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Pesau G, Zierfuss B, Hoebaus C, Koppensteiner R, Schernthaner GH. Serum Trefoil Factor-3 Predicts Survival in Peripheral Artery Disease. Angiology 2024:33197241230973. [PMID: 38312093 DOI: 10.1177/00033197241230973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) has been studied in processes leading to atherosclerosis. Data are scarce in manifest disease and missing in peripheral artery disease (PAD). This study aims to elucidate TFF3 with disease stages, degrees of atherosclerosis, and outcomes. TFF3 was measured in serum in 364 PAD patients without critical limb ischemia and mild to moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mortality data were retrieved from the Austrian central death registry (median observation 9.6 years). Survival analyses were performed using Cox regression and the Kaplan-Meier method. A negative association between ankle-brachial index and TFF3 (P < .001) was observed, while levels were similar in asymptomatic and symptomatic PAD. TFF3 increased with history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (P < .001). TTF3 was associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (R = -0.617, P < .001) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (R = 0.229, P < .001). One SD increase in TFF3 showed a worsening in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.68, CI 1.37-2.05) which persisted after multiple adjustment for cardiovascular risk, inflammatory, and angiogenetic markers (hazard ratio 1.35, CI 1.01-1.81). This study is the first to link TFF3 with both disease markers and outcomes in PAD. TFF3 demonstrated associations with renal function, PAD severity measured by ankle-brachial index, and additional atherosclerotic burden in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerfried Pesau
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Zierfuss
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Hoebaus
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerit-Holger Schernthaner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Bhardwaj V, Zhang X, Pandey V, Garg M. Neo-vascularization-based therapeutic perspectives in advanced ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188888. [PMID: 37001618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The process of angiogenesis is well described for its potential role in the development of normal ovaries, and physiological functions as well as in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of ovarian cancer (OC). In advanced stages of OC, cancer cells spread outside the ovary to the pelvic, abdomen, lung, or multiple secondary sites. This seriously limits the efficacy of therapeutic options contributing to fatal clinical outcomes. Notably, a variety of angiogenic effectors are produced by the tumor cells to initiate angiogenic processes leading to the development of new blood vessels, which provide essential resources for tumor survival, dissemination, and dormant micro-metastasis of tumor cells. Multiple proangiogenic effectors and their signaling axis have been discovered and functionally characterized for potential clinical utility in OC. In this review, we have provided the current updates on classical and emerging proangiogenic effectors, their signaling axis, and the immune microenvironment contributing to the pathogenesis of OC. Moreover, we have comprehensively reviewed and discussed the significance of the preclinical strategies, drug repurposing, and clinical trials targeting the angiogenic processes that hold promising perspectives for the better management of patients with OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Bhardwaj
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Bioengineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Bioengineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201301, India.
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Lin Z, Wan X, Zhang T, Huo H, Zhang X, Li K, Bei W, Guo J, Yang Y. Trefoil factor 3: New highlights in chronic kidney disease research. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110470. [PMID: 36122885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3, also known as intestinal trefoil factor) is a small-molecule peptide containing a typical trefoil structure. TFF3 has several biological effects, such as wound healing, immune regulation, neuroprotection, and cell migration and proliferation promotion. Although TFF3 binding sites were identified in rat kidneys more than a decade ago, the specific effects of this small-molecule peptide on kidneys remain unclear. Until recently, much of the research on TFF3 in the kidney field has focused exclusively on its role as a biomarker. Notably, a large prospective randomized study of patients with 29 common clinical diseases revealed that chronic kidney disease (CKD) was associated with the highest serum TFF3 levels, which were 3-fold higher than in acute gastroenteritis, which had the second-highest levels. Examination of each stage of CKD revealed that urine and serum TFF3 levels significantly increased with the progression of CKD. These results suggest that the role of TFF3 in CKD needs further research. The present review summarizes the renal physiological expression, biological functions, and downstream signaling of TFF3, as well as the upstream events that lead to high expression of TFF3 in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Wan
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunping Li
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Bei
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Science and Technology Building, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega, Guangzhou, China.
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Bucheli JEV, Todorov SD, Holzapfel WH. Role of gastrointestinal microbial populations, a terra incognita of the human body in the management of intestinal bowel disease and metabolic disorders. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:295-318. [PMID: 35866598 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated clinical condition that affects the gastrointestinal tract and is mediated by an inflammatory response. Although it has been extensively studied, the multifactorial aetiology of this disorder makes it difficult to fully understand all the involved mechanisms in its development and therefore its treatment. In recent years, the fundamental role played by the human microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD has been emphasised. Microbial imbalances in the gut bacterial communities and a lower species diversity in patients suffering from inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders compared to healthy individuals have been reported as principal factors in the development of IBD. These served to support scientific arguments for the use of probiotic microorganisms in alternative approaches for the prevention and treatment of IBD. In a homeostatic environment, the presence of bacteria (including probiotics) on the intestinal epithelial surface activates a cascade of processes by which immune responses inhibited and thereby commensal organisms maintained. At the same time these processes may support activities against specific pathogenic bacteria. In dysbiosis, these underlying mechanisms will serve to provoke a proinflammatory response, that, in combination with the use of antibiotics and the genetic predisposition of the host, will culminate in the development of IBD. In this review, we summarised the main causes of IBD, the physiological mechanisms involved and the related bacterial groups most frequently associated with these processes. The intention was to enable a better understanding of the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the host, and to suggest possibilities by which this knowledge can be useful for the development of new therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Vazquez Bucheli
- Human Effective Microbes, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - S D Todorov
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - W H Holzapfel
- Human Effective Microbes, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37554, Republic of Korea
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Minegishi K, Dobashi Y, Tsubochi H, Hagiwara K, Ishibashi Y, Nomura S, Nakamura R, Ohmoto Y, Endo S. TFF-1 Functions to Suppress Multiple Phenotypes Associated with Lung Cancer Progression. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4761-4777. [PMID: 34531663 PMCID: PMC8439977 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s322697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trefoil Factor (TFF) is a member of a protein family comprised of three isoforms, of which TFF-1 exhibits antithetical functions; promotion or suppression of cell proliferation, survival and invasion, depending on the cancer type. However, the pathobiological function of TFF-1 in lung carcinoma has been still unclear. Methods We examined the expression and secretion of TFF-1 using cultured human lung carcinoma cells by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. The effects of TFF-1 on various phenotypes were analyzed in two cell lines, including those transfected with cDNA encoding TFF-1. Cell proliferation and death were examined by hemocytometer cell counting and by colorimetric viability/cytotoxicity assay. Cell cycle profile, migration and invasion were also examined by flow cytometry, wound healing assay and Matrigel Transwell assay, respectively. The effect of TFF-1 overexpression was confirmed by additional transfection of TFF-1-specific siRNA. Results Endogenous TFF-1 protein expression and secretion into the media were observed exclusively in adenocarcinoma-derived cell lines. Forced overexpression of TFF-1 drove cell cycle transition, while the proliferation decreased by 19% to 25% due to increased cell death. This cell death was predominantly caused by apoptosis, as assessed by the activation of caspase 3/7. Cell migration was also suppressed by 71% to 82% in TFF-1-transfected cells. The suppressive effect of TFF-1 on proliferation and migration was restored by transfection of TFF-1 siRNA. Moreover, invasion was also suppressed to 77% to 83% in TFF-1-transfected cells. Conclusion These findings reveal that TFF-1 functions as a suppressor of cancer proliferation by induction of apoptosis, cell migration and invasion and thus may provide a synergistic target for potential treatment strategies for human lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Minegishi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoh Dobashi
- Department of Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Tsubochi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koichi Hagiwara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishibashi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Breast Surgery, Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Nomura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Nakamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Ohmoto
- Tokushima University Industry-University R&D Startup Leading Institute, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Endo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Peng Z, Chang Y, Fan J, Ji W, Su C. Phospholipase A2 superfamily in cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 497:165-177. [PMID: 33080311 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 enzymes (PLA2s) comprise a superfamily that is generally divided into six subfamilies known as cytosolic PLA2s (cPLA2s), calcium-independent PLA2s (iPLA2s), secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s), lysosomal PLA2s, platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolases, and adipose specific PLA2s. Each subfamily consists of several isozymes that possess PLA2 activity. The first three PLA2 subfamilies play important roles in inflammation-related diseases and cancer. In this review, the roles of well-studied enzymes sPLA2-IIA, cPLA2α and iPLA2β in carcinogenesis and cancer development were discussed. sPLA2-IIA seems to play conflicting roles and can act as a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter according to the cancer type, but cPLA2α and iPLA2β play protumorigenic role in most cancers. The mechanisms of PLA2-mediated signal transduction and crosstalk between cancer cells and endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment are described. Moreover, the mechanisms by which PLA2s mediate lipid reprogramming and glycerophospholipid remodeling in cancer cells are illustrated. PLA2s as the upstream regulators of the arachidonic acid cascade are generally high expressed and activated in various cancers. Therefore, they can be considered as potential pharmacological targets and biomarkers in cancer. The detailed information summarized in this review may aid in understanding the roles of PLA2s in cancer, and provide new clues for the development of novel agents and strategies for tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxiao Peng
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital & National Center for Liver Cancer, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Yanxin Chang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery IV, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Jianhui Fan
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Weidan Ji
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital & National Center for Liver Cancer, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Changqing Su
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital & National Center for Liver Cancer, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Hoffmann W. Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Diverse Molecular Functions in Mucus Barrier Protection and More: Changing the Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124535. [PMID: 32630599 PMCID: PMC7350206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family peptides (TFF1, TFF2, TFF3) are typically co-secreted together with mucins. Tff1 represents a gastric tumor suppressor gene in mice. TFFs are also synthesized in minute amounts in the immune and central nervous systems. In mucous epithelia, they support rapid repair by enhancing cell migration ("restitution") via their weak chemotactic and anti-apoptotic effects. For a long time, as a paradigm, this was considered as their major biological function. Within recent years, the formation of disulfide-linked heterodimers was documented for TFF1 and TFF3, e.g., with gastrokine-2 and IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP). Furthermore, lectin activities were recognized as enabling binding to a lipopolysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori (TFF1, TFF3) or to a carbohydrate moiety of the mucin MUC6 (TFF2). Only recently, gastric TFF1 was demonstrated to occur predominantly in monomeric forms with an unusual free thiol group. Thus, a new picture emerged, pointing to diverse molecular functions for TFFs. Monomeric TFF1 might protect the gastric mucosa as a scavenger for extracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Whereas, the TFF2/MUC6 complex stabilizes the inner layer of the gastric mucus. In contrast, the TFF3-FCGBP heterodimer (and also TFF1-FCGBP) are likely part of the innate immune defense of mucous epithelia, preventing the infiltration of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Jahan R, Shah A, Kisling SG, Macha MA, Thayer S, Batra SK, Kaur S. Odyssey of trefoil factors in cancer: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188362. [PMID: 32298747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3 (TFFs) are a family of small secretory molecules involved in the protection and repair of the gastrointestinal tract (GI). TFFs maintain and restore epithelial structural integrity via transducing key signaling pathways for epithelial cell migration, proliferation, and invasion. In recent years, TFFs have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, especially cancer. Initially recognized as tumor suppressors, emerging evidence demonstrates their key role in tumor progression and metastasis, extending their actions beyond protection. However, to date, a comprehensive understanding of TFFs' mechanism of action in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis remains obscure. The present review discusses the structural, functional and mechanistic implications of all three TFF family members in tumor progression and metastasis. Also, we have garnered information from studies on their structure and expression status in different organs, along with lessons from their specific knockout in mouse models. In addition, we highlight the emerging potential of using TFFs as a biomarker to stratify tumors for better therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ashu Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sophia G Kisling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India -191201
| | - Sarah Thayer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA.
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Lu L, Chen H, Hao D, Zhang X, Wang F. The functions and applications of A7R in anti-angiogenic therapy, imaging and drug delivery systems. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 14:595-608. [PMID: 32104486 PMCID: PMC7032227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) are two prominent antiangiogenic targets. They are highly expressed on vascular endothelial cells and some tumor cells. Therefore, targeting VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 may be a potential antiangiogenic and antitumor strategy. A7R, a peptide with sequence of Ala-Thr-Trp-Leu-Pro-Pro-Arg that was found by phage display of peptide libraries, can preferentially target VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 and destroy the binding between vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) and VEGFR-2 or NRP-1. This peptide is a new potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and a targeting ligand for cancer therapy. This review describes the discovery, function and mechanism of the action of A7R, and further introduces the applications of A7R in antitumor angiogenic treatments, tumor angiogenesis imaging and targeted drug delivery systems. In this review, strategies to deliver different drugs by A7R-modified liposomes and nanoparticles are highlighted. A7R, a new dual targeting ligand of VEGFR-2 and NRP-1, is expected to have efficient therapeutic or targeting roles in tumor drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hongyuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong University Affiliated Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Dake Hao
- Department of Surgery, UC Davis Health Medical Center, Sacramento 95817, USA
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Inhibition of TFF3 Enhances Sensitivity-and Overcomes Acquired Resistance-to Doxorubicin in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Mammary Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101528. [PMID: 31658702 PMCID: PMC6826976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dose-dependent toxicity and acquired resistance are two major challenges limiting the efficacious treatment of mammary carcinoma (MC) with doxorubicin. Herein, we investigated the function of Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3) in the sensitivity and acquired resistance of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MC cells to doxorubicin. Doxorubicin treatment of ER+MC cells increased TFF3 expression. The depletion of TFF3 by siRNA or inhibition with a small molecule TFF3 inhibitor (AMPC) synergistically enhanced the efficacy of doxorubicin in ER+MC through the suppression of doxorubicin-induced AKT activation and enhancement of doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Elevated expression of TFF3 and increased activation of AKT were also observed using a model of acquired doxorubicin resistance in ER+MC cells. AMPC partially re-sensitized the doxorubicin resistant cells to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Indeed, doxorubicin resistant ER + MC cells exhibited increased sensitivity to AMPC as a single agent compared to doxorubicin sensitive cells. In vivo, AMPC attenuated growth of doxorubicin sensitive ER+MC xenografts whereas it produced regression of xenografts generated by doxorubicin resistant ER+MC cells. Hence, TFF3 inhibition may improve the efficacy and reduce required doses of doxorubicin in ER+MC. Moreover, inhibition of TFF3 may also be an effective therapeutic strategy to eradicate doxorubicin resistant ER+MC.
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Fabisiak A, Bartoszek A, Kardas G, Fabisiak N, Fichna J. Possible application of trefoil factor family peptides in gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett's esophagus. Peptides 2019; 115:27-31. [PMID: 30831146 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disorder of the digestive tract characterised mainly by a heartburn. Being one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, the prevalence of GERD reaches up to 25.9% in Europe. Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an acquired condition characterized by the replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium with metaplastic columnar epithelium. BE is believed to develop mainly from chronic GERD and is the most important risk factor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Despite the availability of drugs such as proton pomp inhibitors and antacids, GERD is still a burden to local economy and impairs health-related quality of life in patients. Also, the endoscopic surveillance in patients with BE is burdensome and expensive what drives the need for biomarker of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Trefoil factor family (TFF), consisting of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 peptides is gaining more and more attention due to its unique biochemical features and numerous functions. In this review the role of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 as potential treatment option and/or biomarker in the upper GI tract is discussed with particular focus on GERD and BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Fabisiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Bartoszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kardas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Fabisiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Military Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Allaire JM, Morampudi V, Crowley SM, Stahl M, Yu H, Bhullar K, Knodler LA, Bressler B, Jacobson K, Vallance BA. Frontline defenders: goblet cell mediators dictate host-microbe interactions in the intestinal tract during health and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G360-G377. [PMID: 29122749 PMCID: PMC5899238 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00181.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells (GCs) are the predominant secretory epithelial cells lining the luminal surface of the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Best known for their apical release of mucin 2 (Muc2), which is critical for the formation of the intestinal mucus barrier, GCs have often been overlooked for their active contributions to intestinal protection and host defense. In part, this oversight reflects the limited tools available to study their function but also because GCs have long been viewed as relatively passive players in promoting intestinal homeostasis and host defense. In light of recent studies, this perspective has shifted, as current evidence suggests that Muc2 as well as other GC mediators are actively released into the lumen to defend the host when the GI tract is challenged by noxious stimuli. The ability of GCs to sense and respond to danger signals, such as bacterial pathogens, has recently been linked to inflammasome signaling, potentially intrinsic to the GCs themselves. Moreover, further work suggests that GCs release Muc2, as well as other mediators, to modulate the composition of the gut microbiome, leading to both the expansion as well as the depletion of specific gut microbes. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which GCs actively defend the host from noxious stimuli, as well as describe advanced technologies and new approaches by which their responses can be addressed. Taken together, we will highlight current insights into this understudied, yet critical, aspect of intestinal mucosal protection and its role in promoting gut defense and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannie M. Allaire
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vijay Morampudi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shauna M. Crowley
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Stahl
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongbing Yu
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirandeep Bhullar
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leigh A. Knodler
- 2Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Brian Bressler
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Zou J, Chen Z, Liang C, Fu Y, Wei X, Lu J, Pan M, Guo Y, Liao X, Xie H, Wu D, Li M, Liang L, Wang P, Wang Q. Trefoil Factor 3, Cholinesterase and Homocysteine: Potential Predictors for Parkinson's Disease Dementia and Vascular Parkinsonism Dementia in Advanced Stage. Aging Dis 2018; 9:51-65. [PMID: 29392081 PMCID: PMC5772858 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), cholinesterase activity (ChE activity) and homocysteine (Hcy) play critical roles in modulating recognition, learning and memory in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and vascular parkinsonism with dementia (VPD). However, whether they can be used as reliable predictors to evaluate the severity and progression of PDD and VPD remains largely unknown. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study that included 92 patients with PDD, 82 patients with VPD and 80 healthy controls. Serum levels of TFF3, ChE activity and Hcy were measured. Several scales were used to rate the severity of PDD and VPD. Receivers operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to map the diagnostic accuracy of PDD and VPD patients compared to healthy subjects. RESULTS Compared with healthy subjects, the serum levels of TFF3 and ChE activity were lower, while Hcy was higher in the PDD and VPD patients. These findings were especially prominent in male patients. The three biomarkers displayed differences between PDD and VPD sub-groups based on genders and UPDRS (III) scores' distribution. Interestingly, these increased serum Hcy levels were significantly and inversely correlated with decreased TFF3/ChE activity levels. There were significant correlations between TFF3/ChE activity/Hcy levels and PDD/VPD severities, including motor dysfunction, declining cognition and mood/gastrointestinal symptoms. Additionally, ROC curves for the combination of TFF3, ChE activity and Hcy showed potential diagnostic value in discriminating PDD and VPD patients from healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that serum TFF3, ChE activity and Hcy levels may underlie the pathophysiological mechanisms of PDD and VPD. As the race to find biomarkers or predictors for these diseases intensifies, a better understanding of the roles of TFF3, ChE activity and Hcy may yield insights into the pathogenesis of PDD and VPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caiqian Liang
- 2Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Yongmei Fu
- 2Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | | | - Jianjun Lu
- 3Department of Neurology, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqiu Pan
- 3Department of Neurology, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Guo
- 4Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Xinxue Liao
- 4Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Huifang Xie
- 5Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Duobin Wu
- 5Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Min Li
- 6School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lihui Liang
- 7Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Penghua Wang
- 8Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, NY 10595, USA
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14
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Barron GA, Goua M, Wahle KWJ, Bermano G. Circulating levels of angiogenesis-related growth factors in breast cancer: A study to profile proteins responsible for tubule formation. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1886-1894. [PMID: 28714000 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study exploited a versatile in vitro endothelial cell/fibroblast co-culture cell system to investigate the association between angiogenesis and breast cancer by comparing the capacity of plasma from women with breast cancer and age-matched controls, to influence tubule formation and modulate angiogenesis in vitro, and to identify plasma circulating factors which might be responsible. Plasma from women with breast cancer (n=8) (added on day 7 after co-culture establishment) significantly increased tubule formation by 57% (P<0.01) when compared to cultures grown in culture medium lacking in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fetal bovine serum (FBS), whereas plasma from controls (n=8) did not. Higher levels of VEGF, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-6, but not leptin, were observed in plasma samples of the breast cancer group compared to the control group (n=20 in each group). In independent experiments, the effects of VEGF, TNFα, IL-6 and leptin were assessed and it was found that tubule formation was differentially affected whether these inflammatory cytokines or adipokines were added individually or in combination to the co-culture system. Using Proteome Profiler human angiogenesis array kits, 12 out of 55 angiogenesis-related proteins were differentially expressed in plasma from the breast cancer group compared to the control group. Pro-angiogenic proteins included: amphiregulin, artemin, coagulation factor III, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) acidic, GDNF, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, platelet derived growth factor-AB/platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-AB/PDGF-BB) and VEGF, whereas anti-angiogenic proteins were: angiopoietin-2, serpin F1 and serpin B5. In addition, FGF acidic was further identified as differentially expressed, with increased expression, when plasma samples from the normal and cancer groups, which induced an increase in tubule formation, were compared to one another. In conclusion, the present study identified angiogenesis-related proteins circulating in the serum of women with breast cancer that are likely to facilitate the growth and metastasis of breast cancer, in part through their influence on tubule formation, and, therefore, may be potential targets for new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma A Barron
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education (CORE), Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Marie Goua
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences (PALS), Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Klaus W J Wahle
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Giovanna Bermano
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education (CORE), Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB10 7GJ, UK
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15
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Xuan CF, Luo WS, Kang Y, Wang SY, Zhang X, Chen GZ. Pharmacology and clinical application of compound Qifang Weitong formula. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:584-588. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i7.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the pharmacology and clinical application of compound Qifang Weitong formula have shown that it can ameliorate inflammation-induced gastric mucosal injury, protect the gastric mucosa, improve the structure of regenerated tissue, promote gastric ulcer healing and regeneration, and inhibit gastric ulcer recurrence. Therefore, this formula can be used to treat gastric ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), CAG with atypical hyperplasia, irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia.
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16
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Endometriosis Leads to an Increased Trefoil Factor 3 Concentration in the Peritoneal Cavity but Does Not Alter Systemic Levels. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:258-267. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116653676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Thomsen KG, Lyng MB, Elias D, Vever H, Knoop AS, Lykkesfeldt AE, Lænkholm AV, Ditzel HJ. Gene expression alterations associated with outcome in aromatase inhibitor-treated ER+ early-stage breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154:483-94. [PMID: 26585578 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AI), either alone or together with chemotherapy, have become the standard adjuvant treatment for postmenopausal, estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Although AIs improve overall survival, resistance is still a major clinical problem, thus additional biomarkers predictive of outcome of ER+ breast cancer patients treated with AIs are needed. Global gene expression analysis was performed on ER+ primary breast cancers from patients treated with adjuvant AI monotherapy; half experienced recurrence (median follow-up 6.7 years). Gene expression alterations were validated by qRT-PCR, and functional studies evaluating the effect of siRNA-mediated gene knockdown on cell growth were performed. Twenty-six genes, including TFF3, DACH1, RGS5, and GHR, were shown to exhibit altered expression in tumors from patients with recurrence versus non-recurrent (fold change ≥1.5, p < 0.05), and the gene expression alterations were confirmed using qRT-PCR. Ten of these 26 genes could be linked in a network associated with cellular proliferation, growth, and development. TFF3, which encodes for trefoil factor 3 and is an estrogen-responsive oncogene shown to play a functional role in tamoxifen resistance and metastasis of ER+ breast cancer, was also shown to be upregulated in an AI-resistant cell line model, and reduction of TFF3 levels using TFF3-specific siRNAs decreased the growth of both the AI-resistant and -sensitive parental cell lines. Moreover, overexpression of TFF3 in parental AI-sensitive MCF-7/S0.5 cells resulted in reduced sensitivity to the AI exemestane, whereas TFF3 overexpression had no effect on growth in the absence of exemestane, indicating that TFF3 mediates growth and survival signals that abrogate the growth inhibitory effect of exemestane. We identified a panel of 26 genes exhibiting altered expression associated with disease recurrence in patients treated with adjuvant AI monotherapy, including TFF3, which was shown to exhibit a growth- and survival-promoting effect in the context of AI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina G Thomsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria B Lyng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Elias
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henriette Vever
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ann S Knoop
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne E Lykkesfeldt
- Breast Cancer Group, Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winslowsvej 25, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
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18
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Lau WH, Pandey V, Kong X, Wang XN, Wu Z, Zhu T, Lobie PE. Trefoil Factor-3 (TFF3) Stimulates De Novo Angiogenesis in Mammary Carcinoma both Directly and Indirectly via IL-8/CXCR2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141947. [PMID: 26559818 PMCID: PMC4641663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary carcinoma cells produce pro-angiogenic factors to stimulate angiogenesis and tumor growth. Trefoil factor-3 (TFF3) is an oncogene secreted from mammary carcinoma cells and associated with poor prognosis. Herein, we demonstrate that TFF3 produced in mammary carcinoma cells functions as a promoter of tumor angiogenesis. Forced expression of TFF3 in mammary carcinoma cells promoted proliferation, survival, invasion and in vitro tubule formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). MCF7-TFF3 cells with forced expression of TFF3 generated tumors with enhanced microvessel density as compared to tumors formed by vector control cells. Depletion of TFF3 in mammary carcinoma cells by siRNA concordantly decreased the angiogenic behavior of HUVEC. Forced expression of TFF3 in mammary carcinoma cells stimulated IL-8 transcription and subsequently enhanced IL-8 expression in both mammary carcinoma cells and HUVEC. Depletion of IL-8 in mammary carcinoma cells with forced expression of TFF3, or antibody inhibition of IL-8, partially abrogated mammary carcinoma cell TFF3-stimulated HUVEC angiogenic behavior in vitro, as did inhibition of the IL-8 receptor, CXCR2. Depletion of STAT3 by siRNA in MCF-7 cells with forced expression of TFF3 partially diminished the angiogenic capability of TFF3 on stimulation of cellular processes of HUVEC. Exogenous recombinant hTFF3 also directly promoted the angiogenic behavior of HUVEC. Hence, TFF3 is a potent angiogenic factor and functions as a promoter of de novo angiogenesis in mammary carcinoma, which may co-coordinate with the growth promoting and metastatic actions of TFF3 in mammary carcinoma to enhance tumor progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/blood supply
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Female
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Trefoil Factor-3
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Hoe Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiao-Nan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
| | - ZhengSheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- * E-mail: (PEL); (TZ)
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (PEL); (TZ)
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19
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Choudhary A, Smitha C, Suresh D. Trefoils: An unexplored natural protective shield of oral cavity. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2015; 5:226-31. [PMID: 26587385 PMCID: PMC4623889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The new mammalian growth factor peptide family consists of three peptides, TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3, which are secreted mainly from mucous epithelia with mucus gel. The predominant secretion of trefoil factor (TFF) occurs from gastric mucosal lining, small and large intestine, oral mucosal cells, and salivary glands. Research regarding trefoil factors is an immerging aspect in the dental field. The mucosal healing and restitution function describes about its novel role in case of chronic inflammatory conditions, but its expression from different tissue at different pathological condition shows its importance in immune response. At present, TFF expression has been detected from the severe periodontal diseased tissue samples. Future research from mild to moderate chronic periodontal diseased condition should be carried out to assess the protective response of TFF in gingival tissues. In future, assessment of TFF levels and its expression in oral mucosal tissues and oral secretions, such as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, will provide a negative biomarker for chronic periodontal diseases and a novel therapeutic agent in oral mucosal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Choudhary
- PG Student, Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, MMCDSR, Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - C.N. Smitha
- Professor, Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, MMCDSR, Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - D.K. Suresh
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, MMCDSR, Mullana, Ambala, India
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20
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Parazzi V, Lavazza C, Boldrin V, Montelatici E, Pallotti F, Marconi M, Lazzari L. Extensive Characterization of Platelet Gel Releasate From Cord Blood in Regenerative Medicine. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2573-84. [PMID: 25695232 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet gel derived from peripheral blood is widely applied in many clinical fields of surgery as biomaterial containing growth factors with high proliferative properties. In 2010, we studied and patented a platelet gel derived from cord blood. In this study, due to the crucial role of the factors released by the platelet gel, we first extended the characterization of its releasate. Using a wide proteomic array and splitting the two components of the releasate, that is, platelets and plasma, we have been able to study their growth factor content. Interestingly, we discovered high levels of hormones and molecules able to support tissue growth in the cord blood platelet gel releasate and, in addition, higher concentrations of several angiogenic factors if compared with the peripheral blood counterpart. On the contrary, the latter was much richer in inflammatory factors. The second aim of our work was to study the effects on cell culture, immunophenotype, and function of mesenchymal stem cells exposed to these two platelet gel releasates as substitute for the animal serum. Since our findings nicely show that the use of the peripheral versus the cord blood platelet gel releasate can differently influence the mesenchymal stem cell commitment, we can suggest that in addition to its peculiar angiogenic properties cord blood platelet gel releasate shows excellent proliferative properties as cell culture supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parazzi
- Cell Factory, Unit for Cellular Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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21
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Fazilaty H, Mehdipour P. Genetics of breast cancer bone metastasis: a sequential multistep pattern. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:595-612. [PMID: 24493024 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis accounts for the vast majority of breast cancer (BC) metastases, and is related to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. A number of seminal studies have uncovered gene expression signatures involved in BC development and bone metastasis; each of them points at a distinct step of the 'invasion-metastasis cascade'. In this review, we provide most recently discovered functions of sets of genes that are selected from widely accepted gene signatures that are implicate in BC progression and bone metastasis. We propose a possible sequential pattern of gene expression that may lead a benign primary breast tumor to get aggressiveness and progress toward bone metastasis. A panel of genes which primarily deal with features like DNA replication, survival, proliferation, then, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion has been identified. TGF-β, FGF, NFκB, WNT, PI3K, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, as the key pathways involved in breast cancer development and metastasis, are evidently regulated by several genes in all three signatures. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition that is also an important mechanism in cancer stem cell generation and metastasis is evidently regulated by these genes. This review provides a comprehensive insight regarding breast cancer bone metastasis that may lead to a better understanding of the disease and take step toward better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour Sina Street, P.O. Box: 14176-13151, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Aamann L, Vestergaard EM, Grønbæk H. Trefoil factors in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3223-3230. [PMID: 24696606 PMCID: PMC3964394 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which comprises ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3 (TFF1-3) are a family of peptides that play important roles in the protection and repair of epithelial surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract. TFFs may be involved in IBD pathogenesis and are a potential treatment option. In the present review, we describe the TFF family and their potential role in IBD by summarizing the current knowledge of their expression, possible function and pharmacological role in IBD.
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23
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Zacharoulis D, Hatzitheofilou C, Athanasiou E, Zacharoulis S. Antiangiogenic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma: current status. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 5:645-56. [PMID: 16111465 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.5.4.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide in both adult and pediatric patients. Despite many options, no ideal treatment exists for this highly malignant tumor, and management strategies have varied accordingly. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is an essential component of hepatocellular carcinoma biology. Innovative approaches such as targeting the nontransformed, less resistant, tumor-supporting endothelial cells are currently under investigation in hepatocellular carcinoma. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the pathophysiology of hepatocellular carcinoma angiogenesis, as well as the reported data with angiogenesis inhibitors against hepatocellular carcinoma.
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24
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Du TY, Luo HM, Qin HC, Wang F, Wang Q, Xiang Y, Zhang Y. Circulating serum trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is dramatically increased in chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80271. [PMID: 24282531 PMCID: PMC3840008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is a small peptide that plays an important role in mucosal protection, cell proliferation, and cell migration. The aberrant expression of TFF3 is correlated with gastrointestinal inflammation, solid tumors, and other clinical diseases. The objective of this study was to identify the distribution characteristics of serum TFF3 in common clinical diseases. Materials and Methods A large prospective randomized study of 1,072 Chinese patients was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to examine the serum TFF3 concentrations in patients with different diseases. A matched case-control study was conducted on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1–5. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using renal tissues to determine the relationship between the severity of CKD and the serum and urine concentrations of TFF3 peptides. Results The mean serum concentrations of TFF3 in patients with CKD, metastatic and secondary carcinoma (MC) and acute gastroenteritis (AG) (200.9 ng/ml, 95.7 ng/ml and 71.7 ng/ml, respectively) were significantly higher than those in patients with other common clinical diseases. A positive correlation tendency was observed between the serum TFF3 concentrations and the severity of CKD. The mean serum TFF3 values for CKD stages 1–5 were 23.6 ng/ml, 29.9 ng/ml, 54.9 ng/ml, 85.0 ng/ml and 176.6 ng/ml, respectively. The same trend was observed in the urine TFF3 concentrations and the CKD stages. The creatinine(Cr)-corrected concentrations of TFF3 in urine were 367.1 ng/mg·Cr, 910.6 ng/mg·Cr, 1,149.0 ng/mg·Cr, 1,610.0 ng/mg·Cr and 3,475.0 ng/mg·Cr for CKD stages 1–5, respectively. IHC revealed that TFF3 expression was concentrated in tubular epithelial cells. Conclusions The influence of kidney injuries must be fully considered when performing clinical TFF3 research. Further studies on TFF3 in CKD will contribute to our understanding of its pathological roles and mechanisms in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-yi Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hui-ming Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hai-chun Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province,Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Khan P, Drobic B, Pérez-Cadahía B, Healy S, He S, Davie JR. Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases 1 and 2 are required for maximal trefoil factor 1 induction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63189. [PMID: 23675462 PMCID: PMC3652853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases 1 and 2 (MSK1 and MSK2), activated downstream of the ERK- and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are involved in cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Following mitogenic or stress stimuli, they mediate the nucleosomal response, which includes phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 (H3S10ph) coupled with transcriptional activation of immediate-early genes. While MSK1 and MSK2 are closely related, their relative roles may vary with cellular context and/or stimuli. However, our knowledge of MSK2 recruitment to immediate-early genes is limited, as research has primarily focused on MSK1. Here, we demonstrate that both MSK1 and MSK2, regulate the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced expression of the breast cancer marker gene, trefoil factor 1 (TFF1), by phosphorylating H3S10 at its 5′ regulatory regions. The MSK-mediated phosphorylation of H3S10 promotes the recruitment of 14-3-3 isoforms and BRG1, the ATPase subunit of the BAF/PBAF remodeling complex, to the enhancer and upstream promoter elements of TFF1. The recruited chromatin remodeling activity leads to the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain phosphorylation at the TFF1 promoter, initiating TFF1 expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Moreover, we show that MSK1 or MSK2 is recruited to TFF1 regulatory regions, but as components of different multiprotein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protiti Khan
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bojan Drobic
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Cadahía
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shannon Healy
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James R. Davie
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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26
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Samson MH. Quantitative measurements of trefoil factor family peptides: possibilities and pitfalls. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2013; 73:193-202. [PMID: 23391285 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2013.765962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 are produced and secreted by mucous membranes throughout the body. Their importance for the protection and repair of epithelial surfaces is well established, and the three peptides are present in various amounts in mucosal secretions as well as in the circulation. They have been linked to both inflammatory diseases and to various types of cancer, and serum concentrations of TFF3 show a more than 47-fold increase during pregnancy. Several both commercial and in-house immunoassays exist, but a number of methodological issues remain unresolved. This review describes methodological challenges in the measurement of the peptides in humans, and summarizes current knowledge concerning the occurrence and possible significance of the peptides in human health and disease.
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27
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Im S, Yoo C, Jung JH, Choi HJ, Yoo J, Kang CS. Reduced expression of TFF1 and increased expression of TFF3 in gastric cancer: correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:133-40. [PMID: 23329884 PMCID: PMC3547210 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The trefoil factor family (TFF) is composed of three thermostable, and protease-resistant proteins, named TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3, and plays a role in gastrointestinal mucosal defence and repair. Recently, TFFs have been found to be related to the development of various types of cancer. This study assessed the relationship between the expression of TFF1 and TFF3 and the clinicopathological parameters in gastric carcinoma (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of TFF1 and TFF3 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 292 GCs and 20 normal gastric tissues. RESULTS All normal gastric tissues expressed TFF1, but 53.8% of GCs showed reduced TFF1 expression. However, TFF3 was not detected in normal gastric tissues and 44.2% of GCs showed a high level of expression. Highly expressed TFF3 was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, vein invasion, and advanced stage. The overall survival was shorter in patients with high expression of TFF3 than in those with low expression of TFF3 in 292 GCs and in 125 early GCs (EGCs). Moreover, in patients with EGCs, high expression of TFF3, associated with reduced expression of TFF1, was determined as an independent poor prognostic marker. CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of TFF1 and increased expression of TFF3 may play a role in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer. Furthermore, high expression of TFF3 with reduced expression of TFF1 may be a marker of poor prognosis for patients with EGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Im
- Department of Hospital Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
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28
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Bougen NM, Amiry N, Yuan Y, Kong XJ, Pandey V, Vidal LJP, Perry JK, Zhu T, Lobie PE. Trefoil factor 1 suppression of E-CADHERIN enhances prostate carcinoma cell invasiveness and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2012; 332:19-29. [PMID: 23266572 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary mediator of prostate cancer (PCA) lethality and poses a significant clinical obstacle. The identification of factors involved in the metastasis of PCA is imperative. We demonstrate herein that trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) promotes PCA cell migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. The capacity of TFF1 to enhance cell migration/invasion is mediated by transcriptional repression of E-CADHERIN. Consideration of targeted inhibition of TFF1 to prevent metastasis of prostate carcinoma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Bougen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Srivastava J, Siddiq A, Emdad L, Santhekadur PK, Chen D, Gredler R, Shen XN, Robertson CL, Dumur CI, Hylemon PB, Mukhopadhyay ND, Bhere D, Shah K, Ahmad R, Giashuddin S, Stafflinger J, Subler MA, Windle JJ, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 promotes hepatocarcinogenesis: novel insights from a mouse model. Hepatology 2012; 56:1782-91. [PMID: 22689379 PMCID: PMC3449036 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is a key contributor to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and progression. To enhance our understanding of the role of AEG-1 in hepatocarcinogenesis, a transgenic mouse with hepatocyte-specific expression of AEG-1 (Alb/AEG1) was developed. Treating Alb/AEG-1, but not wild-type (WT) mice, with N-nitrosodiethylamine resulted in multinodular HCC with steatotic features and associated modulation of expression of genes regulating invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis. Hepatocytes isolated from Alb/AEG-1 mice displayed profound resistance to chemotherapeutics and growth factor deprivation with activation of prosurvival signaling pathways. Alb/AEG-1 hepatocytes also exhibited marked resistance toward senescence, which correlated with abrogation of activation of a DNA damage response. Conditioned media from Alb/AEG-1 hepatocytes induced marked angiogenesis with elevation in several coagulation factors. Among these factors, AEG-1 facilitated the association of factor XII (FXII) messenger RNA with polysomes, resulting in increased translation. Short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of FXII resulted in profound inhibition of AEG-1-induced angiogenesis. CONCLUSION We uncovered novel aspects of AEG-1 functions, including induction of steatosis, inhibition of senescence, and activation of the coagulation pathway to augment aggressive hepatocarcinogenesis. The Alb/AEG-1 mouse provides an appropriate model to scrutinize the molecular mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies targeting HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Srivastava
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Ayesha Siddiq
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Prasanna Kumar Santhekadur
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Rachel Gredler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Chadia L. Robertson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Catherine I. Dumur
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Nitai D. Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Deepak Bhere
- Molecular Neuropathy and Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Khalid Shah
- Molecular Neuropathy and Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rushdy Ahmad
- Proteomics Group, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142
| | - Shah Giashuddin
- Department of Pathology, New York Hospital Medical Center, Flushing, NY
| | - Jillian Stafflinger
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Mark A. Subler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jolene J. Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298,Corresponding author: 1220 East Broad St, PO Box 980035, Richmond, VA 23298, Tel: 804-827-2339, Fax: 804-628-1176,
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30
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Meng JR, Tang HZ, Zhou KZ, Shen WH, Guo HY. TFF3 and survivin expressions associate with a lower survival rate in gastric cancer. Clin Exp Med 2012; 13:297-303. [PMID: 22996285 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) and survivin with functions of inhibiting apoptosis are involved in the gastric cancer by overexpression. The purpose of this study is to examine the expression of TFF3 and survivin in patients' tissue samples with gastric cancer and analyze the relationship between the protein expression and the different clinical records. By studying the expressions of TFF3 and survivin in gastric cancer through immunohistochemical staining and examining the survival rate via Kaplan-Meier analysis for gastric cancer patients, we found that the TFF3 and survivin positive expressions have a significant relationship with the lower survival rate comparing to that of negative expressions in the analyzed patients (P < 0.05). And moreover, patients with double positive TFF3 and survivin expressions have the lowest survival rate. TFF3 or survivin positive expression correlates with the lymph node metastasis, metastasis, and TNM stages of gastric cancer. Survival analysis indicates that survival rate has a close relationship with the age, tumor histology, tumor differentiation, degree of infiltration, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and TNM stages (P < 0.01). Our data suggest that TFF3 and survivin expressions play a vital role in gastric cancer development, and these two proteins are important markers for prognosis in gastric cancer. Patients with gastric cancer can increase the survival rate through an earlier diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Meng
- Department of Pathology, The NO. 175 Hospital of P.L.A., Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian, China,
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Abstract
This review is focusing on a critical mediator of embryonic and postnatal development with multiple implications in inflammation, neoplasia, and other pathological situations in brain and peripheral tissues. These morphogenetic guidance and dependence processes are involved in several malignancies targeting the epithelial and immune systems including the progression of human colorectal cancers. We consider the most important findings and their impact on basic, translational, and clinical cancer research. Expected information can bring new cues for innovative, efficient, and safe strategies of personalized medicine based on molecular markers, protagonists, signaling networks, and effectors inherent to the Netrin axis in pathophysiological states.
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32
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Ge Y, Zhang J, Cao J, Wu Q, Sun L, Guo L, Wang Z. TFF1 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells in vitro. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2012; 12:74-81. [PMID: 22642590 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2012.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) plays an essential role in the intestinal epithelial restitution, but the relationship between TFF1 and gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. The present study aimed to determine the role of TFF1 in repairing gastric mucosa and in the pathogenesis of GC. The TFF1 expression in different gastric mucosas was measured with immunohistochemistry. Then, siRNA targeting TFF1 or plasmids expressing TFF1 gene were transfected into BGC823 cells, SGC7901 cells and GES-1 cells. The cell proliferation was detected with MTT assay and apoptosis and cell cycle measured by flow cytometry. From normal gastric mucosa to mucosa with dysplasia and to gastric cancer, the TFF1 expression had a decreasing trend. Down-regulation of TFF1 expression significantly reduced the apoptosis of three cell lines and markedly facilitated their proliferation but had no significant effect on cell cycle. Over-expression of TFF1 could promote apoptosis of three cell lines and inhibit proliferation but had no pronounced effect on cell cycle. TFF1 can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of GC cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
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33
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Northcott JM, Yeganeh A, Taylor CG, Zahradka P, Wigle JT. Adipokines and the cardiovascular system: mechanisms mediating health and disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1029-59. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of adipokines in the maintenance of a healthy cardiovascular system, and the mechanisms by which these factors mediate the development of cardiovascular disease in obesity. Adipocytes are the major cell type comprising the adipose tissue. These cells secrete numerous factors, termed adipokines, into the blood, including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, chemerin, omentin, vaspin, and visfatin. Adipose tissue is a highly vascularised endocrine organ, and different adipose depots have distinct adipokine secretion profiles, which are altered with obesity. The ability of many adipokines to stimulate angiogenesis is crucial for adipose tissue expansion; however, excessive blood vessel growth is deleterious. As well, some adipokines induce inflammation, which promotes cardiovascular disease progression. We discuss how these 7 aforementioned adipokines act upon the various cardiovascular cell types (endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, cardiomyocytes, and cardiac fibroblasts), the direct effects of these actions, and their overall impact on the cardiovascular system. These were chosen, as these adipokines are secreted predominantly from adipocytes and have known effects on cardiovascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette M. Northcott
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Azadeh Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Carla G. Taylor
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OJ9, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Tuan TF, Chung CT, Tsou HH, Chen FW, Lin HL, Lai YK, Lee WS, Chao YS, Hwang LL, Chen CT. Putative tumor metastasis-associated genes in human gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1068-84. [PMID: 22664961 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality and its malignancy, resulting from disseminated cancer cells of diffuse type, is clinically manifested as metastases to the liver and peritoneum. The aim of the present study was to identify putative tumor metastasis-associated genes in human gastric cancer cells of diffuse type. An MKN45 cell line constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (MKN45-GFP) was established and selected using the Transwell® system for invasive sublines MKN45-GFP-4, MKN45-GFP-10 and MKN45-GFP-12. MKN45-GFP-10 and MKN45-GFP-12 are highly invasive compared to the others. The mRNA levels were measured with cDNA microarrays and correlated with their invasion abilities in these sublines. Many of the genes identified with a positive or negative correlation are associated with angiogenesis, cell cycle, cytoskeleton and cell motility, protease and cell adhesion, as well as cellular signal transduction. In particular, novel genes without known functions were also noted. RT-PCR and western blot analyses were applied to verify the expression of selective genes. Following orthotopical intraperitoneal implantation, MKN45-GFP-12 demonstrated significantly higher in vivo tumor malignancies than parental MKN45-GFP in ascites induction and liver -invasion in mice. We have identified putative gastric tumor metastasis-associated, as well as novel genes. These genes and their protein products are to be further explored for their functional roles associated with tumor metastasis. The molecular profiles of these identified genes, gene transcripts and proteins in the patient specimens are likely to be useful biomarkers for diagnostic, therapeutic and/or prognostics. Most importantly, they may be used as molecular targets for the discovery of antitumor drugs against human gastric cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Fan Tuan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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35
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Ahmed ARH, Griffiths AB, Tilby MT, Westley BR, May FEB. TFF3 is a normal breast epithelial protein and is associated with differentiated phenotype in early breast cancer but predisposes to invasion and metastasis in advanced disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:904-916. [PMID: 22341453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The trefoil protein TFF3 stimulates invasion and angiogenesis in vitro. To determine whether it has a role in breast tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, its levels were measured by immunohistochemistry in breast tissue with a specific monoclonal antibody raised against human TFF3. TFF3 is expressed in normal breast lobules and ducts, at higher levels in areas of fibrocystic change and papillomas, in all benign breast disease lesions, and in 89% of in situ and in 83% of invasive carcinomas. In well-differentiated tumor cells, TFF3 is concentrated at the luminal edge, whereas in poorly differentiated cells polarity is inverted and expression is directed toward the stroma. Expression was high in well-differentiated tumors and was associated significantly with low histological grade and with estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, accordant with induction of TFF3 mRNA by estrogen in breast cancer cells. Paradoxically, TFF3 expression was associated with muscle, neural, and lymphovascular invasion and the presence and number of involved lymph nodes, and it was an independent predictive marker of lymphovascular invasion and lymph node involvement. Consistent with an angiogenic function, TFF3 expression correlated strongly with microvessel density evaluated with CD31 and CD34. In conclusion, TFF3 is expressed in both the normal and diseased breast. Although associated with features of good prognosis, its profile of expression in invasive cancer is consistent with a role in breast tumor progression and tumor cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R H Ahmed
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Andrew B Griffiths
- Breast Cancer Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Tilby
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce R Westley
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity E B May
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Qu Y, Yang Y, Ma D, Xiao W. Increased trefoil factor 3 levels in the serum of patients with three major histological subtypes of lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2012; 27:1277-83. [PMID: 22246423 PMCID: PMC3583529 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. The trefoil factor (TFF) family is composed of three thermostable, and protease-resistant proteins, named TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3. TFF protein levels have been found to be related to the development of various types of cancer. However, it is still unclear whether TFF proteins are differentially expressed in the serum of different histological subtypes of lung cancer compared to healthy individuals. In this study, we investigated the levels of TFF proteins in serum and lung tissues of 130 lung cancer patients (58 squamous cell lung carcinoma cases, 43 adenocarcinoma cases and 29 SCLC cases) and 60 healthy individuals. It was found that TFF1 and TFF2 have similar or slightly higher levels in these three subtypes of lung cancer compared to healthy individuals, while TFF3 levels were significantly higher in the examined lung cancer cases compared to healthy individuals. Immunoblot analyses of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 indicated that lung cancer tissues and lung cancer cell lines have a higher expression of the TFF3 protein, but not of TFF1 or TFF2 proteins, compared to tissues from healthy individuals or from the normal cell line. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated higher levels of TFF3, but not TFF1 and TFF2, transcripts in lung cancer tissues or cell lines. These results show increased TFF3 levels in serum and lung tissues, suggesting that TFF3 may serve as a promising, easily detected biomarker of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Qu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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Investigation of trefoil factor expression in saliva and oral mucosal tissues of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 16:1549-56. [PMID: 22205269 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of our study were to determine levels of trefoil factor (TFF) peptides in saliva and oral mucosal tissues from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and to evaluate whether individual members of TFFs (TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3) might act as biomarkers of disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Saliva samples were from 23 healthy subjects and 23 OSCC patients. Tissue samples were collected from 32 normal oral mucosa (NOM) and 32 OSCC biopsy specimens. ELISA and immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the expression of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 in saliva and oral mucosal tissues, respectively. RESULTS Expression of TFF2 and TFF3 in oral mucosal tissues of OSCC patients was strongly downregulated when compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). However, there were no differences in levels of salivary TFF concentrations between OSCC patients and healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS The present study extends previous observations, demonstrating the reduction of TFF2 and TFF3 expression in oral mucosal tissues of OSCC patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings suggest the clinical significance of TFF2 and TFF3 molecules as negative markers of tumor progression in OSCC. Quantification of TFF levels in saliva may not be optimal in terms of diagnostic or predictive value for OSCC derived from oral mucosa.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 couples cyclo-oxygenase-2 with pro-angiogenic actions of leptin on human endothelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18823. [PMID: 21533119 PMCID: PMC3078934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin influences the behaviour of a wide range of cell types and is now recognised as a pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory factor. In the vasculature, these effects are mediated in part through its direct leptin receptor (ObRb)-driven actions on endothelial cells (ECs) but the mechanisms responsible for these activities have not been established. In this study we sought to more fully define the molecular links between inflammatory and angiogenic responses of leptin-stimulated human ECs. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunoblotting studies showed that leptin increased cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression (but not COX-1) in cultured human umbilical vein ECs (HUVEC) through pathways that depend upon activation of both p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and Akt, and stimulated rapid phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) on Tyr1175. Phosphorylation of VEGFR2, p38MAPK and Akt, and COX-2 induction in cells challenged with leptin were blocked by a specific leptin peptide receptor antagonist. Pharmacological inhibitors of COX-2, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and p38MAPK abrogated leptin-induced EC proliferation (assessed by quantifying 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation, calcein fluorescence and propidium iodide staining), slowed the increased migration rate of leptin-stimulated cells (in vitro wound healing assay) and inhibited leptin-induced capillary-like tube formation by HUVEC on Matrigel. Inhibition of VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase activity reduced leptin-stimulated p38MAPK and Akt activation, COX-2 induction, and pro-angiogenic EC responses, and blockade of VEGFR2 or COX-2 activities abolished leptin-driven neo-angiogenesis in a chick chorioallantoic membrane vascularisation assay in vivo. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that a functional endothelial p38MAPK/Akt/COX-2 signalling axis is required for leptin's pro-angiogenic actions and that this is regulated upstream by ObRb-dependent activation of VEGFR2. These studies identify a new function for VEGFR2 as a mediator of leptin-stimulated COX-2 expression and angiogenesis and have implications for understanding leptin's regulation of the vasculature in both non-obese and obese individuals.
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Deficiency in trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) increases tumorigenicity of human breast cancer cells and mammary tumor development in TFF1-knockout mice. Oncogene 2011; 30:3261-73. [PMID: 21358676 PMCID: PMC3141110 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although trefoil factor 1 (TFF1; previously named pS2) is abnormally expressed in about 50% of human breast tumors, its physiopathological role in this disease has been poorly studied. Moreover, controversial data have been reported. TFF1 function in the mammary gland therefore needs to be clarified. In this study, using retroviral vectors, we performed TFF1 gain- or loss-of-function experiments in four human mammary epithelial cell lines: normal immortalized TFF1-negative MCF10A, malignant TFF1-negative MDA-MB-231 and malignant TFF1-positive MCF7 and ZR75.1. The expression of TFF1 stimulated the migration and invasion in the four cell lines. Forced TFF1 expression in MCF10A, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells did not modify anchorage-dependent or -independent cell proliferation. By contrast, TFF1 knockdown in MCF7 enhanced soft-agar colony formation. This increased oncogenic potential of MCF7 cells in the absence of TFF1 was confirmed in vivo in nude mice. Moreover, chemically induced tumorigenesis in TFF1-deficient (TFF1-KO) mice led to higher tumor incidence in the mammary gland and larger tumor size compared with wild-type mice. Similarly, tumor development was increased in the TFF1-KO ovary and lung. Collectively, our results clearly show that TFF1 does not exhibit oncogenic properties, but rather reduces tumor development. This beneficial function of TFF1 is in agreement with many clinical studies reporting a better outcome for patients with TFF1-positive breast primary tumors.
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Shi L, Lai MY, Liang ZH, Liu SQ, Huang JA, Tang GD, Jiang HX. Correlation between TFF 2 expression and tumor angiogenesis in gastric carcinoma, adjacent carcinoma and normal gastric mucosa. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:246-250. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i3.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the correlation among the expression of trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density (MVD) in gastric carcinoma.
METHODS: The expression of TFF2 and VEGF and MVD were determined by immunohistochemistry in 50 gastric carcinoma specimens, 50 tumor-adjacent gastric mucosal specimens, and 30 normal gastric mucosa specimens.
RESULTS: The expression level of TFF2 was highest in normal gastric mucosa, followed by tumor-adjacent gastric mucosa and gastric carcinoma (165.80 ± 16.42, 184.44 ± 19.02, 206.79 ± 17.62, all P < 0.01). The expression of TFF2 in gastric cancer was significantly associated with the degree of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis (both P < 0.01). The expression level of VEGF and MVD were lowest in normal gastric mucosa, followed by tumor-adjacent gastric mucosa and gastric carcinoma (36.7%, 42.0%, 72.6%; 26.35 ± 4.54, 30.78 ± 5.64, 40.13 ± 6.92, all P < 0.01). The expression of VEGF and MVD in gastric cancer were associated with tumor differentiation, invasion and lymph node metastasis (all P < 0.01). There is a negative correlation between the expression of TFF2 and MVD (r = -0.781, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: TFF2 may be a negative regulatory factor of gastric carcinogenesis. The expression of TFF2 is down-regulated during the development of gastric cancer, while that of VEGF and MVD are up-regulated during this process.
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Vestergaard EM, Nexø E, Tørring N, Borre M, Ørntoft TF, Sørensen KD. Promoter hypomethylation and upregulation of trefoil factors in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1857-65. [PMID: 20112343 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factors, mucin-associated peptides, are overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC). We hypothesized that promoter methylation contributes to the regulation of trefoil factors (TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3) in human prostate cells. Here we show hypomethylation of promoter regions of TFF1 and TFF3 in PC cell lines with significant TFF expression as compared to benign immortalized prostate cell lines and PC cell lines not expressing trefoil factor. The most striking difference was observed for CpG sites located close to the AUG start codon overlapping several putative binding sites for cellular transcription factors. TFF2 was hypermethylated and had no or very low expression in all prostate cell lines investigated. Treatment of methylated cell lines with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored TFF expression in cell lines not expressing TFF and increased expression significantly in low-expressing cell lines. In clinical samples, methylation of the promoter/enhancer regions of TFF1 and TFF3 was significantly lower in PC compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia. The present study shows an inverse relation between promoter methylation and expression of trefoil factors. Preliminary analysis on clinical samples suggests that this regulatory mechanism is responsible for the increased levels of TFF1 and TFF3 observed in PC. The overexpression and promoter hypomethylation of trefoil factors may serve as biomarkers in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Brendstrupgaardsvej, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Li L, Davie JR. The role of Sp1 and Sp3 in normal and cancer cell biology. Ann Anat 2010; 192:275-83. [PMID: 20810260 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sp1 and Sp3 are transcription factors expressed in all mammalian cells. These factors are involved in regulating the transcriptional activity of genes implicated in most cellular processes. Dysregulation of Sp1 and Sp3 is observed in many cancers and diseases. Due to the amino acid sequence similarity of the DNA binding domains, Sp1 and Sp3 recognize and associate with the same DNA element with similar affinity. However, others and our laboratory demonstrated that these two factors possess different properties and exert different functional roles. Both Sp1 and Sp3 can interact with and recruit a large number of proteins including the transcription initiation complex, histone modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling complexes, which strongly suggest that Sp1 and Sp3 are important transcription factors in the remodeling chromatin and the regulation of gene expression. In this review, the role of Sp1 and Sp3 in normal and cancer cell biology and the multiple mechanisms deciding the functional roles of Sp1 and Sp3 will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada
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Lindsay CD. Novel therapeutic strategies for acute lung injury induced by lung damaging agents: the potential role of growth factors as treatment options. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:701-24. [PMID: 20621953 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110376982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing threat from terrorism has brought attention to the possible use of toxic industrial compounds (TICs) and other lung-damaging agents as weapons against civilian populations. The way in which these agents could be used favours the development of generic countermeasures. Improved medical countermeasures would increase survivability and improve the quality of recovery of lung damaged casualties. It is evident that there is a dearth of therapeutic regimes available to treat those forms of lung damage that currently require intensive care management. It is quite possible that mass casualties from a terrorist incident or major industrial accident involving the release of large quantities of inhaled TICs would place a severe burden on already scarce intensive care facilities. The development of effective pharmacological approaches to assist the recovery of casualties suffering from acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may improve the prognosis of such patients (which is currently poor) and would ideally be used as a means of preventing subjects from developing the pulmonary oedema characteristic of ALI/ARDS. Many promising candidate pharmacological treatments have been evaluated for the treatment of ALI/ARDS, but their clinical value is often debatable. Thus, despite improvements in ventilation strategies, pharmacological intervention for ALI/ARDS remains problematical. A new approach is clearly required for the treatment of patients with severely compromised lungs. Whilst the pathology of ALI/ARDS associated with exposure to a variety of agents is complex, numerous experimental studies suggest that generic therapeutic intervention directed at approaches that aim to upregulate repair of the damaged alveolar blood/air barrier of the lung may be of value, particularly with respect to chemical-induced injury. To this end, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are emerging as the most important candidates. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) does not have epithelial specificity for lung tissue. However, the enhanced effects of combinations of growth factors, such as the synergistic effect of HGF upon vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated endothelial cell activity, and the combined effect of HGF and KGF in tissue repair should be investigated, particularly as the latter pair of growth factors are frequently implicated in processes associated with the repair of lung damage. Synergistic interactions also occur between trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides and growth factors such as EGF. TFF peptides are most likely to be of value as a short term therapeutic intervention strategy in stimulating epithelial spreading activities which allow damaged mucosal surfaces to be rapidly covered by epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Lindsay
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
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[Trefoil factor: from laboratory to clinic]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 31:17-26. [PMID: 20446449 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2010.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor (TFF) family is a group of peptides with one or several trefoil factor domains in their structure, which are highly conserved in evolution, and are characterized by heat and enzymatic digestion resistance. The mammalian TFFs have three members (TFF1-3), and the gastrointestinal tract and the airway system are major organs of their expression and secretion. At certain physiological conditions, with a tissue-specific distribution, TFF plays an important role in mucosal protection and wound healing. But in the malignant tissues, TFF is widely expressed, correlated strongly with the genesis, metastasis and invasion of tumor cells. These phenomena indicated that TFF may be a possible common mediator of oncogenic responses to different stimuli. The biological functions of TFF involve complex regulatory processes. Single chain TFF may activate cell membrane receptors and induce specific signaling transduction. On the other hand, TFF can form a complex with other proteins to exert its biological effects. In clinical medicine, TFF is primarily applied as drugs in the mucosal protection, in the prevention and the treatment of mucosal damage-related diseases and as pathological biomarkers of tumors. At present the first hand actions and the molecular mechanisms related to TFFs are still the major challenges in TFF research. Furthermore, the discovery of the naturally occurring complex of TFF and crystallins is highly valuable to the understanding of the biological functions and action mechanisms of TFF.
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Thomas N, Pernot M, Vanderesse R, Becuwe P, Kamarulzaman E, Da Silva D, François A, Frochot C, Guillemin F, Barberi-Heyob M. Photodynamic therapy targeting neuropilin-1: Interest of pseudopeptides with improved stability properties. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:226-35. [PMID: 20380812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The general strategy developed aims to favor the vascular effect of photodynamic therapy by targeting tumor vasculature. Since angiogenic endothelial cells represent an interesting target to potentiate this vascular effect, we previously described the conjugation of a photosensitizer to a peptide targeting neuropilins (NRPs) over-expressed specially in tumor angiogenic vessels and we recently characterized the mechanism of photosensitization-induced thrombogenic events. Nevertheless, in glioma-bearing nude mice, we demonstrated that the peptide moiety was degraded to various rates according to time after intravenous administration. In this study, new peptidases-resistant pseudopeptides were tested, demonstrating a molecular affinity for NRP-1 and NRP-2 recombinant chimeric proteins and devoid of affinity for VEGF receptor type 1 (Flt-1). To argue the involvement of NRP-1, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were used, strongly over-expressing NRP-1 receptor. We evidenced a statistically significant decrease of the different peptides-conjugated photosensitizers uptake after RNA interference-mediated silencing of NRP-1. Peptides-conjugated photosensitizers allowed a selective accumulation into cells. In mice, no degradation was observed in plasma in vivo 4h after intravenous injection by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. This study draws attention to this potential problem with peptides, especially in the case of targeting strategies, and provides useful information for the future design of more stable molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Thomas
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Nancy-University, CNRS, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Lu YY, Tian ZB, Wei LZ, Kong XJ, Zhao QX, Li YJ, Sun XL. Correlation of trefoil factor 3 expression in gastric carcinoma, precancerous lesions, gastric adenoma with angiogenesis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:3688-3692. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i36.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) in gastric carcinoma, precancerous lesions, gastric adenoma and explore its correlation with microvessel density (MVD) in gastric carcinogenesis.
METHODS: The expression of TFF3 was detected by the immunohistochemical PV-6000 method in 120 gastric mucosal specimens, including 20 cases of normal gastric mucosa (NGM), 20 cases of gastric adenoma (GA), 20 cases of chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia (IM), 20 cases of dysplasia (DYS), and 40 cases of gastric carcinoma (GC). MVD was examined by immunohistochemistry using anti-CD34 antibody.
RESULTS: The positive rates of TFF3 expression were significantly higher in GA, IM, DYS and GC than in NGM (50.0%, 65.0%, 70.0% and 57.5% vs 5.0%, respectively; all P < 0.01). MVD was significantly higher in GC than in NGM, GA, IM and DYS (30.65 ± 6.04 vs 14.87 ± 3.06, 22.33 ± 3.78, 23.16 ± 3.20 and 25.22 ± 4.66, respectively; all P < 0.01). MVD was also significantly higher in GA, IM, DYS and GC than in NGM (all P < 0.01). TFF3 expression and MVD were correlated with lymph node metastasis and tumor stage in GC (all P < 0.05). MVD was also correlated with depth of invasion in GC (P < 0.05). MVD in specimens showing positive expression of TFF3 was higher than that in specimens showing negative expression (34.53 ± 4.45 vs 25.39 ± 3.25, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: TFF3 may be involved in an early event in gastric carcinogenesis and play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. Detection of TFF3 expression may be of great significance for early diagnosis and prediction of metastasis in gastric carcinoma.
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Hoffmann W. Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides and chemokine receptors: a promising relationship. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6505-10. [PMID: 19888754 DOI: 10.1021/jm9008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institut fur Molekularbiologie und Medizinische Chemie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Storesund T, Schreurs O, Messelt EB, Kolltveit KM, Schenck K. Trefoil factor family 3 expression in the oral cavity. Eur J Oral Sci 2009; 117:636-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Amiry N, Kong X, Muniraj N, Kannan N, Grandison PM, Lin J, Yang Y, Vouyovitch CM, Borges S, Perry JK, Mertani HC, Zhu T, Liu D, Lobie PE. Trefoil factor-1 (TFF1) enhances oncogenicity of mammary carcinoma cells. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4473-83. [PMID: 19589871 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of autocrine trefoil factor-1 (TFF1) in mammary carcinoma has not been previously elucidated. Herein, we demonstrate that forced expression of TFF1 in mammary carcinoma cells resulted in increased total cell number as a consequence of increased cell proliferation and survival. Forced expression of TFF1 enhanced anchorage-independent growth and promoted scattered cell morphology with increased cell migration and invasion. Moreover, forced expression of TFF1 increased tumor size in xenograft models. Conversely, RNA interference-mediated depletion of TFF1 in mammary carcinoma cells significantly reduced anchorage-independent growth and migration. Furthermore, neutralization of secreted TFF1 protein by polyclonal antibody decreased mammary carcinoma cell viability in vitro and resulted in regression of mammary carcinoma xenografts. We have therefore demonstrated that TFF1 possesses oncogenic functions in mammary carcinoma cells. Functional antagonism of TFF1 can therefore be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Amiry
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ayoub MA, Damian M, Gespach C, Ferrandis E, Lavergne O, De Wever O, Banères JL, Pin JP, Prévost GP. Inhibition of heterotrimeric G protein signaling by a small molecule acting on Galpha subunit. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:29136-45. [PMID: 19648112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.042333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous activation of many distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and heterotrimeric G proteins play a major role in various pathological conditions. Pan-inhibition of GPCR signaling by small molecules thus represents a novel strategy to treat various diseases. To better understand such therapeutic approach, we have characterized the biomolecular target of BIM-46187, a small molecule pan-inhibitor of GPCR signaling. Combining bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer techniques in living cells as well as in reconstituted receptor-G protein complexes, we observed that, by direct binding to the Galpha subunit, BIM-46187 prevents the conformational changes of the receptor-G protein complex associated with GPCR activation. Such a binding prevents the proper interaction of receptors with the G protein heterotrimer and inhibits the agonist-promoted GDP/GTP exchange. These observations bring further evidence that inhibiting G protein activation through direct binding to the Galpha subunit is feasible and should constitute a new strategy for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS-UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
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