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Hima S, Remya C, Sadasivan C, Dileep KV. Carboxylic acid derivatives suppress the growth of Aspergillus flavus through the inhibition of fungal alpha-amylase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3563-3567. [PMID: 37194429 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2214235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus favus (A. flavus) is a saprophytic fungus and a pathogen affecting several important foods and crops, including maize. A. flavus produces a toxic secondary metabolite called aflatoxin. Alpha-amylase (α-amylase), a hydrolytic enzyme produced by A. Flavus helps in the production of aflatoxin by hydrolysing the starch molecules in to simple sugars such as glucose and maltose. These simple sugars induce the production of aflatoxin. Inhibition of α-amylase has been proven as a potential way to reduce the production of aflatoxin. In the present study, we investigated the effect of selected carboxylic acid derivatives such as cinnamic acid (CA), 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid (3,4-HPPA) on the fungal growth and for the α-amylase inhibitory activity. The binding potentials of these compounds with α-amylase have been confirmed by enzyme kinetics and isothermal titration calorimetry. Molecular docking and MD simulation studies were also performed to deduce the atomic level interaction between the protein and selected ligands. The results indicated that CA, 2,4-D and 3,4-HPPA can inhibit the fungal growth which could be partly due to the inhibition on fungal α-amylase activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Hima
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Chandran Remya
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - C Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Kannur University, Thalassery, India
| | - K V Dileep
- Laboratory for Computational and Structural Biology, Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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Comparative Analysis of Multiple GWAS Results Identifies Metabolic Pathways Associated with Resistance to A. flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Accumulation in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110738. [PMID: 36355988 PMCID: PMC9695789 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by several species of Aspergillus, including Aspergillus flavus, an important ear rot pathogen in maize. Most commercial corn hybrids are susceptible to infection by A. flavus, and aflatoxin contaminated grain causes economic damage to farmers. The creation of inbred lines resistant to Aspergillus fungal infection or the accumulation of aflatoxins would be aided by knowing the pertinent alleles and metabolites associated with resistance in corn lines. Multiple Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and association mapping studies have uncovered several dozen potential genes, but each with a small effect on resistance. Metabolic pathway analysis, using the Pathway Association Study Tool (PAST), was performed on aflatoxin accumulation resistance using data from four Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS). The present research compares the outputs of these pathway analyses and seeks common metabolic mechanisms underlying each. Genes, pathways, metabolites, and mechanisms highlighted here can contribute to improving phenotypic selection of resistant lines via measurement of more specific and highly heritable resistance-related traits and genetic gain via marker assisted or genomic selection with multiple SNPs linked to resistance-related pathways.
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Soni P, Gangurde SS, Ortega-Beltran A, Kumar R, Parmar S, Sudini HK, Lei Y, Ni X, Huai D, Fountain JC, Njoroge S, Mahuku G, Radhakrishnan T, Zhuang W, Guo B, Liao B, Singam P, Pandey MK, Bandyopadhyay R, Varshney RK. Functional Biology and Molecular Mechanisms of Host-Pathogen Interactions for Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) and Maize ( Zea mays L.). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:227. [PMID: 32194520 PMCID: PMC7063101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by soilborne saprophytic fungus Aspergillus flavus and closely related species that infect several agricultural commodities including groundnut and maize. The consumption of contaminated commodities adversely affects the health of humans and livestock. Aflatoxin contamination also causes significant economic and financial losses to producers. Research efforts and significant progress have been made in the past three decades to understand the genetic behavior, molecular mechanisms, as well as the detailed biology of host-pathogen interactions. A range of omics approaches have facilitated better understanding of the resistance mechanisms and identified pathways involved during host-pathogen interactions. Most of such studies were however undertaken in groundnut and maize. Current efforts are geared toward harnessing knowledge on host-pathogen interactions and crop resistant factors that control aflatoxin contamination. This study provides a summary of the recent progress made in enhancing the understanding of the functional biology and molecular mechanisms associated with host-pathogen interactions during aflatoxin contamination in groundnut and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Soni
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sunil S. Gangurde
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sejal Parmar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hari K. Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yong Lei
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agriculture Research Service, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Dongxin Huai
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jake C. Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Samuel Njoroge
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - George Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Weijian Zhuang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Boshou Liao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Prashant Singam
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
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Samiksha, Singh D, Kesavan AK, Sohal SK. Purification of a trypsin inhibitor from Psoralea corylifolia seeds and its influence on developmental physiology of Bactrocera cucurbitae. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:1141-1150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fountain JC, Koh J, Yang L, Pandey MK, Nayak SN, Bajaj P, Zhuang WJ, Chen ZY, Kemerait RC, Lee RD, Chen S, Varshney RK, Guo B. Proteome analysis of Aspergillus flavus isolate-specific responses to oxidative stress in relationship to aflatoxin production capability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3430. [PMID: 29467403 PMCID: PMC5821837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen of plants such as maize and peanut under conducive conditions such as drought stress resulting in significant aflatoxin production. Drought-associated oxidative stress also exacerbates aflatoxin production by A. flavus. The objectives of this study were to use proteomics to provide insights into the pathogen responses to H2O2-derived oxidative stress, and to identify potential biomarkers and targets for host resistance breeding. Three isolates, AF13, NRRL3357, and K54A with high, moderate, and no aflatoxin production, were cultured in medium supplemented with varying levels of H2O2, and examined using an iTRAQ (Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification) approach. Overall, 1,173 proteins were identified and 220 were differentially expressed (DEPs). Observed DEPs encompassed metabolic pathways including antioxidants, carbohydrates, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism. Increased lytic enzyme, secondary metabolite, and developmental pathway expression in AF13 was correlated with oxidative stress tolerance, likely assisting in plant infection and microbial competition. Elevated expression of energy and cellular component production in NRRL3357 and K54A implies a focus on oxidative damage remediation. These trends explain isolate-to-isolate variation in oxidative stress tolerance and provide insights into mechanisms relevant to host plant interactions under drought stress allowing for more targeted efforts in host resistance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.,Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Jin Koh
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.,College of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Wei-Jian Zhuang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.
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Hamad BK, Pathak M, Manna R, Fischer PM, Emsley J, Dekker LV. Assessment of the protein interaction between coagulation factor XII and corn trypsin inhibitor by molecular docking and biochemical validation. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1818-1828. [PMID: 28688220 PMCID: PMC5638086 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Corn Trypsin Inhibitor (CTI) is a selective inhibitor of coagulation Factor XII (FXII). Molecular modelling of the CTI-FXIIa complex suggested a canonical inhibitor binding mode. Mutagenesis revealed the CTI inhibitory loop and helices α1 and α2 mediate the interaction. This confirms that CTI inhibits FXII in canonical fashion and validates the molecular model. SUMMARY Background Corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI) has selectivity for the serine proteases coagulation factor XII and trypsin. CTI is in widespread use as a reagent that specifically inhibits the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation but not the extrinsic pathway. Objectives To investigate the molecular basis of FXII inhibition by CTI. Methods We performed molecular docking of CTI, using its known crystal structure, with a model of the activated FXII (FXIIa) protease domain. The interaction model was verified by use of a panel of recombinant CTI variants tested for their ability to inhibit FXIIa enzymatic activity in a substrate cleavage assay. Results The docking predicted that: (i) the CTI central inhibitory loop P1 Arg34 side chain forms a salt bridge with the FXIIa S1 pocket Asp189 side chain; (ii) Trp22 from CTI helix α1 interacts with the FXIIa S3 pocket; and (iii) Arg43 from CTI helix α2 forms a salt bridge with FXIIa H1 pocket Asp60A. CTI amino acid substitution R34A negated all inhibitory activity, whereas the G32W, L35A, W22A and R42A/R43A substitutions reduced activity by large degrees of 108-fold, 41-fold, 158-fold, and 100-fold, respectively; the R27A, W37A, W39A and R42A substitutions had no effect. Synthetic peptides spanning CTI residues 20-44 had inhibitory activity that was three-fold to 4000-fold less than that of full-length CTI. Conclusions The data confirm the validity of a canonical model of the FXIIa-CTI interaction, with helix α1 (Trp22), central inhibitory loop (Arg34) and helix α2 (Arg43) of CTI being required for effective binding by contacting the S1, S3 and H1 pockets of FXIIa, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. K. Hamad
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - M. Pathak
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - R. Manna
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - P. M. Fischer
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - J. Emsley
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - L. V. Dekker
- School of PharmacyCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Shu X, Livingston DP, Woloshuk CP, Payne GA. Comparative Histological and Transcriptional Analysis of Maize Kernels Infected with Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2075. [PMID: 29270183 PMCID: PMC5723656 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides infect maize kernels and contaminate them with the mycotoxins aflatoxin, and fumonisin, respectively. Genetic resistance in maize to these fungi and to mycotoxin contamination has been difficult to achieve due to lack of identified resistance genes. The objective of this study was to identify new candidate resistance genes by characterizing their temporal expression in response to infection and comparing expression of these genes with genes known to be associated with plant defense. Fungal colonization and transcriptional changes in kernels inoculated with each fungus were monitored at 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post inoculation (hpi). Maize kernels responded by differential gene expression to each fungus within 4 hpi, before the fungi could be observed visually, but more genes were differentially expressed between 48 and 72 hpi, when fungal colonization was more extensive. Two-way hierarchal clustering analysis grouped the temporal expression profiles of the 5,863 differentially expressed maize genes over all time points into 12 clusters. Many clusters were enriched for genes previously associated with defense responses to either A. flavus or F. verticillioides. Also within these expression clusters were genes that lacked either annotation or assignment to functional categories. This study provided a comprehensive analysis of gene expression of each A. flavus and F. verticillioides during infection of maize kernels, it identified genes expressed early and late in the infection process, and it provided a grouping of genes of unknown function with similarly expressed defense related genes that could inform selection of new genes as targets in breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Shu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David P. Livingston
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Charles P. Woloshuk
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Gary A. Payne
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Gary A. Payne, ;
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Inhibitory effect of 4,4′-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(sulfandiylmethanediyl)]bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole) and its derivatives on alpha-amylase activity. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pechanova O, Pechan T. Maize-Pathogen Interactions: An Ongoing Combat from a Proteomics Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28429-48. [PMID: 26633370 PMCID: PMC4691053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a host to numerous pathogenic species that impose serious diseases to its ear and foliage, negatively affecting the yield and the quality of the maize crop. A considerable amount of research has been carried out to elucidate mechanisms of maize-pathogen interactions with a major goal to identify defense-associated proteins. In this review, we summarize interactions of maize with its agriculturally important pathogens that were assessed at the proteome level. Employing differential analyses, such as the comparison of pathogen-resistant and susceptible maize varieties, as well as changes in maize proteomes after pathogen challenge, numerous proteins were identified as possible candidates in maize resistance. We describe findings of various research groups that used mainly mass spectrometry-based, high through-put proteomic tools to investigate maize interactions with fungal pathogens Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp., and Curvularia lunata, and viral agents Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus and Sugarcane Mosaic Virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pechanova
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Identifies Candidate Gene Signatures in Response to Aflatoxin Producing Fungus Aspergillus flavus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138025. [PMID: 26366857 PMCID: PMC4569580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic and potent carcinogenic metabolites produced from the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxins can contaminate cottonseed under conducive preharvest and postharvest conditions. United States federal regulations restrict the use of aflatoxin contaminated cottonseed at >20 ppb for animal feed. Several strategies have been proposed for controlling aflatoxin contamination, and much success has been achieved by the application of an atoxigenic strain of A. flavus in cotton, peanut and maize fields. Development of cultivars resistant to aflatoxin through overexpression of resistance associated genes and/or knocking down aflatoxin biosynthesis of A. flavus will be an effective strategy for controlling aflatoxin contamination in cotton. In this study, genome-wide transcriptome profiling was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in response to infection with both toxigenic and atoxigenic strains of A. flavus on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pericarp and seed. The genes involved in antifungal response, oxidative burst, transcription factors, defense signaling pathways and stress response were highly differentially expressed in pericarp and seed tissues in response to A. flavus infection. The cell-wall modifying genes and genes involved in the production of antimicrobial substances were more active in pericarp as compared to seed. The genes involved in auxin and cytokinin signaling were also induced. Most of the genes involved in defense response in cotton were highly induced in pericarp than in seed. The global gene expression analysis in response to fungal invasion in cotton will serve as a source for identifying biomarkers for breeding, potential candidate genes for transgenic manipulation, and will help in understanding complex plant-fungal interaction for future downstream research.
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Resistance to Aspergillus flavus in maize and peanut: Molecular biology, breeding, environmental stress, and future perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Chen ZY, Rajasekaran K, Brown RL, Sayler RJ, Bhatnagar D. Discovery and confirmation of genes/proteins associated with maize aflatoxin resistance. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the major crops susceptible to Aspergillus flavus infection and subsequent aflatoxin contamination. Many earlier studies indicated the roles of kernel proteins, especially constitutively expressed proteins, in maize resistance to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin production. In this review, we examined the past and current efforts in identifying maize genes and proteins from kernel, rachis, and silk tissues that may play an important role in resistance to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination, as well as the efforts in determining the importance or involvement of them in maize resistance through biochemical, molecular and genetics studies. Through these studies, we gained a better understanding of host resistance mechanism: resistant lines appear to either express some stress-related and antifungal proteins at higher levels in endosperm, embryo, rachis and silk tissues before A. flavus infection or induce the expression of these proteins much faster compared to susceptible maize lines. In addition, we summarised several recent efforts in enhancing maize resistance to aflatoxin contamination using native genes from maize or heterologous and synthetic genes from other sources as well as from A. flavus. These efforts to either suppress A. flavus growth or aflatoxin production, have all shown some promising preliminary success. For example, maize plants transformed with an ?-amylase inhibitor protein from Lablab purpurea showed reduced aflatoxin levels by 56% in kernel screening assays. The antifungal potentials of transgenic maize plants expressing synthetic lytic peptides, such as cecropin-based D4E1 or tachyplesin-based AGM peptides with demonstrated anti-flavus activity (IC50 = 2.5 to 10 ?M), are yet to be assayed. Further investigation in these areas may provide a more cost-effective alternative to biocontrol in managing aflatoxin contamination in maize and other susceptible crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.-Y. Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 302 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - K. Rajasekaran
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - R. L. Brown
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - R. J. Sayler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - D. Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
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Anusuya S, Sathiyabama M. Foliar application of β-d-glucan nanoparticles to control rhizome rot disease of turmeric. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:1205-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Dowd PF, Johnson ET. Environmental effects on resistance gene expression in milk stage popcorn kernels and associations with mycotoxin production. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 31:63-82. [PMID: 25512225 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Like other forms of maize, popcorn is subject to increased levels of contamination by a variety of different mycotoxins under stress conditions, although levels generally are less than dent maize under comparable stress. Gene array analysis was used to determine expression differences of disease resistance-associated genes in milk stage kernels from commercial popcorn fields over 3 years. Relatively lower expression of resistance gene types was noted in years with higher temperatures and lower rainfall, which was consistent with prior results for many previously identified resistance response-associated genes. The lower rates of expression occurred for genes such as chitinases, protease inhibitors, and peroxidases; enzymes involved in the synthesis of cell wall barriers and secondary metabolites; and regulatory proteins. However, expression of several specific resistance genes previously associated with mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin in dent maize, was not affected. Insect damage altered the spectrum of resistance gene expression differences compared to undamaged ears. Correlation analyses showed expression differences of some previously reported resistance genes that were highly associated with mycotoxin levels and included glucanases, protease inhibitors, peroxidases, and thionins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Dowd
- Crop BioProtection Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, USA,
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Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of maize grain is a huge economic and health problem, causing death and increased disease burden in much of the developing world and income loss in the developed world. Despite the gravity of the problem, deployable solutions are still being sought. In the past 15 years, much progress has been made in creating resistant maize inbred lines; mapping of genetic factors associated with resistance; and identifying possible resistance mechanisms. This review highlights this progress, most of which has occurred since the last time a review was published on this topic. Many of the needs highlighted in the last reviews have been addressed, and several solutions, taken together, can now greatly reduce the aflatoxin problem in maize grain. Continued research will soon lead to further solutions, which promise to further reduce and even eliminate the problem completely.
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Fountain JC, Scully BT, Ni X, Kemerait RC, Lee RD, Chen ZY, Guo B. Environmental influences on maize-Aspergillus flavus interactions and aflatoxin production. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:40. [PMID: 24550905 PMCID: PMC3913990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1960s, the fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus (Link ex Fr.) has been the focus of intensive research due to the production of carcinogenic and highly toxic secondary metabolites collectively known as aflatoxins following pre-harvest colonization of crops. Given this recurrent problem and the occurrence of a severe aflatoxin outbreak in maize (Zea mays L.), particularly in the Southeast U.S. in the 1977 growing season, a significant research effort has been put forth to determine the nature of the interaction occurring between aflatoxin production, A. flavus, environment and its various hosts before harvest. Many studies have investigated this interaction at the genetic, transcript, and protein levels, and in terms of fungal biology at either pre- or post-harvest time points. Later experiments have indicated that the interaction and overall resistance phenotype of the host is a quantitative trait with a relatively low heritability. In addition, a high degree of environmental interaction has been noted, particularly with sources of abiotic stress for either the host or the fungus such as drought or heat stresses. Here, we review the history of research into this complex interaction and propose future directions for elucidating the relationship between resistance and susceptibility to A. flavus colonization, abiotic stress, and its relationship to oxidative stress in which aflatoxin production may function as a form of antioxidant protection to the producing fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C. Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of GeorgiaTifton, GA, USA
| | - Brian T. Scully
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service – United States Department of AgricultureTifton, GA, USA
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service – United States Department of AgricultureTifton, GA, USA
| | | | - Robert D. Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of GeorgiaTifton, GA, USA
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of GeorgiaTifton, GA, USA
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service – United States Department of AgricultureTifton, GA, USA
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Tintu I, Abhilash J, Dileep KV, Augustine A, Haridas M, Sadasivan C. A lectin from Spatholobus parviflorus inhibits Aspergillus flavus α-amylase: enzyme kinetics and thermodynamic studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:116-22. [PMID: 24460654 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a commonly found fungal pathogen which produces structurally related and highly toxic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins. It has been proposed that α-amylase inhibitors may limit the ability of the fungus to produce aflatoxins. Hence, this enzyme is a potent target for the development of antifungal agents. In this study, it was found that Spatholobus parviflorus seed lectin (SPL) can inhibit the growth of A. flavus with a MIC value of 1.5 mg/mL. The enzyme kinetics, molecular modeling and isothermal titration calorimetric studies suggest that SPL can inhibit α-amylase with Ki value of 0.0042 mm. Hence, it is suggested that the antifungal activity of SPL might be partly due to its ability to inhibit the enzyme α-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius Tintu
- Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, Inter-University Centre for Bioscience, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Palayad, 670661, India
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18
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Brown RL, Menkir A, Chen ZY, Bhatnagar D, Yu J, Yao H, Cleveland TE. Breeding aflatoxin-resistant maize lines using recent advances in technologies - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1382-91. [PMID: 23859902 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.812808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination caused by Aspergillus flavus infection of corn is a significant and chronic threat to corn being used as food or feed. Contamination of crops at levels of 20 ng g(-1) or higher (as regulated by the USFDA) by this toxin and potent carcinogen makes the crop unsalable, resulting in a significant economic burden on the producer. This review focuses on elimination of this contamination in corn which is a major US crop and the basis of many products. Corn is also "nature's example" of a crop containing heritable resistance to aflatoxin contamination, thereby serving as a model for achieving resistance to aflatoxin contamination in other crops as well. This crop is the largest production grain crop worldwide, providing food for billions of people and livestock and critical feedstock for production of biofuels. In 2011, the economic value of the US corn crop was US$76 billion, with US growers producing an estimated 12 billion bushels, more than one-third of the world's supply. Thus, the economics and significance of corn as a food crop and the threat to food safety due to aflatoxin contamination of this major food crop have prompted the many research efforts in many parts of the world to identify resistance in corn to aflatoxin contamination. Plant breeding and varietal selection has been used as a tool to develop varieties resistance to disease. This methodology has been employed in defining a few corn lines that show resistance to A. flavus invasion; however, no commercial lines have been marketed. With the new tools of proteomics and genomics, identification of resistance mechanisms, and rapid resistance marker selection methodologies, there is an increasing possibility of finding significant resistance in corn, and in understanding the mechanism of this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Brown
- Southern Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, New Orleans, LA , USA
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19
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Nair M, Sandhu SS. A Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) that exerts an antimicrobial effect on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/as.2013.411079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Dileep KV, Tintu I, Remya C, Haridas M, Sadasivan C. Studies of IAA and IBA as fungal α-amylase inhibitors using enzyme kinetics, molecular modeling and thermodynamics. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Tintu I, Dileep KV, Augustine A, Sadasivan C. An Isoquinoline Alkaloid, Berberine, Can Inhibit Fungal Alpha Amylase: Enzyme Kinetic and Molecular Modeling Studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:554-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Tintu I, Dileep KV, Remya C, Augustine A, Sadasivan C. 6-Gingerol inhibits fungal alpha amylase: Enzyme kinetic and molecular modeling studies. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Gene expression profiling and identification of resistance genes to Aspergillus flavus infection in peanut through EST and microarray strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:737-53. [PMID: 22069737 PMCID: PMC3202856 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3070737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus infect peanut seeds and produce aflatoxins, which are associated with various diseases in domestic animals and humans throughout the world. The most cost-effective strategy to minimize aflatoxin contamination involves the development of peanut cultivars that are resistant to fungal infection and/or aflatoxin production. To identify peanut Aspergillus-interactive and peanut Aspergillus-resistance genes, we carried out a large scale peanut Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) project which we used to construct a peanut glass slide oligonucleotide microarray. The fabricated microarray represents over 40% of the protein coding genes in the peanut genome. For expression profiling, resistant and susceptible peanut cultivars were infected with a mixture of Aspergillusflavus and parasiticus spores. The subsequent microarray analysis identified 62 genes in resistant cultivars that were up-expressed in response to Aspergillus infection. In addition, we identified 22 putative Aspergillus-resistance genes that were constitutively up-expressed in the resistant cultivar in comparison to the susceptible cultivar. Some of these genes were homologous to peanut, corn, and soybean genes that were previously shown to confer resistance to fungal infection. This study is a first step towards a comprehensive genome-scale platform for developing Aspergillus-resistant peanut cultivars through targeted marker-assisted breeding and genetic engineering.
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Cary JW, Rajasekaran K, Brown RL, Luo M, Chen ZY, Bhatnagar D. Developing resistance to aflatoxin in maize and cottonseed. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:678-96. [PMID: 22069734 PMCID: PMC3202838 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
At this time, no "magic bullet" for solving the aflatoxin contamination problem in maize and cottonseed has been identified, so several strategies must be utilized simultaneously to ensure a healthy crop, free of aflatoxins. The most widely explored strategy for the control of aflatoxin contamination is the development of preharvest host resistance. This is because A. flavus infects and produces aflatoxins in susceptible crops prior to harvest. In maize production, the host resistance strategy has gained prominence because of advances in the identification of natural resistance traits. However, native resistance in maize to aflatoxin contamination is polygenic and complex and, therefore, markers need to be identified to facilitate the transfer of resistance traits into agronomically viable genetic backgrounds while limiting the transfer of undesirable traits. Unlike maize, there are no known cotton varieties that demonstrate enhanced resistance to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination. For this reason, transgenic approaches are being undertaken in cotton that utilize genes encoding antifungal/anti-aflatoxin factors from maize and other sources to counter fungal infection and toxin production. This review will present information on preharvest control strategies that utilize both breeding and native resistance identification approaches in maize as well as transgenic approaches in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Cary
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.R.); (R.L.B.); (M.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Kanniah Rajasekaran
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.R.); (R.L.B.); (M.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Robert L. Brown
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.R.); (R.L.B.); (M.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Meng Luo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.R.); (R.L.B.); (M.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.R.); (R.L.B.); (M.L.); (D.B.)
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25
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Revina TA, Gerasimova NG, Kladnitskaya GV, Chalenko GI, Valueva TA. Effect of proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors from potato tubers on the growth and development of phytopathogenic microorganisms. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683808010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Pechanova O, Pechan T, Williams WP, Luthe DS. Proteomic analysis of the maize rachis: potential roles of constitutive and induced proteins in resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation. Proteomics 2010; 11:114-27. [PMID: 21182199 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the maize (Zea mays L.) with aflatoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus and consequent contamination with carcinogenic aflatoxin is a persistent and serious agricultural problem causing disease and significant crop losses worldwide. The rachis (cob) is an important structure of maize ear that delivers essential nutrients to the developing kernels and A. flavus spreads through the rachis to infect kernels within the ear. Therefore, rachis plays an important role in fungal proliferation and subsequent kernel contamination. We used proteomic approaches and investigated the rachis tissue from aflatoxin accumulation resistant (Mp313E and Mp420) and susceptible (B73 and SC212m) maize inbred lines. First, we compared rachis proteins from resistant and susceptible inbred lines, which revealed that the young resistant rachis contains higher levels of abiotic stress-related proteins and proteins from phenylpropanoid metabolism, whereas susceptible young rachis contains pathogenesis-related proteins, which are generally inducible upon biotic stress. Second, we identified A. flavus-responsive proteins in rachis of both resistant and susceptible genotypes after 10- and 35-day infection. Differential expression of many stress/defense proteins during rachis juvenility, maturation and after A. flavus challenge demonstrates that resistant rachis relies on constitutive defenses, while susceptible rachis is more dependent on inducible defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pechanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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27
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Inhibition of endogenous α-amylase and protease of Aspergillus flavus by trypsin inhibitor from cultivated and wild-type soybean. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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28
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Brown RL, Chen ZY, Warburton M, Luo M, Menkir A, Fakhoury A, Bhatnagar D. Discovery and characterization of proteins associated with aflatoxin-resistance: evaluating their potential as breeding markers. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:919-33. [PMID: 22069617 PMCID: PMC3153200 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host resistance has become a viable approach to eliminating aflatoxin contamination of maize since the discovery of several maize lines with natural resistance. However, to derive commercial benefit from this resistance and develop lines that can aid growers, markers need to be identified to facilitate the transfer of resistance into commercially useful genetic backgrounds without transfer of unwanted traits. To accomplish this, research efforts have focused on the identification of kernel resistance-associated proteins (RAPs) including the employment of comparative proteomics to investigate closely-related maize lines that vary in aflatoxin accumulation. RAPs have been identified and several further characterized through physiological and biochemical investigations to determine their causal role in resistance and, therefore, their suitability as breeding markers. Three RAPs, a 14 kDa trypsin inhibitor, pathogenesis-related protein 10 and glyoxalase I are being investigated using RNAi gene silencing and plant transformation. Several resistant lines have been subjected to QTL mapping to identify loci associated with the aflatoxin-resistance phenotype. Results of proteome and characterization studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Brown
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA;
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (Z.-Y.C.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Meng Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (Z.-Y.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria;
| | - Ahmad Fakhoury
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA;
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29
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Biocontrol of Fusarium species by a novel lectin with low ecotoxicity isolated from Sebastiania jacobinensis. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Luo M, Brown RL, Chen ZY, Cleveland TE. Host genes involved in the interaction betweenAspergillus flavusand maize. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540903089197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Chen ZY, Brown RL, Cary JW, Damann KE, Cleveland TE. Characterization of anAspergillus flavusalkaline protease and its role in the infection of maize kernels. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540903089221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Corn trypsin inhibitor decreases tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated fibrinolysis of human plasma. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009; 20:191-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3283258011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Cleveland TE, Yu J, Bhatnagar D, Chen Z, Brown RL, Chang P, Cary JW. Progress in Elucidating the Molecular Basis of the Host Plant—AspergillusFlavusInteraction, a Basis for Devising Strategies to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination in Crops. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-200027892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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Clements MJ, White DG. Identifying Sources of Resistance to Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination in Corn Grain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-200027865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Luo JL, Bao K, Nie M, Zhang WQ, Xiao M, Li B. Cladistic and phenetic analyses of relationships among Fusarium spp. in Dongtan wetland by morphology and isozymes. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Kim YH, Woloshuk CP, Cho EH, Bae JM, Song YS, Huh GH. Cloning and functional expression of the gene encoding an inhibitor against Aspergillus flavus alpha-amylase, a novel seed lectin from Lablab purpureus (Dolichos lablab). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:395-405. [PMID: 17149640 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize is one of the more important agricultural crops in the world and, under certain conditions, prone to attack from pathogenic fungi. One of these, Aspergillus flavus, produces toxic and carcinogenic metabolites, called aflatoxins, as byproducts of its infection of maize kernels. The alpha-amylase of A. flavus is known to promote aflatoxin production in the endosperm of these infected kernels, and a 36-kDa protein from the Lablab purpureus, denoted AILP, has been shown to inhibit alpha-amylase production and the growth of A. flavus. Here, we report the isolation of six full-length labAI genes encoding AILP and a detailed analysis of the activities of the encoded proteins. Each of the six labAI genes encoded sequences of 274 amino acids, with the deduced amino acid sequences showing approximately 95-99% identity. The sequences are similar to those of lectin members of a legume lectin-arcelin-alpha-amylase inhibitor family reported to function in plant resistance to insect pests. The labAI genes did not show any of the structures characteristic of conserved structures identified in alpha-amylase inhibitors to date. The recombinant proteins of labAI-1 and labAI-2 agglutinated human red blood cells and inhibited A. flavus alpha-amylase in a manner similar to that shown by AILP. These data indicate that labAI genes are a new class of lectin members in legume seeds and that their proteins have both lectin and alpha-amylase inhibitor activity. These results are a valuable contribution to our knowledge of plant-pathogen interactions and will be applicable for developing protocols aimed at controlling A. flavus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwa Kim
- School of Food and Life Science, BPRC, Inje University, Obangdong, 607, Gyungnam, Korea
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37
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Brodhagen M, Keller NP. Signalling pathways connecting mycotoxin production and sporulation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2006; 7:285-301. [PMID: 20507448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed presents a serious food safety issue on a global scale, causing tremendous yield and economic losses. These toxins, produced largely by members of the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium, represent a subset of the impressive array of secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. Some secondary metabolites are associated temporally and functionally with sporulation. In Aspergillus and Fusarium, sporulation and mycotoxin production are both regulated by G protein signalling pathways. G protein signalling pathways commonly regulate fungal development, stress response and expression of virulence traits. In addition, fungal development is influenced by external factors. Among these are lipids, and in particular, oxylipin signals, which may be derived from either the fungus or infected seeds. Regardless of origin, oxylipins have the potential to elicit profound changes in both sporulation and mycotoxin production in the fungus. Signal transduction via G protein signalling pathways represents one mechanism by which oxylipin signals might elicit these changes. Therefore, in this review we integrate discussion of oxylipin signals and of G protein signalling cascades as regulators of fungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Brodhagen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706-1598, USA
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38
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Yang X, Li J, Wang X, Fang W, Bidochka MJ, She R, Xiao Y, Pei Y. Psc-AFP, an antifungal protein with trypsin inhibitor activity from Psoralea corylifolia seeds. Peptides 2006; 27:1726-31. [PMID: 16530884 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An antifungal protein designated as Psc-AFP, with an apparent molecular mass of 18kDa, was isolated from a traditional Chinese herb, malaytea scurfpea (Psoralea corylifolia L.). The isolation procedure entailed extraction, cation exchange chromatography on CM FF, gel filtration chromatography on Superdex 75 and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography on SOURCE 5RPC column. Automated Edman degradation determined the partial N-terminal sequence of Psc-AFP to be NH2-EWEPVQNGGSSYYMVPRIWA, which displayed homology with plant trypsin inhibitors. The protease inhibitor activity of Psc-AFP was then confirmed by the inhibition on trypsin. Psc-AFP at 10 microM inhibited the mycelial growth of Alternari brassicae, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia cerealis, suggesting that Psc-AFP has a role in the defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
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39
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Kim MH, Park SC, Kim JY, Lee SY, Lim HT, Cheong H, Hahm KS, Park Y. Purification and characterization of a heat-stable serine protease inhibitor from the tubers of new potato variety "Golden Valley". Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:681-6. [PMID: 16777063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Potide-G, a small (5578.9 Da) antimicrobial peptide, was isolated from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Golden Valley) through extraction of the water-soluble fraction, dialysis, ultrafiltration and DEAE-cellulose and C18 reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. This antimicrobial peptide was heat-stable and almost completely suppressed the proteolytic activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain, with no hemolytic activity. In addition, potide-G potently inhibited growth of a variety of bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Clavibacter michiganense subsp. michiganinse) and fungal (Candida albicans and Rhizoctonia solani) strains. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry revealed that the N-terminal sequence (residues from 1 to 11) of the protein is identical to that of potato proteinase inhibitor, a member of the Kunitz superfamily. And like other members of this class of protease inhibitor, potide-G may have a number of beneficial and therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Kim
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Ordóñez RM, Ordóñez AAL, Sayago JE, Nieva Moreno MI, Isla MI. Antimicrobial activity of glycosidase inhibitory protein isolated from Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. fruit. Peptides 2006; 27:1187-91. [PMID: 16406143 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of an invertase inhibitory protein (IIP) isolated from Cyphomandra betacea ripe fruits is documented. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by agar macrodilution and broth microdilution assays. This IIP inhibited the growth of xylophagous and phytopatogenic fungi (Ganoderma applanatum, Schizophyllum commune, Lenzites elegans, Pycnoporus sanguineous, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger, Phomopsis sojae and Fusarium mango) and phytopathogenic bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris pvar vesicatoria CECT 792, Pseudomonas solanacearum CECT 125, Pseudomonas corrugata CECT 124, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Erwinia carotovora var carotovora). The IIP concentration required to completely inhibit the growth of all studied fungi ranged from 7.8 to 62.5 microg/ml. Phytopatogenic bacteria were the most sensitive, with MIC values between 7.8 and 31.25 microg/ml. Antifungal and antibacterial activities can be associated with their ability to inhibit hydrolytic enzymes. Our results indicate the possible participation of IIP in the plant defense mechanism and its potential application as a biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana M Ordóñez
- Cátedra de Fitoquímica, Instituto de Estudios Vegetales Dr. Antonio R. Sampietro, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 461, 4000-San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Prevention of preharvest aflatoxin contamination through genetic engineering of crops. Mycotoxin Res 2006; 22:118-24. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02956775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Brown RL, Chen Z, Menkir A, Cleveland TE. Proteomics to identify resistance factors in corn-a review. Mycotoxin Res 2006; 22:22-6. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02954553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chen ZY, Brown RL, Rajasekaran K, Damann KE, Cleveland TE. Identification of a Maize Kernel Pathogenesis-Related Protein and Evidence for Its Involvement in Resistance to Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Production. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 96:87-95. [PMID: 18944208 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-96-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aflatoxins are carcinogens produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus during infection of susceptible crops such as maize. Several aflatoxin-resistant maize genotypes have been identified and kernel proteins have been suggested to play an important role in resistance. In the present study, one protein (#717), which was expressed fivefold higher in three resistant lines compared with three susceptible ones, was identified using proteomics. This protein was sequenced and identified as a pathogenesis-related protein (PR-10) based on its sequence homology. To assess the involvement of this PR-10 protein (ZmPR-10) in host resistance of maize against fungal infection and aflatoxin production, the corresponding cDNA (pr-10) was cloned. It encodes a protein of 160 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 16.9 kDa and an iso-electric point of 5.38. The expression of pr-10 during kernel development increased fivefold between 7 and 22 days after pollination, and was induced upon A. flavus infection in the resistant but not in the susceptible genotype. The ZmPR-10 overexpressed in Escherichia coli exhibited a ribonucleolytic and antifungal activities. Leaf extracts of transgenic tobacco plants expressing maize pr-10 also demonstrated RNase activity and inhibited the growth of A. flavus. This evidence suggests that ZmPR-10 plays a role in kernel resistance by inhibiting fungal growth of A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Chen
- First and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 ; and second, third, and fifth authors: Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70179
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De Lucca AJ, Cleveland TE, Wedge DE. Plant-derived antifungal proteins and peptides. Can J Microbiol 2005; 51:1001-14. [PMID: 16462858 DOI: 10.1139/w05-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce potent constitutive and induced antifungal compounds to complement the structural barriers to microbial infection. Approximately 250 000 – 500 000 plant species exist, but only a few of these have been investigated for antimicrobial activity. Nevertheless, a wide spectrum of compound classes have been purified and found to have antifungal properties. The commercial potential of effective plant-produced antifungal compounds remains largely unexplored. This review article presents examples of these compounds and discusses their properties.Key words: antifungal, peptides, phytopathogenic, plants, proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J De Lucca
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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Moore KG, Price MS, Boston RS, Weissinger AK, Payne GA. A Chitinase from Tex6 Maize Kernels Inhibits Growth of Aspergillus flavus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2004; 94:82-7. [PMID: 18943823 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2004.94.1.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The maize inbred Tex6 has resistance to colonization and aflatoxin accumulation by Aspergillus flavus. A protein inhibitory to growth of A. flavus has been identified from aqueous extracts of mature Tex6 seeds. This study reports the purification of a chitinase associated with this inhibitory activity to electrophoretic homogeneity and the further characterization of its properties. The inhibitory protein, which has an M(r) of 29,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is an endochitinase that is also capable of exochitinase activity. The enzyme has an optimal pH of 5.5 and a temperature optimum of 45 degrees C. Chitinase activity in maize kernels peaked approximately 36 days after pollination. The Tex6 chitinase purified in this study is capable of inhibiting the growth of A. flavus by 50% at a concentration of 20 mug/ml. Our data indicate that chitinase activity in Tex6 kernels makes a major contribution to the antifungal activity in this maize genotype. Partial peptide sequence of the chitinase showed it to differ from previously reported chitinases.
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Guo BZ, Yu J, Holbrook CC, Lee RD, Lynch RE. Application of Differential Display RT‐PCR and EST/Microarray Technologies to the Analysis of Gene Expression in Response to Drought Stress and Elimination of Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn and Peanut. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-120024095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Maupin LM, Clements MJ, White DG. Evaluation of the MI82 Corn Line as a Source of Resistance to Aflatoxin in Grain and Use of BGYF as a Selection Tool. PLANT DISEASE 2003; 87:1059-1066. [PMID: 30812818 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2003.87.9.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Our objectives were to determine if the corn (Zea mays) inbred MI82 has alleles for resistance to Aspergillus ear rot (caused by Aspergillus flavus) and aflatoxin accumulation in grain that can be transferred to commercially used inbreds, and to determine the types and magnitudes of gene action, heritabilities, and gain from selection for low levels of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence (BGYF), aflatoxin, and ear rot with MI82. Also, we hoped to determine if selection against BGYF would substantially reduce the concentration of aflatoxin in grain. Primary ears and ground grain from inbred MI82 (P1), the susceptible inbred B73 (P2), and the F1, F2, F3, BCP1S1, and BCP2S1 generations developed from these inbreds were evaluated for BGYF, concentration of aflatoxin in grain, and severity of Aspergillus ear rot in 2000 and 2001. Dominance was the most important gene action associated with low levels of BGYF and a low concentration of aflatoxin in grain. Heritabilities for low levels of BGYF (83.5%), aflatoxin (74.1%), and ear rot (62.8%) were high. Correlation coefficients between aflatoxin and BGYF were high in both years (r = 0.75 and 0.79 for 2000 and 2001, respectively). Unlike aflatoxin, BGYF was not affected by the year in which plants were grown. Selection for low levels of BGYF prior to selection based on aflatoxin concentration is as effective as selection for either factor alone. MI82 has value in programs designed to improve the resistance of commercially used corn inbreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Maupin
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M J Clements
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D G White
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Cleveland TE, Dowd PF, Desjardins AE, Bhatnagar D, Cotty PJ. United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US crops. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2003; 59:629-642. [PMID: 12846313 DOI: 10.1002/ps.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins (ie toxins produced by molds) are fungal metabolites that can contaminate foods and feeds and cause toxic effects in higher organisms that consume the contaminated commodities. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds results is a serious food safety issue and affects the competitiveness of US agriculture in both domestic and export markets. This article highlights research accomplished by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories on control of pre-harvest toxin contamination by using biocontrol, host-plant resistance enhancement and integrated management systems. Emphasis is placed on the most economically relevant mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Link, trichothecenes produced by various Fusarium spp and fumonisins produced by F verticillioides. Significant inroads have been made in establishing various control strategies such as development of atoxigenic biocontrol fungi that can outcompete their closely related, toxigenic cousins in field environments, thus reducing levels of mycotoxins in the crops. Potential biochemical and genetic resistance markers have been identified in crops, particularly in corn, which are being utilized as selectable markers in breeding for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Prototypes of genetically engineered crops have been developed which: (1) contain genes for resistance to the phytotoxic effects of certain trichothecenes, thereby helping reduce fungal virulence, or (2) contain genes encoding fungal growth inhibitors for reducing fungal infection. Gene clusters housing the genes governing formation of trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins have been elucidated and are being targeted in strategies to interrupt the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. Ultimately, a combination of strategies using biocompetitive fungi and enhancement of host-plant resistance may be needed to adequately prevent mycotoxin contamination in the field. To achieve this, plants may be developed that resist fungal infection and/or reduce the toxic effects of the mycotoxins themselves, or interrupt mycotoxin biosynthesis. This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Cleveland
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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Figueira ELZ, Blanco-Labra A, Gerage AC, Ono EYS, Mendiola-Olaya E, Ueno Y, Hirooka EY. New Amylase Inhibitor Present in Corn Seeds Active In Vitro Against Amylase from Fusarium verticillioides. PLANT DISEASE 2003; 87:233-240. [PMID: 30812753 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2003.87.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A screening for specific amylase inhibitor levels against amylase from Fusarium verticillioides (Fusarium moniliforme), the most relevant mycotoxigenic fungus in corn, was conducted on 37 corn hybrids. The amylase inhibitor levels in these hybrids ranged from 5.5 to 16.0 amylase inhibitor units per gram of corn (AIU/g) in the MASTER and AG5011 hybrids, respectively. The hybrid with the maximum content of inhibitor was used as the source of this new protein. The inhibitor was partially purified using fractional precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 column, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Superose HR 10/30 column, and HPLC anion exchange chromatography, obtaining a 20.7-fold purification. Electrophoresis after denaturing and heating under reductive conditions showed an apparent 23.8 kDa molecular mass and an acidic isoelectric point of 5.4, which differs from previous molecular masses reported for other inhibitors present in corn seeds (14 and 22 kDa). This inhibitor showed activity against amylases from human saliva and pancreas, from the fungi F. verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus, and from the insects Acanthoscelides obtectus, Zabrotes subfasciatus, Tribolium castaneum, and Sitotroga cerealella. The mycoflora found in the corn grain indicated Fusarium sp. as the most prevalent fungi (81.1% of the samples), with a count ranging from 1.5 × 102 to 2.4 × 106 CFU/g of corn. The presence of fumonisins was detected in 21 out of the 37 hybrids studied, ranging from 0.05 to 2.67 μg of FB per gram of corn. No correlation could be established between this amylase inhibitor level in the corn seeds and the presence of Fusarium sp. or with the fumonisin content under the experimental conditions of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson L Z Figueira
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Campus Universitário. Caixa Postal 6001, CEP 86051-990, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Blanco-Labra
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato. Apdo. Postal 629, 36500 Irapuato-Gto, Mexico
| | - Antônio Carlos Gerage
- Instituto Agronômico do Paraná. Caixa Postal 481 - CEP 86001-970, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Y S Ono
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Campus Universitário. Caixa Postal 6001, CEP 86051-990, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Mendiola-Olaya
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato. Apdo. Postal 629, 36500 Irapuato-Gto, Mexico
| | - Yoshio Ueno
- Yashio Institute of Environmental Sciences, Usui Bldg. 2F, 8-10 Nishi-Gokencho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokio 162-0812, Japan
| | - Elisa Y Hirooka
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Campus Universitário. Caixa Postal 6001, CEP 86051-990, Londrina-PR, Brazil
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Ng TB, Lam SK, Fong WP. A homodimeric sporamin-type trypsin inhibitor with antiproliferative, HIV reverse transcriptase-inhibitory and antifungal activities from wampee (Clausena lansium) seeds. Biol Chem 2003; 384:289-93. [PMID: 12675522 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A homodimeric trypsin inhibitor with a molecular mass of 54 kDa was isolated from the seeds of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels with a very simple procedure comprising extraction with an aqueous buffer and ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. It inhibited trypsin with an IC50 of 2.2 nM but was without any inhibitory effect on chymotrypsin and proteinase K. The uptake of MTT by human leukemia HL60 and hepatoma Hep G2 cells was inhibited with an IC50 of 100 microM. Translation in the cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system was inhibited with an IC50 of 3.6 microM. The activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was reduced in the presence of the trypsin inhibitor. The trypsin inhibitor exerted antifungal activity toward Physalospora piricola but not Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum or Coprinus comatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi B Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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