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Kenney JR, Shates T, Gebiola M, Mauck KE. Hiding in Plain Sight: A Widespread Native Perennial Harbors Diverse Haplotypes of ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' and Its Potato Psyllid Vector. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1554-1565. [PMID: 38602688 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-24-0025-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The unculturable bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (CLso) is responsible for a growing number of emerging crop diseases. However, we know little about the diversity and ecology of CLso and its psyllid vectors outside of agricultural systems, which limits our ability to manage crop disease and understand the impacts this pathogen may have on wild plants in natural ecosystems. In North America, CLso is transmitted to crops by the native potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli). However, the geographic and host plant range of the potato psyllid and CLso beyond the borders of agriculture are not well understood. A recent study of historic herbarium specimens revealed that a unique haplotype of CLso was present infecting populations of the native perennial Solanum umbelliferum in California decades before CLso was first detected in crops. We hypothesized that this haplotype and other potentially novel CLso variants are still present in S. umbelliferum populations. To test this, we surveyed populations of S. umbelliferum in Southern California for CLso and potato psyllid vectors. We found multiple haplotypes of CLso and the potato psyllid associated with these populations, with none of these genetic variants having been previously reported in California crops. These results suggest that CLso and its psyllid vectors are much more widespread and diverse in North American natural plant communities than suggested by data collected solely from crops and weeds in agricultural fields. Further characterization of these apparently asymptomatic haplotypes will facilitate comparison with disease-causing variants and provide insights into the continued emergence and spread of CLso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie R Kenney
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Tessa Shates
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Marco Gebiola
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80155 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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2
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Wang H, Irigoyen S, Liu J, Ramasamy M, Padilla C, Bedre R, Yang C, Thapa SP, Mulgaonkar N, Ancona V, He P, Coaker G, Fernando S, Mandadi KK. Inhibition of a conserved bacterial dual-specificity phosphatase confers plant tolerance to Candidatus Liberibacter spp. iScience 2024; 27:109232. [PMID: 38425843 PMCID: PMC10904284 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
"Candidatus Liberibacter spp." are insect-vectored, fastidious, and vascular-limited phytopathogens. They are the presumptive causal agents of potato zebra chip, tomato vein clearing, and the devastating citrus greening disease worldwide. There is an urgent need to develop new strategies to control them. In this study, we characterized a dual-specificity serine/tyrosine phosphatase (STP) that is well conserved among thirty-three geographically diverse "Candidatus Liberibacter spp." and strains that infect multiple Solanaceaea and citrus spp. The STP is expressed in infected plant tissues, localized at the plant cytosol and plasma membrane, and interferes with plant cell death responses. We employed an in silico target-based molecular modeling and ligand screen to identify two small molecules with high binding affinity to STP. Efficacy studies demonstrated that the two molecules can inhibit "Candidatus Liberibacter spp." but not unrelated pathogens and confer plant disease tolerance. The inhibitors and strategies are promising means to control "Candidatus Liberibacter spp."
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Wang
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sonia Irigoyen
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, 2415 E. Highway 83, Weslaco TX 78596, USA
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, 2415 E. Highway 83, Weslaco TX 78596, USA
| | - Manikandan Ramasamy
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, 2415 E. Highway 83, Weslaco TX 78596, USA
| | - Carmen Padilla
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, 2415 E. Highway 83, Weslaco TX 78596, USA
| | - Renesh Bedre
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, 2415 E. Highway 83, Weslaco TX 78596, USA
| | - Chuanyu Yang
- Department of Agriculture, Agribusiness, and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Shree P. Thapa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nirmitee Mulgaonkar
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Veronica Ancona
- Department of Agriculture, Agribusiness, and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sandun Fernando
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kranthi K. Mandadi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, 2415 E. Highway 83, Weslaco TX 78596, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX, USA
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3
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Contreras MP, Lüdke D, Pai H, Toghani A, Kamoun S. NLR receptors in plant immunity: making sense of the alphabet soup. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57495. [PMID: 37602936 PMCID: PMC10561179 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinately use cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive pathogens and mount an immune response. Intracellular events of pathogen recognition are largely mediated by immune receptors of the nucleotide binding and leucine rich-repeat (NLR) classes. Upon pathogen perception, NLRs trigger a potent broad-spectrum immune reaction, usually accompanied by a form of programmed cell death termed the hypersensitive response. Some plant NLRs act as multifunctional singleton receptors which combine pathogen detection and immune signaling. However, NLRs can also function in higher order pairs and networks of functionally specialized interconnected receptors. In this article, we cover the basic aspects of plant NLR biology with an emphasis on NLR networks. We highlight some of the recent advances in NLR structure, function, and activation and discuss emerging topics such as modulator NLRs, pathogen suppression of NLRs, and NLR bioengineering. Multi-disciplinary approaches are required to disentangle how these NLR immune receptor pairs and networks function and evolve. Answering these questions holds the potential to deepen our understanding of the plant immune system and unlock a new era of disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Lüdke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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4
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Sarkar P, Lin CY, Buritica JR, Killiny N, Levy A. Crossing the Gateless Barriers: Factors Involved in the Movement of Circulative Bacteria Within Their Insect Vectors. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1805-1816. [PMID: 37160668 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-22-0249-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant bacterial pathogens transmitted by hemipteran vectors pose a large threat to the agricultural industry worldwide. Although virus-vector relationships have been widely investigated, a significant gap exists in our understanding of the molecular interactions between circulative bacteria and their insect vectors, mainly leafhoppers and psyllids. In this review, we will describe how these bacterial pathogens adhere, invade, and proliferate inside their insect vectors. We will also highlight the different transmission routes and molecular factors of phloem-limited bacteria that maintain an effective relationship with the insect host. Understanding the pathogen-vector relationship at the molecular level will help in the management of vector-borne bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Sarkar
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Chun-Yi Lin
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jacobo Robledo Buritica
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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5
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Levy JG, Oh J, Mendoza Herrera A, Parida A, Lao L, Starkey J, Yuan P, Kan CC, Tamborindeguy C. A ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Haplotype B-Specific Family of Candidate Bacterial Effectors. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1708-1715. [PMID: 37665323 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0438-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) is a phloem-limited pathogen associated with devastating diseases in members of the Solanaceae and Apiaceae and vectored by several psyllid species. Different Lso haplotypes have been identified, and LsoA and LsoB are responsible for diseases in Solanaceae crops. Our efforts are aimed at identifying pathogenicity factors used by this bacterium to thrive in different hosts. Bacterial secreted proteins can play a role in host colonization or the manipulation of the host immune responses; these proteins are called effectors. In this study, we identified six LsoB-specific proteins with a conserved secretion motif as well as a conserved N-terminal domain in the mature protein. These proteins had different expression and secretion patterns but a similar subcellular localization in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, suggesting that they play different roles regardless of their conserved secretion motif. One of these proteins, CKC_04425, was expressed at high levels in the insect vector and the host plant, indicating that it could play a role in both the plant and insect hosts, whereas the others were mainly expressed in the plant. One protein, CKC_05701, was able to efficiently suppress programmed cell death and reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that it may have a virulence role in LsoB-specific pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien G Levy
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Junepyo Oh
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | | | - Adwaita Parida
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Loi Lao
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Jesse Starkey
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Chia-Cheng Kan
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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Wu CH, Derevnina L. The battle within: How pathogen effectors suppress NLR-mediated immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102396. [PMID: 37295294 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To successfully colonise plants, pathogens must circumvent the plant immune system. Intracellular immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) class of proteins are major components of the plant immune system. NLRs function as disease resistance genes by recognising effectors secreted by diverse pathogens, triggering a localised form of programmed cell death known as the hypersensitive response. To evade detection, effectors have evolved to suppress NLR-mediated immunity by targeting NLRs either directly or indirectly. Here, we compile the latest discoveries related to NLR-suppressing effectors and categorise these effectors based on their mode of action. We discuss the diverse strategies pathogens use to perturb NLR-mediated immunity, and how we can use our understanding of effector activity to help guide new approaches for disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hang Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lida Derevnina
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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7
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Wang S, Du M, Dong L, Qu R, Ran D, Ma J, Wang X, Xu L, Li W, He Y, Zou X. Function and molecular mechanism analysis of CaLasSDE460 effector involved in the pathogenesis of "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" in citrus. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:14. [PMID: 37789492 PMCID: PMC10514941 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas), is the most serious disease worldwide. CaLasSDE460 was previously characterized as a potential virulence factor of CaLas. However, the function and mechanism of CaLasSDE460 involved in CaLas against citrus is still elusive. Here, we showed that transgenic expression of CaLasSDE460 in Wanjincheng oranges (C. sinensis Osbeck) contributed to the early growth of CaLas and the development of symptoms. When the temperature increased from 25 °C to 32 °C, CaLas growth and symptom development in transgenic plants were slower than those in WT controls. RNA-seq analysis of transgenic plants showed that CaLasSDE460 affected multiple biological processes. At 25 °C, transcription activities of the "Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum" and "Cyanoamino acid metabolism" pathways increased while transcription activities of many pathways decreased at 32 °C. 124 and 53 genes, separately annotated to plant-pathogen interaction and MAPK signaling pathways, showed decreased expression at 32 °C, compared with these (38 for plant-pathogen interaction and 17 for MAPK signaling) at 25 °C. Several important genes (MAPKKK14, HSP70b, NCED3 and WRKY33), remarkably affected by CaLasSDE460, were identified. Totally, our data suggested that CaLasSDE460 participated in the pathogenesis of CaLas through interfering transcription activities of citrus defense response and this interfering was temperature-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixia Du
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Dong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Qu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Danlu Ran
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanzhen Xu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Li
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban, Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongrui He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Zou
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban, Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Batarseh TN, Batarseh SN, Morales-Cruz A, Gaut BS. Comparative genomics of the Liberibacter genus reveals widespread diversity in genomic content and positive selection history. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1206094. [PMID: 37434713 PMCID: PMC10330825 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1206094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter' is a group of bacterial species that are obligate intracellular plant pathogens and cause Huanglongbing disease of citrus trees and Zebra Chip in potatoes. Here, we examined the extent of intra- and interspecific genetic diversity across the genus using comparative genomics. Our approach examined a wide set of Liberibacter genome sequences including five pathogenic species and one species not known to cause disease. By performing comparative genomics analyses, we sought to understand the evolutionary history of this genus and to identify genes or genome regions that may affect pathogenicity. With a set of 52 genomes, we performed comparative genomics, measured genome rearrangement, and completed statistical tests of positive selection. We explored markers of genetic diversity across the genus, such as average nucleotide identity across the whole genome. These analyses revealed the highest intraspecific diversity amongst the 'Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum' species, which also has the largest plant host range. We identified sets of core and accessory genes across the genus and within each species and measured the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations (dN/dS) across genes. We identified ten genes with evidence of a history of positive selection in the Liberibacter genus, including genes in the Tad complex, which have been previously implicated as being highly divergent in the 'Ca. L. capsica' species based on high values of dN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah N. Batarseh
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Abraham Morales-Cruz
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Brandon S. Gaut
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Reyes Caldas PA, Zhu J, Breakspear A, Thapa SP, Toruño TY, Perilla-Henao LM, Casteel C, Faulkner CR, Coaker G. Effectors from a Bacterial Vector-Borne Pathogen Exhibit Diverse Subcellular Localization, Expression Profiles, and Manipulation of Plant Defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1067-1080. [PMID: 35952362 PMCID: PMC9844206 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0114-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the prevalence of vector-borne disease due to expansion of insect populations. 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is a phloem-limited pathogen associated with multiple economically important diseases in solanaceous crops. Little is known about the strategies and pathogenicity factors 'Ca. L. solanacearum' uses to colonize its vector and host. We determined the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector repertoire by predicting proteins secreted by the general secretory pathway across four different 'Ca. L. solanacearum' haplotypes, investigated effector localization in planta, and profiled effector expression in the vector and host. The localization of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors in Nicotiana spp. revealed diverse eukaryotic subcellular targets. The majority of tested effectors were unable to suppress plant immune responses, indicating they possess unique activities. Expression profiling in tomato and the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli indicated 'Ca. L. solanacearum' differentially interacts with its host and vector and can switch effector expression in response to these environments. This study reveals 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors possess complex expression patterns, target diverse host organelles and the majority are unable to suppress host immune responses. A mechanistic understanding of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector function will reveal novel targets and provide insight into phloem biology. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zhu
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Shree P. Thapa
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Tania Y. Toruño
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40, De Lier, 2678 KX, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clare Casteel
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant-Microbe Biology and Plant Pathology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | | | - Gitta Coaker
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
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10
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Sarkar P, Ghanim M. Interaction of Liberibacter Solanacearum with Host Psyllid Vitellogenin and Its Association with Autophagy. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0157722. [PMID: 35863005 PMCID: PMC9430699 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01577-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) haplotype D, transmitted by the carrot psyllid Bactericera trigonica, is a major constraint for carrot production in Israel. Unveiling the molecular interactions between the psyllid vector and CLso can facilitate the development of nonchemical approaches for controlling the disease caused by CLso. Bacterial surface proteins are often known to be involved in adhesion and virulence; however, interactions of CLso with carrot psyllid proteins that have a role in the transmission process has remained unexplored. In this study, we used CLso outer membrane protein (OmpA) and flagellin as baits to screen for psyllid interacting proteins in a yeast two-hybrid system assay. We identified psyllid vitellogenin (Vg) to interact with both OmpA and flagellin of CLso. As Vg and autophagy are often tightly linked, we also studied the expression of autophagy-related genes to further elucidate this interaction. We used the juvenile hormone (JH-III) to induce the expression of Vg, thapsigargin for suppressing autophagy, and rapamycin for inducing autophagy. The results revealed that Vg negatively regulates autophagy. Induced Vg expression significantly suppressed autophagy-related gene expression and the levels of CLso significantly increased, resulting in a significant mortality of the insect. Although the specific role of Vg remains obscure, the findings presented here identify Vg as an important component in the insect immune responses against CLso and may help in understanding the initial molecular response in the vector against Liberibacter. IMPORTANCE Pathogen transmission by vectors involves multiple levels of interactions, and for the transmission of liberibacter species by psyllid vectors, much of these interactions are yet to be explored. Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) haplotype D inflicts severe economic losses to the carrot industry. Understanding the specific interactions at different stages of infection is hence fundamental and could lead to the development of better management strategies to disrupt the transmission of the bacteria to new host plants. Here, we show that two liberibacter membrane proteins interact with psyllid vitellogenin and also induce autophagy. Altering vitellogenin expression directly influences autophagy and CLso abundance in the psyllid vector. Although the exact mechanism underlying this interaction remains unclear, this study highlights the importance of immune responses in the transmission of this disease agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Sarkar
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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11
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CLIBASIA_00460 Disrupts Hypersensitive Response and Interacts with Citrus Rad23 Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147846. [PMID: 35887193 PMCID: PMC9324546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is a bacterium that causes Huanglongbing, also known as citrus greening, in citrus plants. 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) is a close relative of CLas and in the US it infects solanaceous crops, causing zebra chip disease in potato. Previously, we have identified the Lso hypothetical protein effector 1 (Lso-HPE1). This protein uses a signal peptide for secretion; disrupts programmed cell death; and interacts with tomato RAD23c, d, and e proteins, but not with RAD23a. In this study, we evaluated whether CLIBASIA_00460, the CLas homolog of Lso-HPE1 interacted with citrus RAD23 proteins and disrupted their programmed cell death. Based on the yeast two-hybrid assay results, CLIBASIA_00460 interacted with citrus RAD23c and RAD23d, but not with citrus RAD23b. These results were confirmed using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, which showed that these interactions occurred in cell puncta, but not in the nucleus or cytoplasm. Additionally, CLIBASIA_00460 was able to disrupt the PrfD1416V-induced hypersensitive response. Therefore, based on the similar interactions between Lso-HPE1 and CLIBASIA_00460 with the host RAD23 proteins and their ability to inhibit cell death in plants, we propose that these effectors may have similar functions during plant infection.
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12
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Pandey SS, Hendrich C, Andrade MO, Wang N. Candidatus Liberibacter: From Movement, Host Responses, to Symptom Development of Citrus Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:55-68. [PMID: 34609203 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0354-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter spp. are fastidious α-proteobacteria that cause multiple diseases on plant hosts of economic importance, including the most devastating citrus disease: Huanglongbing (HLB). HLB was reported in Asia a century ago but has since spread worldwide. Understanding the pathogenesis of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. remains challenging as they are yet to be cultured in artificial media and infect the phloem, a sophisticated environment that is difficult to manipulate. Despite those challenges, tremendous progress has been made on Ca. Liberibacter pathosystems. Here, we first reviewed recent studies on genetic information of flagellar and type IV pili biosynthesis, their expression profiles, and movement of Ca. Liberibacter spp. inside the plant and insect hosts. Next, we reviewed the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies of susceptible and tolerant plant genotypes to Ca. Liberibacter spp. infection and how Ca. Liberibacter spp. adapt in plants. Analyses of the interactions between plants and Ca. Liberibacter spp. imply the involvement of immune response in the Ca. Liberibacter pathosystems. Lastly, we reviewed how Ca. Liberibacter spp. movement inside and interactions with plants lead to symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Maxuel O Andrade
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
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Wang J, Haapalainen M, Nissinen AI, Pirhonen M. Dual Transcriptional Profiling of Carrot and ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' at Different Stages of Infection Suggests Complex Host-Pathogen Interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1281-1297. [PMID: 34319773 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0274-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between the phloem-limited pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotype C and carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) were studied at 4, 5, and 9 weeks postinoculation (wpi), by combining dual RNA-Seq results with data on bacterial colonization and observations of the plant phenotype. In the infected plants, genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis, salicylate signaling, pathogen-associated molecular pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, and production of pathogenesis-related proteins were up-regulated. At 4 wpi, terpenoid synthesis-related genes were up-regulated, presumably as a response to the psyllid feeding, whereas at 5 and 9 wpi, genes involved in both the terpenoid and flavonoid production were down-regulated and phenylpropanoid genes were up-regulated. Chloroplast-related gene expression was down-regulated, in concordance with the observed yellowing of the infected plant leaves. Both the RNA-Seq data and electron microscopy suggested callose accumulation in the infected phloem vessels, likely to impair the transport of photosynthates, while phloem regeneration was suggested by the formation of new sieve cells and the upregulation of cell wall-related gene expression. The 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genes involved in replication, transcription, and translation were expressed at high levels at 4 and 5 wpi, whereas, at 9 wpi, the Flp pilus genes were highly expressed, suggesting adherence and reduced mobility of the bacteria. The 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genes encoding ATP and C4-dicarboxylate uptake were differentially expressed between the early and late infection stages, suggesting a change in the dependence on different host-derived energy sources. HPE1 effector and salicylate hydroxylase were expressed, presumably to suppress host cell death and salicylic acid-dependent defenses during the infection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Haapalainen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne I Nissinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie 2C, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Minna Pirhonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Kan CC, Mendoza-Herrera A, Levy J, Hull JJ, Fabrick JA, Tamborindeguy C. HPE1, an Effector from Zebra Chip Pathogen Interacts with Tomato Proteins and Perturbs Ubiquitinated Protein Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9003. [PMID: 34445707 PMCID: PMC8396652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterial genus Liberibacter includes economically important pathogens, such as 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' that cause citrus greening disease (or Huanglongbing, HLB) and 'Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) that cause zebra chip disease in potato. Liberibacter pathogens are fastidious bacteria transmitted by psyllids. Pathogen manipulation of the host' and vector's immune system for successful colonization is hypothesized to be achieved by Sec translocon-dependent effectors (SDE). In previous work, we identified hypothetical protein effector 1 (HPE1), an SDE from Lso, that acts as a suppressor of the plant's effector-triggered immunity (ETI)-like response. In this study, using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identify binding interactions between tomato RAD23 proteins and HPE1. We further show that HPE1 interacts with RAD23 in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments in planta. Immunoblot assays show that HPE1 is not ubiquitinated in the plant cell, but rather the expression of HPE1 induced the accumulation of other ubiquitinated proteins. A similar accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins is also observed in Lso infected tomato plants. Finally, earlier colonization and symptom development following Lso haplotype B infection are observed in HPE1 overexpressing plants compared to wild-type plants. Overall, our results suggest that HPE1 plays a role in virulence in Lso pathogenesis, possibly by perturbing the ubiquitin-proteasome system via direct interaction with the ubiquitin-like domain of RAD23 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Kan
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-C.K.); (A.M.-H.)
| | - Azucena Mendoza-Herrera
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-C.K.); (A.M.-H.)
| | - Julien Levy
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - J. Joe Hull
- USDA-ARS, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA; (J.J.H.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Jeffery A. Fabrick
- USDA-ARS, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA; (J.J.H.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Cecilia Tamborindeguy
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-C.K.); (A.M.-H.)
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Tang XT, Fortuna K, Mendoza Herrera A, Tamborindeguy C. Liberibacter, A Preemptive Bacterium: Apoptotic Response Repression in the Host Gut at the Early Infection to Facilitate Its Acquisition and Transmission. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:589509. [PMID: 33424791 PMCID: PMC7786102 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.589509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
“Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Lso) is a phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium that infects crops worldwide. In North America, two haplotypes of Lso (LsoA and LsoB) are transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), in a circulative and persistent manner. Both haplotypes cause damaging plant diseases (e.g., zebra chip in potatoes). The psyllid gut is the first organ Lso encounters and could be a barrier for its transmission. However, little is known about the psyllid gut immune responses triggered upon Lso infection. In this study, we focused on the apoptotic response in the gut of adult potato psyllids at the early stage of Lso infection. We found that there was no evidence of apoptosis induced in the gut of the adult potato psyllids upon infection with either Lso haplotype based on microscopic observations. However, the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis IAPP5.2 gene (survivin-like) was significantly upregulated during the period that Lso translocated into the gut cells. Interestingly, silencing of IAPP5.2 gene significantly upregulated the expression of two effector caspases and induced apoptosis in the psyllid gut cells. Moreover, RNA interference (RNAi) of IAPP5.2 significantly decreased the Lso titer in the gut of adult psyllids and reduced their transmission efficiency. Taken together, these observations suggest that Lso might repress the apoptotic response in the psyllid guts by inducing the anti-apoptotic gene IAPP5.2 at an early stage of the infection, which may favor Lso acquisition in the gut cells and facilitate its transmission by potato psyllid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Tang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kelsy Fortuna
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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16
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Huang W, Reyes-Caldas P, Mann M, Seifbarghi S, Kahn A, Almeida RPP, Béven L, Heck M, Hogenhout SA, Coaker G. Bacterial Vector-Borne Plant Diseases: Unanswered Questions and Future Directions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1379-1393. [PMID: 32835885 PMCID: PMC7769051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne plant diseases have significant ecological and economic impacts, affecting farm profitability and forest composition throughout the world. Bacterial vector-borne pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to interact with their hemipteran insect vectors and plant hosts. These pathogens reside in plant vascular tissue, and their study represents an excellent opportunity to uncover novel biological mechanisms regulating intracellular pathogenesis and to contribute to the control of some of the world's most invasive emerging diseases. In this perspective, we highlight recent advances and major unanswered questions in the realm of bacterial vector-borne disease, focusing on liberibacters, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and Xylella fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paola Reyes-Caldas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marina Mann
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shirin Seifbarghi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Kahn
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laure Béven
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Michelle Heck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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17
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Acquisition and transmission of two 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotypes by the tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14000. [PMID: 32814781 PMCID: PMC7438492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is a pathogen of solanaceous crops. Two haplotypes of Lso (LsoA and LsoB) are present in North America; both are transmitted by the tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), in a circulative and propagative manner and cause damaging plant diseases (e.g. Zebra chip in potatoes). In this study, we investigated the acquisition and transmission of LsoA or LsoB by the tomato psyllid. We quantified the titer of Lso haplotype A and B in adult psyllid guts after several acquisition access periods (AAPs). We also performed sequential inoculation of tomato plants by adult psyllids following a 7-day AAP and compared the transmission of each Lso haplotype. The results indicated that LsoB population increased faster in the psyllid gut than LsoA. Further, LsoB population plateaued after 12 days, while LsoA population increased slowly during the 16 day-period evaluated. Additionally, LsoB had a shorter latent period and higher transmission rate than LsoA following a 7 day-AAP: LsoB was first transmitted by the adult psyllids between 17 and 21 days following the beginning of the AAP, while LsoA was first transmitted between 21 and 25 days after the beginning of the AAP. Overall, our data suggest that the two Lso haplotypes have distinct acquisition and transmission rates. The information provided in this study will improve our understanding of the biology of Lso acquisition and transmission as well as its relationship with the tomato psyllid at the gut interface.
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18
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Jones TKL, Medina RF. Corn Stunt Disease: An Ideal Insect-Microbial-Plant Pathosystem for Comprehensive Studies of Vector-Borne Plant Diseases of Corn. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060747. [PMID: 32545891 PMCID: PMC7356856 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 700 plant diseases identified as vector-borne negatively impact plant health and food security globally. The pest control of vector-borne diseases in agricultural settings is in urgent need of more effective tools. Ongoing research in genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and vector behavior has begun to unravel new insights into the transmission of phytopathogens by their insect vectors. However, the intricate mechanisms involved in phytopathogen transmission for certain pathosystems warrant further investigation. In this review, we propose the corn stunt pathosystem (Zea mays-Spiroplasma kunkelii-Dalbulus maidis) as an ideal model for dissecting the molecular determinants and mechanisms underpinning the persistent transmission of a mollicute by its specialist insect vector to an economically important monocotyledonous crop. Corn stunt is the most important disease of corn in the Americas and the Caribbean, where it causes the severe stunting of corn plants and can result in up to 100% yield loss. A comprehensive study of the corn stunt disease system will pave the way for the discovery of novel molecular targets for genetic pest control targeting either the insect vector or the phytopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara-kay L. Jones
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA;
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research—Weslaco, 2415 E. Business 83, Weslaco, TX 78596-8344, USA
| | - Raul F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-4775
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