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Wu LX, Wang Y, Lyu H, Chen XD. Effects of a compound Trichoderma agent on Coptis chinensis growth, nutrients, enzyme activity, and microbial community of rhizosphere soil. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15652. [PMID: 37456883 PMCID: PMC10349559 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Root rot diseases are prevalent in many Coptis chinensis Franch. production areas, perhaps partially due to the overuse of synthetic fertilizers. Synthetic fertilizers can also lead to soil degradation. Trichoderma is widely used in biofertilizers and biopesticides. This study applied a combination of four Trichoderma species (compound Trichoderma agent, CTA) to C. chinensis and evaluated its effects on growth, as well as rhizosphere soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial community structure. The purpose of this study was to estimate the potential of using CTA as a biofertilizer for C. chinensis, and determine if it could, at least partially, replace synthetic fertilizers to control root rot disease and maintain soil fertility. Method CTA, compound fertilizer and sterile water were applied to C. chinensis plants. After 60 days, the soluble sugar, soluble protein, chlorophyll of leaves, and individual weight of each plant were measured. The rhizosphere soil nutrient content, enzymatic activity, and the microbial community were also determined. The results were analyzed to evaluate the effect of CTA on C. chinensis growth and soil fertility. Results CTA increased the soluble protein, chlorophyll, and individual weight of C. chinensis plants while compound fertilizer decreased chlorophyll. CTA increased the activities of urease and catalase in rhizosphere soil, whereas the compound fertilizer decreased urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. CTA elevated soil pH, while compound fertilizer reduced it. CTA had no significant effects on soil nutrients and organic matter. CTA decreased the fungal number and alpha-diversity of fungi and bacteria, and both the fungal and bacterial communities were significantly different from the other two. CTA increased B/F value, which improved the rhizosphere microbial community. Both CTA and the compound fertilizer significantly altered the soil microbial community. The relative abundance of Ascomycota was higher and Basidiomycota was lower after CTA treatment than after the other two treatments, indicating that the soil treated with CTA was healthier than that of the other two treatments. CTA decreased harmful Ilyonectria mors-panacis and Corynebacterium sp. And increased beneficial Ralstonia picketti. Trichoderma spp. could exist in C. chinensis rhizosphere soil for a long time. The functional prediction results demonstrated that CTA reduced some rhizosphere phytopathogenic fungi. Correlation analysis showed that CTA elevated rhizosphere pH and enzyme activities. In summary, synthetic fertilizers damaged soil fertility, and the overuse of them might be responsible for root rot disease, while CTA could promote C. chinensis growth, improve soil and decrease the incidence and severity of C. chinensis root rot disease. Therefore, as a biofertilizer, CTA can, at least partially, replace synthetic fertilizers in C. chinensis production. Combining it with organic fertilizer will increase the potential of Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li X. Wu
- Institute of Material Medical Planting, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fine Variety Breeding Techniques of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Material Medical Planting, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fine Variety Breeding Techniques of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Lyu
- Institute of Material Medical Planting, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fine Variety Breeding Techniques of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia D. Chen
- Institute of Material Medical Planting, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fine Variety Breeding Techniques of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Sub-center of National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China
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Goodwin PH, Best MA. Ginsenosides and Biotic Stress Responses of Ginseng. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1091. [PMID: 36903950 PMCID: PMC10005217 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are saponins that possess a sugar moiety attached to a hydrophobic aglycone triterpenoid. They have been widely studied for their various medicinal benefits, such as their neuroprotective and anti-cancer activities, but their role in the biology of ginseng plants has been much less widely documented. In the wild, ginsengs are slow-growing perennials with roots that can survive for approximately 30 years; thus, they need to defend themselves against many potential biotic stresses over many decades. Biotic stresses would be a major natural selection pressure and may at least partially explain why ginseng roots expend considerable resources in order to accumulate relatively large amounts of ginsenosides. Ginsenosides may provide ginseng with antimicrobial activity against pathogens, antifeedant activity against insects and other herbivores, and allelopathic activity against other plants. In addition, the interaction of ginseng with pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and their elicitors may trigger increases in different root ginsenosides and associated gene expression, although some pathogens may be able to suppress this behavior. While not covered in this review, ginsenosides also have roles in ginseng development and abiotic stress tolerance. This review shows that there is considerable evidence supporting ginsenosides as important elements of ginseng's defense against a variety of biotic stresses.
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Luo L, Zhang J, Ye C, Li S, Duan S, Wang Z, Huang H, Liu Y, Deng W, Mei X, He X, Yang M, Zhu S. Foliar Pathogen Infection Manipulates Soil Health through Root Exudate-Modified Rhizosphere Microbiome. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0241822. [PMID: 36445116 PMCID: PMC9769671 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02418-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative plant-soil feedback (NPSF) due to the buildup of soilborne pathogens in soil is a major obstacle in sustainable agricultural systems. Beneficial rhizosphere microfloras are recruited by plants, and mediating this has become a strategic priority to manipulate plant health. Here, we found that foliar infection of Panax notoginseng by Alternaria panax changed plant-soil feedback from negative to positive. Foliar infection modified the rhizosphere soil microbial community and reversed the direction of the buildup of the soilborne pathogen Ilyonectria destructans and beneficial microbes, including Trichoderma, Bacillus, and Streptomyces, in rhizosphere soil. These beneficial microbes not only showed antagonistic ability against the pathogen I. destructans but also enhanced the resistance of plants to A. panax. Foliar infection enhanced the exudation of short- and long-chain organic acids, sugars, and amino acids from roots. In vitro and in vivo experiments validated that short- and long-chain organic acids and sugars play dual roles in simultaneously suppressing pathogens but enriching beneficial microbes. In summary, foliar infection could change root secretion to drive shifts in the rhizosphere microbial community to enhance soil health, providing a new strategy to alleviate belowground disease in plants through aboveground inducement. IMPORTANCE Belowground soilborne disease is the main factor limiting sustainable agricultural production and is difficult to manage due to the complexity of the soil environment. Here, we found that aboveground parts of plants infected by foliar pathogens could enhance the secretion of organic acids, sugars, and amino acids in root exudates to suppress soilborne pathogens and enrich beneficial microbes, eventually changing the plant and soil feedback from negative to positive and alleviating belowground soilborne disease. This is an exciting strategy by which to achieve belowground soilborne disease management by manipulating the aboveground state through aboveground stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Junxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Chen Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shengshuang Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Weiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Bischoff Nunes I, Goodwin PH. Interaction of Ginseng with Ilyonectria Root Rot Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2152. [PMID: 36015455 PMCID: PMC9416147 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Ilyonectria radicicola species complex (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral and Crous 2011 contains species of soilborne necrotrophic plant pathogens. The most aggressive to ginseng roots is I. mors-panacis, whereas I. robusta, I. crassa, I. panacis and I. radicicola are less aggressive. Infected ginseng roots show orange-red to black-brown lesions that can expand into a severe root rot, known as disappearing root rot, where only epidermal root tissue remains. Leaves become red-brown with wilting, and stems can have vascular discoloration with black-brown lesions at the base. Less aggressive Ilyonectria species trigger jasmonic acid (JA)-related defenses inducing host ginsenosides, pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, wound periderm, and cell wall thickening. In contrast, I. mors-panacis triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) production but suppresses JA-related defenses and ginsenoside accumulation. It is also able to suppress SA-related PR protein production. Virulence factors include potential effectors that may suppress PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) triggered immunity (PTI), polyphenoloxidases, Hsp90 inhibitors, siderophores and cell-wall-degrading enzymes, such as pectinases. Overall, I. mors-panacis appears to be more aggressive because it can suppress JA and SA-related PTI allowing for more extensive colonization of ginseng roots. While many possible mechanisms of host resistance and pathogen virulence mechanisms have been examined, there is a need for using genetic approaches, such as RNAi silencing of genes of Panax or Ilyonectria, to determine their importance in the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Bischoff Nunes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Analysis of saponins detoxification genes in Ilyonectria mors-panacis G3B inducing root rot of Panax notoginseng by RNA-Seq. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5205-5213. [PMID: 34350471 PMCID: PMC8502126 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Saponins are kinds of antifungal compounds produced by Panax notoginseng to resist invasion by pathogens. Ilyonectria mors-panacis G3B was the dominant pathogen inducing root rot of P. notoginseng, and the abilities to detoxify saponins were the key to infect P. notoginseng successfully. To research the molecular mechanisms of detoxifying saponins in I. mors-panacis G3B, we used high-throughput RNA-Seq to identify 557 and 1519 differential expression genes (DEGs) in I. mors-panacis G3B with saponins treatments for 4H (Hours) and 12H (Hours) compared with no saponins treatments, respectively. Among these DEGs, we found 93 genes which were simultaneously highly expressed in I. mors-panacis G3B with saponins treatments for 4H and 12H, they mainly belong to genes encoding transporters, glycoside hydrolases, oxidation-reduction enzymes, transcription factors and so on. In addition, there were 21 putative PHI (Pathogen-Host Interaction) genes out of those 93 up-regulated genes. In this report, we analyzed virulence-associated genes in I. mors-panacis G3B which may be related to detoxifying saponins to infect P. notoginseng successfully. They provided an excellent starting point for in-depth study on pathogenicity of I. mors-panacis G3B and developed appropriate root rot disease management strategies in the future.
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Characterization of inter-annual changes in soil microbial flora of Panax ginseng cultivation fields in Shimane Prefecture of Western Japan by DNA metabarcoding using next-generation sequencing. J Nat Med 2021; 75:1067-1079. [PMID: 34024012 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Araliaceae) cultivation suffers from the inability to cultivate the same fields continuously for long durations due to replant failure. The main cause of replant failure is considered to be the annual change in the soil microbial flora, especially the invasion and settlement of pathogenic microorganisms of soil-borne diseases. We analyzed the soil bacterial and fungal flora and inter-annual changes in their composition over 5 years in ginseng cultivation fields on Daikonshima Island, Shimane Prefecture of Western Japan by DNA metabarcoding using next-generation sequencing. Bacteria such as Sphingomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and Betaproteobacteria and the fungus Mortierella sp. were consistently detected throughout the cultivation period. The inter-annual compositional changes of the bacterial flora, especially two members of the family Burkholderiaceae, one member of the phylum Actinobacteria, one member of the genus Candidatus Koribacter, and one member of the genus Sphingomonas, corresponded to the cultivation period, whereas those of the fungal flora showed random changes, suggesting that the growth of ginseng may be greatly affected by changes in the bacterial flora. Therefore, a greater understanding of the bacterial flora could provide valuable information for the cultivation of ginseng. The absence of pathogenic microorganisms associated with soil-borne diseases, which have been reported as causative agents of the main diseases of ginseng, in all soil sampling sites throughout the entire cultivation period in this study proves, for the first time, that traditional cultivation management employing empirical methods and chemical control is an effective approach to control these pathogens. Therefore, the DNA metabarcoding of the bacterial flora could provide valuable information for cultivation management, specifically in detecting and controlling soil-borne pathogens responsible for ongoing cultivation damage in long-term cultivation of medicinal plants.
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Mujica MI, Pérez MF, Jakalski M, Martos F, Selosse MA. Soil P reduces mycorrhizal colonization while favors fungal pathogens: observational and experimental evidence in Bipinnula (Orchidaceae). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5897353. [PMID: 32845297 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the soil factors influencing root-associated fungal communities in Orchidaceae. Limited evidence suggests that soil nutrients may modulate the association with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), but their influence on non-mycorrhizal fungi remains unexplored. To study how nutrient availability affects mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi associated with the orchid Bipinnula fimbriata, we conducted a metagenomic investigation within a large population with variable soil conditions. Additionally, we tested the effect of phosphorus (P) addition on fungal communities and mycorrhizal colonization. Soil P negatively correlated with the abundance of OMF, but not with the abundance of non-mycorrhizal fungi. After fertilization, increments in soil P negatively affected mycorrhizal colonization; however, they had no effect on OMF richness or composition. The abundance and richness of pathotrophs were negatively related to mycorrhizal colonization and then, after fertilization, the decrease in mycorrhizal colonization correlated with an increase in pathogen richness. Our results suggest that OMF are affected by soil conditions differently from non-mycorrhizal fungi. Bipinnula fimbriata responds to fertilization by altering mycorrhizal colonization rather than by switching OMF partners in the short term, and the influence of nutrients on OMF is coupled with indirect effects on the whole fungal community and potentially on plant's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Mujica
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología and Biodiversidad (IEB), Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernanda Pérez
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología and Biodiversidad (IEB), Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcin Jakalski
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Florent Martos
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marc André Selosse
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205-MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles), 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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Rhizoplane and Rhizosphere Fungal Communities of Geographically Isolated Korean Bellflower ( Campanula takesimana Nakai). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020138. [PMID: 33578742 PMCID: PMC7916508 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The current study reports fungal diversities in the rhizoplane (RP) and rhizosphere (RS) samples of the geographically isolated Korean bellflower (Campanulatakesimana) obtained from its original habitats of the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula for the first time. The identification of specific taxa in each site may provide a better understanding of the interaction between the soil fungi and Korean bellflower. Abstract Fungal communities in the rhizoplane (RP) and rhizosphere (RS) of geographically isolated C. takesimana habitats in different environments such as oceanic (Seodo, the Dokdo Islands), coastline (Sadong, Ulleungdo Island), and inland (Taeha, Ulleungdo Island) regions were analyzed by MiSeq sequencing. In total, 1279 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained and they were further classified into 185 genera belonging to five phyla. The total number of fungal taxa in the RP samples was lower than those in the RS samples in all the sampled locations, providing an indication of the existence of a certain level of the selective pressures from the host plant. The richness of the RP in the Dokdo Islands was higher than that of Ulleungdo Island, but the richness of the RS in the Dokdo Islands was lower than that of Ulleungdo Island. These results suggest evidence for strong effects of a harsh geo-climate on the RP and RS fungal diversities in the Dokdo Islands. Additionally, a total of 82 fungal genera were identified in all three RP samples and 63 genera (77%) were uniquely found in each of the geographical regions and 43 genera (52.4%) showed high dependency on the C. takesimana vegetation. It was found that the genus Mortierella was the most dominant taxon in all the samples. The geo-ecological isolation of the Korean bellflower may have caused unique formation of the RP and RS fungal communities in the natural habitats.
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Zeng X, Ni Z, Diao H, Jiang K, Hu C, Shao L, Huang W. Root Endophytic Fungal Community and Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Patterns Differ among Bletilla Species (Orchidaceae). J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:69. [PMID: 33498277 PMCID: PMC7909265 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orchids of the genus Bletilla are well-known ornamental plants and sources of traditional medicine in Asia that rely on the symbiotic relationship with root endophytic fungi throughout their whole life cycle. However, little is known about their fungal partners, infection pattern, and pathways of carbon gain. We investigated carbon and nitrogen stable isotope patterns in different organs of three Bletilla species, identified the root endophytic fungal community composition, and determined mycorrhizal colonization rates. The three Bletilla species were comprised by a polyphyletic group which belongs to different trophic modes, such as saprotroph, pathotroph, and symbiotroph; however, the dominant species and their abundances varied among Bletilla spp. Mycorrhizal infection rates also varied among Bletilla species, with B. striata (65% ± 25%) being significantly higher than those of B. formosana (35% ± 16%) and B. ochracea (22% ± 13%). Compared with surrounding autotrophic plants, all Bletilla spp. were significantly enriched in 13C with B. striata to a significantly higher level than other two Bletilla species. Among different organs, stems had higher δ13C values, while leaves and flowers had higher δ15N and total N content values across all three species. Our results indicate that the symbiotic relationship of Bletilla and its root endophytic fungi is not strictly specific. Although mycorrhizal infection rates were highly variable, the three Bletilla species had the same infection pattern with hyphae penetrating the cortex cell by the pathway cell. Different Bletilla species have different strategies for C allocation among plant organs. These findings provide new insights into the ecological adaptation of orchids and will contribute to Bletilla germplasm conservation and sustainable utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zeng
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201620, China; (X.Z.); (Z.N.); (H.D.); (K.J.); (C.H.); (L.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Ziyi Ni
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201620, China; (X.Z.); (Z.N.); (H.D.); (K.J.); (C.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Haixin Diao
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201620, China; (X.Z.); (Z.N.); (H.D.); (K.J.); (C.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Kai Jiang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201620, China; (X.Z.); (Z.N.); (H.D.); (K.J.); (C.H.); (L.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201620, China; (X.Z.); (Z.N.); (H.D.); (K.J.); (C.H.); (L.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Li Shao
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201620, China; (X.Z.); (Z.N.); (H.D.); (K.J.); (C.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Weichang Huang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201620, China; (X.Z.); (Z.N.); (H.D.); (K.J.); (C.H.); (L.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Manzotti A, Bergna A, Burow M, Jørgensen HJL, Cernava T, Berg G, Collinge DB, Jensen B. Insights into the community structure and lifestyle of the fungal root endophytes of tomato by combining amplicon sequencing and isolation approaches with phytohormone profiling. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:fiaa052. [PMID: 32239208 PMCID: PMC7174037 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the influence of host genotype and phytohormones on the composition of fungal endophytic communities. We investigated the influence of host genotype and phytohormones on the structure of the fungal endophytic communities of tomato roots by amplicon sequencing of the ITS1 region and combined this approach with isolation and functional characterization of the isolates. A significant effect of the host genotype on the dominant fungal species was found by comparing the cultivars Castlemart and UC82B and, surprisingly, root pathogens were among the most abundant taxa. In contrast, smaller changes in the relative abundance of the dominant species were found in mutants impaired in jasmonic acid biosynthesis (def1) and ethylene biosynthesis (8338) compared to the respective wild types. However, def1 showed significantly higher species richness compared to the wild type. Analysis of the phytohormone profiles of these genotypes indicates that changes in the phytohormone balance may contribute to this difference in species richness. Assessing the lifestyle of isolated fungi on tomato seedlings revealed the presence of both beneficial endophytes and latent pathogens in roots of asymptomatic plants, suggesting that the interactions between members of the microbiome maintain the equilibrium in the community preventing pathogens from causing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Manzotti
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Bergna
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Meike Burow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hans J L Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David B Collinge
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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11
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Farh MEA, Kim YJ, Abbai R, Singh P, Jung KH, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Pathogenesis strategies and regulation of ginsenosides by two species of Ilyonectria in Panax ginseng: power of speciation. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:332-340. [PMID: 32148416 PMCID: PMC7031752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The valuable medicinal plant Panax ginseng has high pharmaceutical efficacy because it produces ginsenosides. However, its yields decline because of a root-rot disease caused by Ilyonectria mors-panacis. Because species within Ilyonectria showed variable aggressiveness by altering ginsenoside concentrations in inoculated plants, we investigated how such infections might regulate the biosynthesis of ginsenosides and their related signaling molecules. METHODS Two-year-old ginseng seedlings were treated with I. mors-panacis and I. robusta. Roots from infected and pathogen-free plants were harvested at 4 and 16 days after inoculation. We then examined levels or/and expression of genes of ginsenosides, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also checked the susceptibility of those pathogens to ROS. RESULTS Ginsenoside biosynthesis was significantly suppressed and increased in response to infection by I. mors-panacis and I. robusta, respectively. Regulation of JA was significantly higher in I. robusta-infected roots, while levels of SA and ROS were significantly higher in I. mors-panacis-infected roots. Catalase activity was significantly higher in I. robusta-infected roots followed in order by mock roots and those infected by I. mors-panacis. Moreover, I. mors-panacis was resistant to ROS compared with I. robusta. CONCLUSION Infection by the weakly aggressive I. robusta led to the upregulation of ginsenoside production and biosynthesis, probably because only a low level of ROS was induced. In contrast, the more aggressive I. mors-panacis suppressed ginsenoside biosynthesis, probably because of higher ROS levels and subsequent induction of programmed cell death pathways. Furthermore, I. mors-panacis may have increased its virulence by resisting the cytotoxicity of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Agamy Farh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ragavendran Abbai
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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12
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Abbai R, Kim YJ, Mohanan P, El-Agamy Farh M, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DU, Rangaraj S, Venkatachalam R, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Silicon confers protective effect against ginseng root rot by regulating sugar efflux into apoplast. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18259. [PMID: 31796825 PMCID: PMC6890760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Root rot caused by Ilyonectria mors-panacis is a devastating fungal disease leading to defect in root quality and causes reduced yield during the perennial life cycle of Panax ginseng Meyer. This indicates the imperative need to understand the molecular basis of disease development and also to enhance tolerance against the fungus. With this idea, the protective effect of silicon (supplied as silica nanoparticles) in P. ginseng root rot pathosystem and its molecular mechanism was investigated in the current study. We have tested different concentrations of silicon (Si) to disease-infected ginseng and found that long term analysis (30 dpi) displayed a striking 50% reduction in disease severity index upon the treatment of Si. Expectedly, Si had no direct degradative effect against the pathogen. Instead, in infected roots it resulted in reduced expression of PgSWEET leading to regulated sugar efflux into apoplast and enhanced tolerance against I. mors-panacis. In addition, under diseased condition, both protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) type ginsenoside profile in roots were higher in Si treated plants. This is the first report indicating the protective role of Si in ginseng-root rot pathosystem, thereby uncovering novel features of ginseng mineral physiology and at the same time, enabling its usage to overcome root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragavendran Abbai
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Padmanaban Mohanan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Mohamed El-Agamy Farh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Suriyaprabha Rangaraj
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, K. S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, 637215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Venkatachalam
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, K. S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, 637215, Tamil Nadu, India
- Dr. N.G.P Arts and Science College, Kalpatti road, Coimbatore, 641048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
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13
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Lu XH, Zhang XM, Jiao XL, Hao JJ, Zhang XS, Luo Y, Gao WW. Taxonomy of fungal complex causing red-skin root of Panax ginseng in China. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:506-518. [PMID: 32372873 PMCID: PMC7195572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red-skin root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) significantly reduces the quality and limits the production of ginseng in China. The disease has long been thought to be a noninfectious physiological disease, except one report that proved it was an infectious disease. However, the causal agents have not been successfully determined. In the present study, we were to reveal the pathogens that cause red-skin disease. Methods Ginseng roots with red-skin root symptoms were collected from commercial fields in Northeast China. Fungi were isolated from the lesion and identified based on morphological characters along with multilocus sequence analyses on internal transcription spacer, β-tubulin (tub2), histone H3 (his3), and translation elongation factor 1α (tef-1α). Pathogens were confirmed by inoculating the isolates in ginseng roots. Results A total of 230 isolates were obtained from 209 disease samples. These isolates were classified into 12 species, including Dactylonectria sp., D. hordeicola, Fusariumacuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. solani, F. torulosum, Ilyonectria mors-panacis, I. robusta, Rhexocercosporidium panacis, and three novel species I. changbaiensis, I. communis, and I. qitaiheensis. Among them, I. communis, I. robusta, and F. solani had the highest isolation frequencies, being 36.1%, 20.9%, and 23.9%, respectively. All these species isolated were pathogenic to ginseng roots and caused red-skin root disease under appropriate condition. Conclusion Fungal complex is the causal agent of red-skin root in P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao H Lu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Biological Control, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi M Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao L Jiao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun J Hao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Maine, USA
| | - Xue S Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei W Gao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Farh MEA, Han JA, Kim YJ, Kim JC, Singh P, Yang DC. Discovery of a new primer set for detection and quantification of Ilyonectria mors-panacis in soils for ginseng cultivation. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:1-9. [PMID: 30662288 PMCID: PMC6323143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean ginseng is an important cash crop in Asian countries. However, plant yield is reduced by pathogens. Among the Ilyonectria radicicola-species complex, I. mors-panacis is responsible for root-rot and replant failure of ginseng in Asia. The development of new methods to reveal the existence of the pathogen before cultivation is started is essential. Therefore, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method was developed to detect and quantify the pathogen in ginseng soils. Methods In this study, a species-specific histone H3 primer set was developed for the quantification of I. mors-panacis. The primer set was used on DNA from other microbes to evaluate its sensitivity and selectivity for I. mors-panacis DNA. Sterilized soil samples artificially infected with the pathogen at different concentrations were used to evaluate the ability of the primer set to detect the pathogen population in the soil DNA. Finally, the pathogen was quantified in many natural soil samples. Results The designed primer set was found to be sensitive and selective for I. mors-panacis DNA. In artificially infected sterilized soil samples, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction the estimated amount of template was positively correlated with the pathogen concentration in soil samples (R 2 = 0.95), disease severity index (R 2 = 0.99), and colony-forming units (R 2 = 0.87). In natural soils, the pathogen was recorded in most fields producing bad yields at a range of 5.82 ± 2.35 pg/g to 892.34 ± 103.70 pg/g of soil. Conclusion According to these results, the proposed primer set is applicable for estimating soil quality before ginseng cultivation. This will contribute to disease management and crop protection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Agamy Farh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A Han
- Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chun Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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15
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Park JM, You YH, Park JH, Kim HH, Ghim SY, Back CG. Cutaneous Microflora from Geographically Isolated Groups of Bradysia agrestis, an Insect Vector of Diverse Plant Pathogens. MYCOBIOLOGY 2017; 45:160-171. [PMID: 29138620 PMCID: PMC5673511 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of Bradysia agrestis, an insect vector that transports plant pathogens, were sampled from geographically isolated regions in Korea to identify their cutaneous fungal and bacterial flora. Sampled areas were chosen within the distribution range of B. agrestis; each site was more than 91 km apart to ensure geographical segregation. We isolated 76 microbial (fungi and bacteria) strains (site 1, 29; site 2, 29; site 3, 18 strains) that were identified on the basis of morphological differences. Species identification was molecularly confirmed by determination of universal fungal internal transcribed spacer and bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in comparison to sequences in the EzTaxon database and the NCBI GenBank database, and their phylogenetic relationships were determined. The fungal isolates belonged to 2 phyla, 5 classes, and 7 genera; bacterial species belonged to 23 genera and 32 species. Microbial diversity differed significantly among the geographical groups with respect to Margalef's richness (3.9, 3.6, and 4.5), Menhinick's index (2.65, 2.46, and 3.30), Simpson's index (0.06, 0.12, and 0.01), and Shannon's index (2.50, 2.17, and 2.58). Although the microbial genera distribution or diversity values clearly varied among geographical groups, common genera were identified in all groups, including the fungal genus Cladosporium, and the bacterial genera Bacillus and Rhodococcus. According to classic principles of co-evolutionary relationship, these genera might have a closer association with their host insect vector B. agrestis than other genera identified. Some cutaneous bacterial genera (e.g., Pseudomonas) displaying weak interdependency with insect vectors may be hazardous to agricultural environments via mechanical transmission via B. agrestis. This study provides comprehensive information regarding the cutaneous microflora of B. agrestis, which can help in the control of such pests for crop management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Myong Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Young-Hyun You
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Jong-Han Park
- Horticultural & Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Hwan Kim
- Horticultural & Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sa-Youl Ghim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Back
- Horticultural & Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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Park JM, You YH, Back CG, Kim HH, Ghim SY, Park JH. Fungal load in Bradysia agrestis, a phytopathogen-transmitting insect vector. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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