R, Dorrance AE, McHale LK. Genome-wide association analyses of quantitative disease resistance in diverse sets of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant introductions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227710. [PMID: 32196522 PMCID: PMC7083333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is one of the costliest soybean pathogens in the US. Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is a vital part of Phytophthora disease management. In this study, QDR was measured in 478 and 495 plant introductions (PIs) towards P. sojae isolates OH.121 and C2.S1, respectively, in genome-wide association (GWA) analyses to identify genetic markers linked to QDR loci (QDRL). Populations were generated by sampling PIs from the US, the Republic of Korea, and the full collection of PIs maintained by the USDA. Additionally, a meta-analysis of QDRL reported from bi-parental studies was done to compare past and present findings. Twenty-four significant marker-trait associations were identified from the 478 PIs phenotyped with OH.121, and an additional 24 marker-trait associations were identified from the 495 PIs phenotyped with C2.S1. In total, 48 significant markers were distributed across 16 chromosomes and based on linkage analysis, represent a total of 44 QDRL. The majority of QDRL were identified with only one of the two isolates, and only a region on chromosome 13 was consistently identified. Regions on chromosomes 3, 13, and 17 were identified in previous GWA-analyses and were re-identified in this study. Five QDRL co-localized with P. sojae meta-QDRL identified from QDRL reported in previous biparental mapping studies. The remaining regions represent novel QDRL, in the soybean-P. sojae pathosystem and were primarily identified in germplasm from the Republic of Korea. Overall, the number of loci identified in this study highlights the complexity of QDR to P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rolling
- Center for Applied Plant Science and Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rhiannon Lake
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Dorrance
- Center for Applied Plant Science and Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Leah K. McHale
- Center for Applied Plant Science and Center for Soybean Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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22
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Dussault‐Benoit C, Arsenault‐Labrecque G, Sonah H, Belzile F, Bélanger RR. Discriminant haplotypes of avirulence genes of Phytophthora sojae lead to a molecular assay to predict phenotypes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:318-329. [PMID: 31908142 PMCID: PMC7036360 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The soybean-Phytophthora sojae interaction operates on a gene-for-gene relationship, where the product of a resistance gene (Rps) in the host recognizes that of an avirulence gene (Avr) in the pathogen to generate an incompatible reaction. To exploit this form of resistance, one must match with precision the appropriate Rps gene with the corresponding Avr gene. Currently, this association is evaluated by phenotyping assays that are labour-intensive and often imprecise. To circumvent this limitation, we sought to develop a molecular assay that would reveal the avirulence allele of the seven main Avr genes (Avr1a, Avr1b, Avr1c, Avr1d, Avr1k, Avr3a, and Avr6) in order to diagnose with precision the pathotypes of P. sojae isolates. For this purpose, we analysed the genomic regions of these Avr genes in 31 recently sequenced isolates with different virulence profiles and identified discriminant mutations between avirulence and virulence alleles. Specific primers were designed to generate amplicons of a distinct size, and polymerase chain reaction conditions were optimized in a final assay of two parallel runs. When tested on the 31 isolates of known virulence, the assay accurately revealed all avirulence alleles. The test was further assessed and compared to a phenotyping assay on 25 isolates of unknown virulence. The two assays matched in 97% (170/175) of the interactions studied. Interestingly, the sole cases of discrepancy were obtained with Avr3a, which suggests a possible imperfect interaction with Rps3a. This molecular assay offers a powerful and reliable tool to exploit and study with greater precision soybean resistance against P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Humira Sonah
- Department of PhytologyUniversité LavalQuébecQCCanada
- National Agri‐Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI)MohaliIndia
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23
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Yang J, Ye W, Wang X, Ren L, Yao Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Dong S, Zheng X, Wang Y. An Improved Method for the Identification of Soybean Resistance to Phytophthora sojae Applied to Germplasm Resources from the Huanghuaihai and Dongbei Regions of China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:408-413. [PMID: 31790644 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-19-0168-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRR) caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease afflicting soybean. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method to combat PRR. PRR resistance was assessed in 223 soybean cultivars from Huanghuaihai and Dongbei, major soybean-producing regions in east central and northeastern China. To evaluate levels of soybean resistance to P. sojae, we used eight representative P. sojae isolates and a modified etiolated hypocotyl-slit inoculation method. The cultivars Wandou21020, Xu9302-A, Kedou10, and Lidi055 showed resistance to all eight isolates; 14 cultivars showed intermediate resistance to all eight P. sojae isolates, and 53 cultivars were resistant to seven isolates. Thirty-three cultivars (15%) were susceptible only to the highly virulent PsJS2 isolate, which is consistent with the reactions of the Chapman differential line that carries Rps3a. The diverse reaction patterns seen in germplasm from different regions (provinces/cities) in this study reflect the variety of PRR-resistant soybean sources in China. Our research indicates that sources of P. sojae resistance are present in the major soybean production areas of China. This study provides useful information for soybean breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiaomen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Linrong Ren
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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24
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McCoy AG, Noel Z, Sparks AH, Chilvers M. hagis, an R Package Resource for Pathotype Analysis of Phytophthora sojae Populations Causing Stem and Root Rot of Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1574-1576. [PMID: 31415224 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0180-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a significant pathogen of soybean worldwide. Pathotype surveys for Phytophthora sojae are conducted to monitor resistance gene efficacy and determine if new resistance genes are needed. Valuable measurements for pathotype analysis include the distribution of susceptible reactions, pathotype complexity, pathotype frequency, and diversity indices for pathotype distributions. Previously the Habgood-Gilmour Spreadsheet (HaGiS), written in Microsoft Excel, was used for data analysis. However, the growing popularity of the R programming language in plant pathology and desire for reproducible research made HaGiS a prime candidate for conversion into an R package. Here we report on the development and use of an R package, hagis, that can be used to produce all outputs from the HaGiS Excel sheet for P. sojae or other gene-for-gene pathosystem studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin G McCoy
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Zachary Noel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University
| | - Adam H Sparks
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Crop Health, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia
| | - Martin Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University
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25
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Yao Y, Jin X, Correll J, Wang L, Pan Q. Dynamics of Race Structures of the Rice Blast Pathogen Population in Heilongjiang Province, China From 2006 Through 2015. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2759-2763. [PMID: 31509496 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-18-1741-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases of rice. Its control through the deployment of host resistance genes would be facilitated by understanding the pathogen's race structure. Here, dynamics of race structures in this decade in Heilongjiang province were characterized by Chinese differential cultivars. Two patterns of dynamics of the race structures emerged: both race diversity and population-specific races increased gradually between 2006 and 2011, but they increased much more sharply between 2011 and 2015, with concomitant falls in both the population-common races and dominant races. Four races (ZD1, ZD3, ZD5, and ZE1) were among the top three dominant races over the whole period, indicating that the core of the race structure remained stable through this decade. On the host side, the composition of resistance in the cultivar differential set could be divided in two: the three indica-type entries of the differential set expressed a higher level of resistance to the population of M. oryzae isolates tested than did the four japonica-type entries. The cultivars Tetep and Zhenlong 13 as well as two additional resistance genes α and ε were confirmed as the most promising donors of blast resistance for the local rice improvement programs.[Formula: see text]Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresurces, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresurces, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresurces, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Dandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dandong 118109, China
| | - Xuehui Jin
- College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - James Correll
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, AR, U.S.A
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresurces, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qinghua Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropic Agrobioresurces, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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26
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Zhong C, Li Y, Sun S, Duan C, Zhu Z. Genetic Mapping and Molecular Characterization of a Broad-spectrum Phytophthora sojae Resistance Gene in Chinese Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1809. [PMID: 31013701 PMCID: PMC6515170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora root rot (PRR) causes serious annual soybean yield losses worldwide. The most effective method to prevent PRR involves growing cultivars that possess genes conferring resistance to Phytophthora sojae (Rps). In this study, QTL-sequencing combined with genetic mapping was used to identify RpsX in soybean cultivar Xiu94-11 resistance to all P. sojae isolates tested, exhibiting broad-spectrum PRR resistance. Subsequent analysis revealed RpsX was located in the 242-kb genomic region spanning the RpsQ locus. However, a phylogenetic investigation indicated Xiu94-11 carrying RpsX is distantly related to the cultivars containing RpsQ, implying RpsX and RpsQ have different origins. An examination of candidate genes revealed RpsX and RpsQ share common nonsynonymous SNP and a 144-bp insertion in the Glyma.03g027200 sequence encoding a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region. Glyma.03g027200 was considered to be the likely candidate gene of RpsQ and RpsX. Sequence analyses confirmed that the 144-bp insertion caused by an unequal exchange resulted in two additional LRR-encoding fragments in the candidate gene. A marker developed based on the 144-bp insertion was used to analyze the genetic population and germplasm, and proved to be useful for identifying the RpsX and RpsQ alleles. This study implies that the number of LRR units in the LRR domain may be important for PRR resistance in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yinping Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China.
| | - Suli Sun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Canxing Duan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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27
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Rojas JA, Miles TD, Coffey MD, Martin FN, Chilvers MI. Development and Application of qPCR and RPA Genus- and Species-Specific Detection of Phytophthora sojae and P. sansomeana Root Rot Pathogens of Soybean. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:1171-1181. [PMID: 30682964 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-16-1225-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora root rot of soybean, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is one of the most important diseases in the Midwestern United States, and is estimated to cause losses of up to 1.2 million metric tons per year. Disease may also be caused by P. sansomeana; however, the prevalence and damage caused by this species is not well known, partly due to limitations of current diagnostic tools. Efficient, accurate, and sensitive detection of pathogens is crucial for management. Thus, multiplex qPCR and isothermal RPA (recombinase polymerase amplification) assays were developed using a hierarchical approach to detect these Phytophthora spp. The assays consist of a genus-specific probe and two species-specific probes that target the atp9-nad9 region of the mitochondrial genome that is highly specific for the genus Phytophthora. The qPCR approach multiplexes the three probes and a plant internal control. The RPA assays run each probe independently with a plant internal control multiplexed in one amplification, obtaining a result in as little as 20 mins. The multicopy mitochondrial genome provides sensitivity with sufficient variability to discern among different Phytophthora spp. The assays were highly specific when tested against a panel of 100 Phytophthora taxa and range of Pythium spp. The consistent detection level of the assay was 100 fg for the qPCR assay and 10 pg for the RPA assay. The assays were validated on symptomatic plants collected from Michigan (U.S.) and Ontario (Canada) during the 2013 field season, showing correlation with isolation. In 2014, the assays were validated with samples from nine soybean producing states in the U.S. The assays are valuable diagnostic tools for detection of Phytophthora spp. affecting soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alejandro Rojas
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824; and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824
| | - Timothy D Miles
- School of Natural Sciences, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, 93955
| | - Michael D Coffey
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, 92521
| | - Frank N Martin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824; and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824
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28
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Alejandro Rojas J, Jacobs JL, Napieralski S, Karaj B, Bradley CA, Chase T, Esker PD, Giesler LJ, Jardine DJ, Malvick DK, Markell SG, Nelson BD, Robertson AE, Rupe JC, Smith DL, Sweets LE, Tenuta AU, Wise KA, Chilvers MI. Oomycete Species Associated with Soybean Seedlings in North America-Part I: Identification and Pathogenicity Characterization. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:280-292. [PMID: 27801078 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-16-0177-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens are commonly associated with soybean root rot and have been estimated to reduce soybean yields in the United States by 1.5 million tons on an annual basis. Limited information exists regarding the frequency and diversity of oomycete species across the major soybean-producing regions in North America. A survey was conducted across 11 major soybean-producing states in the United States and the province of Ontario, Canada. In 2011, 2,378 oomycete cultures were isolated from soybean seedling roots on a semiselective medium (CMA-PARPB) and were identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. Sequence results distinguished a total of 51 Pythium spp., three Phytophthora spp., three Phytopythium spp., and one Aphanomyces sp. in 2011, with Pythium sylvaticum (16%) and P. oopapillum (13%) being the most prevalent. In 2012, the survey was repeated, but, due to drought conditions across the sampling area, fewer total isolates (n = 1,038) were collected. Additionally, in 2012, a second semiselective medium (V8-RPBH) was included, which increased the Phytophthora spp. isolated from 0.7 to 7% of the total isolates. In 2012, 54 Pythium spp., seven Phytophthora spp., six Phytopythium spp., and one Pythiogeton sp. were recovered, with P. sylvaticum (14%) and P. heterothallicum (12%) being recovered most frequently. Pathogenicity and virulence were evaluated with representative isolates of each of the 84 species on soybean cv. Sloan. A seed-rot assay identified 13 and 11 pathogenic species, respectively, at 13 and 20°C. A seedling-root assay conducted at 20°C identified 43 species as pathogenic, having a significantly detrimental effect on the seedling roots as compared with the noninoculated control. A total of 15 species were pathogenic in both the seed and seedling assays. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of oomycete species present in soybean seedling roots in the major production areas in the United States and Ontario, Canada and provides a basis for disease management and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alejandro Rojas
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Janette L Jacobs
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Stephanie Napieralski
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Behirda Karaj
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Carl A Bradley
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Thomas Chase
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Paul D Esker
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Loren J Giesler
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Doug J Jardine
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Dean K Malvick
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Samuel G Markell
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Berlin D Nelson
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Alison E Robertson
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - John C Rupe
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Damon L Smith
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Laura E Sweets
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Albert U Tenuta
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kiersten A Wise
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University; fifth author: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteeenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Rojas JA, Jacobs JL, Napieralski S, Karaj B, Bradley CA, Chase T, Esker PD, Giesler LJ, Jardine DJ, Malvick DK, Markell SG, Nelson BD, Robertson AE, Rupe JC, Smith DL, Sweets LE, Tenuta AU, Wise KA, Chilvers MI. Oomycete Species Associated with Soybean Seedlings in North America-Part II: Diversity and Ecology in Relation to Environmental and Edaphic Factors. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:293-304. [PMID: 27841963 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-16-0176-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is produced across a vast swath of North America, with the greatest concentration in the Midwest. Root rot diseases and damping-off are a major concern for production, and the primary causal agents include oomycetes and fungi. In this study, we focused on examination of oomycete species distribution in this soybean production system and how environmental and soil (edaphic) factors correlate with oomycete community composition at early plant growth stages. Using a culture-based approach, 3,418 oomycete isolates were collected from 11 major soybean-producing states and most were identified to genus and species using the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA. Pythium was the predominant genus isolated and investigated in this study. An ecology approach was taken to understand the diversity and distribution of oomycete species across geographical locations of soybean production. Metadata associated with field sample locations were collected using geographical information systems. Operational taxonomic units (OTU) were used in this study to investigate diversity by location, with OTU being defined as isolate sequences with 97% identity to one another. The mean number of OTU ranged from 2.5 to 14 per field at the state level. Most OTU in this study, classified as Pythium clades, were present in each field in every state; however, major differences were observed in the relative abundance of each clade, which resulted in clustering of states in close proximity. Because there was similar community composition (presence or absence) but differences in OTU abundance by state, the ordination analysis did not show strong patterns of aggregation. Incorporation of 37 environmental and edaphic factors using vector-fitting and Mantel tests identified 15 factors that correlate with the community composition in this survey. Further investigation using redundancy analysis identified latitude, longitude, precipitation, and temperature as factors that contribute to the variability observed in community composition. Soil parameters such as clay content and electrical conductivity also affected distribution of oomycete species. The present study suggests that oomycete species composition across geographical locations of soybean production is affected by a combination of environmental and edaphic conditions. This knowledge provides the basis to understand the ecology and distribution of oomycete species, especially those able to cause diseases in soybean, providing cues to develop management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alejandro Rojas
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Janette L Jacobs
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Stephanie Napieralski
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Behirda Karaj
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Carl A Bradley
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Thomas Chase
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Paul D Esker
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Loren J Giesler
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Doug J Jardine
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Dean K Malvick
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Samuel G Markell
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Berlin D Nelson
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Alison E Robertson
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - John C Rupe
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Damon L Smith
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Laura E Sweets
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Albert U Tenuta
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kiersten A Wise
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- First, second, third, fourth, and nineteenth authors: Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and first and nineteenth authors: Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; fifth author; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; sixth author: Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; seventh and fifteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; eleventh and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; sixteenth author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; seventeenth author: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON N0P2C0, Canada; and eighteenth author: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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