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Bernoud-Hubac N, Lo Van A, Lazar AN, Lagarde M. Ischemic Brain Injury: Involvement of Lipids in the Pathophysiology of Stroke and Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:634. [PMID: 38929073 PMCID: PMC11200865 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating neurological disorder that is characterized by the sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain. Lipids are essential components of brain structure and function and play pivotal roles in stroke pathophysiology. Dysregulation of lipid signaling pathways modulates key cellular processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, exacerbating ischemic brain injury. In the present review, we summarize the roles of lipids in stroke pathology in different models (cell cultures, animal, and human studies). Additionally, the potential of lipids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, to promote neuroprotection and their use as biomarkers in stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, LAMCOS, UMR5259, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (A.L.V.); (A.-N.L.); (M.L.)
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2
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de la Visitación N, Chen W, Krishnan J, Van Beusecum JP, Amarnath V, Hennen EM, Zhao S, Saleem M, Ao M, Dikalov SI, Dikalova AE, Harrison DG, Patrick DM. Immunoproteasomal Processing of IsoLG-Adducted Proteins Is Essential for Hypertension. Circ Res 2024; 134:1276-1291. [PMID: 38623763 PMCID: PMC11081850 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.324068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is characterized by CD8+ (cluster differentiation 8) T cell activation and infiltration into peripheral tissues. CD8+ T cell activation requires proteasomal processing of antigenic proteins. It has become clear that isoLG (isolevuglandin)-adduced peptides are antigenic in hypertension; however, IsoLGs inhibit the constitutive proteasome. We hypothesized that immunoproteasomal processing of isoLG-adducts is essential for CD8+ T cell activation and inflammation in hypertension. METHODS IsoLG adduct processing was studied in murine dendritic cells (DCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and B8 fibroblasts. The role of the proteasome and the immunoproteasome in Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced hypertension was studied in C57BL/6 mice treated with bortezomib or the immunoproteasome inhibitor PR-957 and by studying mice lacking 3 critical immunoproteasome subunits (triple knockout mouse). We also examined hypertension in mice lacking the critical immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 (large multifunctional peptidase 7) specifically in either DCs or ECs. RESULTS We found that oxidant stress increases the presence of isoLG adducts within MHC-I (class I major histocompatibility complex), and immunoproteasome overexpression augments this. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of the immunoproteasome attenuated hypertension and tissue inflammation. Conditional deletion of LMP7 in either DCs or ECs attenuated hypertension and vascular inflammation. Finally, we defined the role of the innate immune receptors STING (stimulator of interferon genes) and TLR7/8 (toll-like receptor 7/8) as drivers of LMP7 expression in ECs. CONCLUSIONS These studies define a previously unknown role of the immunoproteasome in DCs and ECs in CD8+ T cell activation. The immunoproteasome in DCs and ECs is critical for isoLG-adduct presentation to CD8+ T cells, and in the endothelium, this guides homing and infiltration of T cells to specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor de la Visitación
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jaya Krishnan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin P. Van Beusecum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Charleston South Carolina
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Venkataraman Amarnath
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Shilin Zhao
- Vanderbilt Center for Quantitative Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mingfang Ao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sergey I. Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anna E. Dikalova
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - David M. Patrick
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
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Różanowska MB. Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2111. [PMID: 38136230 PMCID: PMC10740933 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin accumulates with age as intracellular fluorescent granules originating from incomplete lysosomal digestion of phagocytosed and autophagocytosed material. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress and/or lysosomal dysfunction in lipofuscin accumulation and its consequences, particularly for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Next, the fluorescence of lipofuscin, spectral changes induced by oxidation, and its contribution to retinal fluorescence are discussed. This is followed by reviewing recent developments in fluorescence imaging of the retina and the current evidence on the prognostic value of retinal fluorescence for the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major blinding disease affecting elderly people in developed countries. The evidence of lipofuscin oxidation in vivo and the evidence of increased oxidative damage in AMD retina ex vivo lead to the conclusion that imaging of spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence may serve as a useful biomarker of oxidative damage, which can be helpful in assessing the efficacy of potential antioxidant therapies in retinal degenerations associated with accumulation of lipofuscin and increased oxidative stress. Finally, amendments to currently used fluorescence imaging instruments are suggested to be more sensitive and specific for imaging spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK;
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
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Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC, Abumrad NN, Flynn CR. Inflammation Biomarker Response to Oral 2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) Acetate in Healthy Humans. Inflammation 2023; 46:1343-1352. [PMID: 36935449 PMCID: PMC10025056 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the formation of lipid-derived compounds, such as isolevuglandins (IsoLGs), malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-nonenal, and 4-oxo-nonenal. The most reactive of these are the IsoLGs, which form covalent adducts with lysine residues and other cellular primary amines leading to changes in protein function, immunogenicity, and epigenetic alterations and have been shown to contribute to a number of inflammatory diseases. 2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) is a natural compound found in buckwheat seeds and reacts with all IsoLG adducts preventing adduct formation with proteins and DNA. Therefore, 2-HOBA is well positioned as an agent for the prevention of inflammatory-prone diseases. In this study, we examined the potential beneficial effects of 2-HOBA on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in two cohorts of healthy younger and older adults. We utilized the Olink® targeted inflammation panel before and after an oral 15-day treatment regimen with 2-HOBA. We found significant relative changes in the plasma concentration of 15 immune proteins that may reflect the in vivo immune targets of 2-HOBA. Treatment of 2-HOBA resulted in significant increased levels of CCL19, IL-12β, IL-20Rα, and TNFβ, whereas levels of TWEAK significantly decreased. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified canonical pathways regulated by the differentially secreted cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors upon 2-HOBA treatment and further points to biofunctions related to the recruitment, attraction, and movement of different immune cell types. In conclusion, 2-HOBA significantly altered the protein biomarkers CCL19, IL-12β, IL-20Rα, TNFβ, and TWEAK, and these may be responsible for the protective effects of 2-HOBA against reactive electrophiles, such as IsoLGs, commonly expressed in conditions of excessive oxidative stress. 2-HOBA has a role as a IsoLG scavenger to proactively improve immune health in a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Rathmacher
- MTI BioTech, Inc, Iowa State University Research Park, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Naji N Abumrad
- MTI BioTech, Inc, Iowa State University Research Park, Ames, IA, USA
- Metabolic Technologies, LLC, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, MRBIV Room 8465A, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Charles R Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, MRBIV Room 8465A, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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de la Visitación N, Chen W, Krishnan J, Van Beusecum JP, Amarnath V, Hennen EM, Zhao S, Saleem M, Ao M, Harrison DG, Patrick DM. Immunoproteasomal Processing of Isolevuglandin Adducts in Hypertension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536054. [PMID: 37383945 PMCID: PMC10299468 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Isolevuglandins (isoLGs) are lipid aldehydes that form in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and drive immune activation. We found that isoLG-adducts are presented within the context of major histocompatibility complexes (MHC-I) by an immunoproteasome dependent mechanism. Pharmacologic inhibition of LMP7, the chymotrypsin subunit of the immunoproteasome, attenuates hypertension and tissue inflammation in the angiotensin II (Ang II) model of hypertension. Genetic loss of function of all immunoproteasome subunits or conditional deletion of LMP7 in dendritic cell (DCs) or endothelial cells (ECs) attenuated hypertension, reduced aortic T cell infiltration, and reduced isoLG-adduct MHC-I interaction. Furthermore, isoLG adducts structurally resemble double-stranded DNA and contribute to the activation of STING in ECs. These studies define a critical role of the immunoproteasome in the processing and presentation of isoLG-adducts. Moreover they define a role of LMP7 as a regulator of T cell activation and tissue infiltration in hypertension.
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Dong G, Jiang M, Wu N, Zhang S, Zhu H, Xu Z. An umpolung strategy for chemically selective intermolecular cross-enolate-type coupling of N-alkenoxypyridinium salts with aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3594-3597. [PMID: 36883526 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00422h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of 1,4-ketoaldehydes via the cross-coupling of N-alkenoxyheteroarenium salts and primary aldehydes is developed. This method provides a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility. The utility of this method is demonstrated via the diverse transformations of heterocyclic compounds and cycloheptanone, as well as the late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichao Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mengfei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huilong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhou Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Vigor C, Balas L, Guy A, Bultel-Poncé V, Reversat G, Galano JM, Durand T, Oger C. Isoprostanoids, Isofuranoids and Isoketals ‐ From Synthesis to Lipidomics. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipid Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Alexandre Guy
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Valérie Bultel-Poncé
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRENCH POLYNESIA
| | - Guillaume Reversat
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
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Bassoy EY, Walch M, Martinvalet D. Reactive Oxygen Species: Do They Play a Role in Adaptive Immunity? Front Immunol 2021; 12:755856. [PMID: 34899706 PMCID: PMC8653250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects the host from a plethora of microorganisms and toxins through its unique ability to distinguish self from non-self. To perform this delicate but essential task, the immune system relies on two lines of defense. The innate immune system, which is by nature fast acting, represents the first line of defense. It involves anatomical barriers, physiological factors as well as a subset of haematopoietically-derived cells generically call leukocytes. Activation of the innate immune response leads to a state of inflammation that serves to both warn about and combat the ongoing infection and delivers the antigenic information of the invading pathogens to initiate the slower but highly potent and specific second line of defense, the adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune response calls on T lymphocytes as well as the B lymphocytes essential for the elimination of pathogens and the establishment of the immunological memory. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in many aspects of the immune responses to pathogens, mostly in innate immune functions, such as the respiratory burst and inflammasome activation. Here in this mini review, we focus on the role of ROS in adaptive immunity. We examine how ROS contribute to T-cell biology and discuss whether this activity can be extrapolated to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Yonca Bassoy
- International Society of Liver Surgeons (ISLS), Cankaya Ankara, Turkey.,Departments of Immunology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Michael Walch
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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9
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Demasi M, Augusto O, Bechara EJH, Bicev RN, Cerqueira FM, da Cunha FM, Denicola A, Gomes F, Miyamoto S, Netto LES, Randall LM, Stevani CV, Thomson L. Oxidative Modification of Proteins: From Damage to Catalysis, Signaling, and Beyond. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1016-1080. [PMID: 33726509 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The systematic investigation of oxidative modification of proteins by reactive oxygen species started in 1980. Later, it was shown that reactive nitrogen species could also modify proteins. Some protein oxidative modifications promote loss of protein function, cleavage or aggregation, and some result in proteo-toxicity and cellular homeostasis disruption. Recent Advances: Previously, protein oxidation was associated exclusively to damage. However, not all oxidative modifications are necessarily associated with damage, as with Met and Cys protein residue oxidation. In these cases, redox state changes can alter protein structure, catalytic function, and signaling processes in response to metabolic and/or environmental alterations. This review aims to integrate the present knowledge on redox modifications of proteins with their fate and role in redox signaling and human pathological conditions. Critical Issues: It is hypothesized that protein oxidation participates in the development and progression of many pathological conditions. However, no quantitative data have been correlated with specific oxidized proteins or the progression or severity of pathological conditions. Hence, the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying these modifications, their importance in human pathologies, and the fate of the modified proteins is of clinical relevance. Future Directions: We discuss new tools to cope with protein oxidation and suggest new approaches for integrating knowledge about protein oxidation and redox processes with human pathophysiological conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1016-1080.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Demasi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata N Bicev
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Cerqueira
- CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Gomes
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lía M Randall
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cassius V Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonor Thomson
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Aschner M, Nguyen TT, Sinitskii AI, Santamaría A, Bornhorst J, Ajsuvakova OP, da Rocha JBT, Skalny AV, Tinkov AA. Isolevuglandins (isoLGs) as toxic lipid peroxidation byproducts and their pathogenetic role in human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:266-273. [PMID: 33099003 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation results in generation of a variety of lipid hydroperoxides and other highly reactive species that covalently modify proteins, nucleic acids, and other lipids, thus resulting in lipotoxicity. Although biological relevance of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) is well studied, the existing data on the role of isolevuglandins (isoLGs) in pathology are insufficient. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to review the existing data on biological effects of isoLG and isoLG adducts and their role in multiple diseases. Sixty four highly reactive levuglandin-like γ-ketoaldehyde (γ-KA, or isoketals, IsoK, or isolevuglandins, IsoLG) regio- and stereo-isomers are formed as products of arachidonic acid oxidation. IsoLGs react covalently with lysyl residues of proteins to form a stable adduct and intramolecular aminal, bispyrrole, and trispyrrole cross-links. Phosphatidylethanolamine was also shown to be the target for isoLG binding as compared to proteins and DNA. Free IsoLGs are not detectable in vivo, although isolevuglandin adduction to amino acid residues of particular proteins may be evaluated with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Adducts formed were shown to play a significant role in the development and maintenance of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. These, and more specific molecular pathways, link isoLG and isoLG-adduct formation to develop a variety of pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure), obesity and diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, eye diseases (retinal degeneration and glaucoma), as well as ageing. Hypothetically, isoLGs and isoLG adduct formation may be considered as the potential target for treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Thuy T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- Federal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | | | - Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
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11
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Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Karupiah S, Kumari U, Sathasivam K, Meenakshi DU, Wu YS, Guad RM, Udupa K, Fuloria NK. A Comprehensive Review on Source, Types, Effects, Nanotechnology, Detection, and Therapeutic Management of Reactive Carbonyl Species Associated with Various Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1075. [PMID: 33147856 PMCID: PMC7692604 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids generate extremely reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Human body comprises some important RCS namely hexanal, acrolein, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, methylglyoxal, malondialdehyde, isolevuglandins, and 4-oxo-2- nonenal etc. These RCS damage important cellular components including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which manifests cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, multitude of adducts and crosslinks that are connected to ageing and various chronic diseases like inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disease. The constant prevalence of RCS in living cells suggests their importance in signal transduction and gene expression. Extensive knowledge of RCS properties, metabolism and relation with metabolic diseases would assist in development of effective approach to prevent numerous chronic diseases. Treatment approaches for RCS associated diseases involve endogenous RCS metabolizers, carbonyl metabolizing enzyme inducers, and RCS scavengers. Limited bioavailability and bio efficacy of RCS sequesters suggest importance of nanoparticles and nanocarriers. Identification of RCS and screening of compounds ability to sequester RCS employ several bioassays and analytical techniques. Present review describes in-depth study of RCS sources, types, properties, identification techniques, therapeutic approaches, nanocarriers, and their role in various diseases. This study will give an idea for therapeutic development to combat the RCS associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Sundram Karupiah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | - Usha Kumari
- Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | | | | | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Rhanye Mac Guad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
| | - Kaviraja Udupa
- Department of Neurophysiology, NIMHANS, Bangalore 560029, India;
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12
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May-Zhang LS, Kirabo A, Huang J, Linton MF, Davies SS, Murray KT. Scavenging Reactive Lipids to Prevent Oxidative Injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:291-308. [PMID: 32997599 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031620-035348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative injury due to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species is implicated in cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, lung and liver diseases, and many cancers. Antioxidant therapies have generally been ineffective at treating these diseases, potentially due to ineffective doses but also due to interference with critical host defense and signaling processes. Therefore, alternative strategies to prevent oxidative injury are needed. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species induce lipid peroxidation, generating reactive lipid dicarbonyls. These lipid oxidation products may be the most salient mediators of oxidative injury, as they cause cellular and organ dysfunction by adducting to proteins, lipids, and DNA. Small-molecule compounds have been developed in the past decade to selectively and effectively scavenge these reactive lipid dicarbonyls. This review outlines evidence supporting the role of lipid dicarbonyls in disease pathogenesis, as well as preclinical data supporting the efficacy of novel dicarbonyl scavengers in treating or preventing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S May-Zhang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA;
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13
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Prinsen JK, Kannankeril PJ, Sidorova TN, Yermalitskaya LV, Boutaud O, Zagol-Ikapitte I, Barnett JV, Murphy MB, Subati T, Stark JM, Christopher IL, Jafarian-Kerman SR, Saleh MA, Norlander AE, Loperena R, Atkinson JB, Fogo AB, Luther JM, Amarnath V, Davies SS, Kirabo A, Madhur MS, Harrison DG, Murray KT. Highly Reactive Isolevuglandins Promote Atrial Fibrillation Caused by Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:602-615. [PMID: 32613146 PMCID: PMC7315188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is implicated in atrial fibrillation (AF), but antioxidants are ineffective therapeutically. The authors tested the hypothesis that highly reactive lipid dicarbonyl metabolites, or isolevuglandins (IsoLGs), are principal drivers of AF during hypertension. In a hypertensive murine model and stretched atriomyocytes, the dicarbonyl scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) prevented IsoLG adducts and preamyloid oligomers (PAOs), and AF susceptibility, whereas the ineffective analog 4-hydroxybenzylamine (4-HOBA) had minimal effect. Natriuretic peptides generated cytotoxic oligomers, a process accelerated by IsoLGs, contributing to atrial PAO formation. These findings support the concept of pre-emptively scavenging reactive downstream oxidative stress mediators as a potential therapeutic approach to prevent AF.
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Key Words
- 2-HOBA, 2-hydroxylbenzylamine
- 4-HOBA, 4-hydroxylbenzylamine
- AF, atrial fibrillation
- ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide
- B-type natriuretic peptide
- BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide
- BP, blood pressure
- ECG, electrocardiogram
- G/R, green/red ratio
- IsoLG, isolevuglandin
- PAO, preamyloid oligomer
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- ang II, angiotensin II
- atrial fibrillation
- atrial natriuretic peptide
- hypertension
- isolevuglandins
- oxidative stress
- preamyloid oligomers
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Prinsen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Prince J. Kannankeril
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tatiana N. Sidorova
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Liudmila V. Yermalitskaya
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Irene Zagol-Ikapitte
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joey V. Barnett
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew B. Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tuerdi Subati
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joshua M. Stark
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Isis L. Christopher
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Scott R. Jafarian-Kerman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mohamed A. Saleh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Allison E. Norlander
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Roxana Loperena
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James B. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Agnes B. Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James M. Luther
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Venkataraman Amarnath
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sean S. Davies
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David G. Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Katherine T. Murray
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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14
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Oxidative-Antioxidant Imbalance and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030384. [PMID: 32121669 PMCID: PMC7175146 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder featuring chronic, complex neuropsychiatric features. The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia are not fully understood. Oxidative-antioxidant imbalance is a potential determinant of schizophrenia. Oxidative, nitrosative, or sulfuric damage to enzymes of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as calcium transport and ATP biosynthesis might cause impaired bioenergetics function in the brain. This could explain the initial symptoms, such as the first psychotic episode and mild cognitive impairment. Another concept of the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia is associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance with the activation of the mTOR mitochondrial pathway, which may contribute to impaired neuronal development. Consequently, cognitive processes requiring ATP are compromised and dysfunctions in synaptic transmission lead to neuronal death, preceding changes in key brain areas. This review summarizes the role and mutual interactions of oxidative damage and impaired glucose metabolism as key factors affecting metabolic complications in schizophrenia. These observations may be a premise for novel potential therapeutic targets that will delay not only the onset of first symptoms but also the progression of schizophrenia and its complications.
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15
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Davies SS, May-Zhang LS, Boutaud O, Amarnath V, Kirabo A, Harrison DG. Isolevuglandins as mediators of disease and the development of dicarbonyl scavengers as pharmaceutical interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 205:107418. [PMID: 31629006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Products of lipid peroxidation include a number of reactive lipid aldehydes such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-nonenal, 4-oxo-nonenal, and isolevuglandins (IsoLGs). Although these all contribute to disease processes, the most reactive are the IsoLGs, which rapidly adduct to lysine and other cellular primary amines, leading to changes in protein function, cross-linking and immunogenicity. Their rapid reactivity means that only IsoLG adducts, and not the unreacted aldehyde, can be readily measured. This high reactivity also makes it challenging for standard cellular defense mechanisms such as aldehyde reductases and oxidases to dispose of them before they react with proteins and other cellular amines. This led us to seek small molecule primary amines that might trap and inactivate IsoLGs before they could modify cellular proteins or other endogenous cellular amines such as phosphatidylethanolamines to cause disease. Our studies identified 2-aminomethylphenols including 2-hydroxybenzylamine as IsoLG scavengers. Subsequent studies showed that they also trap other lipid dicarbonyls that react with primary amines such as 4-oxo-nonenal and malondialdehyde, but not hydroxyalkenals like 4-hydroxy-nonenal that preferentially react with soft nucleophiles. This review describes the use of these 2-aminomethylphenols as dicarbonyl scavengers to assess the contribution of IsoLGs and other amine-reactive lipid dicarbonyls to disease and as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Linda S May-Zhang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Venkataraman Amarnath
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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16
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Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Biological effect of protein modifications by lipid peroxidation products. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Caspa Gokulan R, Adcock JM, Zagol-Ikapitte I, Mernaugh R, Williams P, Washington KM, Boutaud O, Oates JA, Dikalov SI, Zaika AI. Gastroesophageal Reflux Induces Protein Adducts in the Esophagus. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:480-482.e7. [PMID: 30827415 PMCID: PMC6410348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie M. Adcock
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Irene Zagol-Ikapitte
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raymond Mernaugh
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Phillip Williams
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kay M. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John A. Oates
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sergey I. Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alexander I. Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, Florida,Corresponding author:
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18
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Xiao L, Patrick DM, Aden LA, Kirabo A. Mechanisms of isolevuglandin-protein adduct formation in inflammation and hypertension. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 139:48-53. [PMID: 30278231 PMCID: PMC6299826 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and recent evidence suggests that isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-protein adducts play a role. Several hypertensive stimuli contribute to formation of IsoLG-protein adducts including excess dietary salt and catecholamines. The precise intracellular mechanisms by which these hypertensive stimuli lead to IsoLG-protein adduct formation are still not well understood; however, there is now evidence implicating NADPH-oxidase derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. ROS oxidize arachidonic acid leading to formation of IsoLGs, which non-covalently adduct to lysine residues and alter protein structure and function. Recent studies suggest that these altered proteins act as neo-antigens leading to an autoimmune state that results in hypertension. The goal of this mini-review is to highlight some of the hypertensive stimuli and the mechanisms contributing to IsoLG-protein adduct formation leading to inflammation and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David M Patrick
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Luul A Aden
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology & Inflammation (VI4), Nashville, TN, United States.
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19
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Fuller JC, Pitchford LM, Abumrad NN, Rathmacher JA. Subchronic (90-day) repeated dose oral toxicity study of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in rabbit. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 100:52-58. [PMID: 30359704 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a naturally occurring compound found in buckwheat, has potential for use as a nutrition supplement due to its ability to protect against the damaging effects of oxidative stress. In a series of rodent toxicity studies, 2-HOBA acetate was well-tolerated and did not produce any toxic effects over 28 or 90 days of repeated oral administration. However, it remained necessary to test the potential toxicity of 2-HOBA acetate in a non-rodent species. In this investigation, 2-HOBA acetate was orally administered to male and female New Zealand White Rabbits for 90 days at doses of 100, 500, and 1000 mg·kg BW-1·day-1 (n = 5 per sex/group). As previously observed in rodents, 2-HOBA acetate administration was well tolerated. No toxic effects of 2-HOBA acetate were detected in body weight, feed consumption, hematology, blood chemistry, urine chemistry, organ weights, gross pathology or histopathology. Based on these findings, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level of 2-HOBA acetate in rabbits was determined to be 1000 mg·kg BW-1·day-1, which was the highest dose tested. These results provide further support for the safety of 2-HOBA acetate administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naji N Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - John A Rathmacher
- Metabolic Technologies, Inc., Ames, IA, 50010, USA; Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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20
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Fuller JC, Pitchford LM, Abumrad NN, Rathmacher JA. Subchronic (90-day) repeated dose toxicity study of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:225-232. [PMID: 30266239 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a naturally occurring compound found in buckwheat, can protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress. In this study, 2-HOBA acetate was orally administered to male and female rats for 90 consecutive days at doses of 100, 500, and 1000 mg·kg BW-1·d-1 (n = 20 per sex/group). Subchronic administration of 2-HOBA was well tolerated at all dose levels. 2-HOBA-treated male rats were slightly heavier in the last weeks of the study, but this difference was very small (<5%), did not show a dose-response relationship, and was not observed in female rats. Similarly, some statistically significant changes in serum biochemistry and hematology parameters were noted, but these were not considered to be of biological or toxicological significance. Sporadic differences in organ weights were observed between groups, but all were small (<10%) and unlikely to indicate toxicity. The incidence of histopathological lesions was similar between treated and control groups across all organs. Based upon these findings, the no-observed-adverse-effect level was determined to be ≥ 1000 mg·kg BW-1·d-1, which was the highest dose tested. These results further support no toxicity associated with oral consumption of 2-HOBA acetate in rats and the continued development of 2-HOBA as a dietary supplement or functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naji N Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - John A Rathmacher
- Metabolic Technologies, Inc, Ames, IA 50010, USA; Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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21
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In vitro safety pharmacology evaluation of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:541-548. [PMID: 30253245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a compound found in buckwheat, is a potent scavenger of reactive γ-ketoaldehydes, which are increased in diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. While the potential of 2-HOBA is promising, studies were needed to characterize the safety of the compound before clinical trials. In a series of experiments, the risks of 2-HOBA-mediated mutagenicity and cardio-toxicity were assessed in vitro. The effects of 2-HOBA on the mRNA expression of select cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were also assessed in cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Further, the distribution and metabolism of 2-HOBA in blood were determined. Our results indicate that 2-HOBA is not cytotoxic or mutagenic in vitro and does not induce the expression of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes. The results of the hERG testing showed a low risk of cardiac QT wave prolongation. Plasma protein binding and red blood cell distribution characteristics indicate low protein binding and no preferential distribution into erythrocytes. The major metabolites identified were salicylic acid and the glycoside conjugate of 2-HOBA. Together, these findings support development of 2-HOBA as a nutritional supplement and provide important information for the design of further preclinical safety studies in animals as well as for human clinical trials with 2-HOBA.
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22
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Pitchford LM, Smith JD, Abumrad NN, Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC. Acute and 28-day repeated dose toxicity evaluations of 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate in mice and rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:190-198. [PMID: 30075181 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA), a compound naturally found in buckwheat, has been shown to protect cells and tissues from the damaging effects of oxidative stress. The purpose of this report was to evaluate 2-HOBA in preclinical oral rodent toxicity studies. This report includes the results from three oral toxicity studies in rodents: a preliminary 28-day feeding study in mice, a 14-day acute oral toxicity study in rats, and a 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study in rats. The preliminary mouse feeding study showed no adverse effects of 2-HOBA at concentrations up to 0.456% by weight in feed, but decreased food intake and weight loss were observed at 1.56% 2-HOBA in the diet, likely due to poor palatability. In the acute dosing study, 2000 mg/kg BW 2-HOBA resulted in mortality in one of the six tested female rats, indicating a median lethal dose of 2500 mg/kg BW. In the 28-day repeated oral dose study, small differences were observed between 2-HOBA treated and control group rats, but none of these differences were determined to be of toxicological significance. Together, these studies support the lack of toxicity of oral administration of 2-HOBA acetate at doses up to 1000 mg/kg BW d-1 in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodi D Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Naji N Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - John A Rathmacher
- Metabolic Technologies, Inc, Ames, IA 50010, USA; Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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23
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Nguyen TT, Caito SW, Zackert WE, West JD, Zhu S, Aschner M, Fessel JP, Roberts LJ. Scavengers of reactive γ-ketoaldehydes extend Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan and healthspan through protein-level interactions with SIR-2.1 and ETS-7. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:1759-80. [PMID: 27514077 PMCID: PMC5032694 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isoketals (IsoKs) are highly reactive γ-ketoaldehyde products of lipid peroxidation that covalently adduct lysine side chains in proteins, impairing their function. Using C. elegans as a model organism, we sought to test the hypothesis that IsoKs contribute to molecular aging through adduction and inactivation of specific protein targets, and that this process can be abrogated using salicylamine (SA), a selective IsoK scavenger. Treatment with SA extends adult nematode longevity by nearly 56% and prevents multiple deleterious age-related biochemical and functional changes. Testing of a variety of molecular targets for SA's action revealed the sirtuin SIR-2.1 as the leading candidate. When SA was administered to a SIR-2.1 knockout strain, the effects on lifespan and healthspan extension were abolished. The SIR-2.1-dependent effects of SA were not mediated by large changes in gene expression programs or by significant changes in mitochondrial function. However, expression array analysis did show SA-dependent regulation of the transcription factor ets-7 and associated genes. In ets-7 knockout worms, SA's longevity effects were abolished, similar to sir-2.1 knockouts. However, SA dose-dependently increases ets-7 mRNA levels in non-functional SIR-2.1 mutant, suggesting that both are necessary for SA's complete lifespan and healthspan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Samuel W Caito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - William E Zackert
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James D West
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shijun Zhu
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joshua P Fessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - L Jackson Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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24
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Davies SS, Zhang LS. Reactive Carbonyl Species Scavengers-Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Chronic Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:51-67. [PMID: 28993795 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW To summarize recent evidence supporting the use of reactive carbonyl species scavengers in the prevention and treatment of disease. RECENT FINDINGS The newly developed 2-aminomethylphenol class of scavengers shows great promise in preclinical trials for a number of diverse conditions including neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disease. In addition, new studies with the thiol-based and imidazole-based scavengers have found new applications outside of adjunctive therapy for chemotherapeutics. SUMMARY Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cells and tissues act as signaling molecules and as cytotoxic agents to defend against pathogens, but ROS also cause collateral damage to vital cellular components. The polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains of phospholipids in the cell membranes are particularly vulnerable to damaging peroxidation by ROS. Evidence suggests that the breakdown of these peroxidized lipids to reactive carbonyls species plays a critical role in many chronic diseases. Antioxidants that abrogate ROS-induced formation of reactive carbonyl species also abrogate normal ROS signaling and thus exert both beneficial and adverse functional effects. The use of scavengers of reactive dicarbonyl species represent an alternative therapeutic strategy to potentially mitigate the adverse effects of ROS without abrogating normal signaling by ROS. In this review, we focus on three classes of reactive carbonyl species scavengers: thiol-based scavengers (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate and amifostine), imidazole-based scavengers (carnosine and its analogs), and 2-aminomethylphenols-based scavengers (pyridoxamine, 2-hydroxybenzylamine, and 5'-O-pentyl-pyridoxamine) that are either undergoing pre-clinical studies, advancing to clinical trials, or are already in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 556 Robinson Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6602
| | - Linda S Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 556 Robinson Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6602
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Ni M, Zhang J, Liang X, Jiang Y, Loh TP. Directed C–C bond cleavage of a cyclopropane intermediate generated fromN-tosylhydrazones and stable enaminones: expedient synthesis of functionalized 1,4-ketoaldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12286-12289. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method to construct functionalized 1,4-ketoaldehydes bearing all-carbon α-quaternary centersviaregioselective C–C bond activation has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Ni
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Yaojia Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
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Longato L, Andreola F, Davies SS, Roberts JL, Fusai G, Pinzani M, Moore K, Rombouts K. Reactive gamma-ketoaldehydes as novel activators of hepatic stellate cells in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 102:162-173. [PMID: 27890721 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Products of lipid oxidation, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), are key activators of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to a pro-fibrogenic phenotype. Isolevuglandins (IsoLG) are a family of acyclic γ-ketoaldehydes formed through oxidation of arachidonic acid or as by-products of the cyclooxygenase pathway. IsoLGs are highly reactive aldehydes which are efficient at forming protein adducts and cross-links at concentrations 100-fold lower than 4-hydroxynonenal. Since the contribution of IsoLGs to liver injury has not been studied, we synthesized 15-E2-IsoLG and used it to investigate whether IsoLG could induce activation of HSC. RESULTS Primary human HSC were exposed to 15-E2-IsoLG for up to 48h. Exposure to 5μM 15-E2-IsoLG in HSCs promoted cytotoxicity and apoptosis. At non-cytotoxic doses (50 pM-500nM) 15-E2-IsoLG promoted HSC activation, indicated by increased expression of α-SMA, sustained activation of ERK and JNK signaling pathways, and increased mRNA and/or protein expression of cytokines and chemokines, which was blocked by inhibitors of JNK and NF-kB. In addition, IsoLG promoted formation of reactive oxygen species, and induced an early activation of ER stress, followed by autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy partially reduced the pro-inflammatory effects of IsoLG, suggesting that it might serve as a cytoprotective response. INNOVATION This study is the first to describe the biological effects of IsoLG in primary HSC, the main drivers of hepatic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS IsoLGs represent a newly identified class of activators of HSC in vitro, which are biologically active at concentrations as low as 500 pM, and are particularly effective at promoting a pro-inflammatory response and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Longato
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free, London, UK
| | - Fausto Andreola
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College of London, Royal Free, London, UK
| | - Sean S Davies
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jackson L Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Division of Surgery, University College London, Royal Free, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free, London, UK
| | - Kevin Moore
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free, London, UK.
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Dixon KB, Davies SS, Kirabo A. Dendritic cells and isolevuglandins in immunity, inflammation, and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H368-H374. [PMID: 27986660 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00603.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the major risk factor for morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Despite its importance, the pathogenesis of essential hypertension is poorly understood. During the past several years, it has become evident that T cells contribute to hypertension. Activated T cells accumulate in the perivascular space and the kidney and release cytokines that promote vascular dysfunction and end-organ damage. Although dendritic cells play a pivotal role in initiating adaptive immune responses, T cells have taken center stage in studies implicating the immune system in the genesis of hypertension. The mechanisms by which T cells are activated and the antigens involved are poorly understood. We recently showed that hypertension is associated with increased dendritic cell production of the TH17 polarizing cytokines, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23. This occurs in part by increased superoxide production via NADPH oxidase and protein modification by highly reactive isolevuglandins (IsoLGs). IsoLGs are produced via the isoprostane pathway of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation and, when adducted to proteins, have the potential to act as neoantigens. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of antigen-presenting dendritic cells in the pathophysiology of hypertension and highlight potential neoantigens that may contribute to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala B Dixon
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville Tennessee
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Pearson JN, Warren E, Liang LP, Roberts LJ, Patel M. Scavenging of highly reactive gamma-ketoaldehydes attenuates cognitive dysfunction associated with epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:88-99. [PMID: 27932305 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a major comorbidity of the epilepsies; however, treatments targeting seizure-associated cognitive dysfunction, particularly deficits in learning and memory are not available. Isoketals and neuroketals, collectively known as gamma-ketoaldehydes are formed via the non-enzymatic, free radical catalyzed oxidation of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively. They are attractive candidates for oxidative protein damage and resultant cognitive dysfunction due to their formation within the plasma membrane and their high proclivity to form cytotoxic adducts on protein lysine residues. We tested the hypothesis that gamma-ketoaldehydes mechanistically contribute to seizure-associated memory impairment using a specific gamma-ketoaldehyde scavenger, salicylamine in the kainic acid and pilocarpine rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. We show that gamma-ketoaldehydes are increased following epileptogenic injury in hippocampus and perirhinal cortex, two brain regions imperative for learning and memory. Treatment with an orally bioavailable, brain permeable scavenger, salicylamine attenuated 1) spatial memory deficits 2) reference memory deficits and 3) neuronal loss and astrogliosis in two mechanistically distinct models of epilepsy without affecting the epileptogenic injury or the development of chronic epilepsy. We have previously demonstrated that reactive oxygen species and the lipid peroxidation biomarkers, F2-isoprostanes are produced following status epilepticus. However, which reactive species specifically mediate oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules remains at large. We provide novel data suggesting that memory impairment occurs via gamma-ketoaldehyde production in two models of epilepsy and that treatment with a gamma-ketoaldehyde scavenger can protect vulnerable neurons. This work suggests a novel target and therapy to treat seizure-induced memory deficits in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States
| | - Eric Warren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States
| | - Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States
| | - L Jackson Roberts
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 37235, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 37235, United States
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States.
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Candy M, Durand T, Galano JM, Oger C. Total Synthesis of the Isoketal 5-D2-IsoK Natural Product Based on Organocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Candy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier cedex 05 France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier cedex 05 France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier cedex 05 France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR 5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491 34093 Montpellier cedex 05 France
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Guo J, Hong L, West XZ, Wang H, Salomon RG. Bioactive 4-Oxoheptanedioic Monoamide Derivatives of Proteins and Ethanolaminephospholipids: Products of Docosahexaenoate Oxidation. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1706-1719. [PMID: 27618287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes lipid-derived oxidative modification of biomolecules that has been implicated in many pathological states. Phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids are major targets of free radical-initiated oxidation. Phospholipids that incorporate docosahexaenoate (DHA) are highly enriched in important neural structures including the brain and retina, where DHA comprises 40% and 60% of total fatty acids, respectively. Oxidative fragmentation of 2-docosahexaenoyl-1-palmityl-sn-glycerophosphocholine generates esters of 4-hydroxy-7-oxohept-5-enoic acid (HOHA) and 4-keto-7-oxohept-5-enoic acid (KOHA) with 2-lysophosphatidylcholine, HOHA-PC, and KOHA-PC. Covalent HOHA adducts that incorporate the primary amino groups of proteins and ethanolamine phospholipids in carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP) derivatives were detected immunologically with anti-CEP antibodies in human tumors, retina, and blood. Now, we generated an anti-OHdiA antibody to test the hypothesis that KOHA adducts, which incorporate the primary amino groups of proteins or ethanolamine phospholipids in 4-oxo-heptanedioic (OHdiA) monoamide derivatives, are present in vivo. However, whereas the anti-CEP antibody is highly specific and does not cross-react with the OHdiA monoamide epitope, the anti-OHdiA monoamide antibody cross-reacted with CEP epitopes making it of little value as an analytical tool for OHdiA monoamides but suggesting the possibility that OHdiA monoamides would exhibit receptor-mediated biological activity similar to that of CEP. An LC-MS/MS method was developed that allows quantification of OHdiA derivatives in biological samples. We now find that KOHA-PC forms OHdiA monoamide adducts of proteins and ethanolamine phospholipids and that OHdiA-protein levels are significantly higher than OHdiA-ethanloamine phospholipid levels in blood from healthy human subjects, 0.45 μM and 0.18 μM, respectively (n = 3, and p = 0.027). OHdiA monoamide epitopes are angiogenic, causing TLR2-dependent adhesion and tube formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. OHdiA monoamide epitopes are only slightly less potent than CEP epitopes that contribute to the pathological angiogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Xiaoxia Z West
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Robert G Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Bi W, Jang GF, Zhang L, Crabb JW, Laird J, Linetsky M, Salomon RG. Molecular Structures of Isolevuglandin-Protein Cross-Links. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1628-1640. [PMID: 27599534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Isolevuglandins (isoLGs) are stereo and structurally isomeric γ-ketoaldehydes produced through free radical-induced oxidation of arachidonates. Some isoLG isomers are also generated through enzymatic cyclooxygenation. Post-translational modification of proteins by isoLGs is associated with loss-of-function, cross-linking and aggregation. We now report that a low level of modification by one or two molecules of isoLG has a profound effect on the activity of a multi subunit protease, calpain-1. Modification of one or two key lysyl residues apparently suffices to abolish catalytic activity. Covalent modification of calpain-1 led to intersubunit cross-linking. Hetero- and homo-oligomers of the catalytic and regulatory subunits of calpain-1 were detected by SDS-PAGE with Western blotting. N-Acetyl-glycyl-lysine methyl ester and β-amyloid(11-17) peptide EVHHQKL were used as models for characterizing the cross-linking of protein lysyl residues resulting from adduction of iso[4]LGE2. Aminal, bispyrrole, and trispyrrole cross-links of these two peptides were identified and fully characterized by mass spectrometry. Aminal and bispyrrole dimers were both detected. Furthermore, a complex mixture of derivatives of the bispyrrole cross-link containing one or more additional atoms of oxygen was found. Interesting differences are evident in the predominant cross-link type generated in the reaction of iso[4]LGE2 with these peptides. More aminal cross-links versus bispyrrole are formed during the reaction of the dipeptide with iso[4]LGE2. In contrast, more bispyrrole versus aminal cross-links are formed during the reaction of EVHHQKL with iso[4]LGE2. It is tempting to speculate that the EVHHQKL peptide-pyrrole modification forms noncovalent aggregates that favor the production of covalent bispyrrole cross-links because β-amyloid(11-17) tends to spontaneously oligomerize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Geeng-Fu Jang
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - John W Crabb
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - James Laird
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Mikhail Linetsky
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Robert G Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Patel M. Targeting Oxidative Stress in Central Nervous System Disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:768-778. [PMID: 27491897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is widespread recognition that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play key roles in normal brain function and pathology in the context of neurological disease. Oxidative stress continues to be a key therapeutic target for neurological diseases. In developing antioxidant therapies for neurological disease, special attention should be given to the brain's unique vulnerability to oxidative insults and its architecture. Consideration of antioxidant therapy should be guided by a strong rationale for oxidative stress in a given neurological disease. This review provides an overview of processes that can guide the development of antioxidant therapies in neurological diseases, such as knowledge of basic redox mechanisms, unique features of brain pathophysiology, mechanisms and classes of antioxidants, and desirable properties of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Mont S, Davies SS, Roberts second LJ, Mernaugh RL, McDonald WH, Segal BH, Zackert W, Kropski JA, Blackwell TS, Sekhar KR, Galligan JJ, Massion PP, Marnett LJ, Travis EL, Freeman ML. Accumulation of isolevuglandin-modified protein in normal and fibrotic lung. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24919. [PMID: 27118599 PMCID: PMC4847119 DOI: 10.1038/srep24919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine modification by γ-ketoaldehyde isomers derived from arachidonic acid, termed isolevuglandins (IsoLGs), is emerging as a mechanistic link between pathogenic reactive oxygen species and disease progression. However, the questions of whether covalent modification of proteins by IsoLGs are subject to genetic regulation and the identity of IsoLG-modified proteins remain unclear. Herein we show that Nrf2 and Nox2 are key regulators of IsoLG modification in pulmonary tissue and report on the identity of proteins analyzed by LC-MS following immunoaffinity purification of IsoLG-modified proteins. Gene ontology analysis revealed that proteins in numerous cellular pathways are susceptible to IsoLG modification. Although cells tolerate basal levels of modification, exceeding them induces apoptosis. We found prominent modification in a murine model of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis and in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, two diseases considered to be promoted by gene-regulated oxidant stress. Based on these results we hypothesize that IsoLG modification is a hitherto unrecognized sequelae that contributes to radiation-induced pulmonary injury and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Mont
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Sean S. Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - L. Jackson Roberts second
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Raymond L. Mernaugh
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - W. Hayes McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Proteomics Laboratory and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Brahm H. Segal
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, and University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - William Zackert
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Konjeti R. Sekhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - James J. Galligan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Pierre P. Massion
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Travis
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Frijhoff J, Winyard PG, Zarkovic N, Davies SS, Stocker R, Cheng D, Knight AR, Taylor EL, Oettrich J, Ruskovska T, Gasparovic AC, Cuadrado A, Weber D, Poulsen HE, Grune T, Schmidt HHHW, Ghezzi P. Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1144-70. [PMID: 26415143 PMCID: PMC4657513 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress is considered to be an important component of various diseases. A vast number of methods have been developed and used in virtually all diseases to measure the extent and nature of oxidative stress, ranging from oxidation of DNA to proteins, lipids, and free amino acids. RECENT ADVANCES An increased understanding of the biology behind diseases and redox biology has led to more specific and sensitive tools to measure oxidative stress markers, which are very diverse and sometimes very low in abundance. CRITICAL ISSUES The literature is very heterogeneous. It is often difficult to draw general conclusions on the significance of oxidative stress biomarkers, as only in a limited proportion of diseases have a range of different biomarkers been used, and different biomarkers have been used to study different diseases. In addition, biomarkers are often measured using nonspecific methods, while specific methodologies are often too sophisticated or laborious for routine clinical use. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Several markers of oxidative stress still represent a viable biomarker opportunity for clinical use. However, positive findings with currently used biomarkers still need to be validated in larger sample sizes and compared with current clinical standards to establish them as clinical diagnostics. It is important to realize that oxidative stress is a nuanced phenomenon that is difficult to characterize, and one biomarker is not necessarily better than others. The vast diversity in oxidative stress between diseases and conditions has to be taken into account when selecting the most appropriate biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Frijhoff
- 1 Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul G Winyard
- 2 University of Exeter Medical School , Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sean S Davies
- 4 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.,5 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Roland Stocker
- 6 Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia .,7 School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Cheng
- 6 Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annie R Knight
- 2 University of Exeter Medical School , Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jeannette Oettrich
- 1 Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Ruskovska
- 8 Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University , Stip, Macedonia
| | | | - Antonio Cuadrado
- 9 Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , ISCIII, Madrid, Spain .,10 Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC , Madrid, Spain .,11 Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz) , Madrid, Spain .,12 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Weber
- 13 Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) , Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Henrik Enghusen Poulsen
- 14 Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark .,15 Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tilman Grune
- 13 Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) , Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- 1 Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- 16 Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Brighton, United Kingdom
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A diverse family of lipid-derived levulinaldehydes, isolevuglandins (isoLGs), is produced by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through both cyclooxygenase (COX) and free radical-induced cyclooxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their phospholipid esters. The formation and reactions of isoLGs with other biomolecules has been linked to alcoholic liver disease, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, cardiac arythmias, cancer, end-stage renal disease, glaucoma, inflammation of allergies and infection, mitochondrial dysfunction, multiple sclerosis, and thrombosis. This review chronicles progress in understanding the chemistry of isoLGs, detecting their production in vivo and understanding their biological consequences. CRITICAL ISSUES IsoLGs have never been isolated from biological sources, because they form adducts with primary amino groups of other biomolecules within seconds. Chemical synthesis enabled investigation of isoLG chemistry and detection of isoLG adducts present in vivo. RECENT ADVANCES The first peptide mapping and sequencing of an isoLG-modified protein present in human retina identified the modification of a specific lysyl residue of the sterol C27-hydroxylase Cyp27A1. This residue is preferentially modified by iso[4]LGE2 in vitro, causing loss of function. Adduction of less than one equivalent of isoLG can induce COX-associated oligomerization of the amyloid peptide Aβ1-42. Adduction of isoLGE2 to phosphatidylethanolamines causes gain of function, converting them into proinflammatory isoLGE2-PE agonists that foster monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Among the remaining questions on the biochemistry of isoLGs are the dependence of biological activity on isoLG isomer structure, the structures and mechanism of isoLG-derived protein-protein and DNA-protein cross-link formation, and its biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wenzhao Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Guo L, Chen Z, Amarnath V, Yancey PG, Van Lenten BJ, Savage JR, Fazio S, Linton MF, Davies SS. Isolevuglandin-type lipid aldehydes induce the inflammatory response of macrophages by modifying phosphatidylethanolamines and activating the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1633-45. [PMID: 25751734 PMCID: PMC4485367 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Increased lipid peroxidation occurs in many conditions associated with inflammation. Because lipid peroxidation produces lipid aldehydes that can induce inflammatory responses through unknown mechanisms, elucidating these mechanisms may lead to development of better treatments for inflammatory diseases. We recently demonstrated that exposure of cultured cells to lipid aldehydes such as isolevuglandins (IsoLG) results in the modification of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). We therefore sought to determine (i) whether PE modification by isolevuglandins (IsoLG-PE) occurred in vivo, (ii) whether IsoLG-PE stimulated the inflammatory responses of macrophages, and (iii) the identity of receptors mediating the inflammatory effects of IsoLG-PE. RESULTS IsoLG-PE levels were elevated in plasma of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and in the livers of mice fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity and hepatosteatosis. IsoLG-PE potently stimulated nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation and expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. The effects of IsoLG-PE were blocked by the soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (sRAGE) and by RAGE antagonists. Furthermore, macrophages derived from the bone marrow of Ager null mice failed to express inflammatory cytokines in response to IsoLG-PE to the same extent as macrophages from wild-type mice. INNOVATION These studies are the first to identify IsoLG-PE as a mediator of macrophage activation and a specific receptor, RAGE, which mediates its biological effects. CONCLUSION PE modification by IsoLG forms RAGE ligands that activate macrophages, so that the increased IsoLG-PE generated by high circulating cholesterol levels or high-fat diet may play a role in the inflammation associated with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilu Guo
- 1Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zhongyi Chen
- 1Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Patricia G Yancey
- 3Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brian J Van Lenten
- 4Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Sergio Fazio
- 6Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - MacRae F Linton
- 3Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee.,7Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sean S Davies
- 1Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee.,7Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee.,8Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee
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Sidorova TN, Yermalitskaya LV, Mace LC, Wells KS, Boutaud O, Prinsen JK, Davies SS, Roberts LJ, Dikalov SI, Glabe CG, Amarnath V, Barnett JV, Murray KT. Reactive γ-ketoaldehydes promote protein misfolding and preamyloid oligomer formation in rapidly-activated atrial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 79:295-302. [PMID: 25463275 PMCID: PMC4302000 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid activation causes remodeling of atrial myocytes resembling that which occurs in experimental and human atrial fibrillation (AF). Using this cellular model, we previously observed transcriptional upregulation of proteins implicated in protein misfolding and amyloidosis. For organ-specific amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease, preamyloid oligomers (PAOs) are now recognized to be the primary cytotoxic species. In the setting of oxidative stress, highly-reactive lipid-derived mediators known as γ-ketoaldehydes (γ-KAs) have been identified that rapidly adduct proteins and cause PAO formation for amyloid β1-42 implicated in Alzheimer's. We hypothesized that rapid activation of atrial cells triggers oxidative stress with lipid peroxidation and formation of γ-KAs, which then rapidly crosslink proteins to generate PAOs. To investigate this hypothesis, rapidly-paced and control, spontaneously-beating atrial HL-1 cells were probed with a conformation-specific antibody recognizing PAOs. Rapid stimulation of atrial cells caused the generation of cytosolic PAOs along with a myocyte stress response (e.g., transcriptional upregulation of Nppa and Hspa1a), both of which were absent in control, unpaced cells. Rapid activation also caused the formation of superoxide and γ-KA adducts in atriomyocytes, while direct exposure of cells to γ-KAs resulted in PAO production. Increased cytosolic atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and the generation of ANP oligomers with exposure to γ-KAs and rapid atrial HL-1 cell stimulation, strongly suggest a role for ANP in PAO formation. Salicylamine (SA) is a small molecule scavenger of γ-KAs that can protect proteins from modification by these reactive compounds. PAO formation and transcriptional remodeling were inhibited when cells were stimulated in the presence of SA, but not with the antioxidant curcumin, which is incapable of scavenging γ-KAs. These results demonstrate that γ-KAs promote protein misfolding and PAO formation as a component of the atrial cell stress response to rapid activation, and they provide a potential mechanistic link between oxidative stress and atrial cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Sidorova
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Liudmila V Yermalitskaya
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lisa C Mace
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K Sam Wells
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Olivier Boutaud
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph K Prinsen
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sean S Davies
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L Jackson Roberts
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sergey I Dikalov
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Venkataraman Amarnath
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Davies SS, Guo L. Lipid peroxidation generates biologically active phospholipids including oxidatively N-modified phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 181:1-33. [PMID: 24704586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidation of membranes and lipoproteins converts "inert" phospholipids into a plethora of oxidatively modified phospholipids (oxPL) that can act as signaling molecules. In this review, we will discuss four major classes of oxPL: mildly oxygenated phospholipids, phospholipids with oxidatively truncated acyl chains, phospholipids with cyclized acyl chains, and phospholipids that have been oxidatively N-modified on their headgroups by reactive lipid species. For each class of oxPL we will review the chemical mechanisms of their formation, the evidence for their formation in biological samples, the biological activities and signaling pathways associated with them, and the catabolic pathways for their elimination. We will end by briefly highlighting some of the critical questions that remain about the role of oxPL in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States.
| | - Lilu Guo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States
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Guo L, Gragg SD, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Amarnath V, Davies SS. Isolevuglandin-modified phosphatidylethanolamine is metabolized by NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3151-7. [PMID: 24018423 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid aldehydes including isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) and 4-hydroxynonenal modify phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to form proinflammatory and cytotoxic adducts. Therefore, cells may have evolved mechanisms to degrade and prevent accumulation of these potentially harmful compounds. To test if cells could degrade isolevuglandin-modified phosphatidylethanolamine (IsoLG-PE), we generated IsoLG-PE in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and human umbilical cord endothelial cells and measured its stability over time. We found that IsoLG-PE levels decreased more than 75% after 6 h, suggesting that IsoLG-PE was indeed degraded. Because N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) has been described as a key enzyme in the hydrolysis of N-acyl phosphatidylethanoamine (NAPE) and both NAPE and IsoLG-PE have large aliphatic headgroups, we considered the possibility that this enzyme might also hydrolyze IsoLG-PE. We found that knockdown of NAPE-PLD expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly increased the persistence of IsoLG-PE in HEK293 cells. IsoLG-PE competed with NAPE for hydrolysis by recombinant mouse NAPE-PLD, with the catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(m)) for hydrolysis of IsoLG-PE being 30% of that for hydrolysis of NAPE. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed that recombinant NAPE-PLD hydrolyzed IsoLG-PE to IsoLG-ethanolamine. These results demonstrate that NAPE-PLD contributes to the degradation of IsoLG-PE and suggest that a major physiological role of NAPE-PLD may be to degrade aldehyde-modified PE, thereby preventing the accumulation of these harmful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilu Guo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, and
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Davies SS, Bodine C, Matafonova E, Pantazides BG, Bernoud-Hubac N, Harrison FE, Olson SJ, Montine TJ, Amarnath V, Roberts LJ. Treatment with a γ-ketoaldehyde scavenger prevents working memory deficits in hApoE4 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 27:49-59. [PMID: 21709376 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Both inflammation and oxidative injury are features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the contribution of these intertwined phenomena to the loss of working memory in this disease is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that highly reactive γ-ketoaldehydes that are formed both by non-enzymatic free radical catalyzed lipid peroxidation and by cyclooxygenases may be causally linked to the development of memory impairment in AD. We found that levels of γ-ketoaldehyde protein adducts were increased in the hippocampus of brains obtained postmortem from patients with AD compared to age-matched controls, but that levels of γ-ketoaldehyde protein adducts in the cerebellum were not different in the two groups. Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed that adducts localized to hippocampal pyramidal neurons. We tested the effect of an orally available γ-ketoaldehyde scavenger, salicylamine, on the development of spatial working memory deficits in hApoE4 targeted replacement mice, a mouse model of dementia. Long-term salicylamine supplementation did not significantly alter body weight or survival, but protected against the development of age-related deficits in spatial working memory in 12-14 month old ApoE4 mice. These findings suggest that γ-ketoaldehyde adduct formation is associated with damage to hippocampal neurons in patients with AD and can contribute to the pathogenesis of spatial working memory deficits in hApoE4 mice. These data provide a rational basis for future studies exploring whether γ-ketoaldehyde scavengers may mitigate the development of cognitive dysfunction in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.
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Sultana R. Ferulic acid ethyl ester as a potential therapy in neurodegenerative disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:748-52. [PMID: 22064438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the onset, progression and pathogenesis of a number of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. It is critical to develop a pharmacological approach to combat oxidative stress which may reduce the risk of diseases and help in promoting healthy life. In an attempt to reduce the side effects associated with allopathic medicines a number of studies are now focusing on developing treatment regimens from naturally occurring plant products. In this review, the protective role of ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) (FA), a naturally occurring antioxidant compound found in fruit, some vegetables, and grains, and its ethyl ester derivative are discussed with respect to neurodegeneration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA.
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43
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Reed TT. Lipid peroxidation and neurodegenerative disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1302-19. [PMID: 21782935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is a complex process involving the interaction of oxygen-derived free radicals with polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a variety of highly reactive electrophilic aldehydes. Since 1975, lipid peroxidation has been extensively studied in a variety of organisms. As neurodegenerative diseases became better understood, research establishing a link between this form of oxidative damage, neurodegeneration, and disease has provided a wealth of knowledge to the scientific community. With the advent of proteomics in 1995, the identification of biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders became of paramount importance to better understand disease pathogenesis and develop potential therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the relationship between lipid peroxidation and neurodegenerative diseases. It also demonstrates how findings in current research support the common themes of altered energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanea T Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA.
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44
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Zhang M, Li W, Li T. Generation and detection of levuglandins and isolevuglandins in vitro and in vivo. Molecules 2011; 16:5333-48. [PMID: 21705973 PMCID: PMC6264246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16075333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins (isoLGs), formed by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through the cyclooxygenase and free radical induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are extraordinarily reactive, forming covalent adducts incorporating protein lysyl ε-amino groups. Because they accumulate, these adducts provide a dosimeter of oxidative injury. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the generation of LG/isoLG in vitro and in vivo and the detection methods for the adducts of LG/isoLG and biological molecules in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mail: (M.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA; E-Mail: (W.L.)
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +86-278-374-6960
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Zheng J, Bizzozero OA. Decreased activity of the 20S proteasome in the brain white matter and gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2011; 117:143-53. [PMID: 21235577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbonylated (oxidized) proteins are known to accumulate in the cerebral white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although oxidative stress is necessary for carbonyl generation, it is the failure of the degradation systems that ultimately leads to the build-up of carbonylated proteins within tissues. In this study, we measured the activity of the 20S proteasome and other proteolytic systems in the cerebral WM and GM of 13 MS patients and 13 controls. We report that the activities of the three peptidases of the 20S proteasome (i.e. chymotrypsin-like, caspase-like and trypsin-like) in both MS-WM and MS-GM are greatly reduced. Interestingly, neither the amount of proteasome nor the levels of the catalytic subunits (β1, β2, and β5) are diminished in this disease. Proteins containing Lys-48 poly-ubiquitin also accumulate in MS tissues, indicating failure of the 26S proteasome as well. Levels of the regulatory caps 11S α and 19S are also lower in MS than in controls, suggesting that the activity of the more complex proteasomes may be reduced further. Finally, the activities of other proteases that might also remove oxidized proteins (calpain, cathepsin B, mitochondrial LonP) are not lessened in MS. Together, these studies suggest that direct inactivation of proteolytic centers in the 20S particle and/or the presence of specific inhibitors is the underlying cause of proteasomal dysfunction in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Zheng J, Bizzozero OA. Reduced proteasomal activity contributes to the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1556-67. [PMID: 20950414 PMCID: PMC2996488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that several carbonylated proteins, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, β-actin and β-tubulin, accumulate within cerebellar astrocytes during the chronic phase of myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35-55) peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice. As protein carbonyls cannot be repaired and there is less oxidative stress in chronic than in acute EAE, we hypothesized that the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in these animals may be due to a defect in the degradation of the modified proteins. Alternatively, oxidized proteins in chronic EAE mice may be more resistant to proteolysis. Using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated astrocytes and several protease inhibitors we identified the 20S proteasome as the proteolytic system responsible for the elimination of most oxidized proteins. We also discovered that the chymotrysin-like and caspase-like activities of the 20S proteasome are impaired in chronic EAE, while the amount of proteasome was unchanged. Proteasome failure in these animals was confirmed by the build-up of ubiquitinated proteins, mostly within astrocytes. In a cell-free system, carbonylated proteins from EAE mice with acute and chronic disease seem to be equally sensitive to proteasomal degradation. Altogether, the results support the notion that diminished activity of the 20S proteasome is a major contributor to the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in astrocytes of chronic EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico - Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Stavrovskaya IG, Baranov SV, Guo X, Davies SS, Roberts LJ, Kristal BS. Reactive gamma-ketoaldehydes formed via the isoprostane pathway disrupt mitochondrial respiration and calcium homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:567-79. [PMID: 20472054 PMCID: PMC2903647 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Isoketals (IsoKs) are gamma-ketoaldehydes formed via the isoprostane pathway of arachidonic acid peroxidation and are among the most reactive by-products of lipid peroxidation. IsoKs selectively adduct to protein lysine residues and are highly cytotoxic, but the targets and molecular events involved in IsoK-induced cell death are poorly defined. Our previous work established that physiologically relevant aldehydes induce mitochondrial dysfunction (Kristal et al., J. Biol. Chem.271:6033-6038; 1996). We therefore examined whether IsoKs induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Incubation of mitochondria with synthetic IsoKs in the presence or absence of Ca(2+) was associated with alterations in mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential (DeltaPsi), and pyridine nucleotide redox state. IsoKs dose dependently (0.5-4microM) accelerated liver mitochondria swelling induced by low concentrations of Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) or by the prooxidant tert-butylhydroperoxide, and release of cytochrome c, with similar observations in heart/brain mitochondria. The mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) inhibitor cyclosporine A delayed IsoK-induced mitochondria dysfunction. The actions of IsoKs are consistent with interactions with cytochrome c, a protein rich in lysine residues. Direct reaction of IsoKs with select lysines in cytochrome c was demonstrated using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Overall, these results suggest that IsoKs may, in part, mediate their cytotoxic effects through induction of the mPT and subsequent activation of downstream cell death cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G. Stavrovskaya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Rm. LM322, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - Sergei V. Baranov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Rm. LM322, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Rm. LM322, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - Sean S. Davies
- Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 27232
| | | | - Bruce S. Kristal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Rm. LM322, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
- Address correspondence to: Bruce S. Kristal, Ph.D, 221 Longwood Ave, Rm. LM322, Boston, MA 02115. Fax: 617-264-6862;
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Determination of the Pharmacokinetics and Oral Bioavailability of Salicylamine, a Potent γ-Ketoaldehyde Scavenger, by LC/MS/MS. Pharmaceutics 2010; 2:18-29. [PMID: 21822464 PMCID: PMC3150493 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics2010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of reactive γ-ketoaldehydes derived from arachidonate increase in diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative injury. To assess the biological importance of these γ-ketoaldehydes, we previously identified salicylamine as an effective γ-ketoaldehyde scavenger in vitro and in cells. To determine if salicylamine could be administered in vivo, we developed an LC/MS/MS assay to measure salicylamine in plasma and tissues. In mice, half-life (t1/2) was 62 minutes. Drinking water supplementation (1-10 g/L) generated tissue concentrations (10-500 μM) within the range previously shown to inhibit γ-ketoaldehydes in cells. Therefore, oral administration of salicylamine can be used to assess the contribution of γ-ketoaldehydes in animal models of disease.
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Roychowdhury S, McMullen MR, Pritchard MT, Li W, Salomon RG, Nagy LE. Formation of gamma-ketoaldehyde-protein adducts during ethanol-induced liver injury in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1526-38. [PMID: 19616618 PMCID: PMC2783279 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol metabolism promotes the formation of a variety of reactive aldehydes in the liver. These aldehydes can rapidly form covalent protein adducts. Accumulating evidence indicates that these protein adducts may contribute to ethanol-mediated liver injury. Overproduction of gamma-ketoaldehydes, levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins, is implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases. gamma-Ketoaldehydes can form protein adducts orders of magnitude more quickly than 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) or malondialdehyde. We hypothesized that ethanol-induced oxidative stress in vivo results in overproduction of LGE(2)- and iso[4]LGE(2)-protein adducts in mouse liver. Female C57BL/6 mice were allowed free access to an ethanol-containing diet for up to 39 days or pair-fed control diets. Pathological markers of ethanol-induced hepatic injury including serum alanine aminotransferase, hepatic triglyceride, and CYP2E1 were elevated in response to ethanol feeding. Ethanol-induced formation of iso[4]LGE(2)-, LGE(2)-, and 4-HNE-protein adducts in mouse liver was dependent on both dose and duration of ethanol feeding. Deficiency of cyclooxygenase 1 or 2 did not prevent ethanol-induced iso[4]LGE(2) or LGE(2) adducts in the liver, but adduct formation was reduced in both TNFR1- and CYP2E1-deficient mice. In summary, ethanol feeding enhanced gamma-ketoaldehyde-protein adduct production via a TNFR1/CYP2E1-dependent, but cyclooxygenase-independent, mechanism in mouse liver.
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Sullivan CB, Matafonova E, Roberts LJ, Amarnath V, Davies SS. Isoketals form cytotoxic phosphatidylethanolamine adducts in cells. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:999-1009. [PMID: 19965577 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Levuglandins and their stereo- and regio-isomers (termed isolevuglandins or isoketals) are gamma-ketoaldehydes (IsoK) that rapidly react with lysines to form stable protein adducts. IsoK protein adduct levels increase in several pathological conditions including cardiovascular disease. IsoKs can induce ion channel dysfunction and cell death, potentially by adducting to cellular proteins. However, IsoKs also adduct to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in vitro, and whether PE adducts form in cells or contribute to the effects of IsoKs is unknown. When radiolabeled IsoK was added to HEK293 cells, 40% of the radiolabel extracted into the chloroform lower phase suggesting the possible formation of PE adducts. We therefore developed methods to measure IsoK-PE adducts in cells. IsoK-PE was quantified by LC/MS/MS after hydrolysis to IsoK-ethanolamine by Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D. In HEK293 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), IsoK dose-dependently increased PE adduct concentrations to a greater extent than protein adduct. To test the biological significance of IsoK-PE formation, we treated HUVEC with IsoK-PE. IsoK-PE dose dependently induced cytotoxicity (LC(50) 2.2 muM). These results indicate that cellular PE is a significant target of IsoKs, and that formation of PE adducts may mediate some of the biological effects of IsoKs relevant to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blake Sullivan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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