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Tang L, Zhai H, Zhang S, Lv Y, Li Y, Wei S, Ma P, Wei S, Hu Y, Cai J. Functional Characterization of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Fusarium graminearum. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2875. [PMID: 38138019 PMCID: PMC10745421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a common oxidoreductase in organisms, is an aldehyde scavenger involved in various metabolic processes. However, its function in different pathogenic fungi remains unknown. Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight in cereals, which reduces grain yield and quality and is an important global food security problem. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of F. graminearum, seven genes encoding ALDH were knocked out and then studied for their function. Single deletions of seven ALDH genes caused a decrease in spore production and weakened the pathogenicity. Furthermore, these deletions altered susceptibility to various abiotic stresses. FGSG_04194 is associated with a number of functions, including mycelial growth and development, stress sensitivity, pathogenicity, toxin production, and energy metabolism. FGSG_00139 and FGSG_11482 are involved in sporulation, pathogenicity, and SDH activity, while the other five genes are multifunctional. Notably, we found that FGSG_04194 has an inhibitory impact on ALDH activity, whereas FGSG_00979 has a positive impact. RNA sequencing and subcellular location analysis revealed that FGSG_04194 is responsible for biological process regulation, including glucose and lipid metabolism. Our results suggest that ALDH contributes to growth, stress responses, pathogenicity, deoxynivalenol synthesis, and mitochondrial energy metabolism in F. graminearum. Finally, ALDH presents a potential target and theoretical basis for fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (L.T.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (P.M.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (J.C.)
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2
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Liu X, Wang L, Choera T, Fang X, Wang G, Chen W, Lee YW, Mohamed SR, Dawood DH, Shi J, Xu J, Keller NP. Paralogous FgIDO genes with differential roles in tryptophan catabolism, fungal development and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127382. [PMID: 37030080 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme that is widely distributed across species. Ido catalyzes the first step of tryptophan (TRP) degradation and drives the de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) coenzymes via the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses a single IDO gene (BNA2) that is responsible for NAD+ synthesis, whereas a number of fungal species contain multiple IDO genes. However, the biological roles of IDO paralogs in plant pathogens remain unclear. In the current study, we identified three FgIDOs from the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. FgIDOA/B/C expression was significantly induced upon TRP treatment. Targeted disruption of FgIDOA and/or FgIDOB caused different levels of NAD+ auxotrophy, thus resulting in pleotropic phenotypic defects. Loss of FgIDOA resulted in abnormal conidial morphology, reduced mycelial growth, decreased virulence in wheat heads and reduced deoxynivalenol accumulation. Exogenous addition of KYN or various intermediates involved in the KYN pathway rescued auxotrophy of the mutants. Metabolomics analysis revealed shifts toward alternative TRP degradation pathways to melatonin and indole derivatives in mutants lacking FgIDOB. Upregulation of partner genes in auxotrophic mutants and the capacity to rescue the auxotroph by overexpressing a partner gene indicated functional complementation among FgIDOA/B/C. Taken together, the results of this study provide insights into differential roles in paralogous FgIDOs and how fungal TRP catabolism modulates fungal development and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, WI, USA; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tsokyi Choera
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, WI, USA
| | - Xin Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Dawood H Dawood
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, WI, USA.
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Jian Y, Chen X, Ma H, Zhang C, Luo Y, Jiang J, Yin Y. Limonene formulation exhibited potential application in the control of mycelial growth and deoxynivalenol production in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1161244. [PMID: 37125209 PMCID: PMC10131186 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1161244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing grain from fungi and subsequent mycotoxins contamination has attracted notable attention. Present study demonstrated the limonene-formulated product Wetcit®, might be a biocontrol agent and potential alternative to synthetic fungicides to control Fusarium graminearum growth and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The limonene formulation exhibited antifungal activity against F. graminearum with the EC50 at 1.40 μl/ml, electron microscopy and staining analysis showed limonene formulation could significantly decrease the quantity, length and septa of conidia, caused hyphal break and shrink, damaged the structures of cell membrane, cell wall, vacuoles and organelles in the hypha. Further study revealed the antifungal and antitoxic mechanism of limonene formulation against F. graminearum, limonene formulation significantly inhibited the toxisome and DON formation, was associated with the down-regulation of trichothecenes biosynthesis genes expression and many energy metabolism pathways as well as the inhibition of lipid droplets, the disturbed energy homeostasis and intracellular structures might ultimately inhibit fungal growth and DON production. In addition, limonene formulation enhanced the antifungal activity of triazole fungicides tebuconazole and mefentrifluconazole against F. graminearum, indicated limonene formulation has valuable potential as a bio-alternative fungicide and eco-friendly compound preparation for the effective management of F. graminearum and DON contamination in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Jian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiqin Ma
- Oro Agri International Ltd, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhua Jiang, ; Yanni Yin,
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhua Jiang, ; Yanni Yin,
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4
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Cardoza RE, Mayo-Prieto S, Martínez-Reyes N, McCormick SP, Carro-Huerga G, Campelo MP, Rodríguez-González Á, Lorenzana A, Proctor RH, Casquero PA, Gutiérrez S. Effects of trichothecene production by Trichoderma arundinaceum isolates from bean-field soils on the defense response, growth and development of bean plants ( Phaseolus vulgaris). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005906. [PMID: 36452093 PMCID: PMC9702529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The trichothecene toxin-producing fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum has potential as a biological control agent. However, most biocontrol studies have focused only on one strain, IBT 40837. In the current study, three Trichoderma isolates recovered from bean-field soils produced the trichothecene harzianum A (HA) and trichodermol, the latter being an intermediate in the HA biosynthesis. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the three isolates were assigned to the species T. arundinaceum. Their genome sequences had a high degree of similarity to the reference IBT 40837 strain, in terms of total genome size, number of predicted genes, and diversity of putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. HA production by these bean-field isolates conferred significant in vitro antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which are some of the most important bean pathogens. Furthermore, the bean-field isolates stimulated germination of bean seeds and subsequent growth of above ground parts of the bean plant. Transcriptomic analysis of bean plants inoculated with these T. arundinaceum bean-field soil isolates indicated that HA production significantly affected expression of plant defense-related genes; this effect was particularly significant in the expression of chitinase-encoding genes. Together, these results indicate that Trichoderma species producing non-phytotoxic trichothecenes can induce defenses in plants without negatively affecting germination and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E. Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Sara Mayo-Prieto
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Susan P. McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utiization Research, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - M. Piedad Campelo
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-González
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alicia Lorenzana
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Robert H. Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utiization Research, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Pedro A. Casquero
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
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Sweany RR, Breunig M, Opoku J, Clay K, Spatafora JW, Drott MT, Baldwin TT, Fountain JC. Why Do Plant-Pathogenic Fungi Produce Mycotoxins? Potential Roles for Mycotoxins in the Plant Ecosystem. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2044-2051. [PMID: 35502928 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-22-0053-sym] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For many plant-pathogenic or endophytic fungi, production of mycotoxins, which are toxic to humans, may present a fitness gain. However, associations between mycotoxin production and plant pathogenicity or virulence is inconsistent and difficult due to the complexity of these host-pathogen interactions and the influences of environmental and insect factors. Aflatoxin receives a lot of attention due to its potent toxicity and carcinogenicity but the connection between aflatoxin production and pathogenicity is complicated by the pathogenic ability and prevalence of nonaflatoxigenic isolates in crops. Other toxins directly aid fungi in planta, trichothecenes are important virulence factors, and ergot alkaloids limit herbivory and fungal consumption due to insect toxicity. We review a panel discussion at the American Phytopathological Society's Plant Health 2021 conference, which gathered diverse experts representing different research sectors, career stages, ethnicities, and genders to discuss the diverse roles of mycotoxins in the lifestyles of filamentous fungi of the families Clavicipitaceae, Trichocomaceae (Eurotiales), and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Sweany
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124
| | - Mikaela Breunig
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 78824
| | - Joseph Opoku
- USDA-ARS Pest Management and Biological Control Research Unit, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85701
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Milton T Drott
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Thomas T Baldwin
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Jake C Fountain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS State, MS 39762
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Successful Silencing of the Mycotoxin Synthesis Gene TRI5 in Fusarium culmorum and Observation of Reduced Virulence in VIGS and SIGS Experiments. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030395. [PMID: 35327949 PMCID: PMC8953179 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crops constantly experience various biotic stresses during their life cycle, and Fusarium spp. remain one of the most serious groups of pathogens affecting plants. The ability to manipulate the expression of certain microorganism genes via RNAi creates the opportunity for new-generation dsRNA-based preparations to control a large number of diseases. In this study, we applied virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) to silence the trichothecene-producing gene TRI5 in F. culmorum as a means to reduce its aggressiveness on spring wheat. Treatment of the fungus with dsTRI5RNA in vitro reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-A-DON) accumulations by 53–85% and 61–87%, respectively, and reduced TRI5 expression by 84–97%. VIGS decreased the proportion of infected wheat spikelets by 73%, but upregulation was observed for TRI5. SIGS on wheat leaves and ears using certain dsTRI5RNA amounts negatively impacted F. culmorum growth. However, when performing in vivo analyses of TRI5 mRNA levels, the upregulation of the gene was determined in the variants where fungal colonization was restricted, suggesting a compensatory reaction of the pathogen to RNAi.
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Noel ZA, Roze LV, Breunig M, Trail F. Endophytic Fungi as a Promising Biocontrol Agent to Protect Wheat from Fusarium graminearum Head Blight. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:595-602. [PMID: 34587775 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-21-1253-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The search for beneficial endophytes that can be part of a constructed microbial community has increased in recent years. We characterized three endophytic fungi previously isolated from wheat for their in vitro and in planta antagonism toward the Fusarium head blight pathogen, Fusarium graminearum. The endophytes were phylogenetically characterized and shown to be Alternaria destruens, Fusarium commune, and Fusarium oxysporum. Individual fungal endophytes significantly increased seed weight and lowered the accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol compared with F. graminearum-infected wheat heads without endophyte pretreatment. Investigation into the mechanism of competition in vitro showed that endophytes competitively excluded F. graminearum by preemptive colonization and possible inhibition over a distance. Investigations on the use of these endophytes in the field are in progress. Identification of these three endophytes highlights a common quandary in searching for beneficial microbes to use in agriculture: species definitions often do not separate individual isolates' lifestyles. A greater understanding of the risks in using intraspecies variants for biocontrol is needed and should be examined in the context of the ecology of the individuals being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Noel
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
| | - Ludmilla V Roze
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
| | - Mikaela Breunig
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
| | - Frances Trail
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
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Machado FJ, de Barros AV, McMaster N, Schmale DG, Vaillancourt LJ, Del Ponte EM. Aggressiveness and Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium meridionale Compared with F. graminearum on Maize Ears and Stalks in the Field. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:271-277. [PMID: 34142851 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0149-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium meridionale and F. graminearum both cause Gibberella ear rot (GER) and Gibberella stalk rot (GSR) of maize in Brazil, but the former is much more common. Recent work with two isolates of each from maize suggested this dominance could be caused by greater aggressiveness and competitiveness of F. meridionale on maize. We evaluated pathogenicity and toxigenicity of 16 isolates of F. graminearum and 24 isolates of F. meridionale recovered from both wheat and maize. Strains were individually inoculated into ears of four maize hybrids in field trials. GER severity varied significantly between isolates within each species. Although ranges overlapped, the average GER severity induced by F. meridionale (25.2%) was two times as high overall as that induced by F. graminearum (12.8%) for isolates obtained from maize but was similar for those isolated from wheat (19.9 and 21.4%, respectively). In contrast, severity of GSR was slightly higher for F. graminearum (22.2%) than for F. meridionale (19.8%), with no effect of the host of origin. Deoxynivalenol and its acetylated form 15ADON were the main mycotoxins produced by F. graminearum (7/16 strains), and nivalenol toxin was produced by F. meridionale (17/24 strains). Six isolates of F. graminearum and three of F. meridionale also produced zearalenone. Results confirmed that F. meridionale from maize is, on average, more aggressive on maize but also suggested greater complexity related to diversity among the isolates within each species and their interactions with different hybrids. Further studies involving other components of the disease cycle are needed to more fully explain observed patterns of host dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin J Machado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - Aline V de Barros
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Nicole McMaster
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | | | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Dalla Lana F, Madden LV, Paul PA. Logistic Models Derived via LASSO Methods for Quantifying the Risk of Natural Contamination of Maize Grain with Deoxynivalenol. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2250-2267. [PMID: 34009008 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0104-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Models were developed to quantify the risk of deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of maize grain based on weather, cultural practices, hybrid resistance, and Gibberella ear rot (GER) intensity. Data on natural DON contamination of 15 to 16 hybrids and weather were collected from 10 Ohio locations over 4 years. Logistic regression with 10-fold cross-validation was used to develop models to predict the risk of DON ≥1 ppm. The presence and severity of GER predicted DON risk with an accuracy of 0.81 and 0.87, respectively. Temperature, relative humidity, surface wetness, and rainfall were used to generate 37 weather-based predictor variables summarized over each of six 15-day windows relative to maize silking (R1). With these variables, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) followed by all-subsets variable selection and logistic regression with 10-fold cross-validation were used to build single-window weather-based models, from which 11 with one or two predictors were selected based on performance metrics and simplicity. LASSO logistic regression was also used to build more complex multiwindow models with up to 22 predictors. The performance of the best single-window models was comparable to that of the best multiwindow models, with accuracy ranging from 0.81 to 0.83 for the former and 0.83 to 0.87 for the latter group of models. These results indicated that the risk of DON ≥1 ppm can be accurately predicted with simple models built using temperature- and moisture-based predictors from a single window. These models will be the foundation for developing tools to predict the risk of DON contamination of maize grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dalla Lana
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research, and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Laurence V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research, and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Pierce A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research, and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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10
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Liu G, Zuo DY, Yang P, He WJ, Yang Z, Zhang JB, Wu AB, Yi SY, Li HP, Huang T, Liao YC. A Novel Deoxynivalenol-Activated Wheat Arl6ip4 Gene Encodes an Antifungal Peptide with Deoxynivalenol Affinity and Protects Plants against Fusarium Pathogens and Mycotoxins. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110941. [PMID: 34829228 PMCID: PMC8618893 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most widespread trichothecene mycotoxins in contaminated cereal products. DON plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of Fusarium graminearum, but the molecular mechanisms of DON underlying Fusarium–wheat interactions are not yet well understood. In this study, a novel wheat ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6-interacting protein 4 gene, TaArl6ip4, was identified from DON-treated wheat suspension cells by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). The qRT-PCR result suggested that TaArl6ip4 expression is specifically activated by DON in both the Fusarium intermediate susceptible wheat cultivar Zhengmai9023 and the Fusarium resistant cultivar Sumai3. The transient expression results of the TaARL6IP4::GFP fusion protein indicate that TaArl6ip4 encodes a plasma membrane and nucleus-localized protein. Multiple sequence alignment using microscale thermophoresis showed that TaARL6IP4 comprises a conserved DON binding motif, 67HXXXG71, and exhibits DON affinity with a dissociation constant (KD) of 91 ± 2.6 µM. Moreover, TaARL6IP4 exhibited antifungal activity with IC50 values of 22 ± 1.5 µM and 25 ± 2.6 µM against Fusarium graminearum and Alternaria alternata, respectively. Furthermore, TaArl6ip4 interacted with the plasma membrane of Fusarium graminearum spores, resulting in membrane disruption and the leakage of cytoplasmic materials. The heterologous over-expression of TaArl6ip4 conferred greater DON tolerance and Fusarium resistance in Arabidopsis. Finally, we describe a novel DON-induced wheat gene, TaArl6ip4, exhibiting antifungal function and DON affinity that may play a key role in Fusarium–wheat interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dong-Yun Zuo
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei-Jie He
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ai-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Shu-Yuan Yi
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - He-Ping Li
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.-C.L.)
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11
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Eli K, Schaafsma A, Limay-Rios V, Hooker D. Effect of pydiflumetofen on Gibberella ear rot and Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in maize grain. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Ontario, Canada, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe causes Gibberella ear rot (GER) in maize, resulting in the accumulation of mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol (DON), DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G) and zearalenone (ZEN) in infected kernels. Fungicides can be an important tool for managing GER and DON and other Fusarium mycotoxins in maize. Until recently, all fungicides available to growers were triazoles, thus no resistance management strategy through fungicide use was possible. In this study, a novel carboxamide fungicide active ingredient (pydiflumetofen) was evaluated against conventional triazole fungicides and mixtures for: (1) effectiveness on mycotoxins (2) optimal application timing; and (3) efficacy of application, with and without an insecticide, under natural and inoculated-misted conditions. The best timing for fungicide application was at full silk, resulting in the highest reduction of GER symptoms and lowest accumulation of F. graminearum mycotoxins in harvested grain. DON and DON-3G concentrations were reduced by at least 50% with a fungicide application at full silk. Fungicide treatments did not affect fumonisin concentrations in grain. Pydiflumetofen (94 g active ingredients (AI)/ha) and fungicides containing pydiflumetofen (75-94 g AI/ha) were similar to standard triazole fungicides (prothioconazole at 200 g AI/ha and metconazole at 90 g AI/ha) for reducing GER and F. graminearum mycotoxins under misted-inoculated plots and commercial field conditions; as a result, we expect pydiflumetofen to be competitive with triazole-only chemistries in the marketplace, which should delay the onset of fungicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Eli
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main St. E, Ridgetown, ON, N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - A.W. Schaafsma
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main St. E, Ridgetown, ON, N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - V. Limay-Rios
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main St. E, Ridgetown, ON, N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - D.C. Hooker
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main St. E, Ridgetown, ON, N0P 2C0, Canada
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Machado FJ, Kuhnem PR, Casa RT, McMaster N, Schmale DG, Vaillancourt LJ, Del Ponte EM. The Dominance of Fusarium meridionale Over F. graminearum Causing Gibberella Ear Rot in Brazil May Be Due to Increased Aggressiveness and Competitiveness. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1774-1781. [PMID: 33656353 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0515-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, Gibberella ear rot (GER) of maize is caused mainly by Fusarium meridionale, whereas F. graminearum is a minor contributor. To test the hypothesis that F. meridionale is more aggressive than F. graminearum on maize, six experiments were conducted in the south (summer) and one in the central-south (winter), totaling seven conditions (year × location × hybrid). Treatments consisted of F. graminearum or F. meridionale (two isolates of each) inoculated once 4 days after silk, inoculated sequentially and alternately (F. graminearum → F. meridionale or F. meridionale → F. graminearum) 6 days apart, or (in the central-south) inoculated sequentially without alternating species (F. meridionale → F. meridionale or F. graminearum → F. graminearum). Overall, severity was two times greater in the south (37.0%), where summer temperatures were warmer (20 to 25°C) than in central-south. In the south, severity was greatest in F. meridionale treatments (67.8%); followed by F. meridionale → F. graminearum (41.1%), then F. graminearum → F. meridionale (19.4%), and lowest in F. graminearum (2.1%), suggesting an antagonistic relationship. In the central-south (15 to 20°C), severity was generally higher in the sequential nonalternating inoculation treatments (F. meridionale → F. meridionale or F. graminearum → F. graminearum) than when either species was inoculated only once. Only nivalenol (NIV) or deoxynivalenol was detected when F. meridionale or F. graminearum, respectively, was inoculated singly, or sequentially with no alternation. Both toxins were found in grains harvested from the F. meridionale → F. graminearum treatment, whereas only NIV was found in kernels from the F. graminearum → F. meridionale treatment, suggesting that F. meridionale was more competitive than F. graminearum in coinoculations. The dominance of F. meridionale as a cause of GER in Brazil may be due in part to its higher aggressiveness and competitiveness compared with F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin J Machado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa MG, Brazil
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - Paulo R Kuhnem
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitotecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Casa
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages SC, Brazil
| | - Nicole McMaster
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | | | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa MG, Brazil
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Bekalu ZE, Dionisio G, Madsen CK, Etzerodt T, Fomsgaard IS, Brinch-Pedersen H. Barley Nepenthesin-Like Aspartic Protease HvNEP-1 Degrades Fusarium Phytase, Impairs Toxin Production, and Suppresses the Fungal Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702557. [PMID: 34394154 PMCID: PMC8358834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nepenthesins are categorized under the subfamily of the nepenthesin-like plant aspartic proteases (PAPs) that form a distinct group of atypical PAPs. This study describes the effect of nepenthesin 1 (HvNEP-1) protease from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on fungal histidine acid phosphatase (HAP) phytase activity. Signal peptide lacking HvNEP-1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized. Recombinant HvNEP-1 (rHvNEP-1) strongly inhibited the activity of Aspergillus and Fusarium phytases, which are enzymes that release inorganic phosphorous from phytic acid. Moreover, rHvNEP-1 suppressed in vitro fungal growth and strongly reduced the production of mycotoxin, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), from Fusarium graminearum. The quantitative PCR analysis of trichothecene biosynthesis genes (TRI) confirmed that rHvNEP-1 strongly repressed the expression of TRI4, TRI5, TRI6, and TRI12 in F. graminearum. The co-incubation of rHvNEP-1 with recombinant F. graminearum (rFgPHY1) and Fusarium culmorum (FcPHY1) phytases induced substantial degradation of both Fusarium phytases, indicating that HvNEP-1-mediated proteolysis of the fungal phytases contributes to the HvNEP-1-based suppression of Fusarium.
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14
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Jian Y, Liu Z, Wang H, Chen Y, Yin Y, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Interplay of two transcription factors for recruitment of the chromatin remodeling complex modulates fungal nitrosative stress response. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2576. [PMID: 33958593 PMCID: PMC8102577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible signaling molecule that modulates animal and plant immune responses. In addition, reactive nitrogen species derived from NO can display antimicrobial activities by reacting with microbial cellular components, leading to nitrosative stress (NS) in pathogens. Here, we identify FgAreB as a regulator of the NS response in Fusarium graminearum, a fungal pathogen of cereal crops. FgAreB serves as a pioneer transcription factor for recruitment of the chromatin-remodeling complex SWI/SNF at the promoters of genes involved in the NS response, thus promoting their transcription. FgAreB plays important roles in fungal infection and growth. Furthermore, we show that a transcription repressor (FgIxr1) competes with the SWI/SNF complex for FgAreB binding, and negatively regulates the NS response. NS, in turn, promotes the degradation of FgIxr1, thus enhancing the recruitment of the SWI/SNF complex by FgAreB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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15
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Vandicke J, De Visschere K, Ameye M, Croubels S, De Saeger S, Audenaert K, Haesaert G. Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:202. [PMID: 33799633 PMCID: PMC7999811 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize silage, which in Europe is the main feed for dairy cattle in winter, can be contaminated by mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. originating from field infections may survive in badly sealed silages or re-infect at the cutting edge during feed-out. In this way, mycotoxins produced in the field may persist during the silage process. In addition, typical silage fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. survive in silage conditions and produce mycotoxins. In this research, 56 maize silages in Flanders were sampled over the course of three years (2016-2018). The concentration of 22 different mycotoxins was investigated using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and the presence of DNA of three Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides) was analyzed in a selection of these samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Every maize silage contained at least two different mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were the most prevalent (both in 97.7% of maize silages), followed by ENN B (88.7%). Concentrations often exceeded the EU recommendations for DON and zearalenone (ZEN), especially in 2017 (21.3% and 27.7% of the maize silages, respectively). No correlations were found between fungal DNA and mycotoxin concentrations. Furthermore, by ensiling maize with a known mycotoxin load in a net bag, the mycotoxin contamination could be monitored from seed to feed. Analysis of these net bag samples revealed that the average concentration of all detected mycotoxins decreased after fermentation. We hypothesize that mycotoxins are eluted, degraded, or adsorbed during fermentation, but certain badly preserved silages are prone to additional mycotoxin production during the stable phase due to oxygen ingression, leading to extremely high toxin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Vandicke
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Katrien De Visschere
- Biosciences and Food Sciences Department, Faculty Science and Technology, University College Ghent, Research Station HoGent-UGent, Diepestraat 1, 9820 Bottelare, Belgium;
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.V.); (K.A.)
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Gerin D, Garrapa F, Ballester AR, González-Candelas L, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F, Pollastro S. Functional Role of Aspergillus carbonariusAcOTAbZIP Gene, a bZIP Transcription Factor within the OTA Gene Cluster. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:111. [PMID: 33540740 PMCID: PMC7913050 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is the principal fungal species responsible for ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes and derived products in the main viticultural regions worldwide. In recent years, co-expressed genes representing a putative-OTA gene cluster were identified, and the deletion of a few of them allowed the partial elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway in the fungus. In the putative OTA-gene cluster is additionally present a bZIP transcription factor (AcOTAbZIP), and with this work, A. carbonarius ΔAcOTAbZIP strains were generated to study its functional role. According to phylogenetic analysis, the gene is conserved in the OTA-producing fungi. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor binding motif (TFBM) homolog, associated with bZIP transcription factors was present in the A. carbonarius OTA-gene cluster no-coding regions. AcOTAbZIP deletion results in the loss of OTA and the intermediates OTB and OTβ. Additionally, in ΔAcOTAbZIP strains, a down-regulation of AcOTApks, AcOTAnrps, AcOTAp450, and AcOTAhal genes was observed compared to wild type (WT). These results provide evidence of the direct involvement of the AcOTAbZIP gene in the OTA biosynthetic pathway by regulating the involved genes. The loss of OTA biosynthesis ability does not affect fungal development as demonstrated by the comparison of ΔAcOTAbZIP strains and WT strains in terms of vegetative growth and asexual sporulation on three different media. Finally, no statistically significant differences in virulence were observed among ΔAcOTAbZIP strains and WT strains on artificially inoculated grape berries, demonstrating that OTA is not required by A. carbonarius for the pathogenicity process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Federica Garrapa
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.-R.B.); (L.G.-C.)
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.-R.B.); (L.G.-C.)
| | - Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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17
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Dalla Lana F, Madden LV, Paul PA. Natural Occurrence of Maize Gibberella Ear Rot and Contamination of Grain with Mycotoxins in Association with Weather Variables. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:114-126. [PMID: 33197383 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-0952-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gibberella ear rot (GER) severity (percent area of the ear diseased) and associated grain contamination with mycotoxins were quantified in plots of 15 to 16 maize hybrids planted at 10 Ohio locations from 2015 to 2018. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was quantified in grain samples in all 4 years, whereas nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON) were quantified only in the last 2 years. Only DON and 15ADON were detected. The highest levels of GER and DON contamination were observed for 2018, followed by 2016 and 2017. No GER symptoms or DON were detected in 2015. Approximately 41% of the samples from asymptomatic ears had detectable levels of DON, and 7% of these samples from 2016 had DON > 5 ppm. Associations between DON contamination and 43 variables representing summaries of temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), rainfall (R), surface wetness, and T-RH combinations for different window lengths and positions relative to R1 growth stage were quantified with Spearman correlation coefficients (r). Fifteen-day window lengths tended to show the highest correlations. Most of the variables based on T, R, RH, and T-RH were significantly correlated with DON for the 15-day window, as well as other windows. For moisture-related variables, there generally was a negative correlation before R1, changing to a positive correlation after R1. Results showed that GER and DON can be frequently found in Ohio maize fields, with the risk of DON being associated with multiple weather variables, particularly those representing combinations of T between 15 and 30°C and RH > 80 summarized during the 3 weeks after R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dalla Lana
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - L V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - P A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi, which commonly contaminate cereal grains. Contamination of small-grain cereals and maize with toxic metabolites of fungi, both pathogenic and saprotrophic, is one of the particularly important problems in global agriculture. Fusarium species are among the dangerous cereal pathogens with a high toxicity potential. Secondary metabolites of these fungi, such as deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 are among five most important mycotoxins on a European and world scale. The use of various methods to limit the development of Fusarium cereal head diseases and grain contamination with mycotoxins, before and after harvest, is an important element of sustainable agriculture and production of safe food. The applied strategies utilize chemical and non-chemical methods, including agronomic, physical and biological treatments. Biological methods now occupy a special place in plant protection as an element of biocontrol of fungal pathogens by inhibiting their development and reducing mycotoxins in grain. According to the literature, Good Agricultural Practices are the best line of defense for controlling Fusarium toxin contamination of cereal and maize grains. However, fluctuations in weather conditions can significantly reduce the effectiveness of plants protection methods against infection with Fusarium spp. and grain accumulation of mycotoxins.
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Overexpression of Nepenthesin HvNEP-1 in Barley Endosperm Reduces Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxin Accumulation. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) causes substantial losses of yield and quality in grains, both in the field and in post-harvest storage. To date, adequate natural genetic resistance is not available for the control of FHB. This study reports the cloning and overexpression of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) antifungal gene, nepenthesin 1 (HvNEP-1), in the endosperm of barley grains. Transgenic barley lines overexpressing HvNEP-1 substantially reduced FHB severity and disease progression after inoculation with Fusarium graminearum or Fusarium culmorum. The transgenic barley also showed reduced accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in grain, far below the minimum value allowable for food. Semi-field evaluation of four HvNEP-1 transgenic lines revealed substantial reduction of FHB severity and progression as compared with the control H. vulgare cultivar Golden promise (GP) plants. Our study demonstrated the utility of HvNEP-1 for the control of FHB in barley, and possibly other grains such as wheat and maize.
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20
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Ridout ME, Godfrey B, Newcombe G. Effects of Antagonists on Mycotoxins of Seedborne Fusarium spp. in Sweet Corn. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080438. [PMID: 31349594 PMCID: PMC6723472 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species coexist as toxigenic, systemic pathogens in sweet corn seed production in southwestern Idaho, USA. We hypothesized that fungal antagonists of seedborne Fusarium would differentially alter production of Fusarium mycotoxins directly and/or systemically. We challenged the Fusarium complex by in vitro antagonism trials and in situ silk and seed inoculations with fungal antagonists. Fungal antagonists reduced growth and sporulation of Fusarium species in vitro from 40.5% to as much as 100%. Pichia membranifaciens and Penicillium griseolum reduced fumonisin production by F. verticillioides by 73% and 49%, respectively, while P. membranifaciens and a novel Penicillium sp. (WPT) reduced fumonisins by F. proliferatum 56% and 78%, respectively. In situ, pre-planting inoculation of seeds with Penicillium WPT systemically increased fumonisins in the resulting crop. Morchella snyderi applied to silks of an F1 cross systemically reduced deoxynivalenol by 47% in mature seeds of the F2. Antagonists failed to suppress Fusarium in mature kernels following silk inoculations, although the ratio of F. verticillioides to total Fusarium double with some inoculants. Fusarium mycotoxin concentrations in sweet corn seed change systemically, as well as locally, in response to the presence of fungal antagonists, although in Fusarium presence in situ was not changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Ridout
- University of Idaho Extension, Washington County, College of Agriculture and life Sciences, Weiser, ID 83672, USA.
| | - Bruce Godfrey
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - George Newcombe
- Department of Forest, Rangelands and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Lindo L, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Kim HS, Brown DW, Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Role of Trichoderma arundinaceum tri10 in regulation of terpene biosynthetic genes and in control of metabolic flux. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 122:31-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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22
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Bahadoor A, Brauer EK, Bosnich W, Schneiderman D, Johnston A, Aubin Y, Blackwell B, Melanson JE, Harris LJ. Gramillin A and B: Cyclic Lipopeptides Identified as the Nonribosomal Biosynthetic Products of Fusarium graminearum. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16783-16791. [PMID: 30395461 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The virulence and broad host range of Fusarium graminearum is associated with its ability to secrete an arsenal of phytotoxic secondary metabolites, including the regulated mycotoxins belonging to the deoxynivalenol family. The TRI genes responsible for the biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol and related compounds are usually expressed during fungal infection. However, the F. graminearum genome harbors an array of unexplored biosynthetic gene clusters that are also co-induced with the TRI genes, including the nonribosomal peptide synthetase 8 ( NRPS8) gene cluster. Here, we identify two bicyclic lipopeptides, gramillin A (1) and B (2), as the biosynthetic end products of NRPS8. Structural elucidation by high-resolution LC-MS and NMR, including 1H-15N-13C HNCO and HNCA on isotopically enriched compounds, revealed that the gramillins possess a fused bicyclic structure with ring closure of the main peptide macrocycle occurring via an anhydride bond. Through targeted gene disruption, we characterized the GRA1 biosynthetic gene and its transcription factor GRA2 in the NRPS8 gene cluster. Further, we show that the gramillins are produced in planta on maize silks, promoting fungal virulence on maize but have no discernible effect on wheat head infection. Leaf infiltration of the gramillins induces cell death in maize, but not in wheat. Our results show that F. graminearum deploys the gramillins as a virulence agent in maize, but not in wheat, thus displaying host-specific adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilah Bahadoor
- Metrology , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Elizabeth K Brauer
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Whynn Bosnich
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Danielle Schneiderman
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Anne Johnston
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics, and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Barbara Blackwell
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Metrology , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 , Canada
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Bissonnette KM, Kolb FL, Ames KA, Bradley CA. Effect of Fusarium Head Blight Management Practices on Mycotoxin Contamination of Wheat Straw. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1141-1147. [PMID: 30673442 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-17-1385-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Management of Fusarium graminearum-associated mycotoxins in wheat grain has been extensively evaluated, but little is known about management of mycotoxins in straw. Two research trials were conducted at four locations from 2011 to 2014. The objective of the first trial was to determine the efficacy of fungicides, and the objective of the second trial was to evaluate the use of integrated disease management strategies, for the control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and reducing the concentration of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol in straw. In the first trial, it was determined that demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides did not offer significant (P ≤ 0.05) reductions of mycotoxin concentrations in the straw compared with a no-fungicide control treatment, but significant (P ≤ 0.05) reductions in mycotoxin concentration were observed in the control when compared with treatments with the application of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI)-containing fungicides. In the second trial, mycotoxin concentrations in the straw were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced in the moderately resistant cultivar compared with the susceptible cultivar, but were not affected by the use of a fungicide. The practices typically used to manage Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat grain, especially the selection of resistant cultivars and not using a QoI fungicide, may be an effective means to reduce mycotoxin concentrations in the straw.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederic L Kolb
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Keith A Ames
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Carl A Bradley
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Princeton 42445
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Nguyen LTT, Jang JY, Kim TY, Yu NH, Park AR, Lee S, Bae CH, Yeo JH, Hur JS, Park HW, Kim JC. Nematicidal activity of verrucarin A and roridin A isolated from Myrothecium verrucaria against Meloidogyne incognita. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 148:133-143. [PMID: 29891364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loan Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Yeong Jang
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Hee Yu
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-170, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Bae
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-170, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hong Yeo
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-170, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Suncheon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Woong Park
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, 86 Kimchi-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Limay-Rios V, Schaafsma AW. Effect of Prothioconazole Application Timing on Fusarium Mycotoxin Content in Maize Grain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4809-4819. [PMID: 29681149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2010 and 2011, studies to determine the optimal timing of prothioconazole application (200 g a.i./ha) for reducing Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in grain were conducted in controlled replicated experiments under small-plot mist-irrigated experiments and in field-scale experiments using two hybrids susceptible to F. gramineaerum infection. A significant decrease in total deoxynivalenol (DON) [DON + 15-acetyl-DON + DON 3-glucoside + 3-acetyl-DON] and zearalenone concentrations was observed when fungicide was sprayed at VT (tasseling) and R1 (silking; P < 0.01) followed by applications at V18 (18th leaf) and R2 (blister; P < 0.05) stages, corresponding to silk completely emerged and fully elongated and to silk emergence and browning, respectively. No reduction in Fusarium graminearum toxins was found after silk senescence (R3 or milk) stage. Moniliformin, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, HT-2 and T-2 toxins were also found in small quantities, and no reduction was observed after treatment ( P > 0.05). Mean reduction (±s.d.) of 59 ± 20% and 57 ± 38% of total DON and zearalenone was observed at full silk elongation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Limay-Rios
- University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus , 120 Main Street East , Ridgetown , Ontario N0P 2C0 , Canada
| | - Arthur W Schaafsma
- University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus , 120 Main Street East , Ridgetown , Ontario N0P 2C0 , Canada
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26
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Kelly AC, Ward TJ. Population genomics of Fusarium graminearum reveals signatures of divergent evolution within a major cereal pathogen. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194616. [PMID: 29584736 PMCID: PMC5870968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and a significant threat to food safety and crop production. To elucidate population structure and identify genomic targets of selection within major FHB pathogen populations in North America we sequenced the genomes of 60 diverse F. graminearum isolates. We also assembled the first pan-genome for F. graminearum to clarify population-level differences in gene content potentially contributing to pathogen diversity. Bayesian and phylogenomic analyses revealed genetic structure associated with isolates that produce the novel NX-2 mycotoxin, suggesting a North American population that has remained genetically distinct from other endemic and introduced cereal-infecting populations. Genome scans uncovered distinct signatures of selection within populations, focused in high diversity, frequently recombining regions. These patterns suggested selection for genomic divergence at the trichothecene toxin gene cluster and thirteen additional regions containing genes potentially involved in pathogen specialization. Gene content differences further distinguished populations, in that 121 genes showed population-specific patterns of conservation. Genes that differentiated populations had predicted functions related to pathogenesis, secondary metabolism and antagonistic interactions, though a subset had unique roles in temperature and light sensitivity. Our results indicated that F. graminearum populations are distinguished by dozens of genes with signatures of selection and an array of dispensable accessory genes, suggesting that FHB pathogen populations may be equipped with different traits to exploit the agroecosystem. These findings provide insights into the evolutionary processes and genomic features contributing to population divergence in plant pathogens, and highlight candidate genes for future functional studies of pathogen specialization across evolutionarily and ecologically diverse fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Kelly
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Ward
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
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Yobo KS, Mngadi ZNC, Laing MD. Efficacy of Two Potassium Silicate Formulations and Two Trichoderma Strains on Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-017-0935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Resistance of Fusarium poae in Arabidopsis leaves requires mainly functional JA and ET signaling pathways. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:841-848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Siciliano I, Berta F, Bosio P, Gullino M, Garibaldi A. Effect of different temperatures and CO2 levels on Alternaria toxins produced on cultivated rocket, cabbage and cauliflower. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 100 years, the global mean temperature has increased and has influenced several key factors that affect the occurrence and severity of fungal diseases. The effect of an increase in CO2 concentration and temperature on disease caused by four Alternaria strains and their mycotoxin production on cultivated rocket, cabbage and cauliflower plants has been investigated in this study. Six different temperature and CO2 combinations were considered: (1) 400-450 ppm CO2, 14-18 °C; (2) 800-850 ppm CO2, 14-18 °C; (3) 400-450 ppm CO2, 18-22 °C; (4) 800-850 ppm CO2, 18-22 °C; (5) 400-450 ppm CO2, 22-26 °C; and (6) 800-850 ppm CO2, 22-26 °C. Higher levels of CO2 and temperature have been found to significantly influence the disease index of the infected plants. In fact, the disease index was significantly increased at 22-26 °C and 800-850 ppm of CO2 for all of the host plants. Tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tentoxin were analysed for each climate condition using HPLC-MS/MS, and disease severity was evaluated. Higher temperature influences environmental conditions and different factors involved in plant-pathogen interaction. Temperature was the main factor involved in disease severity, while host plants and strains were found to be the factors that had the most influence on the variation of the production of mycotoxins. A large variability in the production of mycotoxins among the different host plants was observed, but TeA was always the most frequently produced mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Siciliano
- Agroinnova – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - F. Berta
- Agroinnova – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - P. Bosio
- Agroinnova – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - M.L. Gullino
- Agroinnova – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
- DISAFA – Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - A. Garibaldi
- Agroinnova – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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Abstract
The genus Fusarium includes numerous toxigenic species that are pathogenic to plants or humans, and are able to colonize a wide range of environments on earth. The genus comprises around 70 well-known species, identified by using a polyphasic approach, and as many as 300 putative species, according to phylogenetic species concepts; many putative species do not yet have formal names. Fusarium is one of the most economically important fungal genera because of yield loss due to plant pathogenic activity; mycotoxin contamination of food and feed products which often render them unaccep for marketing; and health impacts to humans and livestock, due to consumption of mycotoxins. Among the most important mycotoxins produced by species of Fusarium are the trichothecenes and the fumonisins. Fumonisins cause fatal livestock diseases and are considered potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins for humans, while trichothecenes are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis. This chapter summarizes the main aspects of morphology, pathology, and toxigenicity of the main Fusarium species that colonize different agricultural crops and environments worldwide, and cause mycotoxin contamination of food and feed.
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Hickert S, Cramer B, Letzel MC, Humpf HU. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging of ochratoxin A and fumonisins in mold-infected food. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2508-2516. [PMID: 27598525 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by various fungi. Their distribution within contaminated material is of high interest to obtain insight into infection mechanisms and the possibility of reducing contamination during food processing. METHODS Various vegetable foodstuffs were infected with fungi of the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus. The localization of the produced mycotoxins was studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of flight mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) of cryosections obtained from infected material. The results were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). RESULTS The mycotoxins ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins of the B- and C-series (FB1 , FB2 , FB3 , FB4 , FC1 , FC2/3 , and FC4 ) as well as partially hydrolyzed fumonisins (pHFB1 , pHFB2 , pHFB3 , pHFC1 , and pHFC2/3 ) could successfully be detected by MALDI-MSI in mold-infested foodstuffs. The toxins are distributed differently in the material: OTA is co-localized with visible fungal spoilage while fumonisins could be detected throughout the whole sample. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the applicability of MALDI-MSI to mycotoxin analysis. It has been demonstrated that the analyzed mycotoxins are differently distributed within moldy foodstuffs. These findings show the potential of MALDI-MSI for the localization of these hazardous compounds in various plant tissues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hickert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias C Letzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Quesada-Ocampo LM, Al-Haddad J, Scruggs AC, Buell CR, Trail F. Susceptibility of Maize to Stalk Rot Caused by Fusarium graminearum Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Mutants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:920-7. [PMID: 27050573 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-15-0199-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a destructive pathogen of cereals that can cause stalk rot in maize. Stalk rot results in yield losses due to impaired grain filling, premature senescence, and lodging, which limits production and harvesting of ears. In addition, mycotoxins can make infected tissues unfit for silage. Our objectives were to evaluate the natural variation in stalk rot resistance among maize inbreds, to establish whether deoxynivalenol (DON)- and zearalenone (ZEA)-deficient strains are pathogenic on a panel of diverse inbreds, and to quantify the accumulation of DON in infected stalk tissue. Wild-type F. graminearum and mycotoxin mutants (DON and ZEA) were used to separately inoculate stalks of 9-week-old plants of 20 inbreds in the greenhouse. Plants were evaluated for lesion area at the inoculation point at 0, 2, 14, and 28 days postinoculation and tissues around lesions were sampled to determine the DON content. Regardless of their ability to produce DON or ZEA, all tested F. graminearum strains caused stalk rot; however, significant differences in disease levels were detected. Among the tested inbreds, Mp717 was resistant to all three F. graminearum strains while Mp317 and HP301 were only partially resistant. Accumulation of DON was significantly lower in infected stalks of the resistant and partially resistant inbreds than the susceptible inbreds. Analysis of the 20 inbreds using data from 17 simple-sequence repeats revealed population structure among the individuals; however, there was no association between genetic clustering and stalk rot resistance. These findings are an additional step toward breeding maize inbreds suitable for planting in fields infested with F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Quesada-Ocampo
- First and third authors; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - J Al-Haddad
- First and third authors; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - A C Scruggs
- First and third authors; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - C R Buell
- First and third authors; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - F Trail
- First and third authors; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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33
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Liu Y, Guo Y, Ma C, Zhang D, Wang C, Yang Q, Xu M. Transcriptome analysis of maize resistance to Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:477. [PMID: 27352627 PMCID: PMC4924250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gibberella stalk rot caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases of maize (Zea mays L.). Chemical means of controlling Gibberella stalk rot are not very effective; development of highly resistant hybrids is the best choice for disease control. Hence, understanding of the molecular basis underlying maize resistance against Gibberella stalk rot would undoubtedly facilitate the resistance breeding for stalk rot. RESULTS Two quantitative trait loci (QTL), qRfg1 and qRfg2, conferring resistance to Gibberella stalk rot were detected in our previous study. Three near-isogenic lines (NILs) of maize with either qRfg1 (NIL1) or qRfg2 (NIL2), or neither (NIL3) were generated and subjected to RNA sequencing to study the transcriptional changes after F. graminearum inoculation at 0 (control), 6, and 18 h post-inoculation (hpi). In total, 536,184,652 clean reads were generated, and gene expression levels were calculated using FPKM (fragments per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads). A total of 7252 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the three NILs after F. graminearum inoculation. As many as 2499 DEGs were detected between NIL1 and NIL3 at 0 hpi, of which 884 DEGs were more abundant in NIL1 and enriched in defense responses. After F. graminearum inoculation, 1070 and 751 genes were exclusively up- and downregulated, respectively, in NIL1 as compared to NIL3. The 1070 upregulated DEGs were enriched in growth/development, photosynthesis/biogenesis, and defense-related responses. Genes encoding putative auxin-induced proteins and GH3 family proteins in auxin signaling pathway were highly induced and lasted longer in NIL3. Genes involved in polar auxin transport (PAT) were more abundant in NIL3 as compared with NIL2. CONCLUSIONS The qRfg1 confers its resistance to Gibberella stalk rot through both constitutive and induced high expression of defense-related genes; while qRfg2 enhances maize resistance to the disease via relatively lower induction of auxin signaling and repression of PAT. The defense-related transcriptional changes underlying each QTL will undoubtedly facilitate our understanding of the resistance mechanism and resistance breeding for maize stalk rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Liu
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agriculture University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yanling Guo
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agriculture University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chuanyu Ma
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agriculture University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agriculture University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agriculture University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qin Yang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agriculture University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Mingliang Xu
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agriculture University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
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Yao SH, Guo Y, Wang YZ, Zhang D, Xu L, Tang WH. A cytoplasmic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase SOD1 contributes to hyphal growth and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 91:32-42. [PMID: 27037138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are scavengers of superoxide radicals, one of the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. SOD-based ROS scavenging system constitutes the frontline defense against intra- and extracellular ROS, but the roles of SODs in the important cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum are not very clear. There are five SOD genes in F. graminearum genome, encoding cytoplasmic Cu-Zn SOD1 and MnSOD3, mitochondrial MnSOD2 and FeSOD4, and extracellular CuSOD5. Previous studies reported that the expression of SOD1 increased during infection of wheat coleoptiles and florets. In this work we showed that the recombinant SOD1 protein had the superoxide dismutase activity in vitro, and that the SOD1-mRFP fusion protein localized in the cytoplasm of F. graminearum. The Δsod1 mutants had slightly reduced hyphal growth and markedly increased sensitivity to the intracellular ROS generator menadione. The conidial germination under extracellular oxidative stress was significantly delayed in the mutants. Wheat floret infection assay showed that the Δsod1 mutants had a reduced pathogenicity. Furthermore, the Δsod1 mutants had a significant reduction in production of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin. Our results indicate that the cytoplasmic Cu-Zn SOD1 affects fungal growth probably depending on detoxification of intracellular superoxide radicals, and that SOD1-mediated deoxynivalenol production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum in wheat head infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Zhang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei-Hua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Bahadoor A, Schneiderman D, Gemmill L, Bosnich W, Blackwell B, Melanson JE, McRae G, Harris LJ. Hydroxylation of Longiborneol by a Clm2-Encoded CYP450 Monooxygenase to Produce Culmorin in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:81-88. [PMID: 26673640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A second structural gene required for culmorin biosynthesis in the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum is described. Clm2 encodes a regio- and stereoselective cytochrome P450 monooxygenase for C-11 of longiborneol (1). Clm2 gene disruptants were grown in liquid culture and assessed for culmorin production via HPLC-evaporative light scattering detection. The analysis indicated a complete loss of culmorin (2) from the liquid culture of the ΔClm2 mutants. Culmorin production resumed in a ΔClm2 complementation experiment. A detailed analysis of the secondary metabolites extracted from the large-scale liquid culture of disruptant ΔClm2D20 revealed five new natural products: 3-hydroxylongiborneol (3), 5-hydroxylongiborneol (4), 12-hydroxylongiborneol (5), 15-hydroxylongiborneol (6), and 11-epi-acetylculmorin (7). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by a combination of HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilah Bahadoor
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Danielle Schneiderman
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Larissa Gemmill
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Whynn Bosnich
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Barbara Blackwell
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Garnet McRae
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
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Kebede AZ, Woldemariam T, Reid LM, Harris LJ. Quantitative trait loci mapping for Gibberella ear rot resistance and associated agronomic traits using genotyping-by-sequencing in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:17-29. [PMID: 26643764 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Unique and co-localized chromosomal regions affecting Gibberella ear rot disease resistance and correlated agronomic traits were identified in maize. Dissecting the mechanisms underlying resistance to Gibberella ear rot (GER) disease in maize provides insight towards more informed breeding. To this goal, we evaluated 410 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) for GER resistance over three testing years using silk channel and kernel inoculation techniques. RILs were also evaluated for agronomic traits like days to silking, husk cover, and kernel drydown rate. The RILs showed significant genotypic differences for all traits with above average to high heritability estimates. Significant (P < 0.01) but weak genotypic correlations were observed between disease severity and agronomic traits, indicating the involvement of agronomic traits in disease resistance. Common QTLs were detected for GER resistance and kernel drydown rate, suggesting the existence of pleiotropic genes that could be exploited to improve both traits at the same time. The QTLs identified for silk and kernel resistance shared some common regions on chromosomes 1, 2, and 8 and also had some regions specific to each tissue on chromosomes 9 and 10. Thus, effective GER resistance breeding could be achieved by considering screening methods that allow exploitation of tissue-specific disease resistance mechanisms and include kernel drydown rate either in an index or as indirect selection criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Z Kebede
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Tsegaye Woldemariam
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Lana M Reid
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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Kuhnem PR, Spolti P, Del Ponte EM, Cummings JA, Bergstrom GC. Trichothecene Genotype Composition of Fusarium graminearum Not Differentiated Among Isolates from Maize Stubble, Maize Ears, Wheat Spikes, and the Atmosphere in New York. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:695-699. [PMID: 25651052 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-14-0266-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that the trichothecene genotype composition of local populations of Fusarium graminearum is structured by specific habitats, a collection of 1,407 isolates was obtained from overwintered maize stubble, mature maize ears and wheat spikes, and the atmosphere 1.5 m aboveground during the flowering stage of these crops. These isolates were sampled at three diverse agricultural locations in New York State: namely, Aurora (sampled in 2012 and 2013) in central New York, Belmont (sampled in 2013) in southwestern New York, and Willsboro (sampled in 2013) in northeastern New York. Approximately 100 isolates of F. graminearum from each habitat were collected within a 10-mile2 area in each location. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to identify three main B-trichothecene genotypes--3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-ADON, or nivalenol (NIV)--based on amplification of portions of Tri3 and Tri12 genes. All but the NIV genotype were detected. The 15-ADON genotype predominated in most locations; frequencies were 92% (652/709) at Aurora, 78% (332/379) at Belmont, and 53% (167/319) at Willsboro. Frequencies of any genotype did not differ in general among the four habits in each location. An exception was in Aurora 2012, where only 5 in 24 3-ADON isolates were found in samplings from the air and grains of both crops. As viewed by the composition of trichothecene genotypes, local populations of F. graminearum appear not to be structured by these four habitats inclusive of pathogenic and saprophytic phases of the fungus life cycle. The similar frequency of 3-ADON and 15-ADON in eastern New York (Willsboro), which is less than 400 km away from the Aurora sampling location in the central area of the state, suggests that regional populations may be differentiated based on selection associated with climatic or landscape features not currently identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Kuhnem
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
| | - Pierri Spolti
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
| | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
| | - Jaime A Cummings
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
| | - Gary C Bergstrom
- First, second, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; and first, second, and third authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000, Brazil
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Mahunu GK, Zhang H, Yang Q, Li C, Zheng X. Biological Control of Patulin by Antagonistic Yeast: A case study and possible model. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:643-55. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1009823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Komla Mahunu
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiya Yang
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaolan Li
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Zheng
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
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Kuhnem PR, Del Ponte EM, Dong Y, Bergstrom GC. Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Wheat and Maize in New York Show Similar Range of Aggressiveness and Toxigenicity in Cross-Species Pathogenicity Tests. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:441-8. [PMID: 25338173 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-14-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess whether pathogenic Fusarium graminearum isolates from wheat and maize were more aggressive on their host of origin and whether aggressiveness was influenced further by B-trichothecene chemotype. Fifteen isolates were selected from a contemporary collection of isolates surveyed in New York in 2011 to 2012 to represent diversity of host of origin and chemotype. Three pathogenicity assays were used to evaluate and compare these isolates. Fusarium head blight (FHB) severity and trichothecene production in wheat, and maize seedling blight were evaluated in greenhouse inoculation experiments, and Gibberella ear rot (GER) severity and trichothecene production were evaluated in maize ears inoculated in the field. Our results showed among F. graminearum isolates a wide variation in aggressiveness and mycotoxin production toward wheat and maize and these isolates could not be structured by their host of origin or by chemotype. Moreover, aggressiveness rank order changed according to the host/organ evaluated. This indicates that relative susceptibility at the seedling stage may not predict susceptibility of ears. Significant correlations were observed of total trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol [DON] and its acetylated derivatives) produced with FHB and GER severity on wheat and maize, respectively. One isolate did not produce DON or ADON in wheat or maize kernels, yet was aggressive on both hosts. Nine of the fifteen isolates produced small amounts of zearalenone (ZON) in maize kernels, but not in wheat kernels, and ZON level was not correlated with GER severity. F. graminearum isolates from New York showed wide variation in aggressiveness and mycotoxin production toward susceptible wheat and maize. Neither host of origin nor trichothecene chemotype appeared to structure the populations we sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Kuhnem
- First and fourth authors: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904; first and second authors: Departamento de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540000; and third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Qin J, Wang G, Jiang C, Xu JR, Wang C. Fgk3 glycogen synthase kinase is important for development, pathogenesis, and stress responses in Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8504. [PMID: 25703795 PMCID: PMC4336942 DOI: 10.1038/srep08504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat scab caused by Fusarium graminearum is an important disease. In a previous study, the FGK3 glycogen synthase kinase gene orthologous to mammalian GSK3 was identified as an important virulence factor. Although GSK3 orthologs are well-conserved, none of them have been functionally characterized in fungal pathogens. In this study, we further characterized the roles of FGK3 gene. The Δfgk3 mutant had pleiotropic defects in growth rate, conidium morphology, germination, and perithecium formation. It was non-pathogenic in infection assays and blocked in DON production. Glycogen accumulation was increased in the Δfgk3 mutant, confirming the inhibitory role of Fgk3 on glycogen synthase. In FGK3-GFP transformants, GFP signals mainly localized to the cytoplasm in conidia but to the cytoplasm and nucleus in hyphae. Moreover, the expression level of FGK3 increased in response to cold, H2O2, and SDS stresses. In the Δfgk3 mutant, cold, heat, and salt stresses failed to induce the expression of the stress response-related genes FgGRE2, FgGPD1, FgCTT1, and FgMSN2. In the presence of 80 mM LiCl, a GSK3 kinase inhibitor, the wild type displayed similar defects to the Δfgk3 mutant. Overall, our results indicate that FGK3 is important for growth, conidiogenesis, DON production, pathogenicity, and stress responses in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, USA
| | - Chenfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Wolny-Koładka KA. The prevalence of selected genes involved in the biosynthesis of trichothecenes assessed with the specific PCR tests in Fusarium spp. isolated from cereals in southern Poland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:361-367. [PMID: 25826104 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The analysis was conducted using 50 isolates of fungi of the genus Fusarium belonging to the species classified as major trichothecene mycotoxin producers: F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. poae. The tested fungi were isolated from ears of cereal crops in southern Poland during the two growing seasons (2011 and 2012). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of genes involved in the biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins using the specific PCR tests. Molecular analyses indicated that the genes responsible for the production of trichothecenes (Tri3, Tri5, Tri7, Tri13) were abundant in the examined genetic material. The tested fungal isolates were characterized by a large diversity in terms of the number and composition of the possessed Tri genes. On the other hand, 14 of 50 isolates were found not to carry any of Tri genes.
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Chen D, Wang Y, Zhou X, Wang Y, Xu JR. The Sch9 kinase regulates conidium size, stress responses, and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105811. [PMID: 25144230 PMCID: PMC4140829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley worldwide. In a previous study on functional characterization of the F. graminearum kinome, one protein kinase gene important for virulence is orthologous to SCH9 that is functionally related to the cAMP-PKA and TOR pathways in the budding yeast. In this study, we further characterized the functions of FgSCH9 in F. graminearum and its ortholog in Magnaporthe oryzae. The ΔFgsch9 mutant was slightly reduced in growth rate but significantly reduced in conidiation, DON production, and virulence on wheat heads and corn silks. It had increased tolerance to elevated temperatures but became hypersensitive to oxidative, hyperosmotic, cell wall, and membrane stresses. The ΔFgsch9 deletion also had conidium morphology defects and produced smaller conidia. These results suggest that FgSCH9 is important for stress responses, DON production, conidiogenesis, and pathogenesis in F. graminearum. In the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, the ΔMosch9 mutant also was defective in conidiogenesis and pathogenesis. Interestingly, it also produced smaller conidia and appressoria. Taken together, our data indicate that the SCH9 kinase gene may have a conserved role in regulating conidium size and plant infection in phytopathogenic ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Van Nguyen T, Kröger C, Bönnighausen J, Schäfer W, Bormann J. The ATF/CREB transcription factor Atf1 is essential for full virulence, deoxynivalenol production, and stress tolerance in the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1378-1394. [PMID: 23945004 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-13-0125-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a necrotrophic plant pathogen of cereals that produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in grains. The stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase FgOS-2 is a central regulator in F. graminearum and controls, among others, virulence and DON and ZEA production. Here, we characterized the ATF/CREB-activating transcription factor FgAtf1, a regulator that functions downstream of FgOS-2. We created deletion and overexpression mutants of Fgatf1, the latter being also in an FgOS-2 deletion mutant. FgAtf1 localizes to the nucleus and appears to interact with FgOS-2 under osmotic stress conditions. Deletion mutants in Fgatf1 (ΔFgatf1) are more sensitive to osmotic stress and less sensitive to oxidative stress compared with the wild type. Furthermore, sexual reproduction is delayed. ΔFgatf1 strains produced higher amounts of DON under in vitro induction conditions than that of the wild type. However, during wheat infection, DON production by ΔFgatf1 is strongly reduced. The ΔFgatf1 strains displayed strongly reduced virulence to wheat and maize. Interestingly, constitutive expression of Fgatf1 in the wild type led to hypervirulence on wheat, maize, and Brachypodium distachyon. Moreover, constitutive expression of Fgatf1 in the ΔFgOS-2 mutant background almost complements ΔFgOS-2-phenotypes. These data suggest that FgAtf1 may be the most important transcription factor regulated by FgOS-2.
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Cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. Toxicon 2013; 74:68-75. [PMID: 23933195 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes, a major class of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys species, are toxic to both plants and mammals. Simple trichothecenes, including type A (e.g., T-2 toxin) and type B (e.g., deoxynivalenol), are generally less toxic than macrocyclic trichothecenes. We sought to determine if simple trichothecenes are a potential source of candidates for development as bioherbicides, which require high phytotoxicity and low mammalian toxicity. We examined 28 simple trichothecenes in vitro for phytotoxicity using a small aquatic plant, Lemna pausicostata, and for mammalian toxicity using four cultured mammalian cell lines. Several structure-activity relationships were identified, including the following two, which may be relevant to bioherbicide development: peracetylation of type B trichothecenes and de-epoxidation of type A trichothecenes both substantially reduced mammalian toxicity with little effect on phytotoxicity. It was concluded that simple trichothecenes possessing strong phytotoxicity and minimal mammalian toxicity in vitro can be identified.
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Scherm B, Balmas V, Spanu F, Pani G, Delogu G, Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Fusarium culmorum: causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:323-41. [PMID: 23279114 PMCID: PMC6638779 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fusarium culmorum is a ubiquitous soil-borne fungus able to cause foot and root rot and Fusarium head blight on different small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins. This review summarizes recent research activities related to F. culmorum, including studies into its population diversity, mycotoxin biosynthesis, mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance, the development of diagnostic tools and preliminary genome sequence surveys. We also propose potential research areas that may expand our basic understanding of the wheat-F. culmorum interaction and assist in the management of the disease caused by this pathogen. TAXONOMY Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreomycetidae; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Fusarium. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Foot and root rot (also known as Fusarium crown rot): seedling blight with death of the plant before or after emergence; brown discoloration on roots and coleoptiles of the infected seedlings; brown discoloration on subcrown internodes and on the first two/three internodes of the main stem; tiller abortion; formation of whiteheads with shrivelled white grains; Fusarium head blight: prematurely bleached spikelets or blighting of the entire head, which remains empty or contains shrunken dark kernels. IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION: Morphological identification is based on the shape of the macroconidia formed on sporodochia on carnation leaf agar. The conidiophores are branched monophialides, short and wide. The macroconidia are relatively short and stout with an apical cell blunt or slightly papillate; the basal cell is foot-shaped or just notched. Macroconidia are thick-walled and curved, usually 3-5 septate, and mostly measuring 30-50 × 5.0-7.5 μm. Microconidia are absent. Oval to globose chlamydospores are formed, intercalary in the hyphae, solitary, in chains or in clumps; they are also formed from macroconidia. The colony grows very rapidly (1.6-2.2 cm/day) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at the optimum temperature of 25 °C. The mycelium on PDA is floccose, whitish, light yellow or red. The pigment on the reverse plate on PDA varies from greyish-rose, carmine red or burgundy. A wide array of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR tools, as well as complementary methods, which are summarised in the first two tables, have been developed for the detection and/or quantification of F. culmorum in culture and in naturally infected plant tissue. HOST RANGE Fusarium culmorum has a wide range of host plants, mainly cereals, such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, sorghum and various grasses. In addition, it has been isolated from sugar beet, flax, carnation, bean, pea, asparagus, red clover, hop, leeks, Norway spruce, strawberry and potato tuber. Fusarium culmorum has also been associated with dermatitis on marram grass planters in the Netherlands, although its role as a causal agent of skin lesions appears questionable. It is also isolated as a symbiont able to confer resistance to abiotic stress, and has been proposed as a potential biocontrol agent to control the aquatic weed Hydrilla spp. USEFUL WEBSITES http://isolate.fusariumdb.org/; http://sppadbase.ipp.cnr.it/; http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/fusarium_group/MultiHome.html; http://www.fgsc.net/Fusarium/fushome.htm; http://plantpath.psu.edu/facilities/fusarium-research-center; http://www.phi-base.org/; http://www.uniprot.org/; http://www.cabi.org/; http://www.indexfungorum.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scherm
- Dipartimento di Agraria-Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia and Centro Interdisciplinare per lo Sviluppo della Ricerca Biotecnologica e per lo Studio della Biodiversità della Sardegna e dell'Area Mediterranea, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
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Atanasova-Penichon V, Pons S, Pinson-Gadais L, Picot A, Marchegay G, Bonnin-Verdal MN, Ducos C, Barreau C, Roucolle J, Sehabiague P, Carolo P, Richard-Forget F. Chlorogenic acid and maize ear rot resistance: a dynamic study investigating Fusarium graminearum development, deoxynivalenol production, and phenolic acid accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1605-16. [PMID: 23035912 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-12-0153-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Gibberella ear rot and produces trichothecene mycotoxins. Basic questions remain unanswered regarding the kernel stages associated with trichothecene biosynthesis and the kernel metabolites potentially involved in the regulation of trichothecene production in planta. In a two-year field study, F. graminearum growth, trichothecene accumulation, and phenolic acid composition were monitored in developing maize kernels of a susceptible and a moderately resistant variety using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array or mass spectrometry detection. Infection started as early as the blister stage and proceeded slowly until the dough stage. Then, a peak of trichothecene accumulation occurred and infection progressed exponentially until the final harvest time. Both F. graminearum growth and trichothecene production were drastically reduced in the moderately resistant variety. We found that chlorogenic acid is more abundant in the moderately resistant variety, with levels spiking in the earliest kernel stages induced by Fusarium infection. This is the first report that precisely describes the kernel stage associated with the initiation of trichothecene production and provides in planta evidence that chlorogenic acid may play a role in maize resistance to Gibberella ear rot and trichothecene accumulation.
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Horevaj P, Bluhm BH. BDM1, a phosducin-like gene of Fusarium graminearum, is involved in virulence during infection of wheat and maize. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:431-444. [PMID: 22044756 PMCID: PMC6638705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a common pathogen of wheat and maize throughout the world. Despite recent advances in the elucidation of the genetic basis of virulence, significant gaps in the regulatory network underlying pathogenesis remain to be filled. In particular, little is known at the molecular level about the overlap among mechanisms of pathogenicity on maize and wheat. G-protein signalling has been implicated in pathogenesis in F. graminearum, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the involvement of a putative phosducin-like gene (BDM1) in growth, development and pathogenesis in F. graminearum. Targeted deletion of BDM1 revealed roles in sexual and asexual sporulation, germ tube development, hyphal branching and mycelial morphology. During pathogenesis, BDM1 is required for wild-type levels of colonization of maize silk tissue and stalks, but is dispensable for the colonization of kernels. The deletion of BDM1 also reduced the virulence of F. graminearum during the infection of wheat seedlings and heads, resulting in a significant reduction in fungal biomass and a delayed spread of visual symptom expression (i.e. bleaching in heads). Furthermore, BDM1 is required for wild-type levels of deoxynivalenol biosynthesis during the infection of wheat heads and maize silks. In summation, BDM1 is one of the few genes characterized to date in F. graminearum involved in virulence during infection of both maize and wheat. Thus, the functional characterization of BDM1 has established a new regulatory link between pathogenesis in maize and wheat, and provides a genetic resource through which the regulatory networks underlying virulence in F. graminearum can be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Horevaj
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Wang G, Wang C, Hou R, Zhou X, Li G, Zhang S, Xu JR. The AMT1 arginine methyltransferase gene is important for plant infection and normal hyphal growth in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38324. [PMID: 22693618 PMCID: PMC3365026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine methylation of non-histone proteins by protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) has been shown to be important for various biological processes from yeast to human. Although PRMT genes are well conserved in fungi, none of them have been functionally characterized in plant pathogenic ascomycetes. In this study, we identified and characterized all of the four predicted PRMT genes in Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. Whereas deletion of the other three PRMT genes had no obvious phenotypes, the Δamt1 mutant had pleiotropic defects. AMT1 is a predicted type I PRMT gene that is orthologous to HMT1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Δamt1 mutant was slightly reduced in vegetative growth but normal in asexual and sexual reproduction. It had increased sensitivities to oxidative and membrane stresses. DON mycotoxin production and virulence on flowering wheat heads also were reduced in the Δamt1 mutant. The introduction of the wild-type AMT1 allele fully complemented the defects of the Δamt1 mutant and Amt1-GFP fusion proteins mainly localized to the nucleus. Hrp1 and Nab2 are two hnRNPs in yeast that are methylated by Hmt1 for nuclear export. In F. graminearum, AMT1 is required for the nuclear export of FgHrp1 but not FgNab2, indicating that yeast and F. graminearum differ in the methylation and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of hnRNP components. Because AMT2 also is a predicted type I PRMT with limited homology to yeast HMT1, we generated the Δamt1 Δamt2 double mutants. The Δamt1 single and Δamt1 Δamt2 double mutants had similar defects in all the phenotypes assayed, including reduced vegetative growth and virulence. Overall, data from this systematic analysis of PRMT genes suggest that AMT1, like its ortholog in yeast, is the predominant PRMT gene in F. graminearum and plays a role in hyphal growth, stress responses, and plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chenfang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Guotian Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shijie Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Brown NA, Antoniw J, Hammond-Kosack KE. The predicted secretome of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum: a refined comparative analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33731. [PMID: 22493673 PMCID: PMC3320895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium graminearum forms an intimate association with the host species wheat whilst infecting the floral tissues at anthesis. During the prolonged latent period of infection, extracellular communication between live pathogen and host cells must occur, implying a role for secreted fungal proteins. The wheat cells in contact with fungal hyphae subsequently die and intracellular hyphal colonisation results in the development of visible disease symptoms. Since the original genome annotation analysis was done in 2007, which predicted the secretome using TargetP, the F. graminearum gene call has changed considerably through the combined efforts of the BROAD and MIPS institutes. As a result of the modifications to the genome and the recent findings that suggested a role for secreted proteins in virulence, the F. graminearum secretome was revisited. In the current study, a refined F. graminearum secretome was predicted by combining several bioinformatic approaches. This strategy increased the probability of identifying truly secreted proteins. A secretome of 574 proteins was predicted of which 99% was supported by transcriptional evidence. The function of the annotated and unannotated secreted proteins was explored. The potential role(s) of the annotated proteins including, putative enzymes, phytotoxins and antifungals are discussed. Characterisation of the unannotated proteins included the analysis of Pfam domains and features associated with known fungal effectors, for example, small size, cysteine-rich and containing internal amino acid repeats. A comprehensive comparative genomic analysis involving 57 fungal and oomycete genomes revealed that only a small number of the predicted F. graminearum secreted proteins can be considered to be either species or sequenced strain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Brown
- Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Javaid A, Ali S. Herbicidal activity of culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. against two problematic weeds of wheat. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:730-40. [PMID: 21462072 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.528757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The herbicidal potential of culture filtrates of four Trichoderma spp., namely Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai, Trichoderma reesei Simmons and Trichoderma viride Pers., was evaluated against two problematic weeds of wheat, Phalaris minor L. and Rumex dentatus L. In laboratory bioassays, generally, metabolites of all four Trichoderma species significantly reduced various root and shoot growth parameters of the two target weed species. The original concentrations of the culture filtrates of all Trichoderma spp., except T. harzianum, significantly reduced various parameters of root and shoot growth of wheat seedlings. In a foliar spray bioassay, the culture filtrates of all four Trichoderma spp. significantly diminished root and shoot biomass of R. dentatus. The effect of these filtrates on the shoot growth of P. minor and wheat was not significant. Culture filtrates of the four Trichoderma species were successively extracted with butanol, n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. In detached leaf injection bioassays, n-hexane fractions (3 mg mL(-1)) of T. pseudokoningii, T. reesei and T. viride, and ethyl acetate fractions of T. horzianum and T. pseudokoningii were found to be toxic against R. dentatus. This study concludes that the culture filtrates of Trichoderma species have herbicidal potential in the control of R. dentatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Javaid
- Institute of Plant Pathology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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