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Gschwendtberger T, Thau-Habermann N, von der Ohe J, Luo T, Hass R, Petri S. Protective effects of EVs/exosomes derived from permanently growing human MSC on primary murine ALS motor neurons. Neurosci Lett 2023; 816:137493. [PMID: 37774774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the neuroprotective potential of mesenchymal stroma-/stem-like cells (MSC) as well as of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes has been intensively explored. This included preclinical evaluation regarding treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as the fatal motor neuron disease amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Several studies have reported that MSC-derived exosomes can stimulate tissue regeneration and reduce inflammation. MSC release EVs and trophic factors and thereby modify cell-to-cell communication. These cell-free products may protect degenerating motor neurons (MNs) and represent a potential therapeutic approach for ALS. In the present study we investigated the effects of exosomes derived from a permanently growing MSC line on both, wild type and ALS (SOD1G93A transgenic) primary motor neurons. Following application in a normal and stressed environment we could demonstrate beneficial effects of MSC exosomes on neurite growth and morphology indicating the potential for further preclinical evaluation and clinical therapeutic development. Investigation of gene expression profiles detected transcripts of several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes in MSC exosomes. Characterization of their microRNA (miRNA) content revealed miRNAs capable of regulating antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gschwendtberger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Juliane von der Ohe
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Tianjiao Luo
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany.
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Jamal M, Tsukamoto I, Maki T, Takei S, Konishi R, Kinoshita H. COA-Cl Evokes Protective Responses Against H 2O 2-and 6-OHDA-Induced Toxic Injury in PC12 Cells. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2061-2071. [PMID: 36435924 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
COA-Cl, a novel adenosine-like nucleic acid analog, has recently been shown to exert neuroprotective effects and to increase dopamine levels both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, we hypothesized that COA-Cl could protect dopaminergic neurons against toxic insults. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of COA-Cl against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)- and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells and to elucidate the possible mechanisms. PC12 cells were incubated with COA-Cl (100 μM) with or without H2O2 or 6-OHDA (200 μM) for 24 h. Treatment with COA-Cl attenuated the decrease in cell viability, SOD activity and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio caused by H2O2. In addition, COA-Cl attenuated the increase in LDH release, ROS production, caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis induced by H2O2. Further, COA-Cl enhanced the protection of PC12 cells against the toxicity caused by 6-OHDA, as evidenced by an increase in cell viability and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and a decrease in LDH release. Our results are the first to demonstrate that COA-Cl potentially protects PC12 cells against toxicity induced by H2O2 and 6-OHDA, implying that COA-Cl could be a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostofa Jamal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Ikuko Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takata Maki
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Sella Takei
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Ryoji Konishi
- Department of Pharmaco-Bio-Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinoshita
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
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Park JY, Saeidi S, Kim EH, Kim DH, Na HK, Keum JS, Surh YJ. Heregulin-β1 Activates NF-E2-related Factor 2 and Induces Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Expression in Human Breast Cancer Cells via Protein Kinase B and Extracellular Signal-regulated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:54-63. [PMID: 33842406 PMCID: PMC8020172 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heregulin-β1, a ligand of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3/4 receptors, has been reported to potentiate oncogenicity and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. In the present work, treatment of human mammary cancer (MCF-7) cells with heregulin-β1 resulted in enhanced cell migration and expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and its mRNA transcript. Silencing of MnSOD abrogated clonogenicity and migrative ability of MCF-7 cells. Heregulin-β1 treatment also increased nuclear translocation, antioxidant response element binding and transcriptional activity of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). A dominant-negative mutant of Nrf2 abrogated heregulin-β1-induced MnSOD expression. Treatment with heregulin-β1 caused activation of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). The pharmacological inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2, which are upstream of Akt and ERK, respectively, attenuated heregulin-β1-induced MnSOD expression and nuclear localization of Nrf2. In conclusion, heregulin-1 induces upregulation of MnSOD and activation of Nrf2 via the Akt and ERK signaling in MCF-7 cells, which may confer metastatic potential and invasiveness of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Park
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soma Saeidi
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Convergence and Integrated Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Seob Keum
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Wu M, Li S, Yu X, Chen W, Ma H, Shao C, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Huang S, Jia Z. Mitochondrial activity contributes to impaired renal metabolic homeostasis and renal pathology in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F593-F605. [PMID: 31268353 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00076.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become the main cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, but the efficacy of current therapeutic strategies on DN remains unsatisfactory. Recent research has reported the involvement of metabolic rearrangement in the pathological process of DN, and of all the disturbances in metabolism, mitochondria serve as key regulatory hubs. In the present study, high-resolution mass spectrometry-based nontarget metabolomics was used to uncover the metabolic characteristics of the early diabetic kidney with or without the inhibition of mitochondrial activity. At first, we observed a moderate enhancement of mitochondrial complex-1 activity in the diabetic kidney, which was completely normalized by the specific mitochondrial complex-1 inhibitor rotenone (ROT). Meanwhile, metabolomics data indicated an overactivated pentose phosphate pathway, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, and tricarboxylic acid cycle, which were strikingly corrected by ROT. In addition, ROT also strikingly corrected imbalanced redox homeostasis, possibly by increasing the ratio of antioxidant metabolites glutathione and NADPH against their oxidative form. In agreement with the improved metabolic status and oxidative response, ROT attenuated glomerular and tubular injury efficiently. Fibrotic markers (fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, and collagen type III), inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and ICAM-1), and oxidative stress were all markedly blocked by ROT. In vitro, ROT dose dependently attenuated high glucose-induced proliferation and extracellular matrix production in mesangial cells. Collectively, these findings revealed that the overactivation of mitochondrial activity in the kidney could contribute to metabolic disorders and the pathogenesis of early DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiu Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoyang Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Shao
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Hyperthermia enhances photodynamic therapy by regulation of HCP1 and ABCG2 expressions via high level ROS generation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1638. [PMID: 30733583 PMCID: PMC6367329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment that make use of the cancer-specific accumulation of porphyrins. We have reported that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitROS) upregulate uptake transporter of porphyrins, heme carrier protein-1 (HCP-1). The accumulation of cancer-specific porphyrins was increased by mitROS production, thereby the cancer-specific PDT cytotoxicity was enhanced. Thus we investigated whether mitROS production by hyperthermia can enhanced the cytotoxicity of PDT or not. In this study, 1 h of hyperthermia at 42 °C increased the mitROS production, and both the accumulation of cancer-specific porphyrins and the PDT cytotoxicity increased. Moreover, the authors treated cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) to examine the effect of mitROS. NAC inhibited the increasing ROS production after hyperthermia to restrain the post-treatment increase of cancer-specific porphyrins accumulation. Moreover, the increase of ROS production in cancer cells after hyperthermia upregulated HCP-1 expression and downregulated ABCG2 expression. These regulation were inhibited by NAC. These results suggest that hyperthermia treatment increased mitROS production, which involved HpD accumulation and enhanced PDT effects in cancer cells. The mechanism of this phenomenon was most likely to be due to both the upregulation of HCP-1 and the downregulation of ABCG2 by mitROS.
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Fang G, Hong L, Liu C, Yang Q, Zhang Q, Li Y, Li B, Wu D, Wu W, Shi H. Oxidative status of cardinal ligament in pelvic organ prolapse. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3293-3302. [PMID: 30250520 PMCID: PMC6143997 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common and distressing health problem in adult women, but the pathophysiological mechanism is yet to be fully elucidated. Previous studies have indicated that oxidative stress may be associated with POP. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the oxidative status of pelvic supportive tissue in POP and further demonstrate that oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of POP. A total of 60 samples were collected from females undergoing hysterectomy for POP or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). This included 16 females with POP II, 24 females with POP III–IV (according to the POP-Q system) and 20 females with CIN II–III as the control group. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to measure the expression of oxidative biomarkers, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Major antioxidative enzymes, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) were measured through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and enzyme activity assays. The results demonstrated that in the cardinal ligament, the expression of 8-OHdG and 4-HNE was higher in the POP III–IV group compared with the POP II group and control group. The MnSOD and GPx1 protein level and enzyme activity were lower in the POP III–IV group compared with the POP II or the control group, while the mRNA expression level of MnSOD and GPx1 was increased. In conclusion, oxidative damage is increased in the pelvic supportive ligament of female patients with POP and the antioxidative defense capacity is decreased. These results support previous findings that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of POP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qifan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Bingshu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Debin Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wenying Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hua Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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7
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Marycz K, Marędziak M, Lewandowski D, Zachanowicz E, Zięcina A, Wiglusz RJ, Pązik R. The Effect of Co 0.2Mn 0.8Fe 2O 4 Ferrite Nanoparticles on the C2 Canine Mastocytoma Cell Line and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells (ASCs) Cultured Under a Static Magnetic Field: Possible Implications in the Treatment of Dog Mastocytoma. Cell Mol Bioeng 2017; 10:209-222. [PMID: 28580034 PMCID: PMC5434168 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-017-0480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt manganese ferrite nanoparticles have application potential in the biomedical field, however there is limited information concerning the biological response. The aim of this work was to investigate the cytotoxic potential of cobalt-manganese ferrite nanoparticles in canine mastocytoma tumor cells (C2) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells (ASCs) cultured under a static magnetic field (MF). In this study, we investigated the viability and proliferation rate of ASC and C2 cells cultured with Co0.2Mn0.8Fe2O4 nanoparticles under 0.5T MF. We observed cells morphology and measured intracellular ROS generation. Thermal observations were used to characterize the thermotrophic cell behavior in different condition and RNA level of heat shock proteins and apoptotic genes was measured. Nanoparticles reduced cell viability, caused cell damage, i.e., through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased transcriptional level of apoptotic genes (Bcl-2, Bax, p53, p21). In addition, we have found that C2 mastocytoma cells cultured with metal oxide nanoparticles under MF exhibited unexpected biological responses, including thermotolerance and apoptotic response induced by the expression of heat shock proteins and ROS produced under a MF. Our results suggest that stimulation using MF and Co0.2Mn0.8Fe2O4 nanoparticles is involved in mechanisms associated with controlling cell proliferative potential signaling events. We can state that significant differences between normal and cancer cells in response to nanoparticles and MF are apparent. Our results show that nanoparticles and MF elevate the temperature in vitro in tumor cells, thereby increasing the expression of ROS as well as heat shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Marycz
- Faculty of Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 50-631 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Marędziak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - D. Lewandowski
- Institute of Materials Science and Applied Mechanics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - E. Zachanowicz
- Polymer Engineering and Technology Division, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A. Zięcina
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAN, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - R. J. Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAN, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Smart Structures, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-950 Wrocław, Poland
| | - R. Pązik
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAN, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Smart Structures, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-950 Wrocław, Poland
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Richards RI, Robertson SA, O'Keefe LV, Fornarino D, Scott A, Lardelli M, Baune BT. The Enemy within: Innate Surveillance-Mediated Cell Death, the Common Mechanism of Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:193. [PMID: 27242399 PMCID: PMC4862319 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases comprise an array of progressive neurological disorders all characterized by the selective death of neurons in the central nervous system. Although, rare (familial) and common (sporadic) forms can occur for the same disease, it is unclear whether this reflects several distinct pathogenic pathways or the convergence of different causes into a common form of nerve cell death. Remarkably, neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly found to be accompanied by activation of the innate immune surveillance system normally associated with pathogen recognition and response. Innate surveillance is the cell's quality control system for the purpose of detecting such danger signals and responding in an appropriate manner. Innate surveillance is an "intelligent system," in that the manner of response is relevant to the magnitude and duration of the threat. If possible, the threat is dealt with within the cell in which it is detected, by degrading the danger signal(s) and restoring homeostasis. If this is not successful then an inflammatory response is instigated that is aimed at restricting the spread of the threat by elevating degradative pathways, sensitizing neighboring cells, and recruiting specialized cell types to the site. If the danger signal persists, then the ultimate response can include not only the programmed cell death of the original cell, but the contents of this dead cell can also bring about the death of adjacent sensitized cells. These responses are clearly aimed at destroying the ability of the detected pathogen to propagate and spread. Innate surveillance comprises intracellular, extracellular, non-cell autonomous and systemic processes. Recent studies have revealed how multiple steps in these processes involve proteins that, through their mutation, have been linked to many familial forms of neurodegenerative disease. This suggests that individuals harboring these mutations may have an amplified response to innate-mediated damage in neural tissues, and renders innate surveillance mediated cell death a plausible common pathogenic pathway responsible for neurodegenerative diseases, in both familial and sporadic forms. Here we have assembled evidence in favor of the hypothesis that neurodegenerative disease is the cumulative result of chronic activation of the innate surveillance pathway, triggered by endogenous or environmental danger or damage associated molecular patterns in a progressively expanding cascade of inflammation, tissue damage and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Richards
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Louise V O'Keefe
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dani Fornarino
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Scott
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
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9
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Li P, Zhang D, Shen L, Dong K, Wu M, Ou Z, Shi D. Redox homeostasis protects mitochondria through accelerating ROS conversion to enhance hypoxia resistance in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22831. [PMID: 26956544 PMCID: PMC4783784 DOI: 10.1038/srep22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypoxic cells, participating in regulating redox homeostasis. The mechanism of tumor hypoxia tolerance, especially the role of mitochondria in tumor hypoxia resistance remains largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the role of mitochondria in tumor hypoxia resistance. We observed that glycolysis in hypoxic cancer cells was up-regulated more rapidly, with far lesser attenuation in aerobic oxidation, thus contributing to a more stable ATP/ADP ratio. In hypoxia, cancer cells rapidly convert hypoxia-induced O(2˙)(-) into H2O2. H2O2 is further decomposed by a relatively stronger antioxidant system, causing ROS levels to increase lesser compared to normal cells. The moderate ROS leads to an appropriate degree of autophagy, eliminating the damaged mitochondria and offering nutrients to promote mitochondria fusion, thus protects mitochondria and improves hypoxia tolerance in cancer. The functional mitochondria could enable tumor cells to flexibly switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to meet the different physiological requirements during the hypoxia/re-oxygenation cycling of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengying Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiao Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelei Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouluo Ou
- Cancer Research Institute of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyun Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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10
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de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SF, Habtemariam S, Erdogan Orhan I, Daglia M, Nabavi SM. The effects of baicalein and baicalin on mitochondrial function and dynamics: A review. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:296-308. [PMID: 26318266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in cell survival by providing energy, calcium buffering, and regulating apoptosis. A growing body of evidence shows that mitochondrial dysfunction and its consequences, including impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of different diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer. The therapeutical role of flavonoids on these diseases is gaining increasing acceptance. Numerous studies on experimental models have revealed the favorable role of flavonoids on mitochondrial function and structure. This review highlights the promising role of baicalin and its aglycone form, baicalein, on mitochondrial function and structure with a focus on its therapeutic effects. We also discuss their chemistry, sources and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Kim AD, Kang KA, Piao MJ, Kim KC, Zheng J, Yao CW, Cha JW, Hyun CL, Kang HK, Lee NH, Hyun JW. Cytoprotective effect of eckol against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: involvement of the FoxO3a/AMPK pathway. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1403-11. [PMID: 24700636 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the cytoprotective effect of Ecklonia cava-derived eckol against H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in Chang liver cells. While H2O2 augmented levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), eckol decreased it. Eckol also attenuated high intracellular Ca(2+) levels stimulated by H2O2 and recovered H2O2-diminished ATP levels and succinate dehydrogenase activity. Eckol time-dependently increased the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme with cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress. Eckol recovered Mn SOD expression and activity that were decreased by H2O2. Finally, eckol induced Mn SOD through phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a). Specific silencing RNAs (siRNAs) against FoxO3a and AMPK reduced eckol-stimulated Mn SOD expression, and diethyldithiocarbamate (Mn SOD inhibitor) and siRNA against Mn SOD reduced the cytoprotective effect of eckol against H2O2-provoked cell death. These results demonstrate that eckol protects cells from mitochondrial oxidative stress by activating AMPK/FoxO3a-mediated induction of Mn SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areum Daseul Kim
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Korea
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12
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Indo HP, Yen HC, Nakanishi I, Matsumoto KI, Tamura M, Nagano Y, Matsui H, Gusev O, Cornette R, Okuda T, Minamiyama Y, Ichikawa H, Suenaga S, Oki M, Sato T, Ozawa T, Clair DKS, Majima HJ. A mitochondrial superoxide theory for oxidative stress diseases and aging. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 56:1-7. [PMID: 25834301 PMCID: PMC4306659 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fridovich identified CuZnSOD in 1969 and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in 1973, and proposed ”the Superoxide Theory,” which postulates that superoxide (O2•−) is the origin of most reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that it undergoes a chain reaction in a cell, playing a central role in the ROS producing system. Increased oxidative stress on an organism causes damage to cells, the smallest constituent unit of an organism, which can lead to the onset of a variety of chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurological diseases caused by abnormalities in biological defenses or increased intracellular reactive oxygen levels. Oxidative stress also plays a role in aging. Antioxidant systems, including non-enzyme low-molecular-weight antioxidants (such as, vitamins A, C and E, polyphenols, glutathione, and coenzyme Q10) and antioxidant enzymes, fight against oxidants in cells. Superoxide is considered to be a major factor in oxidant toxicity, and mitochondrial MnSOD enzymes constitute an essential defense against superoxide. Mitochondria are the major source of superoxide. The reaction of superoxide generated from mitochondria with nitric oxide is faster than SOD catalyzed reaction, and produces peroxynitrite. Thus, based on research conducted after Fridovich’s seminal studies, we now propose a modified superoxide theory; i.e., superoxide is the origin of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and, as such, causes various redox related diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko P Indo
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan ; Department of Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan ; Graduate Center of Toxicology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Yen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Tamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nagano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Department of Invertebrates Zoology and Functional Morphology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremevskaya str., 17 Kazan 420-008, Russia ; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, ISS Science Project Office, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan ; Anhydrobiosis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ohwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Richard Cornette
- Anhydrobiosis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ohwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Takashi Okuda
- Anhydrobiosis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ohwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yukiko Minamiyama
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshishia University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Suenaga
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Misato Oki
- Department of Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ozawa
- Division of Oxidative Stress Research, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Graduate Center of Toxicology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Hideyuki J Majima
- Department of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan ; Department of Space Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Becuwe P, Ennen M, Klotz R, Barbieux C, Grandemange S. Manganese superoxide dismutase in breast cancer: from molecular mechanisms of gene regulation to biological and clinical significance. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:139-51. [PMID: 25224035 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies of all cancers in women worldwide. Many difficulties reside in the prediction of tumor metastatic progression because of the lack of sufficiently reliable predictive biological markers, and this is a permanent preoccupation for clinicians. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) may represent a rational candidate as a predictive biomarker of breast tumor metastatic progression, because its gene expression is profoundly altered between early and advanced breast cancer, in contrast to expression in the normal mammary gland. In this review, we report the characterization of some gene polymorphisms and molecular mechanisms of SOD2 gene regulation, which allows a better understanding of how MnSOD is decreased in early breast cancer and increased in advanced breast cancer. Several studies display the biological significance of MnSOD level in proliferation as well as in invasive and angiogenic abilities of breast tumor cells by controlling superoxide anion radical (O2(•-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Particularly, they report how these reactive oxygen species may activate some signaling pathways involved in breast tumor growth. Emerging understanding of these findings provides an interesting framework for guiding translational research and suggests a way to define precisely the clinical interest of MnSOD as a prognostic and/or predicting marker in breast cancer, by associating with some regulators involved in SOD2 gene regulation and other well-known biomarkers, in addition to the typical clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Becuwe
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, UMR 7039 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
| | - Marie Ennen
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, UMR 7039 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Rémi Klotz
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, UMR 7039 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Claire Barbieux
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, UMR 7039 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Grandemange
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, UMR 7039 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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Manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency triggers mitochondrial uncoupling and the Warburg effect. Oncogene 2014; 34:4229-37. [PMID: 25362851 PMCID: PMC4859767 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a mitochondrially localized primary antioxidant enzyme, known to be essential for the survival of aerobic life and to have important roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we show that MnSOD deficiency in skin tissues of MnSOD-heterozygous knockout (Sod2(+/-)) mice leads to increased expresson of uncoupling proteins (UCPs). When MnSOD is deficient, superoxide radical and its resulting reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate ligand binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), suggesting that the activation of PPARα signaling is a major mechanism underlying MnSOD-dependent UCPs expression that consequently triggers the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, leading to increased aerobic glycolysis. Knockdown of UCPs and mTOR suppresses lactate production and increases ATP levels, suggesting that UCPs contribute to increased glycolysis. These results highlight the existence of a free radical-mediated mechanism that activates mitochondria uncoupling to reduce ROS production, which precedes the glycolytic adaptation described as the Warburg Effect.
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15
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Kim HR, Jung MH, Lee SY, Oh SM, Chung KH. Marijuana smoke condensate induces p53-mediated apoptosis in human lung epithelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:337-47. [PMID: 23665932 DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Since the largely abused worldwide used of marijuana, there have been many ongoing debates regarding the adverse health effects of marijuana smoking. Marijuana smoking was recently proved to cause pulmonary toxicity by inducing genotoxic effects or generating reactive oxygen species. Because p53, a tumor suppressor gene, has an important pathophysiologic role in the regulation of lung epithelial cell DNA damage responses, we hypothesized that p53 may be involved in the oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis induced by marijuana smoking. First, we confirmed that marijuana smoke condensate (MSC) induces oxidative stress in BEAS-2B cells. We observed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was increased by MSC in the DCFH-DA assay. Also, antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase) activity and their mRNA expressions were up-regulated by MSC. Second, we investigated p53 involvement in the MSC-induced apoptotic pathway in BEAS-2B cells. The results showed that MSC increased caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation as markers of apoptosis. In addition, the mRNA levels of apoptosis-related genes (p53 and Bax) were increased by MSC and phospho-p53, along with the increase of Bax protein expression by MSC. Apoptosis and apoptosis-related gene expression were partially blocked by an inhibitor of p53-dependent transcriptional activation (pifithrin-α). The results indicate that p53 plays a role in MSC-induced apoptosis. Taken together, the findings of the present study suggest that MSC partially induces p53-mediated apoptosis through ROS generation in human lung epithelial cells and this may have broader implications for our understanding of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Ryong Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
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16
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Valencia-Cruz AI, Uribe-Figueroa LI, Galindo-Murillo R, Baca-López K, Gutiérrez AG, Vázquez-Aguirre A, Ruiz-Azuara L, Hernández-Lemus E, Mejía C. Whole genome gene expression analysis reveals casiopeína-induced apoptosis pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54664. [PMID: 23382936 PMCID: PMC3561376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-based chemotherapeutic compounds Casiopeínas, have been presented as able to promote selective programmed cell death in cancer cells, thus being proper candidates for targeted cancer therapy. DNA fragmentation and apoptosis-in a process mediated by reactive oxygen species-for a number of tumor cells, have been argued to be the main mechanisms. However, a detailed functional mechanism (a model) is still to be defined and interrogated for a wide variety of cellular conditions before establishing settings and parameters needed for their wide clinical application. In order to shorten the gap in this respect, we present a model proposal centered in the role played by intrinsic (or mitochondrial) apoptosis triggered by oxidative stress caused by the chemotherapeutic agent. This model has been inferred based on genome wide expression profiling in cervix cancer (HeLa) cells, as well as statistical and computational tests, validated via functional experiments (both in the same HeLa cells and also in a Neuroblastoma model, the CHP-212 cell line) and assessed by means of data mining studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Idan Valencia-Cruz
- Computational Genomics Department, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, México City, México
- Microarray Core Facility, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, México City, México
| | | | - Rodrigo Galindo-Murillo
- Chemical Physics Department, Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of México, México City, México
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Karol Baca-López
- Computational Genomics Department, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, México City, México
- School of Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of México, Toluca, México
| | - Anllely G. Gutiérrez
- Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology Department, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of México, México City, México
| | - Adriana Vázquez-Aguirre
- Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology Department, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of México, México City, México
| | - Lena Ruiz-Azuara
- Nuclear and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Chemistry School, National Autonomous University of México, México City, México
| | - Enrique Hernández-Lemus
- Computational Genomics Department, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, México City, México
- Center for Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of México, México City, México
| | - Carmen Mejía
- Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology Department, Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of México, México City, México
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17
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Ansenberger-Fricano K, Ganini DDS, Mao M, Chatterjee S, Dallas S, Mason RP, Stadler K, Santos JH, Bonini MG. The peroxidase activity of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 54:116-24. [PMID: 22982047 PMCID: PMC4155036 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is an integral mitochondrial protein known as a first-line antioxidant defense against superoxide radical anions produced as by-products of the electron transport chain. Recent studies have shaped the idea that by regulating the mitochondrial redox status and H(2)O(2) outflow, MnSOD acts as a fundamental regulator of cellular proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis, thereby assuming roles that extend far beyond its proposed antioxidant functions. Accordingly, allelic variations of MnSOD that have been shown to augment levels of MnSOD in mitochondria result in a 10-fold increase in prostate cancer risk. In addition, epidemiologic studies indicate that reduced glutathione peroxidase activity along with increases in H(2)O(2) further increase cancer risk in the face of MnSOD overexpression. These facts led us to hypothesize that, like its Cu,ZnSOD counterpart, MnSOD may work as a peroxidase, utilizing H(2)O(2) to promote mitochondrial damage, a known cancer risk factor. Here we report that MnSOD indeed possesses peroxidase activity that manifests in mitochondria when the enzyme is overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Ansenberger-Fricano
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., COMRB 3020, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Douglas da Silva Ganini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Mao Mao
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., COMRB 3020, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Shannon Dallas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Janine H. Santos
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of the UMDNJ, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Marcelo G. Bonini
- Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Ave., COMRB 3020, Chicago, IL, 60612
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
- To whom correspondence should be sent: Marcelo G. Bonini, Section of Cardiology and Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott Avenue, COMRB 1168, Chicago, IL, 60612, Telephone Number: 312-355-5948,
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18
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Zhang R, Chae S, Lee JH, Hyun JW. The cytoprotective effect of butin against oxidative stress is mediated by the up-regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase expression through a PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-dependent pathway. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1987-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Zeng L, Ji X, Zhang Y, Miao X, Zou C, Lang H, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang X, Qi H, Ren D, Guo G. MnSOD expression inhibited by electromagnetic pulse radiation in the rat testis. Electromagn Biol Med 2011; 30:205-18. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.587929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Holley AK, Bakthavatchalu V, Velez-Roman JM, St. Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase: guardian of the powerhouse. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7114-62. [PMID: 22072939 PMCID: PMC3211030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is vital for many metabolic pathways in the cell, contributing all or important constituent enzymes for diverse functions such as β-oxidation of fatty acids, the urea cycle, the citric acid cycle, and ATP synthesis. The mitochondrion is also a major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cell. Aberrant production of mitochondrial ROS can have dramatic effects on cellular function, in part, due to oxidative modification of key metabolic proteins localized in the mitochondrion. The cell is equipped with myriad antioxidant enzyme systems to combat deleterious ROS production in mitochondria, with the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) acting as the chief ROS scavenging enzyme in the cell. Factors that affect the expression and/or the activity of MnSOD, resulting in diminished antioxidant capacity of the cell, can have extraordinary consequences on the overall health of the cell by altering mitochondrial metabolic function, leading to the development and progression of numerous diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which MnSOD protects cells from the harmful effects of overproduction of ROS, in particular, the effects of ROS on mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, may contribute to the development of novel treatments for various diseases in which ROS are an important component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Holley
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Vasudevan Bakthavatchalu
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Joyce M. Velez-Roman
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Daret K. St. Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
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Abstract
Control of intracellular redox balance has emerged as a primary function of the p53 network, with crucial implications for tumor suppression, aging, and cell metabolism. Mitochondria are central to redox homeostasis, produce energy, and trigger apoptosis and senescence: not surprisingly, many "old" and "new" functions of p53 appear to be based in mitochondria. Genetic and biomolecular evidence indicates that generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria can be a deliberate and finely regulated cell response on which signaling by environmental stressors, oncogenes, and nutrients converge. p53 orchestrates mitochondrial redox signaling by the coordinated control of at least two key effectors: the superoxide scavenger MnSOD, and the ROS generator p66shc. This review presents recent evidence and emerging questions regarding the p53-MnSOD-p66shc connection, and discusses how dissection of a circuitry comprising a tumor suppressor, an antioxidant, and a molecule regulating cell survival and mammalian lifespan can provide a framework to address important aspects related to the intricate connection between metabolism, aging, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovambattista Pani
- Institute of General Pathology, Universitá Cattolica School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito #1, Rome, Italy.
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Lee IK, Kang KA, Zhang R, Kim BJ, Kang SS, Hyun JW. Mitochondria protection of baicalein against oxidative damage via induction of manganese superoxide dismutase. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:233-241. [PMID: 21787690 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the cytoprotective effect of baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry revealed that baicalein showed significant scavenging effects on superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals. When H(2)O(2) treatment induces an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), baicalein treatment decreased high level of ROS. Baicalein significantly reduced alteration of Bcl-2 family proteins, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-4 (MKK4/SEK1) and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) cascades induced by H(2)O(2) treatment. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria against oxidative stress. Baicalein restored both MnSOD protein expression and activity, which were abolished by H(2)O(2) treatment. The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a critical regulator of MnSOD, achieved by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE). Baicalein restored nuclear Nrf2 protein expression and its ARE binding activity, which were abolished by H(2)O(2) treatment. These studies demonstrate that baicalein attenuates mitochondrial oxidative stress by activating Nrf2-mediated MnSOD induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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23
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McAtee BL, Yager JD. Manganese superoxide dismutase: effect of the ala16val polymorphism on protein, activity, and mRNA levels in human breast cancer cell lines and stably transfected mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 335:107-18. [PMID: 19756960 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) ala16val polymorphism has been associated with various diseases including breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated levels of MnSOD protein, enzymatic activity, and mRNA with respect to MnSOD genotype in several human breast carcinoma cell lines and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), developed from the MnSOD knockout mouse, stably expressing human MnSOD-ala and MnSOD-val. In human breast cell lines, the MnSOD-ala allele was associated with increased levels of MnSOD protein and MnSOD protein per unit mRNA. In the MEF transformants, MnSOD activity correlated fairly well with MnSOD protein levels. MnSOD mRNA expression was significantly lower in MnSOD-ala versus MnSOD-val lines. MnSOD protein and activity levels were not related to MnSOD genotype in the transformed MEF, although, as observed in the human breast cell lines, the MEF human MnSOD-ala lines produced significantly more human MnSOD protein per unit mRNA than the human MnSOD-val lines. This suggests that there is more efficient production of MnSOD-ala protein compared to MnSOD-val protein. Examination of several indicators of reactive oxygen species levels, including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, in wild-type MEF and in MEF expressing similar elevated amounts of MnSOD-ala or val activity did not show differences related to the levels of MnSOD protein expression. In conclusion, in both human breast carcinoma cell lines and MEF cell lines stably transfected with human MnSOD, the MnSOD-ala allele was associated with increased production of MnSOD protein per unit mRNA indicating a possible imbalance in MnSOD protein production from the MnSOD-val mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt L McAtee
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Minig V, Kattan Z, van Beeumen J, Brunner E, Becuwe P. Identification of DDB2 protein as a transcriptional regulator of constitutive SOD2 gene expression in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14165-76. [PMID: 19339246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808208200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase plays a role in breast tumor cell growth, which depends on its constitutive expression. However, the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of constitutive SOD2 gene expression at different malignant phenotype in breast cancers remain to be determined. The present study reports the identification and characterization of a DNA sequence located in the proximal promoter of the SOD2 gene, which forms a complex with a nuclear protein from breast tumor MCF-7 cells. Purification of this complex showed that it contained DDB2 (damaged DNA binding 2), a well known protein involved in nucleotide excision DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. Functional analysis of the proximal promoter of the SOD2 gene or modulation of DDB2 expression allowed us to demonstrate that DDB2 regulates negatively the constitutive expression of the SOD2 gene in breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that the binding of DDB2 was associated with the loss of acetylated H3 histones and the decrease in the binding of Sp1 but not AP-2alpha transcription factors to the SOD2 proximal promoter. In addition, we show that DDB2 exerts, at least in part, a control of breast cancer cell growth through its negative regulation of constitutive expression of the SOD2 gene. For the first time, these data give supporting evidence that DDB2 is a new transcriptional regulator, and they provide insight into the molecular function of breast cancer cell growth, which will have an important clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Minig
- Cancer Research Unit (EA SIGRETO), Henri Poincaré University-Nancy I, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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25
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Ortega-Camarillo C, Guzmán-Grenfell AM, García-Macedo R, Rosales-Torres AM, Avalos-Rodríguez A, Durán-Reyes G, Medina-Navarro R, Cruz M, Díaz-Flores M, Kumate J. Hyperglycemia induces apoptosis and p53 mobilization to mitochondria in RINm5F cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 281:163-71. [PMID: 16328969 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-0829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms related to hyperglycemia-induced pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis are poorly defined. Rat insulin-producing cells (RINm5F) cultured in high glucose concentrations (30 mM) showed increased apoptosis and protein p53 translocation to mitochondria. In addition, hyperglycemia induced both the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi (m)), and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), as shown by fluorescence changes of JC-1 and dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (DCDHF-DA), respectively. The increased intracellular ROS by high glucose exposure was blunted by mitochondrial-function and NADPH-oxidase inhibitors. We postulate that the concomitant mobilization of p53 protein to the mitochondria and the subsequent changes on the Delta psi (m), lead to an important pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis mechanism induced by oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ortega-Camarillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades CMNS XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México.
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26
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Pérez R, García-Fernández M, Díaz-Sánchez M, Puche JE, Delgado G, Conchillo M, Muntané J, Castilla-Cortázar I. Mitochondrial protection by low doses of insulin-like growth factor-Iin experimental cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2731-9. [PMID: 18461658 PMCID: PMC2709039 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the mitochondrial dysfunction in experimental cirrhosis and to study whether insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) therapy (4 wk) is able to induce beneficial effects on damaged mitochondria leading to cellular protection.
METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control group, untreated cirrhotic rats and cirrhotic rats treated with IGF-Itreatment (2 &mgr;g/100 g bw/d). Mitochondrial function was analyzed by flow cytometry in isolated hepatic mitochondria, caspase 3 activation was assessed by Western blot and apoptosis by TUNEL in the three experimental groups.
RESULTS: Untreated cirrhotic rats showed a mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by a significant reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (in status 4 and 3); an increase of intramitochondrial reactive oxigen species (ROS) generation and a significant reduction of ATPase activity. IGF-Itherapy normalized mitochondrial function by increasing the membrane potential and ATPase activity and reducing the intramitochondrial free radical production. Activity of the electron transport complexes Iand III was increased in both cirrhotic groups. In addition, untreated cirrhotic rats showed an increase of caspase 3 activation and apoptosis. IGF-Itherapy reduced the expression of the active peptide of caspase 3 and resulted in reduced apoptosis.
CONCLUSION: These results show that IGF-Iexerts a mitochondrial protection in experimental cirrhosis leading to reduced apoptosis and increased ATP production.
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27
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Honda Y, Tanaka M, Honda S. Modulation of longevity and diapause by redox regulation mechanisms under the insulin-like signaling control in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:520-9. [PMID: 18406553 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Revised: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, the downregulation of insulin-like signaling induces lifespan extension (Age) and the constitutive formation of dauer larvae (Daf-c). This also causes resistance to oxidative stress (Oxr) and other stress stimuli and enhances the expression of many stress-defense-related enzymes such as Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) that functions to remove reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. To elucidate the roles of the two isoforms of MnSOD, SOD-2 and SOD-3, in the Age, Daf-c and Oxr phenotypes, we investigated the effects of a gene knockout of MnSODs on them in the daf-2 (insulin-like receptor) mutants that lower insulin-like signaling. In our current report, we demonstrate that double deletions of two MnSOD genes induce oxidative-stress sensitivity and thus ablate Oxr, but do not abolish Age in the daf-2 mutant background. This indicates that Oxr is not the underlying cause of Age and that oxidative stress is not necessarily a limiting factor for longevity. Interestingly, deletions in the sod-2 and sod-3 genes suppressed and stimulated, respectively, both Age and Daf-c. In addition, the sod-2/sod-3 double deletions stimulated these phenotypes in a similar manner to the sod-3 deletion, suggesting that the regulatory pathway consists of two MnSOD isoforms. Furthermore, hyperoxic and hypoxic conditions affected Daf-c in the MnSOD-deleted daf-2 mutants. We thus conclude that the MnSOD systems in C. elegans fine-tune the insulin-like-signaling based regulation of both longevity and dauer formation by acting not as antioxidants but as physiological-redox-signaling modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Honda
- Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashiku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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28
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Fu J, Huang H, Liu J, Pi R, Chen J, Liu P. Tanshinone IIA protects cardiac myocytes against oxidative stress-triggered damage and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 568:213-21. [PMID: 17537428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (tan), a derivative of phenanthrenequinone, is one of the key components of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Previous reports showed that tan inhibited the apoptosis of cultured PC12 cells induced by serum withdrawal or ethanol. However, whether tan has a cardioprotective effect against apoptosis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of tan on cardiac myocyte apoptosis induced both by in vitro incubation of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with H(2)O(2) and by in vivo occlusion followed by reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in adult rats. In vitro, as revealed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, treatment with tan prior to H(2)O(2) exposure significantly increased cell viability. Tan also markedly inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, as detected by ladder-pattern fragmentation of genomic DNA, chromatin condensation, and hypodioloid DNA content. In vivo, tan significantly inhibited ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by attenuating morphological changes and reducing the percentage of terminal transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive myocytes and caspase-3 cleavage. These effects of tan were associated with an increased ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax protein in cardiomyocytes, an elevation of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and a decrease in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Taken together, these data for the first time provide convincing evidence that tan protects cardiac myocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. The in vivo protection is mediated by increased scavenging of oxygen free radicals, prevention of lipid peroxidation and upregulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
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29
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Xu Y, Fang F, Dhar SK, St Clair WH, Kasarskis EJ, St Clair DK. The role of a single-stranded nucleotide loop in transcriptional regulation of the human sod2 gene. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15981-94. [PMID: 17426024 PMCID: PMC2654256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608979200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme, is necessary for survival of aerobic life. Previously, we demonstrated that a Sp1-based promoter is essential for constitutive transcription and a NF-kappaB-based intronic enhancer is responsible for cytokine-mediated induction. Here we show that nucleophosmin (NPM), a RNA-binding protein, binds to an 11G single-stranded loop in the promoter region and serves to integrate the Sp1 and NF-kappaB responses. Disruption of the loop structure causes a reduction of both constitutive and inductive transcription due to loss of the binding motif for NPM. Interaction of NF-kappaB.NPM.Sp1 facilitated by binding of NPM to the loop structure in the promoter region appears to comprise the basic complex for the transcriptional stimulation. These results suggest a novel molecular mechanism for communication between the enhancer and the GC-rich promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0305, USA
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30
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Kattan Z, Minig V, Leroy P, Dauça M, Becuwe P. Role of manganese superoxide dismutase on growth and invasive properties of human estrogen-independent breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 108:203-15. [PMID: 17473980 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is known to play a role in cancer. MnSOD exerts a tumor suppressive effect in estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cells. In the present study we investigated the in vitro role of MnSOD in the growth of some aggressive and highly metastatic estrogen-independent breast cancer cells, i.e., MDA-MB231 and SKBR3 cells. We show that estrogen-independent cells expressed a significantly higher basal MnSOD level compared to estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and T47D). For MDA-MB231 cells, the high-MnSOD level was accompanied by an overproduction of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and by a low expression of the major H2O2-detoxifying enzymes, catalase, and peroxiredoxin 3, compared to MCF-7 cells. Suppression of MnSOD expression by antisense RNA was associated with a decrease of H2O2 content and caused a stimulation of growth with a reduced cell doubling time but induced a decrease of colony formation. Furthermore, treatment of MDA-MB231 cells with H2O2 scavengers markedly reduced tumor cell growth and colony formation. In addition, MnSOD suppression or treatment with H2O2 scavengers reduced the invasive properties of MDA-MB231 cells up to 43%, with a concomitant decrease of metalloproteinase-9 activity. We conclude that MnSOD plays a role in regulating tumor cell growth and invasive properties of estrogen-independent metastatic breast cancer cells. These action are mediated by MnSOD-dependent H2O2 production. In addition, these results suggest that MnSOD up-regulation may be one mechanism that contributes to the development of metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilal Kattan
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement, EA 3446-IFR111 (Proliférateurs de Peroxysomes), Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy I, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 239, 54506, Vandoeure-les-Nancy, France
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31
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Abstract
Nickel is a widely distributed metal that is industrially applied in many forms. Accumulated epidemiological evidence confirms that exposures to nickel compounds are associated with increased nasal and lung cancer incidence, both in mostly occupational exposures. Although the molecular mechanisms by which nickel compounds cause cancer are still under intense investigation, the carcinogenic actions of nickel compounds are thought to involve oxidative stress, genomic DNA damage, epigenetic effects, and the regulation of gene expression by activation of certain transcription factors related to corresponding signal transduction pathways. The present review summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis, with special emphasis on the role of nickel induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Lu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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32
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Trejo-Solís C, Palencia G, Zúñiga S, Rodríguez-Ropon A, Osorio-Rico L, Luvia ST, Gracia-Mora I, Marquez-Rosado L, Sánchez A, Moreno-García ME, Cruz A, Bravo-Gómez ME, Ruiz-Ramírez L, Rodríguez-Enriquez S, Sotelo J. Cas IIgly induces apoptosis in glioma C6 cells in vitro and in vivo through caspase-dependent and caspase-independent mechanisms. Neoplasia 2005; 7:563-74. [PMID: 16036107 PMCID: PMC1501287 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the effects of Casiopeina II-gly (Cas IIgly)--a new copper compound exhibiting antineoplastic activity--on glioma C6 cells under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, as an approach to identify potential therapeutic agents against malignant glioma. The exposure of C6 cells to Cas IIgly significantly inhibited cell proliferation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In cultured C6 cells, Cas IIgly caused mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of apoptosis induction factor (AIF) and endonuclease G at all concentrations tested; in contrast, fragmentation of nucleosomal DNA, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation were observed at high concentrations. Administration of N-acetyl-L-cystein, an antioxidant, resulted in significant inhibition of AIF translocation, nucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 activation induced by Cas IIgly. These results suggest that caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways both participate in apoptotic events elicited by Cas IIgly. ROS formation induced by Cas IIgly might also be involved in the mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF and apoptosis. In addition, treatment of glioma C6-positive rats with Cas IIgly reduced tumor volume and mitotic and cell proliferation indexes, and increased apoptotic index. Our findings support the use of Cas IIgly for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, SSA, Mexico, DF 14269, Mexico.
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33
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Kiningham KK, Daosukho C, St Clair DK. IkappaBalpha (inhibitory kappaBalpha) identified as labile repressor of MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase) expression. Biochem J 2005; 384:543-9. [PMID: 15330761 PMCID: PMC1134139 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, phorbol esters, radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs up-regulate the expression of MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase). Using the VA-13 cell line, we studied the regulation of SOD2 upon treatment with PMA. Pre-treatment with CHX (cycloheximide) followed by PMA led to significantly higher levels of MnSOD mRNA compared with those with either agent alone, suggesting de novo synthesis of an inhibitory protein. PMA treatment modulates redox-sensitive transcription factors, therefore we evaluated the effects of this combination treatment upon AP-1 (activator protein 1) and NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB), two trans-acting factors suggested to play a role in SOD2 regulation. Co-administration of CHX and PMA led to a time-dependent increase in the binding activity of NF-kappaB. Therefore we evaluated IkappaBalpha (inhibitory kappaBalpha) and found that co-administration decreased its steady-state level compared with either agent alone, suggesting that enhanced NF-kappaB activation is due to inhibition of IkappaBalpha synthesis. PMA activates PKC (protein kinase C) enzymes which phosphorylate IkappaBalpha, leading to its degradation, therefore we used GF109203X to inhibit PKC activity. Stable transfection utilizing a PMA-responsive element in the human SOD2 gene, showed a concentration-dependent decrease in luciferase and NF-kappaB-binding activity with GF109203X. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of several PKC isoforms in the VA-13 cell line; however, PMA pre-treatment specifically down-regulated alpha and betaI, suggesting a role for one or more of these proteins in SOD2 induction. Taken together, these results indicate that the PKC pathway leading to SOD2 induction proceeds at least in part through NF-kappaB and that inhibition of IkappaBalpha synthesis might serve as a potential pharmacological approach to up-regulate MnSOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley K Kiningham
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1542 Spring Valley Road, Huntington, WV 25704, USA.
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34
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Abstract
The role of antioxidant enzymes can be interpreted in terms of fine tuning of the concentration of reactive oxygen species which are required in the redox regulation of the cell cycle and of programmed cell death. This review summarizes findings from papers published in the last few years which deal with the relation between apoptosis and the two antioxidant enzymes, manganous superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase. With respect to MnSOD, the literature is much in favor of an inhibitory action in apoptosis. Increased MnSOD activity has been shown to prevent cell death via the receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. The literature on the influence of catalase activity on apoptosis is less consistent. Evidence for both an antiapoptotic and a proapoptotic role of catalase can be found. From the results reviewed here, two schemes for the involvement of MnSOD and catalase in the regulation of apoptosis can be extracted: 1) Both MnSOD and catalase inhibit apoptosis by removing superoxide anion radicals or H2O2, respectively, because these reactive oxygen species are mediators required for the apoptotic program or inhibit a survival pathway. 2) An increase in H2O2 by downregulation or inhibition of catalase activity and/or upregulation of MnSOD activity inhibits apoptosis while a decrease in H2O2 by upregulation of catalase activity and/or downregulation of MnSOD activity supports apoptosis, possibly because of a supportive role of H2O2 in a survival pathway. The data reported so far do not allow for an explanation why some cell models appear to fit the first scheme while the second scheme appears to correctly describe other cell models. The present state of the literature reveals that antioxidant enzymes play a more intricate role in cell physiology than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Kahl
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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35
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St Clair D, Zhao Y, Chaiswing L, Oberley T. Modulation of skin tumorigenesis by SOD. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:209-14. [PMID: 15862717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the development of cancer. Groundwork establishing mitochondria as a critical source of ROS generation and the role of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in preventing mitochondria-mediated cell death have been well established. In a seemingly contradictory role, it also is well documented that increased MnSOD expression suppresses the carcinogenesis effect of ROS. Our recent studies demonstrated that overexpression of MnSOD reduced tumor incidence in the two-stage 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) skin carcinogenesis model. However, reduction of MnSOD by heterozygous knockout of the MnSOD gene (Sod 2+/-) did not lead to an increase in tumor incidence. Thus, how modulation of mitochondrial ROS levels alter the outcome of developing cancer is unclear. This review will provide background information on the sequence of ROS-mediated events in the mitochondria and evidence that suggests that the antioxidant and tumor suppressor functions of MnSOD are indeed inter-related. It also will offer insights into the mechanisms by which MnSOD modulates the outcome of early stage skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daret St Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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36
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Nakagawa Y. Role of mitochondrial phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) as an antiapoptotic factor. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 27:956-60. [PMID: 15256721 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is a unique antioxidant enzyme that markedly reduces lipid hydroperoxide generated in biomembranes. Overexpression of mitochondrial PHGPx potentially suppresses the release of cytochrome c (cyt. c) from mitochondria and apoptosis. The hydroperoxide level in mitochondria was elevated in 2-deoxyglucose (2DG)-induced apoptosis, but not in apoptosis-resistant cells in which mitochondrial PHGPx was overexpressed. From studies of the overexpression of PHGPx, the generation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide in mitochondria might be important triggers of apoptosis. In particular lipid hydroperoxide could be involved in the initiation of cyt. c liberation from mitochondria in 2DG-induced apoptosis since lipid hydroperoxide is a primary substrate for PHGPx. The release of cyt. c from mitochondria is an important proapoptotic signal in the mitochondrial death pathway. Several reports demonstrated the reactive oxgen species could be involved in cyt. c liberation, although its mechanism is still unknown. Cardiolipin (CL), which exclusively locates in the innermembrane of mitochondria, shows strong affinity for cyt. c is required for the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) that controls the opening and closing of the permeability transition pore. Association of cyt. c with CL is lost upon peroxidation. CL hydroperoxide (CLOOH), in contrast to CL, does not bind to cyt. c. Furthermore, CLOOH can open the permeability transion pore by the inactivation of ANT. These previous results suggest that mitochondrial PHGPx inhibits the release of cyt. c from mitochondria by the scavenging CLOOH and could prevent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Nakagawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Viemann D, Strey A, Janning A, Jurk K, Klimmek K, Vogl T, Hirono K, Ichida F, Foell D, Kehrel B, Gerke V, Sorg C, Roth J. Myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 induce a specific inflammatory response in human microvascular endothelial cells. Blood 2004; 105:2955-62. [PMID: 15598812 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14, S100 proteins secreted by activated phagocytes, bind specifically to endothelial cells. The endothelial response to MRP8/MRP14, however, is unknown. Using oligonucleotide microarray analysis, we show for the first time that MRP8/MRP14 induce a thrombogenic, inflammatory response in human microvascular endothelial cells by increasing the transcription of proinflammatory chemokines and adhesion molecules and by decreasing the expression of cell junction proteins and molecules involved in monolayer integrity. All changes on the gene expression level could be confirmed using biochemical and functional assays. We demonstrated that the expression of MRP8/MRP14 closely correlated with the inflammatory activity in systemic vasculitis, confirming the important role of these proteins for distinct inflammatory reactions in endothelia. MRP8/MRP14 may represent novel targets for anti-inflammatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Viemann
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Integrated Functional Genomics, and the Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Röntgenstrasse 21, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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38
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Hirai F, Motoori S, Kakinuma S, Tomita K, Indo HP, Kato H, Yamaguchi T, Yen HC, St Clair DK, Nagano T, Ozawa T, Saisho H, Majima HJ. Mitochondrial signal lacking manganese superoxide dismutase failed to prevent cell death by reoxygenation following hypoxia in a human pancreatic cancer cell line, KP4. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6:523-35. [PMID: 15130279 DOI: 10.1089/152308604773934288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the major characteristics of tumor is the presence of a hypoxic cell population, which is caused by abnormal distribution of blood vessels. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial enzyme, which scavenges superoxide generated from the electron-transport chain in mitochondria. We examined whether MnSOD protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced oxidative stress using a human pancreas carcinoma-originated cell line, KP4. We also examined whether MnSOD is necessarily present in mitochondria to have a function. Normal human MnSOD and MnSOD without a mitochondrial targeting signal were transfected to KP4 cells, and reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis were examined as a function of time in air following 1 day of hypoxia as a H/R model. Our results showed H/R caused no increase in nitric oxide, but resulted in increases in reactive oxygen species, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protein adducts, and apoptosis. Authentic MnSOD protected against these processes and cell death, but MnSOD lacking a mitochondrial targeting signal could not. These results suggest that only when MnSOD is located in mitochondria is it efficient in protecting against cellular injuries by H/R, and they also indicate that mitochondria are primary sites of H/R-induced cellular oxidative injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Hirai
- First Department of Medicine, Chiba University, School of Medicine, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
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Kinnula VL, Crapo JD. Superoxide dismutases in malignant cells and human tumors. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:718-44. [PMID: 14990352 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen metabolites have multifactorial effects on the regulation of cell growth and the capacity of malignant cells to invade. Overexpression of the superoxide dismutases (SODs) in vitro increases cell differentiation, decreases cell growth and proliferation, and can reverse a malignant phenotype to a nonmalignant one. The situation in vivo is more complex due to multiple interactions of tumor cells with their environment. Numerous in vivo studies show that the superoxide dismutases can be highly expressed in aggressive human solid tumors. Furthermore, high SOD has occasionally been associated with a poor prognosis and with resistance to cytotoxic drugs and radiation. Most of the apparent conflicts between the above in vitro and in vivo observations can be reconciled by considering the net redox status of tumor cells in different environments. Administering high concentrations of SOD to cells in vitro is usually associated with a non- or less malignant phenotype, whereas secondary induction of SOD in tumors in vivo can be associated with an aggressive malignant transformation probably due to the altered (oxidative) redox state in the malignant cells. This concept suggests that for many types of tumors antioxidants could be used to diminish the invasive capability of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko L Kinnula
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-0029 Helsinki, Finland.
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Song JJ, Lee YJ. Catalase, but not MnSOD, inhibits glucose deprivation-activated ASK1-MEK-MAPK signal transduction pathway and prevents relocalization of Daxx: Hydrogen peroxide as a major second messenger of metabolic oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90:304-14. [PMID: 14505347 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of catalase, but not manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), inhibited glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activation in human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells. Suppression of JNK1 activation by catalase overexpression resulted from inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) activation by preventing dissociation of thioredoxin (TRX) from ASK1. Overexpression of catalase also inhibited relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm as well as association of Daxx with ASK1 during glucose deprivation. Taken together, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) rather than superoxide anion (O(2) (*-)) acts as a second messenger of metabolic oxidative stress to activate the ASK1-MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae J Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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41
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Erkkilä K, Suomalainen L, Wikström M, Parvinen M, Dunkel L. Chemical anoxia delays germ cell apoptosis in the human testis. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:617-26. [PMID: 12700196 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.013920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of testicular physiology and pathology requires knowledge of the regulation of cell death. Previous observation of suppression of apoptosis by hypoxia suggested a role for ATP in germ cell death. However, the exact effects of ATP production on germ cell death and of apoptosis on the levels of ATP and other adenine nucleotides (ANs) have remained unclear. We investigated the levels of ANs during human testicular apoptosis (analyzed by HPLC) and the role of chemical anoxia in germ cell death (detected by Southern blot analysis of DNA fragmentation, in situ end labeling of DNA, and electron microscopy). Incubation of seminiferous tubule segments under serum-free conditions induced apoptosis and concomitantly decreased the levels of ANs. Chemical anoxia, induced with potassium cyanide (KCN), an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration, dropped ATP levels further and suppressed apoptosis at 4 h. After 24 h, many of the testicular cells underwent delayed apoptosis despite ATP depletion. Some cells showed signs of necrosis or toxicity. The addition of 2-deoxyglucose, an antimetabolite of glycolysis, did not alter the results obtained with KCN alone, whereas a toxic concentration of hydrogen peroxide switched apoptosis to necrosis. In most of the testicular cells, mitochondrial respiration appears to play a crucial role in controlling primary cell death cascades. In the human testis, there seem to be secondary apoptotic pathways that do not require functional respiration (or ATP).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Erkkilä
- Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland.
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Bannerman DD, Goldblum SE. Mechanisms of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L899-914. [PMID: 12736186 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00338.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial sepsis remains a common, life-threatening event. The prognosis for patients who develop sepsis-related complications, including the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), remains poor. A common finding among patients and experimental animals with sepsis and ARDS is endothelial injury and/or dysfunction. A component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or endotoxin, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of much of the endothelial cell injury and/or dysfunction associated with these disease states. LPS is a highly proinflammatory molecule that elicits a wide array of endothelial responses, including the upregulation of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and tissue factor. In addition to activation, LPS induces endothelial cell death that is apoptotic in nature. This review summarizes the evidence for LPS-induced vascular endothelial injury and examines the molecular signaling pathways that activate and inhibit LPS-induced endothelial apoptosis. Furthermore, the role of apoptotic signaling molecules in mediating LPS-induced activation of endothelial cells will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Bannerman
- Immunology and Disease Resistance Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Maryland 20705, USA.
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Li N, Ragheb K, Lawler G, Sturgis J, Rajwa B, Melendez JA, Robinson JP. DPI induces mitochondrial superoxide-mediated apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:465-77. [PMID: 12566072 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The iodonium compounds diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and diphenyliodonium (IDP) are well-known phagocyte NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors. However, it has been shown that at high concentrations they can inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain as well. Since inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain has been shown to induce superoxide production and apoptosis, we investigated the effect of iodonium compounds on mitochondria-derived superoxide and apoptosis. Mitochondrial superoxide production was measured on both cultured cells and isolated rat-heart submitochondrial particles. Mitochondria function was examined by monitoring mitochondrial membrane potential. Apoptotic pathways were studied by measuring cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation. Apoptosis was characterized by detecting DNA fragmentation on agarose gel and measuring propidium iodide- (PI-) stained subdiploid cells using flow cytometry. Our results showed that DPI could induce mitochondrial superoxide production. The same concentration of DPI induced apoptosis by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and releasing cytochrome c. Addition of antioxidants or overexpression of MnSOD significantly reduced DPI-induced mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis. These observations suggest that DPI can induce apoptosis via induction of mitochondrial superoxide. DPI-induced mitochondrial superoxide production may prove to be a useful model to study the signaling pathways of mitochondrial superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianyu Li
- Purdue University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Imai H, Nakagawa Y. Biological significance of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, GPx4) in mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:145-69. [PMID: 12521597 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known mediators of intracellular signal cascades. Excessive production of ROS may lead to oxidative stress, loss of cell function, and cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Lipid hydroperoxides are one type of ROS whose biological function has not yet been clarified. Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, GPx4) is a unique antioxidant enzyme that can directly reduce phospholipid hydroperoxide in mammalian cells. This contrasts with most antioxidant enzymes, which cannot reduce intracellular phospholipid hydroperoxides directly. In this review, we focus on the structure and biological functions of PHGPx in mammalian cells. Recently, molecular techniques have allowed overexpression of PHGPx in mammalian cell lines, from which it has become clear that lipid hydroperoxides also have an important function as activators of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, participate in inflammation, and act as signal molecules for apoptotic cell death and receptor-mediated signal transduction at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Imai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Gouaze V, Andrieu-Abadie N, Cuvillier O, Malagarie-Cazenave S, Frisach MF, Mirault ME, Levade T. Glutathione peroxidase-1 protects from CD95-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:42867-74. [PMID: 12221075 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203067200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the induction of apoptosis, CD95 plays a crucial role in the immune response and the elimination of cancer cells. Ligation of CD95 receptor activates a complex signaling network that appears to implicate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study investigated the place of ROS production in CD95-mediated apoptosis and the role of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx1). Anti-CD95 antibodies triggered an early generation of ROS in human breast cancer T47D cells that was blocked by overexpression of GPx1 and inhibition of initiator caspase activation. Enforced expression of GPx1 also resulted in inhibition of CD95-induced effector caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic cell death. Resistance to CD95-mediated apoptosis was not due to an increased expression of anti-apoptotic molecules and could be reversed by glutathione-depleting agents. In addition, whereas the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL prevented CD95-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, it did not inhibit the early ROS production. Moreover, Bcl-xL but not GPx1 overexpression could suppress the staurosporine-induced late generation of ROS and subsequent cell death. Altogether, these findings suggest that GPx1 functions upstream of the mitochondrial events to inhibit the early ROS production and apoptosis induced by CD95 ligation. Finally, transgenic mice overexpressing GPx1 were partially protected from the lethal effect of anti-CD95, underlying the importance of peroxide formation (and GPx1) in CD95-triggered apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Gouaze
- INSERM U466, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Priault M, Bessoule JJ, Grelaud-Coq A, Camougrand N, Manon S. Bax-induced cell death in yeast depends on mitochondrial lipid oxidation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:5440-50. [PMID: 12423342 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The oxidant function of pro-apoptotic protein Bax was investigated through heterologous expression in yeast. Direct measurements of fatty acid content show that Bax-expression induces oxidation of mitochondrial lipids. This effect is prevented by the coexpression of Bcl-xL. The oxidation actually could be followed on isolated mitochondria as respiration-induced peroxidation of polyunsaturated cis-parinaric acid and on whole cells as the increase in the amount of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products. Treatments that increase the unsaturation ratio of lipids, making them more sensitive to oxidation, increase kinetics of Bax-induced death. Conversely, inhibitors of lipid oxidation and treatments that decrease the unsaturation ratio of fatty acids decrease kinetics of Bax-induced death. Taken together, these results show that Bax-induced mitochondrial lipid oxidation is relevant to Bax-induced cell death. Conversely, lipid oxidation is poorly related to the massive Bax-induced superoxide and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, which occurs at the same time, as chemical or enzymatic scavenging of ROS does not prevent lipid oxidation nor has any effects on kinetics of Bax-induced cell death. Whatever the origin of mitochondrial lipid oxidation, these data show that it represents a major step in the cascade of events leading to Bax-induced cell death. These results are discussed in the light of the role of lipid oxidation both in mammalian apoptosis and in other forms of cell death in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Priault
- UMR5095 C.N.R.S./Université de Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France; UMR5544 C.N.R.S./Université de Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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Yao N, Tada Y, Sakamoto M, Nakayashiki H, Park P, Tosa Y, Mayama S. Mitochondrial oxidative burst involved in apoptotic response in oats. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 30:567-579. [PMID: 12047631 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell response in oats is induced by victorin, a host-selective toxin secreted by Cochliobolus victoriae and thought to exert toxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial glycine decarboxylase (GDC) in Pc-2/Vb oats. We examined the role of mitochondria, especially the organelle-derived production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in the induction of apoptotic cell death. Cytofluorimetric analysis showed that victorin caused mitochondrial deltaPsim breakdown and mitochondrial oxidative burst. Ultrastructural analysis using a cytochemical assay based on the reaction of H2O2 with CeCl3 detected H2O2 eruption at permeability transition pore-like sites on the mitochondrial membrane in oat cells treated with victorin. ROS generation preceded the apoptotic cell responses seen in chromatin condensation and DNA laddering. Both aminoacetonitrile (a specific GDC inhibitor) and antimycin A (a mitochondrial complex III inhibitor) also induced mitochondrial H2O2 eruption, and led to the apoptotic response in oat cells. ROS scavengers such as N-acetyl-l-cysteine and catalase suppressed the mitochondrial oxidative burst and delayed chromatin condensation and DNA laddering in the victorin- or antimycin A-treated leaves. These findings indicate possible involvement of mitochondria, especially mitochondrial-derived ROS generation, as an important regulator in controlling apoptotic cell death in oats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yao
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Zhao Y, Oberley TD, Chaiswing L, Lin SM, Epstein CJ, Huang TT, St Clair D. Manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency enhances cell turnover via tumor promoter-induced alterations in AP-1 and p53-mediated pathways in a skin cancer model. Oncogene 2002; 21:3836-46. [PMID: 12032821 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2002] [Revised: 03/07/2002] [Accepted: 03/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratories demonstrated that overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) suppressed both the incidence and multiplicity of papillomas in a DMBA/TPA multi-stage skin carcinogenesis model. The activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1), which is associated with tumor promotion, was reduced in MnSOD transgenic mice overexpressing MnSOD in the skin, suggesting that MnSOD may reduce tumor incidence by suppressing AP-1 activation. In the present study, we report that reduction of MnSOD by heterozygous knockout of the MnSOD gene (Sod2 -/+, MnSOD KO) increased the levels of oxidative damage proteins and the activity of AP-1 following TPA treatment. RNA levels of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) were also increased, suggesting an increase in cell proliferation in the KO mice. Histological examination confirmed that the number of proliferating cells in DMBA/TPA-treated mouse skin were higher in the KO mice. Interestingly, histological examination also demonstrated greater numbers of apoptotic cells in the KO mice after DMBA/TPA treatment. Evidence of apoptosis, including DNA fragmentation, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, and caspase 3 activation were also observed by biochemical assays of the skin tissues. Apoptosis was associated with an increase in nuclear levels of p53 as determined by Western analysis. Quantitative immunogold ultrastructural analysis confirmed that p53 immunoreactive protein levels were increased to a greater level in the nuclei of epidermal cells from MnSOD KO mice compared to epidermal nuclei from wild type mice similarly treated. Moreover, p53 levels further increased in the mitochondria of DMBA/TPA treated mice, and this increase was much greater in the MnSOD KO than in the wild type mice, suggesting a link between MnSOD deficiency and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Pathological examination reveals no difference in the incidence and frequency of papillomas comparing the KO mice and their wild type littermates. Taken together, these results suggest that: (1) MnSOD deficiency enhanced TPA-induced oxidative stress and AP-1 and p53 levels, consistent with the increase in both proliferation and apoptosis events in the MnSOD KO mice, and (2) increased apoptosis may negate increased proliferation in the MnSOD deficient mice during an early stage of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfent Zhao
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Xu Y, Porntadavity S, St Clair DK. Transcriptional regulation of the human manganese superoxide dismutase gene: the role of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and activating protein-2 (AP-2). Biochem J 2002; 362:401-12. [PMID: 11853549 PMCID: PMC1222401 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3620401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays an important role in regulating cellular redox conditions. Expression of MnSOD has been shown to protect against damage by oxidative stress and to suppress the malignant phenotype of human cancer cells. We have previously cloned the human MnSOD (SOD2) gene and analysed its 5' proximal promoter, which has been characterized by a lack of a TATA or CAAT box and the presence of multiple GC boxes. To define further the molecular mechanisms for the regulation of MnSOD expression, multiple transcription factor-binding motifs containing overlapping specificity protein 1 (Sp1)- and activator protein (AP)-2-binding sites were identified by DNase I footprinting analysis. Functional studies in three cell lines with different levels of Sp1 and AP-2 proteins suggested that the cellular levels of these proteins may differentially regulate transcription via GC-binding motifs in the human SOD2 promoter. Co-transfection of an Sp1 expression vector resulted in an increase in the transcription of the promoter-driven reporter gene. In contrast, co-transfection of the AP-2 expression vector caused a decrease in transcription. Direct mutagenesis analysis of Sp1- and AP-2-binding sites showed that Sp1 is essential for transcription of the human SOD2 gene, whereas AP-2 plays a negative role in the transcription. Immunoprecipitation of Sp1 and AP-2 proteins demonstrated that Sp1 interacts with AP-2 in vivo. Two-hybrid analysis revealed that interaction between Sp1 and AP-2 plays both a positive and negative role in the transcription of the reporter gene in vivo. Taken together, our data indicate that AP-2 down-regulates transcription of the human SOD2 gene via its interaction with Sp1 within the promoter region. These findings, coupled with our previous observation that several cancer cell lines have mutations in the promoter region of the human MnSOD gene, which lead to an increase in an AP-2-binding site and a decrease in the promoter activity, signal the importance of understanding the promoter structure and the regulation of the human SOD2 gene by Sp1 and AP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 361 Health Sciences Research Building, Lexington KY 40536, USA
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Su SB, Motoo Y, Xie MJ, Mouri H, Asayama K, Sawabu N. Superoxide dismutase is induced during rat pancreatic acinar cell injury. Pancreas 2002; 24:146-52. [PMID: 11854619 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200203000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Free radicals and their scavengers are supposed to be involved in pancreatitis. AIMS To investigate the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rat pancreatic acinar cell injury. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS As an in vivo model, male WBN/Kob rats were used. Chronic pancreatitis developed spontaneously at 12 weeks in this model and progressed thereafter, but acinar regeneration was recognized at 20 weeks. By semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), manganese SOD (MnSOD) mRNA expression peaked at 8 and 20 weeks, whereas copper/zinc SOD (CuZnSOD) mRNA expression peaked at 12 and 20 weeks. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the localization of SOD in acinar cells. Acinar cell apoptosis peaked at 12 and 20 weeks. In an in vitro study, MnSOD mRNA expression peaked at 2 hours after the addition of arginine to culture medium, whereas apoptosis was increased at 24 hours. CONCLUSION Thus, the induction of SOD around the onset and at the late stage of chronic pancreatitis in the WBN/Kob rats implies pancreatic ischemia and acinar remodeling, respectively. From the in vitro results, MnSOD expression might reflect a defensive mechanism of acinar cells against oxidative stress or pro-apoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bing Su
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
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