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Mendoza-Salazar I, Fragozo A, González-Martínez AP, Trejo-Martínez I, Arreola R, Pavón L, Almagro JC, Vallejo-Castillo L, Aguilar-Alonso FA, Pérez-Tapia SM. Almost 50 Years of Monomeric Extracellular Ubiquitin (eUb). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:185. [PMID: 38399400 PMCID: PMC10892293 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Monomeric ubiquitin (Ub) is a 76-amino-acid highly conserved protein found in eukaryotes. The biological activity of Ub first described in the 1970s was extracellular, but it quickly gained relevance due to its intracellular role, i.e., post-translational modification of intracellular proteins (ubiquitination) that regulate numerous eukaryotic cellular processes. In the following years, the extracellular role of Ub was relegated to the background, until a correlation between higher survival rate and increased serum Ub concentrations in patients with sepsis and burns was observed. Although the mechanism of action (MoA) of extracellular ubiquitin (eUb) is not yet well understood, further studies have shown that it may ameliorate the inflammatory response in tissue injury and multiple sclerosis diseases. These observations, compounded with the high stability and low immunogenicity of eUb due to its high conservation in eukaryotes, have made this small protein a relevant candidate for biotherapeutic development. Here, we review the in vitro and in vivo effects of eUb on immunologic, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, and discuss the potential MoAs of eUb as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cardio- and brain-protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Mendoza-Salazar
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Ana Fragozo
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Aneth P González-Martínez
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Ismael Trejo-Martínez
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Arreola
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Juan C Almagro
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- GlobalBio, Inc., 320 Concord Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Luis Vallejo-Castillo
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Francisco A Aguilar-Alonso
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Sonia M Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I + D + i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
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2
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R PA, Anbarasu A. Antimicrobial Peptides as Immunomodulators and Antimycobacterial Agents to Combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Critical Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1539-1566. [PMID: 36576687 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating disease foisting a significantly high morbidity, prepotent in low- and middle-income developing countries. Evolution of drug resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, has made the TB treatment more complicated. The protracted nature of present TB treatment, persistent and tolerant Mtb populations, interaction with antiretroviral therapy and existing toxicity concerned with conventional anti-TB drugs are the four major challenges inflicted with emergence of drug-resistant mycobacterial strains, and the standard medications are unable to combat these strains. These factors emphasize an exigency to develop new drugs to overcome these barriers in current TB therapy. With this regard, antimycobacterial peptides derived from various sources such as human cells, bacterial sources, mycobacteriophages, fungal, plant and animal sources could be considered as antituberculosis leads as most of these peptides are associated with dual advantages of having both bactericidal activity towards Mtb as well as immuno-regulatory property. Some of the peptides possess the additional advantage of interacting synergistically with antituberculosis medications too, thereby increasing their efficiency, underscoring the vigour of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as best possible alternative therapeutic candidates or adjuvants in TB treatment. Albeit the beneficiary features of these peptides, few obstacles allied with them like cytotoxicity and proteolytic degradation are matter of concerns too. In this review, we have focused on structural hallmarks, targeting mechanisms and specific structural aspects contributing to antimycobacterial activity and discovered natural and synthetic antimycobacterial peptides along with their sources, anti-TB, immuno-regulatory properties, merits and demerits and possible delivery methods of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi A R
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Bio-Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India
- Department of Biotechnology, SBST, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Bio-Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, SBST, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Castellanos FX, Moreno-Santillán D, Hughes GM, Paulat NS, Sipperly N, Brown AM, Martin KR, Poterewicz GM, Lim MCW, Russell AL, Moore MS, Johnson MG, Corthals AP, Ray DA, Dávalos LM. The evolution of antimicrobial peptides in Chiroptera. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250229. [PMID: 37822944 PMCID: PMC10562630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High viral tolerance coupled with an extraordinary regulation of the immune response makes bats a great model to study host-pathogen evolution. Although many immune-related gene gains and losses have been previously reported in bats, important gene families such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) remain understudied. We built an exhaustive bioinformatic pipeline targeting the major gene families of defensins and cathelicidins to explore AMP diversity and analyze their evolution and distribution across six bat families. A combination of manual and automated procedures identified 29 AMP families across queried species, with α-, β-defensins, and cathelicidins representing around 10% of AMP diversity. Gene duplications were inferred in both α-defensins, which were absent in five species, and three β-defensin gene subfamilies, but cathelicidins did not show significant shifts in gene family size and were absent in Anoura caudifer and the pteropodids. Based on lineage-specific gains and losses, we propose diet and diet-related microbiome evolution may determine the evolution of α- and β-defensins gene families and subfamilies. These results highlight the importance of building species-specific libraries for genome annotation in non-model organisms and shed light on possible drivers responsible for the rapid evolution of AMPs. By focusing on these understudied defenses, we provide a robust framework for explaining bat responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Moreno-Santillán
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Graham M. Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicole S. Paulat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Nicolette Sipperly
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Alexis M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Katherine R. Martin
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Gregory M. Poterewicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Marisa C. W. Lim
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Amy L. Russell
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, United States
| | - Marianne S. Moore
- College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, VI, United States
| | - Matthew G. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Angelique P. Corthals
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, United States
| | - David A. Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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Antimicrobial effect of endolysins LYSDERM-S and LYSDERM-T1 and endolysin-ubiquitin combination on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Scavello F, Kharouf N, Lavalle P, Haikel Y, Schneider F, Metz-Boutigue MH. The antimicrobial peptides secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla link the neuroendocrine and immune systems: From basic to clinical studies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977175. [PMID: 36090980 PMCID: PMC9452953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance to antibiotic treatments highlights the need for the development of new antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been studied to be used in clinical settings for the treatment of infections. Endogenous AMPs represent the first line defense of the innate immune system against pathogens; they also positively interfere with infection-associated inflammation. Interestingly, AMPs influence numerous biological processes, such as the regulation of the microbiota, wound healing, the induction of adaptive immunity, the regulation of inflammation, and finally express anti-cancer and cytotoxic properties. Numerous peptides identified in chromaffin secretory granules from the adrenal medulla possess antimicrobial activity: they are released by chromaffin cells during stress situations by exocytosis via the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. The objective of the present review is to develop complete informations including (i) the biological characteristics of the AMPs produced after the natural processing of chromogranins A and B, proenkephalin-A and free ubiquitin, (ii) the design of innovative materials and (iii) the involvement of these AMPs in human diseases. Some peptides are elective biomarkers for critical care medicine, may play an important role in the protection of infections (alone, or in combination with others or antibiotics), in the prevention of nosocomial infections, in the regulation of intestinal mucosal dynamics and of inflammation. They could play an important role for medical implant functionalization, such as catheters, tracheal tubes or oral surgical devices, in order to prevent infections after implantation and to promote the healing of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Scavello
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Scavello,
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francis Schneider
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hautepierre Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, Federation of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de recherche (UMR) S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
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Khan R, Haider S, Razak SIA, Haider A, Khan MUA, Wahit MU, Bukhari N, Ahmad A. Recent advances in renewable polymer/metal oxide systems used for tissue engineering. RENEWABLE POLYMERS AND POLYMER-METAL OXIDE COMPOSITES 2022:395-445. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85155-8.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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7
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Scavello F, Mutschler A, Hellé S, Schneider F, Chasserot-Golaz S, Strub JM, Cianferani S, Haikel Y, Metz-Boutigue MH. Catestatin in innate immunity and Cateslytin-derived peptides against superbugs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15615. [PMID: 34341386 PMCID: PMC8329280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is the precursor of several antimicrobial peptides, such as Catestatin (Cts, bovine CgA344-364), initially described as a potent inhibitor of catecholamines. This peptide displays direct antimicrobial activities and contributes to immune system regulation. The aim of the present study is to investigate a designed peptide based on Cts to fight infections against superbugs and more particularly Staphylococcus aureus. In addition to Cateslytin (Ctl, bovine CgA344-358), the active domain of Catestatin, several peptides including dimers, D-isomer and the new designed peptide DOPA-K-DOPA-K-DOPA-TLRGGE-RSMRLSFRARGYGFR (Dopa5T-Ctl) were prepared and tested. Cateslytin is resistant to bacterial degradation and does not induce bacterial resistance. The interaction of Catestatin with immune dermal cells (dendritic cells DC1a, dermal macrophages CD14 and macrophages) was analyzed by using confocal microscopy and cytokine release assay. The dimers and D-isomer of Ctl were tested against a large variety of bacteria showing the potent antibacterial activity of the D-isomer. The peptide Dopa5T-Ctl is able to induce the self-killing of S. aureus after release of Ctl by the endoprotease Glu-C produced by this pathogen. It permits localized on-demand delivery of the antimicrobial drug directly at the infectious site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Scavello
- BioMaterials and BioEngeneering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine Faculty, of Odontology, University of Strasbourg, Hôpital Civil, Porte de L'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Angela Mutschler
- BioMaterials and BioEngeneering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine Faculty, of Odontology, University of Strasbourg, Hôpital Civil, Porte de L'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Hellé
- BioMaterials and BioEngeneering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine Faculty, of Odontology, University of Strasbourg, Hôpital Civil, Porte de L'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francis Schneider
- BioMaterials and BioEngeneering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine Faculty, of Odontology, University of Strasbourg, Hôpital Civil, Porte de L'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hautepierre Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, Federation of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvette Chasserot-Golaz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratory of Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Sciences Department, Pluridisciplinary Institute Hubert Curien, UMR 7178, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratory of Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Sciences Department, Pluridisciplinary Institute Hubert Curien, UMR 7178, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- BioMaterials and BioEngeneering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine Faculty, of Odontology, University of Strasbourg, Hôpital Civil, Porte de L'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Odontology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue
- BioMaterials and BioEngeneering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1121, Federation of Translational Medicine Faculty, of Odontology, University of Strasbourg, Hôpital Civil, Porte de L'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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8
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Han Y, Chen L, Yang D. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of a type-I ubiquitin from the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107602. [PMID: 33964303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a ubiquitin (designated as RpUbi) was identified and characterized from clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that RpUbi was a member of the ubiquitin family. In non-stimulated clams, RpUbi transcripts were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues, especially in the gills and hemocytes. After Vibrio anguillarum challenge, expression of RpUbi mRNA in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated. Recombinant RpUbi (rRpUbi) showed high antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, membrane integrity and electrochemical assay indicated that rRpUbi could invade the inner layer. Moreover, DNA migration could be inhibited by rRpUbi in a concentration-dependent manner. In general, our results suggested that RpUbi played an important role in host defense against invading bacteria, perhaps through a DNA-binding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Han
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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9
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Almeida D, Domínguez-Pérez D, Matos A, Agüero-Chapin G, Osório H, Vasconcelos V, Campos A, Antunes A. Putative Antimicrobial Peptides of the Posterior Salivary Glands from the Cephalopod Octopus vulgaris Revealed by Exploring a Composite Protein Database. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110757. [PMID: 33143020 PMCID: PMC7693380 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods, successful predators, can use a mixture of substances to subdue their prey, becoming interesting sources of bioactive compounds. In addition to neurotoxins and enzymes, the presence of antimicrobial compounds has been reported. Recently, the transcriptome and the whole proteome of the Octopus vulgaris salivary apparatus were released, but the role of some compounds—e.g., histones, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and toxins—remains unclear. Herein, we profiled the proteome of the posterior salivary glands (PSGs) of O. vulgaris using two sample preparation protocols combined with a shotgun-proteomics approach. Protein identification was performed against a composite database comprising data from the UniProtKB, all transcriptomes available from the cephalopods’ PSGs, and a comprehensive non-redundant AMPs database. Out of the 10,075 proteins clustered in 1868 protein groups, 90 clusters corresponded to venom protein toxin families. Additionally, we detected putative AMPs clustered with histones previously found as abundant proteins in the saliva of O. vulgaris. Some of these histones, such as H2A and H2B, are involved in systemic inflammatory responses and their antimicrobial effects have been demonstrated. These results not only confirm the production of enzymes and toxins by the O. vulgaris PSGs but also suggest their involvement in the first line of defense against microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Almeida
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (D.A.); (D.D.-P.); (A.M.); (G.A.-C.); (V.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Dany Domínguez-Pérez
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (D.A.); (D.D.-P.); (A.M.); (G.A.-C.); (V.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Ana Matos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (D.A.); (D.D.-P.); (A.M.); (G.A.-C.); (V.V.); (A.C.)
- Biology Department of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guillermin Agüero-Chapin
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (D.A.); (D.D.-P.); (A.M.); (G.A.-C.); (V.V.); (A.C.)
- Biology Department of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (D.A.); (D.D.-P.); (A.M.); (G.A.-C.); (V.V.); (A.C.)
- Biology Department of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (D.A.); (D.D.-P.); (A.M.); (G.A.-C.); (V.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (D.A.); (D.D.-P.); (A.M.); (G.A.-C.); (V.V.); (A.C.)
- Biology Department of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Ji Y, Yao J, He Y. Extracellular ubiquitin protects cardiomyocytes during ischemia/hypoxia by inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis pathway through CXCR4. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110787. [PMID: 33152945 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide. The search for countermeasures to reduce cardiomyocytes death in the infarcted area has always been the focus of research. Ubiquitin (UB) is a small polypeptide mainly involved in proteasome-mediated protein degradation in cells, whereas extracellular UB in body fluids can also function through its receptor CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4). This study aimed to explore the functional roles of extracellular UB in cardiomyocytes during ischemia/hypoxia (I/H). METHODS H9C2 cells were subjected to I/H treatment and cell injury was evaluated by cell viability, morphology changes and apoptosis rate. UB expression and levels of ubiquitinated proteins after I/H injury were measured. The effects of extracellular UB on I/H-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis and the possible underlying mechanisms were studied. RESULTS I/H injury induced the decrease of cell viability as well as enhanced impaired cell morphology and apoptosis rate in H9C2 cells. Levels of UB mRNA and ubiquitinated proteins were significantly up-regulated after I/H treatment, whereas the concentration of extracellular UB in the conditioned media did not show significant change and the intracellular mono-UB levels in cells were down-regulated. Extracellular UB treatment protected cardiomyocytes from I/H injury by inhibiting the overactivation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway and up-regulating autophagy level. Inhibition of CXCR4 receptor using AMD3100 abolished cardioprotective effects of extracellular UB. CONCLUSION The up-regulation of UB was suggested to be an adaptive response to resist I/H-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis, and additional extracellular UB treatment might serve as a new potential therapeutic drug for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Ji
- MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jialu Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang He
- MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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11
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Ji Y, Yao J, Zhao Y, Zhai J, Weng Z, He Y. Extracellular ubiquitin levels are increased in coronary heart disease and associated with the severity of the disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2020; 80:256-264. [PMID: 32077763 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2020.1728783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate concentration of plasma extracellular ubiquitin (UB) in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and its correlation with the disease severity.Methods: Levels of UB and stromal cell-derived factor-1a (SDF-1a) were measured in 60 healthy controls and 67 CHD cases. Coronary atherosclerosis was assessed with Gensini scoring system. Spearman correlation was used to evaluate the correlation between UB and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or SDF-1a. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was established to assess the predictive value of UB.Results: Plasma UB levels were significantly higher in CHD patients than in controls (p < .0001), and the levels in those with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were higher than stable angina pectoris (SAP) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP) groups (both p < .01). UB was also positively correlated with Gensini score, CRP, CK-MB and cTnI in CHD. ROC analysis of UB showed that the area under the curve (AUC) were 0.711 (95%CI, 0.623-0.799) and 0.778 (95%CI, 0.666-0.890) for CHD and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), respectively. Plasma SDF-1a levels were elevated in CHD patients but showed no significant correlation with UB concentration or the severity of the disease.Conclusion: Plasma UB concentration was increased in CHD and the change of UB levels may reflect the progression of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Ji
- MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jialu Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhao
- MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juping Zhai
- MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen Weng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang He
- MOE Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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AlMatar M, Makky EA, Yakıcı G, Var I, Kayar B, Köksal F. Antimicrobial peptides as an alternative to anti-tuberculosis drugs. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:288-305. [PMID: 29079429 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) presently accounts for high global mortality and morbidity rates, despite the introduction four decades ago of the affordable and efficient four-drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol). Thus, a strong need exists for new drugs with special structures and uncommon modes of action to effectively overcome M. tuberculosis. Within this scope, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are small, cationic and amphipathic peptides that comprise a section of the innate immune system, are currently the leading potential agents for the treatment of TB. Many studies have recently illustrated the capability of anti-mycobacterial peptides to disrupt the normal mycobacterial cell wall function through various modes, thereby interacting with the intracellular targets, as well as encompassing nucleic acids, enzymes and organelles. This review presents a wide array of antimicrobial activities, alongside the associated properties of the AMPs that could be utilized as potential agents in therapeutic tactics for TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü) Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Essam A Makky
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Gülfer Yakıcı
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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13
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Ubiquitination in Periodontal Disease: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071476. [PMID: 28698506 PMCID: PMC5535967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (periodontitis) is a chronic inflammatory condition initiated by microbial infection that leads to gingival tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption. The periodontal tissue's response to dental plaque is characterized by the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes, all of which release inflammatory mediators and cytokines to orchestrate the immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease. Ubiquitination is achieved by a mechanism that involves a number of factors, including an ubiquitin-activating enzyme, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and ubiquitin-protein ligase. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification restricted to eukaryotes that are involved in essential host processes. The ubiquitin system has been implicated in the immune response, development, and programmed cell death. Increasing numbers of recent reports have provided evidence that many approaches are delivering promising reports for discovering the relationship between ubiquitination and periodontal disease. The scope of this review was to investigate recent progress in the discovery of ubiquitinated protein in diseased periodontium and to discuss the ubiquitination process in periodontal diseases.
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14
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15
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Bastos P, Trindade F, da Costa J, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Human Antimicrobial Peptides in Bodily Fluids: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Postantibiotic Era. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:101-146. [PMID: 28094448 PMCID: PMC7168463 DOI: 10.1002/med.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an integral part of the innate immune defense mechanism of many organisms. Due to the alarming increase of resistance to antimicrobial therapeutics, a growing interest in alternative antimicrobial agents has led to the exploitation of AMPs, both synthetic and isolated from natural sources. Thus, many peptide-based drugs have been the focus of increasing attention by many researchers not only in identifying novel AMPs, but in defining mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide activity as well. Herein, we review the available strategies for the identification of AMPs in human body fluids and their mechanism(s) of action. In addition, an overview of the distribution of AMPs across different human body fluids is provided, as well as its relation with microorganisms and infectious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Bastos
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João da Costa
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Candido-Ferreira IL, Kronenberger T, Sayegh RSR, Batista IDFC, da Silva Junior PI. Evidence of an Antimicrobial Peptide Signature Encrypted in HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. Front Immunol 2017; 7:664. [PMID: 28119686 PMCID: PMC5220581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is a hallmark of the eukaryotic cell. In jawed vertebrates, it has been co-opted by the adaptive immune system, where proteasomal degradation produces endogenous peptides for major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation. However, proteolytic products are also necessary for the phylogenetically widespread innate immune system, as they often play a role as host defense peptides (HDPs), pivotal effectors against pathogens. Here, we report the identification of the arachnid HDP oligoventin, which shares homology to a core member of the UPP, E3 ubiquitin ligases. Oligoventin has broad antimicrobial activity and shows strong synergy with lysozymes. Using computational and phylogenetic approaches, we show high conservation of the oligoventin signature in HECT E3s. In silico simulation of HECT E3s self-proteolysis provides evidence that HDPs can be generated by fine-tuned 26S proteasomal degradation, and therefore are consistent with the hypothesis that oligoventin is a cryptic peptide released by the proteolytic processing of an Nedd4 E3 precursor protein. Finally, we compare the production of HDPs and endogenous antigens from orthologous HECT E3s by proteasomal degradation as a means of analyzing the UPP coupling to metazoan immunity. Our results highlight the functional plasticity of the UPP in innate and adaptive immune systems as a possibly recurrent mechanism to generate functionally diverse peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lavander Candido-Ferreira
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Raphael Santa Rosa Sayegh
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Ismael da Silva Junior
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute , São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
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Li L, Song F, Sun J, Tian X, Xia S, Le G. Membrane damage as first and DNA as the secondary target for anti-candidal activity of antimicrobial peptide P7 derived from cell-penetrating peptide ppTG20 against Candida albicans. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:427-33. [PMID: 27197902 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
P7, a peptide analogue derived from cell-penetrating peptide ppTG20, possesses antibacterial and antitumor activities without significant hemolytic activity. In this study, we investigated the antifungal effect of P7 and its anti-Candida acting mode in Candida albicans. P7 displayed antifungal activity against the reference C. albicans (MIC = 4 μM), Aspergilla niger (MIC = 32 μM), Aspergillus flavus (MIC = 8 μM), and Trichopyton rubrum (MIC = 16 μM). The effect of P7 on the C. albicans cell membrane was examined by investigating the calcein leakage from fungal membrane models made of egg yolk l-phosphatidylcholine/ergosterol (10 : 1, w/w) liposomes. P7 showed potent leakage effects against fungal liposomes similar to Melittin-treated cells. C. albicans protoplast regeneration assay demonstrated that P7 interacted with the C. albicans plasma membrane. Flow cytometry of the plasma membrane potential and integrity of C. albicans showed that P7 caused 60.9 ± 1.8% depolarization of the membrane potential of intact C. albicans cells and caused 58.1 ± 3.2% C. albicans cell membrane damage. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that part of FITC-P7 accumulated in the cytoplasm. DNA retardation analysis was also performed, which showed that P7 interacted with C. albicans genomic DNA after penetrating the cell membrane, completely inhibiting the migration of genomic DNA above the weight ratio (peptide : DNA) of 6. Our results indicated that the plasma membrane was the primary target, and DNA was the secondary intracellular target of the mode of action of P7 against C. albicans. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Li
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Fengxia Song
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shufang Xia
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guowei Le
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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18
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Gutsmann T. Interaction between antimicrobial peptides and mycobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1034-43. [PMID: 26851776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria can cause different severe health problems, including tuberculosis (TB). The treatment of TB with conventional antibiotics is successful, however, the number of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains increases. Moreover, many classical antimycobacterial antibiotics have severe side effects. Therefore, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) seem to be good candidates for new therapeutic strategies. On the one hand AMPs can be used as a single drug or in combination with conventional antibiotics to directly kill mycobacteria, or on the other hand to act as immunstimulatory agents. This review summarizes the findings on the role of endogenous human AMPs being involved in TB, the antimycobacterial activity of various AMPs, and the molecular modes of action. Most active AMPs interact with the mycobacterial cell envelope and in particular with the mycomembrane and the plasma membrane. The mycomembrane is a very rigid membrane probably leading to a lower activity of the AMPs against mycobacteria as compared to other Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. For some AMPs also other targets have been identified. Because of the complex environment of intracellular mycobacteria being trapped in the phagosome, within the macrophage, within the granuloma, within the lung, the external administration of AMPs in the latent phase of TB is a challenge. However, in the acute phase the AMPs can attack mycobacteria in a direct way. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antimicrobial peptides edited by Karl Lohner and Kai Hilpert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gutsmann
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Priority Area Infections, Division of Biophysics, Parkallee 10, 23845 Borstel, Germany.
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Chen LH, Lin SW, Liu KF, Chang CI, Hseu JR, Tsai JM. Comparative proteomic analysis of Litopenaeus vannamei gills after vaccination with two WSSV structural proteins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:306-314. [PMID: 26766180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most devastating viral pathogens of cultured shrimp worldwide. Recently published papers show the ability of WSSV structural protein VP28 to vaccinate shrimp and raise protection against the virus. This study attempted to identify the joining proteins of the aforementioned shrimp quasi-immune response by proteomic analysis. The other envelope protein, VP36B, was used as the non-protective subunit vaccine control. Shrimp were intramuscularly injected with rVPs or PBS on day 1 and day 4 and then on day 7 their gill tissues were sampled. The two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) patterns of gill proteins between vaccinated and PBS groups were compared and 20 differentially expressed proteins identified by mass spectrometry, some of which were validated in gill and hemocyte tissues using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Many of identified proteins and their expression levels also linked with the shrimp response during WSSV infection. The list of up-regulated protein spots found exclusively in rVP28-vaccinated shrimp include calreticulin and heat shock protein 70 with chaperone properties, ubiquitin, and others. The two serine proteases, chymotrypsin and trypsin, were significantly increased in shrimp of both vaccinated groups compared to PBS controls. The information presented here should be useful for gaining insight into invertebrate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shi-Wei Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Fu Liu
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Pingtung, 92845, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-I Chang
- Aquaculture Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Keelung, 20246, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jinn-Rong Hseu
- Mariculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Tainan, 72453, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jyh-Ming Tsai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan, ROC.
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20
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Detection of Ubiquitinated Dermcidin in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Periodontal Disease. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Scofield SLC, Amin P, Singh M, Singh K. Extracellular Ubiquitin: Role in Myocyte Apoptosis and Myocardial Remodeling. Compr Physiol 2015; 6:527-60. [PMID: 26756642 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (UB) is a highly conserved low molecular weight (8.5 kDa) protein. It consists of 76 amino acid residues and is found in all eukaryotic cells. The covalent linkage of UB to a variety of cellular proteins (ubiquitination) is one of the most common posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells. This modification generally regulates protein turnover and protects the cells from damaged or misfolded proteins. The polyubiquitination of proteins serves as a signal for degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway. UB is present in trace amounts in body fluids. Elevated levels of UB are described in the serum or plasma of patients under a variety of conditions. Extracellular UB is proposed to have pleiotropic roles including regulation of immune response, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. CXCR4 is identified as receptor for extracellular UB in hematopoietic cells. Heart failure represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in western society. Cardiac remodeling is a determinant of the clinical course of heart failure. The components involved in myocardial remodeling include-myocytes, fibroblasts, interstitium, and coronary vasculature. Increased sympathetic nerve activity in the form of norepinephrine is a common feature during heart failure. Acting via β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR), norepinephrine is shown to induce myocyte apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis. β-AR stimulation increases extracellular levels of UB in myocytes, and UB inhibits β-AR-stimulated increases in myocyte apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis. This review summarizes intracellular and extracellular functions of UB with particular emphasis on the role of extracellular UB in cardiac myocyte apoptosis and myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L C Scofield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Parthiv Amin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mahipal Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Krishna Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA; James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.,Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York, USA
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22
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Bachère E, Rosa RD, Schmitt P, Poirier AC, Merou N, Charrière GM, Destoumieux-Garzón D. The new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: Cellular, molecular and genetic view. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:50-64. [PMID: 25753917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are sessile filter feeders that live in close association with abundant and diverse communities of microorganisms that form the oyster microbiota. In such an association, cellular and molecular mechanisms have evolved to maintain oyster homeostasis upon stressful conditions including infection and changing environments. We give here cellular and molecular insights into the Crassostrea gigas antimicrobial defense system with focus on antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). This review highlights the central role of the hemocytes in the modulation and control of oyster antimicrobial response. As vehicles for AMPs and other antimicrobial effectors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), and together with epithelia, hemocytes provide the oyster with local defense reactions instead of systemic humoral ones. These reactions are largely based on phagocytosis but also, as recently described, on the extracellular release of antimicrobial histones (ETosis) which is triggered by ROS. Thus, ROS can signal danger and activate cellular responses in the oyster. From the current literature, AMP production/release could serve similar functions. We provide also new lights on the oyster genetic background that underlies a great diversity of AMP sequences but also an extraordinary individual polymorphism of AMP gene expression. We discuss here how this polymorphism could generate new immune functions, new pathogen resistances or support individual adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Aurore C Poirier
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Merou
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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Tripathi A, Vana PG, Chavan TS, Brueggemann LI, Byron KL, Tarasova NI, Volkman BF, Gaponenko V, Majetschak M. Heteromerization of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 with α1A/B-adrenergic receptors controls α1-adrenergic receptor function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1659-68. [PMID: 25775528 PMCID: PMC4386352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417564112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure through interactions with α1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in vascular smooth muscle. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, are unknown. Using proximity ligation assays to visualize single-molecule interactions, we detected that α1A/B-ARs associate with CXCR4 on the cell surface of rat and human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Furthermore, α1A/B-AR could be coimmunoprecipitated with CXCR4 in a HeLa expression system and in human VSMC. A peptide derived from the second transmembrane helix of CXCR4 induced chemical shift changes in the NMR spectrum of CXCR4 in membranes, disturbed the association between α1A/B-AR and CXCR4, and inhibited Ca(2+) mobilization, myosin light chain (MLC) 2 phosphorylation, and contraction of VSMC upon α1-AR activation. CXCR4 silencing reduced α1A/B-AR:CXCR4 heteromeric complexes in VSMC and abolished phenylephrine-induced Ca(2+) fluxes and MLC2 phosphorylation. Treatment of rats with CXCR4 agonists (CXCL12, ubiquitin) reduced the EC50 of the phenylephrine-induced blood pressure response three- to fourfold. These observations suggest that disruption of the quaternary structure of α1A/B-AR:CXCR4 heteromeric complexes by targeting transmembrane helix 2 of CXCR4 and depletion of the heteromeric receptor complexes by CXCR4 knockdown inhibit α1-AR-mediated function in VSMC and that activation of CXCR4 enhances the potency of α1-AR agonists. Our findings extend the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating α1-AR and provide an example of the importance of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteromerization for GPCR function. Compounds targeting the α1A/B-AR:CXCR4 interaction could provide an alternative pharmacological approach to modulate blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Tripathi
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - P Geoff Vana
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Tanmay S Chavan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Lioubov I Brueggemann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Kenneth L Byron
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Nadya I Tarasova
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; and
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153;
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24
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Bach HH, Wong YM, Tripathi A, Nevins AM, Gamelli RL, Volkman BF, Byron KL, Majetschak M. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 and atypical chemokine receptor 3 regulate vascular α₁-adrenergic receptor function. Mol Med 2014; 20:435-47. [PMID: 25032954 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR) 4 and atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR) 3 ligands have been reported to modulate cardiovascular function in various disease models. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain unknown. Thus, it was the aim of the present study to determine how pharmacological modulation of CXCR4 and ACKR3 regulate cardiovascular function. In vivo administration of TC14012, a CXCR4 antagonist and ACKR3 agonist, caused cardiovascular collapse in normal animals. During the cardiovascular stress response to hemorrhagic shock, ubiquitin, a CXCR4 agonist, stabilized blood pressure, whereas coactivation of CXCR4 and ACKR3 with CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), or blockade of CXCR4 with AMD3100 showed opposite effects. While CXCR4 and ACKR3 ligands did not affect myocardial function, they selectively altered vascular reactivity upon α1-adrenergic receptor (AR) activation in pressure myography experiments. CXCR4 activation with ubiquitin enhanced α1-AR-mediated vasoconstriction, whereas ACKR3 activation with various natural and synthetic ligands antagonized α1-AR-mediated vasoconstriction. The opposing effects of CXCR4 and ACKR3 activation by CXCL12 could be dissected pharmacologically. CXCR4 and ACKR3 ligands did not affect vasoconstriction upon activation of voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels or endothelin receptors. Effects of CXCR4 and ACKR3 agonists on vascular α1-AR responsiveness were independent of the endothelium. These findings suggest that CXCR4 and ACKR3 modulate α1-AR reactivity in vascular smooth muscle and regulate hemodynamics in normal and pathological conditions. Our observations point toward CXCR4 and ACKR3 as new pharmacological targets to control vasoreactivity and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H Bach
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yee M Wong
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Tripathi
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard L Gamelli
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L Byron
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
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25
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Antoni L, Nuding S, Weller D, Gersemann M, Ott G, Wehkamp J, Stange EF. Human colonic mucus is a reservoir for antimicrobial peptides. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:e652-64. [PMID: 23787054 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To prevent bacterial adherence and translocation, the colonic mucosa is covered by a protecting mucus layer and the epithelium synthesizes antimicrobial peptides. The present qualitative study investigated the contents and interaction of these peptides in and with rectal mucus. METHODS Rectal mucus extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial activity and screened with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Dot blot and immunohistochemistry for antimicrobial peptides. In addition, binding of AMPs to mucins was investigated by Western blot and enzyme-linked lectin assays. RESULTS In functional tests the mucus layer exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity. We detected 11 antimicrobial peptides in mucus extracts from healthy persons including the defensins HBD-1 and -3, the cathelicidin LL-37, ubiquitin, lysozyme, histones, high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 2, ubiquicidin and other ribosomal proteins. AMPs were bound by mucins but this was demonstrated to be reversible and inhibition of antibacterial activity was limited. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that epithelial antimicrobial peptides are retained in the intestinal mucus layer without losing their efficacy. Thus, the mucus layer and its composition provide an attractive drug target to restore antimicrobial barrier function in intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Antoni
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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Carter V, Underhill A, Baber I, Sylla L, Baby M, Larget-Thiery I, Zettor A, Bourgouin C, Langel Ü, Faye I, Otvos L, Wade JD, Coulibaly MB, Traore SF, Tripet F, Eggleston P, Hurd H. Killer bee molecules: antimicrobial peptides as effector molecules to target sporogonic stages of Plasmodium. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003790. [PMID: 24278025 PMCID: PMC3836994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new generation of strategies is evolving that aim to block malaria transmission by employing genetically modified vectors or mosquito pathogens or symbionts that express anti-parasite molecules. Whilst transgenic technologies have advanced rapidly, there is still a paucity of effector molecules with potent anti-malaria activity whose expression does not cause detrimental effects on mosquito fitness. Our objective was to examine a wide range of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) for their toxic effects on Plasmodium and anopheline mosquitoes. Specifically targeting early sporogonic stages, we initially screened AMPs for toxicity against a mosquito cell line and P. berghei ookinetes. Promising candidate AMPs were fed to mosquitoes to monitor adverse fitness effects, and their efficacy in blocking rodent malaria infection in Anopheles stephensi was assessed. This was followed by tests to determine their activity against P. falciparum in An. gambiae, initially using laboratory cultures to infect mosquitoes, then culminating in preliminary assays in the field using gametocytes and mosquitoes collected from the same area in Mali, West Africa. From a range of 33 molecules, six AMPs able to block Plasmodium development were identified: Anoplin, Duramycin, Mastoparan X, Melittin, TP10 and Vida3. With the exception of Anoplin and Mastoparan X, these AMPs were also toxic to an An. gambiae cell line at a concentration of 25 µM. However, when tested in mosquito blood feeds, they did not reduce mosquito longevity or egg production at concentrations of 50 µM. Peptides effective against cultured ookinetes were less effective when tested in vivo and differences in efficacy against P. berghei and P. falciparum were seen. From the range of molecules tested, the majority of effective AMPs were derived from bee/wasp venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Carter
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Underhill
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahima Baber
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Lakamy Sylla
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mounirou Baby
- Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Bamako, Mali
| | - Isabelle Larget-Thiery
- Institut Pasteur, Centre for Production and Infection of Anopheles (CEPIA), Parasitology and Mycology Department, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Zettor
- Institut Pasteur, Centre for Production and Infection of Anopheles (CEPIA), Parasitology and Mycology Department, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Bourgouin
- Institut Pasteur, Centre for Production and Infection of Anopheles (CEPIA), Parasitology and Mycology Department, Paris, France
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry Svante Arrhenius v. 21A, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Faye
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Svante Arrhenius v. 20C, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- Temple University Department of Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John D. Wade
- Howard Florey Research Laboratories, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mamadou B. Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sekou F. Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Frederic Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Eggleston
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Hilary Hurd
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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27
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Zorlutuna P, Vrana NE, Khademhosseini A. The expanding world of tissue engineering: the building blocks and new applications of tissue engineered constructs. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 6:47-62. [PMID: 23268388 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2012.2233468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering has been growing in the recent years as more products have made it to the market and as new uses for the engineered tissues have emerged, motivating many researchers to engage in this multidisciplinary field of research. Engineered tissues are now not only considered as end products for regenerative medicine, but also have emerged as enabling technologies for other fields of research ranging from drug discovery to biorobotics. This widespread use necessitates a variety of methodologies for production of tissue engineered constructs. In this review, these methods together with their non-clinical applications will be described. First, we will focus on novel materials used in tissue engineering scaffolds; such as recombinant proteins and synthetic, self assembling polypeptides. The recent advances in the modular tissue engineering area will be discussed. Then scaffold-free production methods, based on either cell sheets or cell aggregates will be described. Cell sources used in tissue engineering and new methods that provide improved control over cell behavior such as pathway engineering and biomimetic microenvironments for directing cell differentiation will be discussed. Finally, we will summarize the emerging uses of engineered constructs such as model tissues for drug discovery, cancer research and biorobotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Zorlutuna
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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28
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Lawrence DW, Kornbluth J. E3 ubiquitin ligase NKLAM is a macrophage phagosome protein and plays a role in bacterial killing. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:46-52. [PMID: 23085241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a critically important component of the innate and adaptive immune systems. They are equipped with oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms to kill ingested pathogens. Natural Killer Lytic-Associated Molecule (NKLAM) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase expressed in macrophages and natural killer cells. We show that NKLAM expression in macrophages was enhanced by Toll-like receptor agonists and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Using confocal microscopy, we found that NKLAM colocalized with ingested Escherichia coli. In assays using IgG-opsonized latex beads as targets, we demonstrated that NKLAM translocated to the phagosome early during maturation at a time that coincided with elevated levels of ubiquitinated phagosome proteins. In killing assays with bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild type and NKLAM-deficient mice, we found that NKLAM-deficient macrophages demonstrated less killing of E. coli than wild type macrophages. Collectively, our data show that NKLAM is a novel component of macrophage phagosomes and is involved in macrophage bactericidal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Lawrence
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
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29
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Seo JK, Lee MJ, Go HJ, Kim GD, Jeong HD, Nam BH, Park NG. Purification and antimicrobial function of ubiquitin isolated from the gill of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:88-98. [PMID: 22858580 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An antimicrobial polypeptide was purified from an acidified gill extract of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) by C(18) reversed-phase HPLC. The purified polypeptide had a molecular weight of 8471Da containing 74 amino acid residues. Comparison of the obtained N-terminal sequences with those of others revealed that it was identical to ubiquitin reported from other species and named cgUbiquitin. cgUbiquitin showed broad potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria including Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio parahemolyticus (minimal effective concentrations, 7.8 and 9.8μg/mL), respectively, without hemolytic activity. The cgUbiquitin cDNA was identified from an expressed sequence tag (EST) library of oyster gill as a precursor form, encoding ubiquitin consisting of 76 amino acids fused to ribosomal protein of S27. Although the cgUbiquitin precursor mRNA was expressed at the intermediate level in the gill, the mRNA was significantly up-regulated at 48h post injection with Vibrio sp. Analysis of the cgUbiquitin C-terminus by carboxypeptidase B treatment and comparison of the retention times revealed that cgUbiquitin lacks the terminal Gly-Gly doublet and ends in an C-terminal Arg residue which might be related to antimicrobial activity. Study of the kinetics of killing and membrane permeabilization showed that this peptide was not membrane permeable and acted through a bacteriostatic process. According to the homology modeling, this peptide is composed of three secondary structural motifs including three α-helices and four β-strands separated by 7 loops regions. Our results indicate that cgUbiquitin might be related to the innate immune defenses in the Pacific oyster and this is the first report for antimicrobial function of ubiquitin isolated from any oyster species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kil Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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30
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Vadász I, Weiss CH, Sznajder JI. Ubiquitination and proteolysis in acute lung injury. Chest 2012; 141:763-771. [PMID: 22396561 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification that regulates a variety of cellular functions depending on timing, subcellular localization, and type of tagging, as well as modulators of ubiquitin binding leading to proteasomal or lysosomal degradation or nonproteolytic modifications. Ubiquitination plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) and other lung diseases with pathologies secondary to inflammation, mechanical ventilation, and decreased physical mobility. Particularly, ubiquitination has been shown to affect alveolar epithelial barrier function and alveolar edema clearance by targeting the Na,K-ATPase and epithelial Na(+) channels upon lung injury. Notably, the proteasomal system also exhibits distinct functions in the extracellular space, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of ALI and other pulmonary diseases. Better understanding of these mechanisms may ultimately lead to novel therapeutic modalities by targeting elements of the ubiquitination pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Curtis H Weiss
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Pasikowski P, Goździewicz T, Stefanowicz P, Artym J, Zimecki M, Szewczuk Z. A novel immunosuppressory peptide originating from the ubiquitin sequence. Peptides 2011; 32:2418-27. [PMID: 22008734 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a conservative polypeptide present in every eukaryotic cell. Apart from its involvement in proteasomal degradation and other intracellular signal pathways, it was suggested to play an important role as the extracellular immunomodulator and antimicrobial agent. Moreover, ubiquitin-derived peptides were shown to express significant biological activities. Our previous studies showed a high immunosuppressive potency of the ubiquitin peptic hydrolysate in which we identified over 70 different peptides. The present work focuses on synthesizing the most abundant of these peptides and investigating their immunomodulatory potency. The peptide VKTLTGKTI possessed the highest immunosuppressory activity in AFC experiments, comparable to the previously described LEDGRTLSDY sequence (a previously discovered ubiquitin-derived peptide). Moreover, some of the investigated peptides expressed immunostimulatory effects. These findings support the idea that ubiquitin, together with products of its degradation, could represent a self-regulating immunoregulatory system. Peptide VKTLTGKTI was also tested for its activity to prolong the skin graft survival in mice. The results showed that the investigated peptide significantly extended the skin transplant rejection time, therefore it could be considered as a potential supplementary medicine in the post-transplantation therapy. Moreover, we synthesized two analogs of investigated peptides, first designed to mimic the non-linear epitope consisting of ubiquitin 16-21 and ubiquitin 52-57 fragments, and second designed to mimic the ubiquitin 5-13 hairpin. We also tested their immunosuppressory activity in in vitro experiments.
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32
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Purdy GE. Taking Out TB-Lysosomal Trafficking and Mycobactericidal Ubiquitin-Derived Peptides. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:7. [PMID: 21687404 PMCID: PMC3109310 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health concern. The hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity is its ability to infect resting macrophages and establish an intracellular niche. Activated and autophagic macrophages control mycobacterial infections through bactericidal mechanisms ranging from reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates to the delivery of the bacterium to the acidified, hydrolytically active lysosome. The mycobactericidal activity of the lysosome is due in part to the action of ubiquitin-derived peptides (Ub-peptides). In this review we discuss the trafficking events that result in delivery M. tuberculosis to the lysosome, the source and lysosomal generation of Ub-peptides and their role in macrophage control of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana E Purdy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University Portland, OR, USA
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Abstract
Skin responds to environmental stressors via coordinated actions of the local neuroimmunoendocrine system. Although some of these responses involve opioid receptors, little is known about cutaneous proenkephalin expression, its environmental regulation, and alterations in pathology. The objective of this study was to assess regulated expression of proenkephalin in normal and pathological skin and in isolated melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanoma cells. The proenkephalin gene and protein were expressed in skin and cultured cells, with significant expression in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Mass spectroscopy confirmed Leu- and Met-enkephalin in skin. UVR, Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, and TLR2 agonists stimulated proenkephalin gene expression in melanocytes and keratinocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In situ Met/Leu-enkephalin peptides were expressed in differentiating keratinocytes of the epidermis in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle, in myoepithelial cells of the eccrine gland, and in the basement membrane/basal lamina separating epithelial and mesenchymal components. Met/Leu-enkephalin expression was altered in pathological skin, increasing in psoriasis and decreasing in melanocytic tumors. Not only does human skin express proenkephalin, but this expression is upregulated by stressful stimuli and can be altered by pathological conditions.
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34
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Majetschak M. Extracellular ubiquitin: immune modulator and endogenous opponent of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:205-19. [PMID: 20689098 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0510316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a post-translational protein modifier and plays essential roles in all aspects of biology. Although the discovery of ubiquitin introduced this highly conserved protein as a molecule with extracellular actions, the identification of ubiquitin as the ATP-dependent proteolysis factor 1 has focused subsequent research on its important intracellular functions. Little attention has since been paid to its role outside of the cell. During recent years, multiple observations suggest that extracellular ubiquitin can modulate immune responses and that exogenous ubiquitin has therapeutic potential to attenuate exuberant inflammation and organ injury. These observations have not been integrated into a comprehensive assessment of its possible role as an endogenous immune modulator. This review recapitulates the current knowledge about extracellular ubiquitin and discusses an emerging facet of its role in biology during infectious and noninfectious inflammation. The synopsis of these data along with the recent identification of ubiquitin as a CXCR4 agonist suggest that extracellular ubiquitin may have pleiotropic roles in the immune system and functions as an endogenous opponent of DAMPs. Functions of extracellular ubiquitin could constitute an evolutionary conserved control mechanism aimed to balance the immune response and prevent exuberant inflammation. Further characterization of its mechanism of action and cellular signaling pathways is expected to provide novel insights into the regulation of the innate immune response and opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Majetschak
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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35
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Soell M, Feki A, Hannig M, Sano H, Pinget M, Selimovic D. Chromogranin A detection in saliva of type 2 diabetes patients. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2010; 10:2-8. [PMID: 20192923 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2010.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A is present in secretion granules of nerve, endocrine and immune cells and is a precursor of several peptides with antibacterial and antifungal properties at micromolar concentrations.Our aim in this prospective, double blind study, was to determine the expression of chromogranin A and its peptides at protein level in saliva of type 2 diabetic patients and thereby to obtain a new non-invasive diagnostic means for the future.Saliva was taken from 30 type 2 diabetic patients and 30 healthy individuals at the same time interval in the morning without any oral stimuli. Circadianic periodics in protein productions have been avoided. The presence of chromogranin A and its derived peptides was determined in whole saliva, after centrifugation at 40C for 12 min at 14 000 rpm, by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and Immunoblotting (Western Blot). To ensure same protein concentrations Bradford protein quantification assay has been performed before.For the first time, we have determined an overexpression of chromogranin A in saliva of diabetic patients in 100% of the individuals. Chromogranin A, a circulating biomarker for epithelial tumours, is also overexpressed in saliva of type 2 diabetic patients. To confirm our results, more studies with a large amount of patients is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Soell
- Department of Periodontology, Hautepierre Hospitals, University of Strasbourg, France. INSERM Unit 977, 11 Rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Pasikowski P, Cydzik M, Kluczyk A, Stefanowicz P, Szewczuk Z. Ubiquitin fragments: their known biological activities and putative roles. Biomol Concepts 2010; 1:67-83. [PMID: 25961987 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) is involved in many key processes of cell biology. Identification of compounds that could interfere in the ubiquitination process is of importance. It could be expected that peptides derived from the Ub-binding regions might be able to interact with Ub receptors themselves and modify an ability of the Ub receptors interactions. This review summarizes current knowledge about known Ub-derived peptides and discusses putative activity of unexplored Ub fragments. Among identified biologically active Ub-derived peptides, its decapeptide fragment of the LEDGRTLSDY sequence was found to exhibit strong immunosuppressive effects on the cellular and humoral immune responses, comparable to that of cyclosporine. Some of the Ub fragments possess strong antibacterial and antifungal potency. In the search for new peptides that could interfere in the interaction of Ub with other proteins, we investigated the pentapeptide Ub sequences present in non-ubiquitin proteins. Based on examination of the Swiss-Prot database, we postulated that sequences of some Ub fragments often exist in other protein molecules. However, some of those motives are represented more frequently than others and could be involved in regulation of cellular processes related to Ub.
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Saini V, Marchese A, Majetschak M. CXC chemokine receptor 4 is a cell surface receptor for extracellular ubiquitin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15566-15576. [PMID: 20228059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes and plays major biological roles as a post-translational protein modifier. Ubiquitin is also a natural constituent of plasma, and several lines of evidence suggest that extracellular ubiquitin is an immune modulator with anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, ubiquitin treatment has been shown to limit inflammation and reduce organ injury in various disease models and species in vivo. However, its mechanism of action is unknown. Here we show that extracellular ubiquitin is a natural CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4 and CD184) agonist. Extracellular ubiquitin promotes intracellular Ca(2+) flux and reduces cAMP levels through a G protein-coupled receptor that signals via a Galpha(i/o) protein in THP1 cells. Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation reduces ubiquitin-binding sites, which enabled identification of four Galpha(i/o) PCRs as ubiquitin receptor candidates. Overexpression of candidate genes in HEK293 cells, gene silencing in THP1 cells, competition binding, and signaling studies with the CXCR4 agonist stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 12) and inhibitor AMD3100 identify CXCR4 as a functional ubiquitin receptor. Our finding uncovers a fundamentally new aspect of the role of ubiquitin in biology, has implications for the understanding of CXCR4-mediated events, and is expected to facilitate development of new therapeutic avenues for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saini
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153.
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Ponpuak M, Davis AS, Roberts EA, Delgado MA, Dinkins C, Zhao Z, Virgin HW, Kyei GB, Johansen T, Vergne I, Deretic V. Delivery of cytosolic components by autophagic adaptor protein p62 endows autophagosomes with unique antimicrobial properties. Immunity 2010; 32:329-41. [PMID: 20206555 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy allows cells to self-digest portions of their own cytoplasm for a multitude of physiological purposes, including innate and adaptive immunity functions. In one of its innate immunity manifestations, autophagy, is known to contribute to the killing of intracellular microbes, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although the molecular mechanisms have been unclear. Here, we delineated sequential steps of the autophagic pathway necessary to control intracellular M. tuberculosis and found that in addition to autophagy initiation and maturation, an accessory autophagy-targeting molecule p62 (A170 or SQSTM1) was required for mycobactericidal activity. The p62 adaptor protein delivered specific ribosomal and bulk ubiquitinated cytosolic proteins to autolysosomes where they were proteolytically converted into products capable of killing M. tuberculosis. Thus, p62 brings cytosolic proteins to autolysosomes where they are processed from innocuous precursors into neo-antimicrobial peptides, explaining in part the unique bactericidal properties of autophagic organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Akaddar A, Doderer-Lang C, Marzahn MR, Delalande F, Mousli M, Helle K, Van Dorsselaer A, Aunis D, Dunn BM, Metz-Boutigue MH, Candolfi E. Catestatin, an endogenous chromogranin A-derived peptide, inhibits in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1005-15. [PMID: 20043183 PMCID: PMC2827800 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Catestatin, an endogenous peptide derived from bovine chromogranin A, and its active domain cateslytin display powerful antimicrobial activities. We have tested the activities of catestatin and other related peptides on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Catestatin inhibits growth of the chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. falciparum 3D7, exhibiting 88% inhibition at 20 microM. A similar partial inhibition of parasite growth was observed for the chloroquine-resistant strain, 7G8 (64%,) and the multidrug-resistant strain, W2 (62%). In the presence of parasite-specific lactate dehydrogenase, a specific protein-protein interaction between catestatin and plasmepsin II precursor was demonstrated. In addition, catestatin partially inhibited the parasite-specific proteases plasmepsin in vitro. A specific interaction between catestatin and plasmepsins II and IV from P. falciparum and plasmepsin IV from the three remaining species of Plasmodium known to infect man was observed, suggesting a catestatin-induced reduction in availability of nutrients for protein synthesis in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Akaddar
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Strasbourg, EA 4438, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cécile Doderer-Lang
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Strasbourg, EA 4438, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Melissa R. Marzahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 100245 Gainesville, FL USA
| | - François Delalande
- Développement et Physiopathologie de l’Intestin et du Pancréas, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U682, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Mousli
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Strasbourg, EA 4438, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse BioOrganique, IPHC-DSA, UDS, CNRS, UMR178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Aunis
- Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U575, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ben M. Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 100245 Gainesville, FL USA
| | | | - Ermanno Candolfi
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Strasbourg, EA 4438, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Huett A, Xavier RJ. Autophagy at the gut interface: mucosal responses to stress and the consequences for inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:152-74. [PMID: 19575363 PMCID: PMC3954538 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved homeostatic process by which cells degrade and recycle cytoplasmic contents and organelles. Recently, autophagy has come to prominence as a factor in many disease states, including inflammatory bowel diseases. In this review we explore the recent discoveries in autophagy and how these relate to the special conditions experienced by the gut mucosa. We will pay particular attention to autophagy as an innate immune process and its role in the development and education of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Huett
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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41
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Delgado M, Singh S, De Haro S, Master S, Ponpuak M, Dinkins C, Ornatowski W, Vergne I, Deretic V. Autophagy and pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2009; 227:189-202. [PMID: 19120485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiologically and immunologically controlled intracellular homeostatic pathway that sequesters and degrades cytoplasmic targets including macromolecular aggregates, cellular organelles such as mitochondria, and whole microbes or their products. Recent advances show that autophagy plays a role in innate immunity in several ways: (i) direct elimination of intracellular microbes by digestion in autolysosomes, (ii) delivery of cytosolic microbial products to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in a process referred to as topological inversion, and (iii) as an anti-microbial effector of Toll-like receptors and other PRR signaling. Autophagy eliminates pathogens in vitro and in vivo but, when aberrant due to mutations, contributes to human inflammatory disorders such as Crohn's disease. In this review, we examine these relationships and propose that autophagy is one of the most ancient innate immune defenses that has possibly evolved at the time of alpha-protobacteria-pre-eukaryote relationships, leading up to modern eukaryotic cell-mitochondrial symbiosis, and that during the metazoan evolution, additional layers of immunological regulation have been superimposed and integrated with this primordial innate immunity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Jaremko L, Jaremko M, Pasikowski P, Cebrat M, Stefanowicz P, Lisowski M, Artym J, Zimecki M, Zhukov I, Szewczuk Z. The immunosuppressive activity and solution structures of ubiquitin fragments. Biopolymers 2009; 91:423-31. [PMID: 19213045 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, ubiquitin was suggested as a promising anti-inflammatory protein therapeutic. We found that a peptide fragment corresponding to the ubiquitin(50-59) sequence (LEDGRTLSDY) possessed the immunosuppressive activity comparable with that of ubiquitin. CD and NMR spectroscopies were used to determine the conformational preferences of LEDGRTLSDY in solution. The peptide mixture, obtained by pepsin digestion of ubiquitin, was even more potent than the intact protein. Although the peptide exhibited a well-defined conformation in methanol, its structure was distinct from the corresponding 50-59 fragment in the native ubiquitin molecule. (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 423-431, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Jaremko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Sasaki K, Satomi Y, Takao T, Minamino N. Snapshot peptidomics of the regulated secretory pathway. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1638-47. [PMID: 19339239 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900044-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons and endocrine cells have the regulated secretory pathway (RSP) in which precursor proteins undergo proteolytic processing by prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 or 2 to generate bioactive peptides. Although motifs for PC-mediated processing have been described ((R/K)X(n)(R/K) where n = 0, 2, 4, or 6), actual processing sites cannot be predicted from amino acid sequences alone. We hypothesized that discovery of bioactive peptides would be facilitated by experimentally identifying signal peptide cleavage sites and processing sites. However, in vivo and in vitro peptide degradation, which is widely recognized in peptidomics, often hampers processing site determination. To obtain sequence information about peptides generated in the RSP on a large scale, we applied a brief exocytotic stimulus (2 min) to cultured endocrine cells and analyzed peptides released into supernatant using LC-MSMS. Of note, 387 of the 400 identified peptides arose from 19 precursor proteins known to be processed in the RSP, including nine peptide hormone and neuropeptide precursors, seven granin-like proteins, and three processing enzymes (PC1/3, PC2, and peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase). In total, 373 peptides were informative enough to predict processing sites in that they have signal sequence cleavage sites, PC consensus sites, or monobasic cleavage sites. Several monobasic cleavage sites identified here were previously proved to be generated by PCs. Thus, our approach helps to predict processing sites of RSP precursor proteins and will expedite the identification of unknown bioactive peptides hidden in precursor sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Zhang D, Shooshtarizadeh P, Laventie BJ, Colin DA, Chich JF, Vidic J, de Barry J, Chasserot-Golaz S, Delalande F, Van Dorsselaer A, Schneider F, Helle K, Aunis D, Prévost G, Metz-Boutigue MH. Two chromogranin a-derived peptides induce calcium entry in human neutrophils by calmodulin-regulated calcium independent phospholipase A2. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4501. [PMID: 19225567 PMCID: PMC2639705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides derived from the natural processing of chromogranin A (CgA) are co-secreted with catecholamines upon stimulation of chromaffin cells. Since PMNs play a central role in innate immunity, we examine responses by PMNs following stimulation by two antimicrobial CgA-derived peptides. Methodology/Principal Findings PMNs were treated with different concentrations of CgA-derived peptides in presence of several drugs. Calcium mobilization was observed by using flow cytometry and calcium imaging experiments. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy have shown the intracellular localization of the peptides. The calmodulin-binding and iPLA2 activating properties of the peptides were shown by Surface Plasmon Resonance and iPLA2 activity assays. Finally, a proteomic analysis of the material released after PMNs treatment with CgA-derived peptides was performed by using HPLC and Nano-LC MS-MS. By using flow cytometry we first observed that after 15 s, in presence of extracellular calcium, Chromofungin (CHR) or Catestatin (CAT) induce a concentration-dependent transient increase of intracellular calcium. In contrast, in absence of extra cellular calcium the peptides are unable to induce calcium depletion from the stores after 10 minutes exposure. Treatment with 2-APB (2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate), a store operated channels (SOCs) blocker, inhibits completely the calcium entry, as shown by calcium imaging. We also showed that they activate iPLA2 as the two CaM-binding factors (W7 and CMZ) and that the two sequences can be aligned with the two CaM-binding domains reported for iPLA2. We finally analyzed by HPLC and Nano-LC MS-MS the material released by PMNs following stimulation by CHR and CAT. We characterized several factors important for inflammation and innate immunity. Conclusions/Significance For the first time, we demonstrate that CHR and CAT, penetrate into PMNs, inducing extracellular calcium entry by a CaM-regulated iPLA2 pathway. Our study highlights the role of two CgA-derived peptides in the active communication between neuroendocrine and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- Département de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
- First Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Benoît-Joseph Laventie
- UPRES-EA 3432, Institut de Bactériologie de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis Pasteur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Didier André Colin
- UPRES-EA 3432, Institut de Bactériologie de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis Pasteur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Chich
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean de Barry
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UMR 7168 CNRS-Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvette Chasserot-Golaz
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UMR 7168 CNRS-Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse BioOrganique, IPHC-DSA, ULP, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francis Schneider
- Département de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dominique Aunis
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Prévost
- UPRES-EA 3432, Institut de Bactériologie de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis Pasteur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Crivellato E, Nico B, Ribatti D. The chromaffin vesicle: advances in understanding the composition of a versatile, multifunctional secretory organelle. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 291:1587-602. [PMID: 19037853 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chromaffin vesicles (CV) are highly sophisticated secretory organelles synthesized in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. They contain a complex mixture of structural proteins, catecholamine neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, and the relative processing enzymes, as well as protease inhibitors. In addition, CV store ATP, ascorbic acid, and calcium. During the last decades, extensive studies have contributed to increase our understanding of the molecular composition of CV. Yet, the recent development of biochemical and imaging procedures has greatly increased the list of CV-soluble constituents and opened new horizons as to the complexity of CV involvement in acute stress responses. Thus, a coherent picture of CV molecular composition is still to be drawn. This review article will provide a detailed account of the content of CV soluble molecules as it emerges from the most recent analytical studies. Moreover, this review article will attempt at focussing on the physiological and pathophysiological implications of the products released by CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Crivellato
- Department of Medical and Morphological Research, Section of Anatomy, University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
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Kaffarnik FA, Jones AM, Rathjen JP, Peck SC. Effector Proteins of the Bacterial Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae Alter the Extracellular Proteome of the Host Plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:145-56. [DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800043-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Autophagy in immunity against mycobacterium tuberculosis: a model system to dissect immunological roles of autophagy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 335:169-88. [PMID: 19802565 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of autophagy as an immune mechanism has been affirmed in recent years. One of the model systems that has helped in the development of our current understanding of how autophagy and more traditional immunity systems cooperate in defense against intracellular pathogens is macrophage infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is a highly significant human pathogen that latently infects billions of people and causes active disease in millions of patients worldwide. The ability of the tubercle bacillus to persist in human populations rests upon its macrophage parasitism. One of the initial reports on the ability of autophagy to act as a cell-autonomous innate immunity mechanism capable of eliminating intracellular bacteria was on M. tuberculosis. This model system has further contributed to the recognition of multiple connections between conventional immune regulators and autophagy. In this chapter, we will review how these studies have helped to establish the following principles: (1) autophagy functions as an innate defense mechanism against intracellular microbes; (2) autophagy is under the control of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as Toll-like receptors (TLR), and it acts as one of the immunological output effectors of PRR and TLR signaling; (3) autophagy is one of the effector functions associated with the immunity-regulated GTPases, which were initially characterized as molecules involved in cell-autonomous defense, but whose mechanism of function was unknown until recently; (4) autophagy is an immune effector of Th1/Th2 T cell response polarization-autophagy is activated by Th1 cytokines (which act in defense against intracellular pathogens) and is inhibited by Th2 cytokines (which make cells accessible to intracellular pathogens). Collectively, the studies employing the M. tuberculosis autophagy model system have contributed to the development of a more comprehensive view of autophagy as an immunological process. This work and related studies by others have led us to propose a model of how autophagy, an ancient innate immunity defense, became integrated over the course of evolution with other immune mechanisms of ever-increasing complexity.
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Pichia anomala DBVPG 3003 secretes a ubiquitin-like protein that has antimicrobial activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:1129-34. [PMID: 19114528 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01837-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast strain Pichia anomala DBVPG 3003 secretes a killer toxin (Pikt) that has antifungal activity against Brettanomyces/Dekkera sp. yeasts. Pikt interacts with beta-1,6-glucan, consistent with binding to the cell wall of sensitive targets. In contrast to that of toxin K1, secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pikt killer activity is not mediated by an increase in membrane permeability. Purification of the toxin yielded a homogeneous protein of about 8 kDa, which showed a marked similarity to ubiquitin in terms of molecular mass and N-terminal sequences. Pikt is also specifically recognized by anti-bovine ubiquitin antibodies and, similar to ubiquitin-like peptides, is not absorbed by DEAE-cellulose. However, Pikt differs from ubiquitin in its sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes. Therefore, Pikt appears to be a novel ubiquitin-like peptide that has killer activity.
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49
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Leite JRSA, Brand GD, Silva LP, Kückelhaus SAS, Bento WRC, Araújo ALT, Martins GR, Lazzari AM, Bloch C. Dermaseptins from Phyllomedusa oreades and Phyllomedusa distincta: Secondary structure, antimicrobial activity, and mammalian cell toxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 151:336-343. [PMID: 17442605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the structural characteristics, the biological activities, and preliminary clinical investigations of three synthetic members of the dermaseptin family of antimicrobial peptides. The three peptides showed similar tendencies to form alpha-helical structures in non-polar media. The antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi was determined in the micromolar concentration and the peptides did not influenced peritoneal cells viability. One of the peptides was intravenously administered in mice at concentrations similar to those of antibiotics employed in bacterial/fungal infections and it did not cause any detectable changes in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto S A Leite
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) - Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Estação Parque Biológico, Final W5, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70770-900, Brazil; Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Piauí - UFPI, Parnaíba, Piauí, 64202-020, PI, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme D Brand
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) - Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Estação Parque Biológico, Final W5, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70770-900, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Luciano P Silva
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) - Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Estação Parque Biológico, Final W5, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70770-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Bloch
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) - Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Estação Parque Biológico, Final W5, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70770-900, Brazil.
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Sixt SU, Dahlmann B. Extracellular, circulating proteasomes and ubiquitin - incidence and relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:817-23. [PMID: 18602990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major pathway for intracellular protein degradation and is also deeply involved in the regulation of most basic cellular processes. Its proteolytic core, the 20S proteasome, has found to be attached also to the cell plasma membrane and certain observations are interpreted as to suggest that they may be released into the extracellular medium, e.g. in the alveolar lining fluid, epididymal fluid and possibly during the acrosome reaction. Proteasomes have also been detected in normal human blood plasma and designated circulating proteasomes; these have a comparatively low specific activity, a distinct pattern of subtypes and their exact origin is still enigmatic. In patients suffering from autoimmune diseases, malignant myeloproliferative syndromes, multiple myeloma, acute and chronic lymphatic leukaemia, solid tumour, sepsis or trauma, respectively, the concentration of circulating proteasomes has been found to be elevated, to correlate with the disease state and has even prognostic significance. Similarly, ubiquitin has been discovered as a normal component of human blood and seminal plasma and in ovarian follicular fluid. Increased concentrations were measured in diverse pathological situations, not only in blood plasma but also in cerebrospinal fluid, where it may have neuroprotective effects. As defective spermatozoa are covered with ubiquitin in the epididymal fluid, extracellular ubiquitination is proposed to be a mechanism for quality control in spermatogenesis. Growing evidence exists also for a participation of extracellular proteasomes and ubiquitin in the fertilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan U Sixt
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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