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Suzuki M, Kimura A, Suzuki S, Enoki S. Application of Synephrine to Grape Increases Anthocyanin via Production of Hydrogen Peroxide, Not Phytohormones. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5912. [PMID: 38892099 PMCID: PMC11173245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Global warming has caused such problems as the poor coloration of grape skin and the decreased production of high-quality berries. We investigated the effect of synephrine (Syn) on anthocyanin accumulation. Anthocyanin accumulation in cultured grape cells treated with Syn at concentrations of 1 mM or higher showed no significant difference, indicating that the accumulation was concentration-independent. On the other hand, anthocyanin accumulation was dependent on the compound used for treatment. The sugar/acid ratio of the juice from berries treated with Syn did not differ from the control. The expression of anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes, but not phytohormones, was increased by the treatment with Syn at 24 h or later. The Syn treatment of cultured cells increased SOD3 expression and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production from 3 to 24 h after treatment. Subsequently, the expression of CAT and APX6 encoding H2O2-scavenging enzymes was also increased. Treatment of cultured cells with Syn and H2O2 increased the expression of the H2O2-responsive gene Chit4 and the anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes mybA1 and UFGT 4 days after the treatment and increased anthocyanin accumulation 7 days after the treatment. On the other hand, the treatment of berries with Syn and H2O2 increased anthocyanin accumulation after 9 days. These results suggest that Syn increases anthocyanin accumulation through H2O2 production without changing phytohormone biosynthesis. Syn is expected to improve grape skin coloration and contribute to high-quality berry production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shunji Suzuki
- Laboratory of Fruit Genetic Engineering, The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, 1-13-1 Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan; (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Shinichi Enoki
- Laboratory of Fruit Genetic Engineering, The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, 1-13-1 Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan; (M.S.); (A.K.)
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2
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Davosir D, Šola I, Ludwig-Müller J, Šeruga Musić M. Flavescence Dorée Strain-Specific Impact on Phenolic Metabolism Dynamics in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera) throughout the Development of Phytoplasma Infection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:189-199. [PMID: 38113060 PMCID: PMC10786034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) is a phytopathogenic bacterium associated with Grapevine yellowS disease, which causes heavy damage to viticultural production. Epidemiological data revealed that some FDp strains appear to be more widespread and aggressive. However, there is no data on mechanisms underlying the variable pathogenicity among strains. In this research, we employed chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques to assess how two strains of FDp influence the levels of grapevine phenolic compounds, which are frequently utilized as indicative markers of stress conditions. The results pointed to the upregulation of all branches of phenolic metabolism through the development of infection, correlating with the increase in antioxidative capacity. The more aggressive strain M54 induced stronger downregulation of phenolics' accumulation at the beginning and higher upregulation by the end of the season than the less aggressive M38 strain. These findings reveal potential targets of FDp effectors and provide the first functional demonstration of variable pathogenicity between FDp strains, suggesting the need for future comparative genomic analyses of FDp strains as an important factor in exploring the management possibilities of FDp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Davosir
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty
of Biology, Technische Universität
Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivana Šola
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Faculty
of Biology, Technische Universität
Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Šeruga Musić
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Nutricati E, De Pascali M, Negro C, Bianco PA, Quaglino F, Passera A, Pierro R, Marcone C, Panattoni A, Sabella E, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Signaling Cross-Talk between Salicylic and Gentisic Acid in the ' Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani' Interaction with Sangiovese Vines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2695. [PMID: 37514309 PMCID: PMC10383235 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
"Bois noir" disease associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' seriously compromises the production and survival of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in Europe. Understanding the plant response to phytoplasmas should help to improve disease control strategies. Using a combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, this work, therefore, investigated the phytoplasma-grapevine interaction in red cultivar Sangiovese in a vineyard over four seasonal growth stages (from late spring to late summer), comparing leaves from healthy and infected grapevines (symptomatic and symptomless). We found an accumulation of both conjugate and free salicylic acids (SAs) in the leaves of 'Ca. P. solani'-positive plants from early stages of infection, when plants are still asymptomatic. A strong accumulation of gentisic acid (GA) associated with symptoms progression was found for the first time. A detailed analysis of phenylpropanoids revealed a significant accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavan 3-ols, and anthocyanin cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, which are extensively studied due to their involvement in the plant response to various pathogens. Metabolomic data corroborated by gene expression analysis indicated that phenylpropanoid biosynthetic and salicylic acid-responsive genes were upregulated in 'Ca. P. solani-positive plants compared to -negative ones during the observed period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Nutricati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria De Pascali
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Pierro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Carmine Marcone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Panattoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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4
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Casarin S, Vincenzi S, Esposito A, Filippin L, Forte V, Angelini E, Bertazzon N. A successful defence strategy in grapevine cultivar 'Tocai friulano' provides compartmentation of grapevine Flavescence dorée phytoplasma. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:161. [PMID: 36964496 PMCID: PMC10039607 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavescence dorée (FD) is a grapevine disease caused by phytoplasma and it is one of the most destructive pathologies in Europe. Nowadays, the only strategies used to control the epidemics are insecticides against vector, but more sustainable techniques are required. Completely resistant Vitis vinifera varieties have not been uncovered yet, but differences in susceptibility among cultivars and spontaneous recovery from FD symptoms have been observed. The grapevine cultivar 'Tocai friulano' shows very low susceptibility to FD but its defence strategy to counteract the phytoplasma spread has not been deciphered yet. In this work, the mechanisms occurring within 'Tocai friulano' FD-infected plants were examined in depth to identify the phytoplasma distribution and the defence pathways involved. RESULTS In 'Tocai friulano' symptoms of FD-infection remained confined near the area where they appeared during all the vegetative season. Analyses of secondary phloem showed a total absence of FD phytoplasma (FDp) in the trunk and its disappearance in 2-year-old arms from July to November, which was different from 'Pinot gris', a highly susceptible variety. Diverse modulations of defence genes and accumulation of metabolites were revealed in 1-year-old canes of 'Tocai friulano' FD-infected plants, depending on the sanitary status. Symptomatic portions showed high activation of both jasmonate- and salicylate-mediated responses, together with a great accumulation of resveratrol. Whereas activation of jasmonate-mediated response and high content of ε-viniferin were identified in asymptomatic 1-year-old cane portions close to the symptomatic ones. CONCLUSION Successful defence mechanisms activated near the symptomatic areas allowed the compartmentation of FD symptoms and phytoplasmas within the infected 'Tocai friulano' plants. These results could suggest specific agronomical practices to be adopted during FD management of this variety, and drive research of resistance genes against FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Casarin
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, UD, Italy
| | - Simone Vincenzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Antonella Esposito
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Luisa Filippin
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Vally Forte
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Elisa Angelini
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Nadia Bertazzon
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy.
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5
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Wang L, Liu S, Gao M, Wang L, Wang L, Wang Y, Dai L, Zhao J, Liu M, Liu Z. The Crosstalk of the Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathways Contributed to Different Resistance to Phytoplasma Infection Between the Two Genotypes in Chinese Jujube. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:800762. [PMID: 35369447 PMCID: PMC8971994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.800762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujube witches’ broom disease (JWB), one of the most serious phytoplasma diseases, usually results in the destruction of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Although most jujube cultivars are sensitive to JWB, we found a few genotypes that are highly resistant to JWB. However, the molecular mechanism of phytoplasma resistance has seldom been studied. Here, we used Chinese jujube “T13,” which has strong resistance to JWB, and a typical susceptible cultivar, “Pozao” (“PZ”), as materials to perform comparative transcriptome, hormone, and regulation analyses. After phytoplasma infection, the differential expression genes (DEGs) were detected at all three growth phases (S1, S2, and S3) in “PZ,” but DEGs were detected only at the first growth phase in “T13.” Meanwhile, no phytoplasma was detected, and the symptoms especially witches’ broom caused by JWB were not observed at the last two growth phases (S2 and S3) in “T13.” Protein–protein interaction analysis also showed that the key genes were mainly involved in hormone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. In addition, during the recovered growth phase in “T13” from S1 to S2, the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was significantly increased and then decreased from S2 to S3. Moreover, jasmonic acid (JA) was significantly accumulated in “PZ” diseased plants, especially at the S2 phase and at the S2 phase in “T13,” while the content of salicylic acid (SA) decreased significantly at the S2 phase of “T13” compared to that in “PZ.” The changes in H2O2 and JA or SA were consistent with the changes in their key synthesis genes in the transcriptome data. Finally, exogenous application of an SA inhibitor [1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT)] rescued witches’ broom symptoms, while the contents of both JA and MeJA increased after ABT treatment compared to the control, demonstrating that exogenous application of an SA inhibitor rescued the symptoms of jujube after phytoplasma infection by decreasing the contents of SA and increasing the contents of JA and MeJA. Collectively, our study provides a new perspective on the transcriptional changes of Chinese jujube in response to JWB and novel insights that the crosstalk of JA and SA signaling communicated together to contribute to “T13” JWB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shiyan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mengjiao Gao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lihu Wang
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Linxia Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Li Dai
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Mengjun Liu,
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiguo Liu,
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6
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Asudi GO, Omenge KM, Paulmann MK, Reichelt M, Grabe V, Mithöfer A, Oelmüller R, Furch ACU. The Physiological and Biochemical Effects on Napier Grass Plants Following Napier Grass Stunt Phytoplasma Infection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:703-712. [PMID: 32997606 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0357-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Napier grass stunt (NGS) phytoplasma, a phloem-limited bacterium, infects Napier grass leading to severe yield losses in East Africa. The infected plants are strongly inhibited in growth and biomass production. In this study, phytoplasma-induced morphological changes of the vascular system and physiological changes were analyzed and compared with uninfected plants. The study showed that the phytoplasmas are more abundant in source leaves and range from 103 bacteria/μg total DNA in infected roots to 106 in mature Napier grass leaves. Using microscopical, biochemical, and physiological tools, we demonstrated that the ultrastructure of the phloem and sieve elements is severely altered in the infected plants, which results in the reduction of both the mass flow and the translocation of photoassimilates in the infected leaves. The reduced transport rate inhibits the photochemistry of photosystem II in the infected plants, which is accompanied by loss of chloroplastic pigments in response to the phytoplasma infection stress eventually resulting in yellowing of diseased plants. The phytoplasma infection stress also causes imbalances in the levels of defense-related antioxidants, glutathione, ascorbic acid, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and-in particular-hydrogen peroxide. This study shows that the infection of NGS phytoplasma in the phloem of Napier grass has an impact on the primary metabolism and activates a ROS-dependent defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Asudi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keziah M Omenge
- Department of Genetics, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria K Paulmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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7
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Involvement of SUT1 and SUT2 Sugar Transporters in the Impairment of Sugar Transport and Changes in Phloem Exudate Contents in Phytoplasma-Infected Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020745. [PMID: 33451049 PMCID: PMC7828548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas inhabit phloem sieve elements and cause abnormal growth and altered sugar partitioning. However, how they interact with phloem functions is not clearly known. The phloem responses were investigated in tomatoes infected by “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” at the beginning of the symptomatic stage, the first symptoms appearing in the newly emerged leaf at the stem apex. Antisense lines impaired in the phloem sucrose transporters SUT1 and SUT2 were included. In symptomatic sink leaves, leaf curling was associated with higher starch accumulation and the expression of defense genes. The analysis of leaf midribs of symptomatic leaves indicated that transcript levels for genes acting in the glycolysis and peroxisome metabolism differed from these in noninfected plants. The phytoplasma also multiplied in the three lower source leaves, even if it was not associated with the symptoms. In these leaves, the rate of phloem sucrose exudation was lower for infected plants. Metabolite profiling of phloem sap-enriched exudates revealed that glycolate and aspartate levels were affected by the infection. Their levels were also affected in the noninfected SUT1- and SUT2-antisense lines. The findings suggest the role of sugar transporters in the responses to infection and describe the consequences of impaired sugar transport on the primary metabolism.
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8
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Pagliarani C, Gambino G, Ferrandino A, Chitarra W, Vrhovsek U, Cantu D, Palmano S, Marzachì C, Schubert A. Molecular memory of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma in recovering grapevines. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:126. [PMID: 32821409 PMCID: PMC7395728 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is a destructive phytoplasma disease of European grapevines. Spontaneous and cultivar-dependent recovery (REC) may occur in the field in FD-infected vines starting the year following the first symptoms. However, the biological underpinnings of this process are still largely unexplored. In this study, transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq), whole-genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) and metabolite analysis were combined to dissect molecular and metabolic changes associated to FD and REC in leaf veins collected in the field from healthy (H), FD and REC plants of the highly susceptible Vitis vinifera 'Barbera'. Genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses were overexpressed in FD conditions, whereas transcripts linked to hormone and stilbene metabolisms were upregulated in REC vines. Accumulation patterns of abscisic acid and stilbenoid compounds analysed in the same samples confirmed the RNAseq data. In recovery conditions, we also observed the persistence of some FD-induced expression changes concerning inhibition of photosynthetic processes and stress responses. Several differentially expressed genes tied to those pathways also underwent post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs, as outlined by merging our transcriptomic data set with a previously conducted smallRNAseq analysis. Investigations by WGBS analysis also revealed different DNA methylation marks between REC and H leaves, occurring within the promoters of genes tied to photosynthesis and secondary metabolism. The results allowed us to advance the existence of a "molecular memory" of FDp infection, involving alterations in the DNA methylation status of REC plants potentially related to transcriptional reprogramming events, in turn triggering changes in hormonal and secondary metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pagliarani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
- PlantStressLab, Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferrandino
- PlantStressLab, Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-VE), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, TV Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Sabrina Palmano
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Schubert
- PlantStressLab, Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
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9
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Dermastia M. Plant Hormones in Phytoplasma Infected Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:477. [PMID: 31057582 PMCID: PMC6478762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that need a plant host and an insect vector for their spread and survival. In plants, the physiological responses that phytoplasmas trigger result in symptom development through effects on hormonal, nutritional, and stress signaling pathways, and the interactions between these. In this review, recent advances on the involvement of plant hormones together with their known and deduced roles in plants infected with phytoplasmas are discussed. Several studies have directly, or in many cases indirectly, addressed plant hormone systems in phytoplasma-infected plants. These have provided accumulating evidence that phytoplasmas extensively affect plant hormone pathways. Phytoplasmas thus, with disturbing complex plant hormone networks, suppress plant immunity and modify plant structure, while optimizing their nutrient acquisition and facilitating their colonization of the plants, and their dissemination among plants by their insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dermastia
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Sung YC, Lin CP, Hsu HJ, Chen YL, Chen JC. Silencing of CrNPR1 and CrNPR3 Alters Plant Susceptibility to Periwinkle Leaf Yellowing Phytoplasma. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1183. [PMID: 31632422 PMCID: PMC6779864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic plant pathogens that cause considerable loss in many economically important crops, and an increasing number of phytoplasma diseases are being reported on new hosts. Knowledge of plant defense mechanisms against such pathogens should help to improve strategies for controlling these diseases. Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense may play an important role in defense against phytoplasmas. Here, we report that SA accumulated in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) infected with periwinkle leaf yellowing (PLY) phytoplasma. CrPR1a expression was induced in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic tissues of plants exhibiting PLY. NPR1 plays a central role in SA signaling, and two NPR1 homologs, CrNPR1 and CrNPR3, were identified from a periwinkle transcriptome database. Similar to CrPR1a, CrNPR1 expression was also induced in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic tissues of plants exhibiting PLY. Silencing of CrNPR1, but not CrNPR3, significantly repressed CrPR1a induction in Tobacco rattle virus-infected periwinkle plants. In addition, symptoms of PLY progressed fastest in CrNPR1-silenced plants and slowest in CrNPR3-silenced plants. Consistently, expression of CrNPR1, but not CrNPR3, was induced by phytoplasma infection as well as SA treatment. This study highlights the importance of NPR1- and SA-mediated defense against phytoplasma in periwinkle and offers insight into plant-phytoplasma interactions to improve disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chang Sung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Pin Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jen-Chih Chen,
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11
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Differential gene expression in two grapevine cultivars recovered from "flavescence dorée". Microbiol Res 2018; 220:72-82. [PMID: 30744821 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biological bases of recovery of two grapevine cultivars, Nebbiolo and Barbera, showing different susceptibility and recovery ability to "flavescence dorée" (FD) phytoplasma infection were investigated. The expression over one vegetative season, in FD-recovered and healthy grapevines, of 18 genes involved in defence, hydrogen peroxide and hormone production was verified at two time points. Difference (Δ) between the relative expressions of August and July were calculated for each target gene of both cultivars. The significance of differences among groups assessed by univariate and multivariate statistical methods, and sPLS-DA analyses of the Δ gene expression values, showed that control and recovered grapevines of both cultivars were clearly separated. The Barbera-specific deregulation of defence genes supports a stronger response of this variety, within a general frame of interactions among H2O2, jasmonate and ethylene metabolisms, common to both varieties. This may strengthen the hypothesis that FD-recovered Barbera grapevines modulate transcription of their genes to cope with potential damages associated to the alteration of their oxidative status. Nebbiolo variety would fit into this picture, although with a less intense response, in line with its lower degree of susceptibility and recovery incidence to FD, compared to Barbera. The results evidenced a scenario where plant response to phytoplasma infection is highly affected by climatic and edaphic conditions. Nevertheless, even after several years from the original FD infection, it was still possible to distinguish, at molecular level, control and recovered grapevines of both cultivars by analyzing their overall-season response, rather than that of a single time point.
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12
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Chitarra W, Pagliarani C, Abbà S, Boccacci P, Birello G, Rossi M, Palmano S, Marzachì C, Perrone I, Gambino G. miRVIT: A Novel miRNA Database and Its Application to Uncover Vitis Responses to Flavescence dorée Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1034. [PMID: 30065744 PMCID: PMC6057443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Micro(mi)RNAs play crucial roles in plant developmental processes and in defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the last years, many works on small RNAs in grapevine (Vitis spp.) were published, and several conserved and putative novel grapevine-specific miRNAs were identified. In order to reorganize the high quantity of available data, we produced "miRVIT," the first database of all novel grapevine miRNA candidates characterized so far, and still not deposited in miRBase. To this aim, each miRNA accession was renamed, repositioned in the last version of the grapevine genome, and compared with all the novel and conserved miRNAs detected in grapevine. Conserved and novel miRNAs cataloged in miRVIT were then used for analyzing Vitis vinifera plants infected by Flavescence dorée (FD), one of the most severe phytoplasma diseases affecting grapevine. The analysis of small RNAs from healthy, recovered (plants showing spontaneous and stable remission of symptoms), and FD-infected "Barbera" grapevines showed that FD altered the expression profiles of several miRNAs, including those involved in cell development and photosynthesis, jasmonate signaling, and disease resistance response. The application of miRVIT in a biological context confirmed the effectiveness of the followed approach, especially for the identification of novel miRNA candidates in grapevine. miRVIT database is available at http://mirvit.ipsp.cnr.it. Highlights: The application of the newly produced database of grapevine novel miRNAs to the analysis of plants infected by Flavescence dorée reveals key roles of miRNAs in photosynthesis and jasmonate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
- Viticultural and Enology Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Abbà
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Boccacci
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Birello
- Research Institute on Sustainable Economic Growth, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Marika Rossi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Sabrina Palmano
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Perrone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
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13
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Paolacci AR, Catarcione G, Ederli L, Zadra C, Pasqualini S, Badiani M, Musetti R, Santi S, Ciaffi M. Jasmonate-mediated defence responses, unlike salicylate-mediated responses, are involved in the recovery of grapevine from bois noir disease. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:118. [PMID: 28693415 PMCID: PMC5504844 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bois noir is an important disease of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), caused by phytoplasmas. An interesting, yet elusive aspect of the bois noir disease is "recovery", i.e., the spontaneous and unpredictable remission of symptoms and damage. Because conventional pest management is ineffective against bois noir, deciphering the molecular bases of recovery is beneficial. The present study aimed to understand whether salicylate- and jasmonate-defence pathways might have a role in the recovery from the bois noir disease of grapevine. RESULTS Leaves from healthy, bois noir-diseased and bois noir-recovered plants were compared, both in the presence (late summer) and absence (late spring) of bois noir symptoms on the diseased plants. Analyses of salicylate and jasmonate contents, as well as the expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis, signalling and action, were evaluated. In symptomatic diseased plants (late summer), unlike symptomless plants (late spring), salicylate biosynthesis was increased and salicylate-responsive genes were activated. In contrast, jasmonate biosynthesis and signalling genes were up-regulated both in recovered and diseased plants at all sampling dates. The activation of salicylate signalling in symptomatic plants might have antagonised the jasmonate-mediated defence response by suppressing the expression of jasmonate-responsive genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that grapevine reacts to phytoplasma infection through salicylate-mediated signalling, although the resultant full activation of a salicylate-mediated response is apparently ineffective in conferring resistance against bois noir disease. Activation of the salicylate signalling pathway that is associated with the presence of bois noir phytoplasma seems to antagonise the jasmonate defence response, by failing to activate or suppressing both the expression of some jasmonate responsive genes that act downstream of the jasmonate biosynthetic pathway, as well as the first events of the jasmonate signalling pathway. On the other hand, activation of the entire jasmonate signalling pathway in recovered plants suggests the potential importance of jasmonate-regulated defences in preventing bois noir phytoplasma infections and the subsequent development of bois noir disease. Thus, on one hand, recovery could be achieved and maintained over time by preventing the activation of defence genes associated with salicylate signalling, and on the other hand, by activating jasmonate signalling and other defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Paolacci
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giulio Catarcione
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Zadra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Pasqualini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Badiani
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mario Ciaffi
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
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14
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Maggi F, Bosco D, Galetto L, Palmano S, Marzachì C. Space-Time Point Pattern Analysis of Flavescence Dorée Epidemic in a Grapevine Field: Disease Progression and Recovery. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1987. [PMID: 28111581 PMCID: PMC5216681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of space-time statistical features of a flavescence dorée (FD) epidemic in Vitis vinifera plants are presented. FD spread was surveyed from 2011 to 2015 in a vineyard of 17,500 m2 surface area in the Piemonte region, Italy; count and position of symptomatic plants were used to test the hypothesis of epidemic Complete Spatial Randomness and isotropicity in the space-time static (year-by-year) point pattern measure. Space-time dynamic (year-to-year) point pattern analyses were applied to newly infected and recovered plants to highlight statistics of FD progression and regression over time. Results highlighted point patterns ranging from disperse (at small scales) to aggregated (at large scales) over the years, suggesting that the FD epidemic is characterized by multiscale properties that may depend on infection incidence, vector population, and flight behavior. Dynamic analyses showed moderate preferential progression and regression along rows. Nearly uniform distributions of direction and negative exponential distributions of distance of newly symptomatic and recovered plants relative to existing symptomatic plants highlighted features of vector mobility similar to Brownian motion. These evidences indicate that space-time epidemics modeling should include environmental setting (e.g., vineyard geometry and topography) to capture anisotropicity as well as statistical features of vector flight behavior, plant recovery and susceptibility, and plant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maggi
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTurin, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Entomologia, Università degli Studi di TorinoTurin, Italy
| | - Luciana Galetto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTurin, Italy
| | - Sabrina Palmano
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTurin, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTurin, Italy
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15
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Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van Der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Bosco D, Foissac X, Strauss G, Hollo G, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Grégoire J. Risk to plant health of Flavescence dorée for the EU territory. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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16
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Prezelj N, Covington E, Roitsch T, Gruden K, Fragner L, Weckwerth W, Chersicola M, Vodopivec M, Dermastia M. Metabolic Consequences of Infection of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. "Modra frankinja" with Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:711. [PMID: 27242887 PMCID: PMC4876132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée, caused by the quarantine phytoplasma FDp, represents the most devastating of the grapevine yellows diseases in Europe. In an integrated study we have explored the FDp-grapevine interaction in infected grapevines of cv. "Modra frankinja" under natural conditions in the vineyard. In FDp-infected leaf vein-enriched tissues, the seasonal transcriptional profiles of 14 genes selected from various metabolic pathways showed an FDp-specific plant response compared to other grapevine yellows and uncovered a new association of the SWEET17a vacuolar transporter of fructose with pathogens. Non-targeted metabolome analysis from leaf vein-enriched tissues identified 22 significantly changed compounds with increased levels during infection. Several metabolites corroborated the gene expression study. Detailed investigation of the dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism revealed significant accumulation of sucrose and starch in the mesophyll of FDp-infected leaves, as well as significant up-regulation of genes involved in their biosynthesis. In addition, infected leaves had high activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and, more significantly, sucrose synthase. The data support the conclusion that FDp infection inhibits phloem transport, resulting in accumulation of carbohydrates and secondary metabolites that provoke a source-sink transition and defense response status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Prezelj
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elizabeth Covington
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenTaastrup, Denmark
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, v.v.i.Drásov, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lena Fragner
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Marko Chersicola
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate SchoolLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Vodopivec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Dermastia
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Hodges M, Dellero Y, Keech O, Betti M, Raghavendra AS, Sage R, Zhu XG, Allen DK, Weber APM. Perspectives for a better understanding of the metabolic integration of photorespiration within a complex plant primary metabolism network. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3015-26. [PMID: 27053720 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is an essential high flux metabolic pathway that is found in all oxygen-producing photosynthetic organisms. It is often viewed as a closed metabolic repair pathway that serves to detoxify 2-phosphoglycolic acid and to recycle carbon to fuel the Calvin-Benson cycle. However, this view is too simplistic since the photorespiratory cycle is known to interact with several primary metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis, nitrate assimilation, amino acid metabolism, C1 metabolism and the Krebs (TCA) cycle. Here we will review recent advances in photorespiration research and discuss future priorities to better understand (i) the metabolic integration of the photorespiratory cycle within the complex network of plant primary metabolism and (ii) the importance of photorespiration in response to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hodges
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Younès Dellero
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 141012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Rowan Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS-MPG Partner Institutes for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Doug K Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstraße 1, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Margaria P, Ferrandino A, Caciagli P, Kedrina O, Schubert A, Palmano S. Metabolic and transcript analysis of the flavonoid pathway in diseased and recovered Nebbiolo and Barbera grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) following infection by Flavescence dorée phytoplasma. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2183-200. [PMID: 24689527 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) infections seriously affect production and survival of grapevine. We analysed the changes in the flavonoid pathway occurring in two red cultivars, the highly susceptible Barbera and the less susceptible Nebbiolo, following FDp infection. A combination of metabolic and transcript analyses was used to quantify flavonoid compounds and expression of a set of genes involved in their biosynthesis. Quantification of anthocyanins, flavonols, proanthocyanidins and related biosynthetic enzymes was performed over the vegetative season, at four time points, on healthy, infected and recovered plants. A strong activation of anthocyanin accumulation was observed in infected Barbera leaves, while the response was less marked in Nebbiolo. Proanthocyanidins also accumulated mainly in infected Barbera leaves, even if basal proanthocyanidin concentration was higher in healthy and recovered Nebbiolo. Biochemical data were supported by transcript analysis: genes of the stem flavonoid pathway and of the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches were expressed at a higher level in infected than in healthy plants, with a different magnitude between the two cultivars. Based on our results, we hypothesize that flavonoid accumulation is a physiological consequence of FD infection without affecting phytoplasma multiplication, although proanthocyanidin accumulation could help repel further infection by the insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Margaria
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, 10135, Torino, Italy
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