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Wang L, Shan T. Factors inducing transdifferentiation of myoblasts into adipocytes. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2276-2289. [PMID: 32989814 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fat infiltration in skeletal muscle is observed in several myopathies, is associated with muscular dysfunction, and is strongly correlated with insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, and aging. In animal production, skeletal muscle fat (also known as intermuscular and intramuscular fat) is positively related to meat quality including tenderness, flavor, and juiciness. Thus, understanding the cell origin and regulation mechanism of skeletal muscle fat infiltration is important for developing therapies against human myopathies as well as for improving meat quality. Notably, age, sarcopenia, oxidative stress, injury, and regeneration can activate adipogenic differentiation potential in myoblasts and affect fat accumulation in skeletal muscle. In addition, several transcriptional and nutritional factors can directly induce transdifferentiation of myoblasts into adipocytes. In this review, we focused on the recent progress in understanding the muscle-to-adipocyte differentiation and summarized and discussed the genetic, nutritional, and physiological factors that can induce transdifferentiation of myoblasts into adipocytes. Moreover, the regulatory roles and mechanisms of these factors during the transdifferentiation process were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Wang Y, Song J, Liu X, Liu J, Zhang Q, Yan X, Yuan X, Ren D. Multiple Effects of Mechanical Stretch on Myogenic Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:336-352. [PMID: 31950873 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinqiang Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Stomatology, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Biomimetic electrical stimulation induces rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells via TGF-beta 1 in vitro. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 148:47-53. [PMID: 28969971 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrical conductance is one of the factors of the microenvironment of cardiomyocytes, and electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to modulate the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) toward a cardiomyogenic fate. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) stimulates the cardiomyogenic marker expression in BMSCs. Herein, we promoted the differentiation of BMSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells using ES to confirm if TGF-β1 mediates this event in vitro. ES increased protein levels of TGF-β1 in BMSCs, and this effect was better than that observed with 5-azacytidine (5-Aza). The effect of ES on promoting cardiomyogenic marker expression in BMSCs was enhanced by TGF-β1. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of Connexin43 (Cx43) and Alpha-actinin 2 (ACTN2) induced by ES in BMSCs were significantly decreased by pirfenidone. These results show that ES promotes cardiomyocyte-like cells differentiation in rat BMSCs and is possibly mediated by TGF-β1 in vitro.
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Balan OV, Ozernyuk ND. Differentiation of stem cells isolated from rat skeletal muscles towards cardiomyocytes: The effect of an inhibitor of DNA methylation 5-azacytidine. BIOL BULL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359017040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hao M, Wang R, Wang W. Cell Therapies in Cardiomyopathy: Current Status of Clinical Trials. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2017; 2017:9404057. [PMID: 28194324 PMCID: PMC5282433 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9404057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the human heart has limited potential for regeneration, the loss of cardiomyocytes during cardiac myopathy and ischaemic injury can result in heart failure and death. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of dead myocardium, directly or indirectly, and seems to offer functional benefits to patients. The ideal candidate donor cell for myocardial reconstitution is a stem-like cell that can be easily obtained, has a robust proliferation capacity and a low risk of tumour formation and immune rejection, differentiates into functionally normal cardiomyocytes, and is suitable for minimally invasive clinical transplantation. The ultimate goal of cardiac repair is to regenerate functionally viable myocardium after myocardial infarction (MI) to prevent or heal heart failure. This review provides a comprehensive overview of treatment with stem-like cells in preclinical and clinical studies to assess the feasibility and efficacy of this novel therapeutic strategy in ischaemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hao
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, 333 Guiping Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, 19925 Stevens Creek Blvd, Suite 100, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA
| | - Richard Wang
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, 333 Guiping Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, 19925 Stevens Creek Blvd, Suite 100, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA
| | - Wen Wang
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, 333 Guiping Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, 19925 Stevens Creek Blvd, Suite 100, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA
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Shradhanjali A, Riehl BD, Kwon IK, Lim JY. Cardiomyocyte stretching for regenerative medicine and hypertrophy study. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-015-0010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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7
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Li L, Zhang X, Wang L, Chai Z, Shen X, Zhang Z, Liu C. A toxicology study to evaluate the embryotoxicity of metformin compared with the hypoglycemic drugs, the anticancer drug, the anti-epileptic drug, the antibiotic, and the cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor. J Diabetes 2015; 7:839-49. [PMID: 25492223 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safe use of medications in pregnant females, their embryos and in offspring is important. The aim of the present study was to evaluate embryotoxicity of metformin (MET) compared with other hypoglycemic drugs (rosiglitazone [RSG] and glimepiride [GLIM]), the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the anti-epileptic drug diphenylhydantoin (DPH), the antibiotic penicillin G (PenG), and the cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor nimesulide (NIM) in an embryonic stem cell test (EST). METHODS Differences in the expression of developmental marker genes following treatment with the test compounds during the course of differentiation (from embryonic stem cell D3 (D3 cells) to myocardial cells) were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In these studies, 5-FU was used as a positive control and PenG was used as a negative control. The cytotoxicity of these drugs against D3 cells and 3T3 fibroblasts was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Embryotoxicity was classified according to the prediction model of EST. RESULTS At concentrations >800 μg/mL MET had a greater cytotoxic effect on D3 cells than 3T3 fibroblasts. At the highest concentration of MET (5 mg/mL), the cell viability of D3 cells and 3T3 fibroblasts was <10% and >30%, respectively. The size of the embryonic body (EB) differentiation area was almost the same over the concentration range 50-200 μg/mL MET, and there was no significant difference in EB differentiation area until a concentration of 400 μg/mL MET. At a concentration of 800 μg/mL MET, the size of EB outgrowth was significantly reduced. The same assays revealed GLIM, RSG, and NIM to be weakly embryotoxic substances. CONCLUSIONS Based on the EST, MET can be classified as a weakly embryotoxic substance, which suggests that it should be prescribed with caution to pregnant women with gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenhai Chai
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuping Shen
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongpeng Zhang
- Tianjin Center for Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the publication of a large number of clinical trials, primarily using bone marrow-derived stem cells as the injected cell. Much has been learned through these "first-generation" clinical trials. The considerable advances in our understanding include (1) cell therapy is safe, (2) cell therapy has been modestly effective, (3) the recognition that in humans bone marrow-derived stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes or new blood vessels (or at least in sufficient numbers to have any effect). The primary mechanism of action for cell therapy is now believed to be through paracrine effects that include the release of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that inhibit apoptosis and fibrosis, enhance contractility, and activate endogenous regenerative mechanisms through endogenous circulating or site-specific stem cells. The new direction for clinical trials includes the use of stem cells capable of cardiac lineage, such as endogenous cardiac stem cells.
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Ramkisoensing AA, de Vries AAF, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ, Pijnappels DA. Interaction between myofibroblasts and stem cells in the fibrotic heart: balancing between deterioration and regeneration. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:224-31. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Engineered Human Muscle Tissue from Skeletal Muscle Derived Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiac Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2013:198762. [PMID: 24734224 PMCID: PMC3984572 DOI: 10.1155/2013/198762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During development, cardiac and skeletal muscle share major transcription factors and sarcomere proteins which were generally regarded as specific to either cardiac or skeletal muscle but not both in terminally differentiated adult cardiac or skeletal muscle. Here, we investigated whether artificial muscle constructed from human skeletal muscle derived stem cells (MDSCs) recapitulates developmental similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle. We constructed 3-dimensional collagen-based engineered muscle tissue (EMT) using MDSCs (MDSC-EMT) and compared the biochemical and contractile properties with EMT using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cardiac cells (iPS-EMT). Both MDSC-EMT and iPS-EMT expressed cardiac specific troponins, fast skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain, and connexin-43 mimicking developing cardiac or skeletal muscle. At the transcriptional level, MDSC-EMT and iPS-EMT upregulated both cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific genes and expressed Nkx2.5 and Myo-D proteins. MDSC-EMT displayed intracellular calcium ion transients and responses to isoproterenol. Contractile force measurements of MDSC-EMT demonstrated functional properties of immature cardiac and skeletal muscle in both tissues. Results suggest that the EMT from MDSCs mimics developing cardiac and skeletal muscle and can serve as a useful in vitro functioning striated muscle model for investigation of stem cell differentiation and therapeutic options of MDSCs for cardiac repair.
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Zou J, Yuan C, Wu C, Cao C, Shi Q, Yang H. Isolation and osteogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle‑derived stem cells for bone tissue engineering. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:185-91. [PMID: 24173582 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and culture of muscle‑derived stem cells (MDSCs) and their capability to differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro. Skeletal muscle tissue was obtained from double hind limbs of New Zealand white rabbits under sterile conditions and isolated by collagenase digestion. Following passages in basic medium, the primary cells were desmin (+), myosin (+) and CD105 (+). Differentiation of MDSCs was induced by osteogenic medium. Using a 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, the differentiated cell population was found to proliferate faster than the undifferentiated. Alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining revealed that the differentiated cells were mineralized in vitro. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays also showed increased mRNA expression of osteogenic genes in differentiated cells. In conclusion, stem cells were successfully isolated and cultured from rabbit skeletal muscle tissue and were able to differentiate into osteoblasts following induction. These observations may indicate an ideal stem cell source for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Dzafic E, Stimpfel M, Virant-Klun I. Plasticity of granulosa cells: on the crossroad of stemness and transdifferentiation potential. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013; 30:1255-61. [PMID: 23893266 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-013-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ovarian follicle represents the basic functional unit of the ovary and consists of an oocyte, which is surrounded by granulosa cells (GCs). GCs play an important role in the growth and development of the follicle. They are subject to increased attention since it has recently been shown that the subpopulation of GCs within the growing follicle possesses exceptionally plasticity showing stem cell characteristics. In assisted reproduction programs, oocytes are retrieved from patients together with GCs, which are currently discarded daily, but could be an interesting subject to be researched and potentially used in regenerative medicine in the future. Isolated GCs expressed stem cell markers such as OCT-4, NANOG and SOX-2, showed high telomerase activity, and were in vitro differentiated into other cell types, otherwise not present within ovarian follicles. Recently another phenomenon demonstrated in GCs is transdifferentiation, which could explain many ovarian pathological conditions. Possible applications in regenerative medicine are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edo Dzafic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 3, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ma N, Ding F, Zhang J, Bao C, Zhong H, Mei J. Myocardial structural protein expression in umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells after myogenic induction. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:899-904. [PMID: 23505133 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effects of three methods of inducing myogenic cells differentiation, umbilical blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) from nearly full-term pregnancy mongrel dogs were purified and cultured. Fourth-passage UCMSCs were used to detect surface antigens, including CD11a, CD11b, CD29, CD34 and CD71. The cells were induced by 5-azacytidine (5-aza), myocardial lysates and myocardial induced fluid. Positive expression of Nkx2.5, α-actin, desmin, β-MHC and troponin-I (TN I) were detected after 3 weeks. The immunohistochemical results were CD11a (-), CD11b (-), CD34 (-), CD29 (+) and CD71 (+). Nkx2.5 was detected in 5-aza group, myocardial lysates group and myocardial induced fluid group. Semi-quantitative analysis showed Nkx2.5 expression significantly higher in myocardial lysates group than in the 5-aza group or myocardial-induced fluid group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the 5-aza and myocardial-induced fluid groups for Nkx2.5 expression (P > 0.05). MSCs did not express myocardial structural proteins before differentiation, but α-actin, desmin, β-MHC and troponin-I were present after differentiation. The positive expression of four proteins differed with the differentiation conditions. The UCMSCs can be differentiated into myogenic cells by three methods, but the degrees of differentiation are inconsistent. Our results show that the effects of 5-aza and myocardial lysates are better than that of myocardial induced fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Mechanostimulation protocols for cardiac tissue engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:918640. [PMID: 23936858 PMCID: PMC3722786 DOI: 10.1155/2013/918640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the inability of self-replacement by a damaged myocardium, alternative strategies to heart transplantation have been explored within the last decades and cardiac tissue engineering/regenerative medicine is among the present challenges in biomedical research. Hopefully, several studies witness the constant extension of the toolbox available to engineer a fully functional, contractile, and robust cardiac tissue using different combinations of cells, template bioscaffolds, and biophysical stimuli obtained by the use of specific bioreactors. Mechanical forces influence the growth and shape of every tissue in our body generating changes in intracellular biochemistry and gene expression. That is why bioreactors play a central role in the task of regenerating a complex tissue such as the myocardium. In the last fifteen years a large number of dynamic culture devices have been developed and many results have been collected. The aim of this brief review is to resume in a single streamlined paper the state of the art in this field.
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Neef K, Choi YH, Srinivasan SP, Treskes P, Cowan DB, Stamm C, Rubach M, Adelmann R, Wittwer T, Wahlers T. Mechanical preconditioning enables electrophysiologic coupling of skeletal myoblast cells to myocardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:1176-1184.e1. [PMID: 22980065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of mechanical preconditioning on skeletal myoblasts in engineered tissue constructs was investigated to resolve issues associated with conduction block between skeletal myoblast cells and cardiomyocytes. METHODS Murine skeletal myoblasts were used to generate engineered tissue constructs with or without application of mechanical strain. After in vitro myotube formation, engineered tissue constructs were co-cultured for 6 days with viable embryonic heart slices. With the use of sharp electrodes, electrical coupling between engineered tissue constructs and embryonic heart slices was assessed in the presence or absence of pharmacologic agents. RESULTS The isolation and expansion procedure for skeletal myoblasts resulted in high yields of homogeneously desmin-positive (97.1% ± 0.1%) cells. Mechanical strain was exerted on myotubes within engineered tissue constructs during gelation of the matrix, generating preconditioned engineered tissue constructs. Electrical coupling between preconditioned engineered tissue constructs and embryonic heart slices was observed; however, no coupling was apparent when engineered tissue constructs were not subjected to mechanical strain. Coupling of cells from engineered tissue constructs to cells in embryonic heart slices showed slower conduction velocities than myocardial cells with the embryonic heart slices (preconditioned engineered tissue constructs vs embryonic heart slices: 0.04 ± 0.02 ms vs 0.10 ± 0.05 ms, P = .011), lower maximum stimulation frequencies (preconditioned engineered tissue constructs vs embryonic heart slices: 4.82 ± 1.42 Hz vs 10.58 ± 1.56 Hz; P = .0009), and higher sensitivities to the gap junction inhibitor (preconditioned engineered tissue constructs vs embryonic heart slices: 0.22 ± 0.07 mmol/L vs 0.93 ± 0.15 mmol/L; P = .0004). CONCLUSIONS We have generated skeletal myoblast-based transplantable grafts that electrically couple to myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Neef
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yeong-Hoon Choi
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sureshkumar Perumal Srinivasan
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Treskes
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Douglas B Cowan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christof Stamm
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Martin Rubach
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Adelmann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wittwer
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Srinivasan SP, Neef K, Treskes P, Liakopoulos OJ, Stamm C, Cowan DB, Madershahian N, Kuhn E, Slottosch I, Wittwer T, Wahlers T, Choi YH. Enhanced gap junction expression in myoblast-containing engineered tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:462-468. [PMID: 22579687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of skeletal myoblasts (SMs) has been investigated as a potential cardiac cell therapy approach. SM are available autologously, predetermined for muscular differentiation and resistant to ischemia. Major hurdles for their clinical application are limitations in purity and yield during cell isolation as well as the absence of gap junction expression after differentiation into myotubes. Furthermore, transplanted SMs do not functionally or electrically integrate with the host myocardium. Here, we describe an efficient method for isolating homogeneous SM populations from neonatal mice and demonstrate persistent gap junction expression in an engineered tissue. This method resulted in a yield of 1.4 × 10(8) high-purity SMs (>99% desmin positive) after 10 days in culture from 162.12 ± 11.85 mg muscle tissue. Serum starvation conditions efficiently induced differentiation into spontaneously contracting myotubes that coincided with loss of gap junction expression. For mechanical conditioning, cells were integrated into engineered tissue constructs. SMs within tissue constructs exhibited long term survival, ordered alignment, and a preserved ability to differentiate into contractile myotubes. When the tissue constructs were subjected to passive longitudinal tensile stress, the expression of gap junction and cell adherence proteins was maintained or increased throughout differentiation. Our studies demonstrate that mechanical loading of SMs may provide for improved electromechanical integration within the myocardium, which could lead to more therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureshkumar Perumal Srinivasan
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Neef
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Treskes
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver J Liakopoulos
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christof Stamm
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Douglas B Cowan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Navid Madershahian
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elmar Kuhn
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingo Slottosch
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wittwer
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yeong-Hoon Choi
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Riehl BD, Park JH, Kwon IK, Lim JY. Mechanical stretching for tissue engineering: two-dimensional and three-dimensional constructs. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:288-300. [PMID: 22335794 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cell stretching may be an attractive strategy for the tissue engineering of mechanically functional tissues. It has been demonstrated that cell growth and differentiation can be guided by cell stretch with minimal help from soluble factors and engineered tissues that are mechanically stretched in bioreactors may have superior organization, functionality, and strength compared with unstretched counterparts. This review explores recent studies on cell stretching in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) setups focusing on the applications of stretch stimulation as a tool for controlling cell orientation, growth, gene expression, lineage commitment, and differentiation and for achieving successful tissue engineering of mechanically functional tissues, including cardiac, muscle, vasculature, ligament, tendon, bone, and so on. Custom stretching devices and lab-specific mechanical bioreactors are described with a discussion on capabilities and limitations. While stretch mechanotransduction pathways have been examined using 2D stretch, studying such pathways in physiologically relevant 3D environments may be required to understand how cells direct tissue development under stretch. Cell stretch study using 3D milieus may also help to develop tissue-specific stretch regimens optimized with biochemical feedback, which once developed will provide optimal tissue engineering protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Riehl
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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18
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Cassino TR, Drowley L, Okada M, Beckman SA, Keller B, Tobita K, Leduc PR, Huard J. Mechanical loading of stem cells for improvement of transplantation outcome in a model of acute myocardial infarction: the role of loading history. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1101-8. [PMID: 22280442 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for tissue repair is a rapidly evolving field and the factors that dictate the physiological responsiveness of stem cells remain under intense investigation. In this study we hypothesized that the mechanical loading history of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) would significantly impact MDSC survival, host tissue angiogenesis, and myocardial function after MDSC transplantation into acutely infarcted myocardium. Mice with acute myocardial infarction by permanent left coronary artery ligation were injected with either nonstimulated (NS) or mechanically stimulated (MS) MDSCs. Mechanical stimulation consisted of stretching the cells with equibiaxial stretch with a magnitude of 10% and frequency of 0.5 Hz. MS cell-transplanted hearts showed improved cardiac contractility, increased numbers of host CD31+ cells, and decreased fibrosis, in the peri-infarct region, compared to the hearts treated with NS MDSCs. MS MDSCs displayed higher vascular endothelial growth factor expression than NS cells in vitro. These findings highlight an important role for cyclic mechanical loading preconditioning of donor MDSCs in optimizing MDSC transplantation for myocardial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa R Cassino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Haghani K, Bakhtiyari S, Nouri AM. In vitro study of the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 361:315-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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20
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Bollini S, Pozzobon M, Nobles M, Riegler J, Dong X, Piccoli M, Chiavegato A, Price AN, Ghionzoli M, Cheung KK, Cabrelle A, O'Mahoney PR, Cozzi E, Sartore S, Tinker A, Lythgoe MF, De Coppi P. In vitro and in vivo cardiomyogenic differentiation of amniotic fluid stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:364-80. [PMID: 21120638 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy has developed as a complementary treatment for myocardial regeneration. While both autologous and allogeneic uses have been advocated, the ideal candidate has not been identified yet. Amniotic fluid-derived stem (AFS) cells are potentially a promising resource for cell therapy and tissue engineering of myocardial injuries. However, no information is available regarding their use in an allogeneic context. c-kit-sorted, GFP-positive rat AFS (GFP-rAFS) cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (rCMs) were characterized by cytocentrifugation and flow cytometry for the expression of mesenchymal, embryonic and cell lineage-specific antigens. The activation of the myocardial gene program in GFP-rAFS cells was induced by co-culture with rCMs. The stem cell differentiation was evaluated using immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and single cell electrophysiology. The in vivo potential of Endorem-labeled GFP-rAFS cells for myocardial repair was studied by transplantation in the heart of animals with ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R), monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three weeks after injection a small number of GFP-rAFS cells acquired an endothelial or smooth muscle phenotype and to a lesser extent CMs. Despite the low GFP-rAFS cells count in the heart, there was still an improvement of ejection fraction as measured by MRI. rAFS cells have the in vitro propensity to acquire a cardiomyogenic phenotype and to preserve cardiac function, even if their potential may be limited by poor survival in an allogeneic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sveva Bollini
- Stem Cell Processing Laboratory-Fondazione Città della Speranza, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), University of Padua, Via G. Orus, 2, 35129, Padua, Italy.
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Abstract
Cell therapy is based on the replacement of damaged cells in order to restore injured tissues. The first consideration is that an abundant source of cells is needed; second, these cells should be immunologically compatible with the guest and third, there should be no real threat of these cells undergoing malignant transformation in the future. Given these requirements, already differentiated adult cells or adult stem cells obtained from the body of the patient appear to be the ideal candidates to meet all of these demands. The utilization of somatic cells also avoids numerous ethical and political drawbacks and concerns. Transdifferentiation is the phenomenon by which an adult differentiated cell switches to another differentiated cell. This paper reviews the importance of transdifferentiation, discussing the cells that are suitable for this process and the methods currently employed to induce the change in cell type.
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Abstract
Cardiac stem cell based therapy is a promising therapy for patients with severe heart failure. Many types of stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells, myoblasts, marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, circulating endothelial progenitor cells, and cardiac precursor cells etc, are known as cellular sources for cardiac stem cell therapy. Both in the clinical and experimental setting, stem cells are reported, and supposed, to cause some arrhythmogenic adverse effects. In order to overcome these serious adverse effects, it is necessary to know the electrophysiological properties of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, and have a profound insight into the mechanisms of arrhythmia to know whether such arrhythmogenic properties of the cells can cause serious arrhythmia in situ. In the present study, recent publications that focus on the electrophysiological aspect of stem cell based therapy are reviewed and, furthermore, a new perspective on cardiac stem cell therapy of arrhythmias is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichiro Miyoshi
- Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 186-8582, Japan.
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23
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Poulet C, Wettwer E, Christ T, Ravens U. Skeletal muscle stem cells propagated as myospheres display electrophysiological properties modulated by culture conditions. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 50:357-66. [PMID: 20971120 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In cardiac regenerative therapy, transplantation of stem cells to form new myocardium is limited by their inability to integrate into host myocardium and conduct cardiac electrical activity. It is now hypothesized that refining cell sorting could upgrade the therapeutic result. Here we characterized a subpopulation of skeletal muscle stem cells with respect to their electrophysiological properties. The aim of our study was to determine whether electrophysiological parameters are compatible with cardiac function and can be influenced by culture conditions. Low-adherent skeletal muscle stem cells were isolated from the hind legs of 12-20 week old mice. After 6 days of culture the cells were analysed using patch-clamp techniques and RT-PCR, and replated in different media for skeletal muscle or cardiac differentiation. The cells generated action potentials (APs) longer than skeletal muscle APs, expressed functional cardiac Na(+) channels (~46% of the total channel fraction), displayed fast activating and inactivating L-type Ca(2+) currents, possibly conducted through cardiac channels and did not show significant Cl(-) conductance. Moreover, a fraction of cells expressed muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Conditioning the cells for skeletal muscle differentiation resulted in upregulation of skeletal muscle-specific Na(+) and Ca(2+) channel expression, shortening of AP duration and loss of functional cardiac Na(+) channels. Cardiomyogenic conditions however, promoted the participation of cardiac Na(+) channels (57% of the total channel fraction). Nevertheless the cells retained properties of myoblasts such as the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We conclude that skeletal muscle stem cells display several electrophysiological properties similar to those of cardiomyocytes. Culture conditions modulated these properties but only partially succeeded in further driving the cells towards a cardiac phenotype. This article is part of a special issue entitled, "Cardiovascular Stem Cells Revisited".
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Poulet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Ji C, Min F, Liang W, Chen Y, Pan S, Bin L, Chen S, Wei Z, He T, Gu Y, Zhang J. Construction of tissue-engineered corpus cavernosum with muscle-derived stem cells and transplantation in vivo. BJU Int 2010; 107:1638-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Clause KC, Liu LJ, Tobita K. Directed stem cell differentiation: the role of physical forces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:48-54. [PMID: 20560867 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2010.492535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of factors contribute to the control of stem cell fate. In particular, the evidence for how physical forces control the stem cell differentiation program is now accruing. In this review, the authors discuss the types of physical forces: mechanical forces, cell shape, extracellular matrix geometry/properties, and cell-cell contacts and morphogenic factors, which evidence suggests play a role in influencing stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Clause
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Clause KC, Tinney JP, Liu LJ, Gharaibeh B, Huard J, Kirk JA, Shroff SG, Fujimoto KL, Wagner WR, Ralphe JC, Keller BB, Tobita K. A three-dimensional gel bioreactor for assessment of cardiomyocyte induction in skeletal muscle-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:375-85. [PMID: 19601695 PMCID: PMC2945363 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) are able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CMs). However, it remains to be investigated whether differentiated CMs contract similar to native CMs. Here, we developed a three-dimensional collagen gel bioreactor (3DGB) that induces a working CM phenotype from MDSCs, and the contractile properties are directly measured as an engineered cardiac tissue. Neonate rat MDSCs were isolated from hind-leg muscles via the preplate technique. Isolated MDSCs were approximately 60% positive to Sca-1 and negative to CD34, CD45, or c-kit antigens. We sorted Sca-1(-) MDSCs and constructed MDSC-3DGBs by mixing MDSCs with acid soluble rat tail collagen type-I and matrix factors. MDSC-3DGB exhibited spontaneous cyclic contraction by culture day 7. MDSC-3DGB expressed cardiac-specific genes and proteins. Histological assessment revealed that cardiac-specific troponin-T and -I expressed in a typical striation pattern and connexin-43 was expressed similar to the native fetal ventricular papillary muscle. beta-Adrenergic stimulation increased MDSC-3DGB spontaneous beat frequency. MDSC-3DGB generated contractile force and intracellular calcium ion transients similar to engineered cardiac tissue from native cardiac cells. Results suggest that MDSC-3DGB induces a working CM phenotype in MDSCs and is a useful 3D culture system to directly assess the contractile properties of differentiated CMs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C. Clause
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph P. Tinney
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Li J. Liu
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Burhan Gharaibeh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan A. Kirk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjeev G. Shroff
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kazuro L. Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William R. Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John C. Ralphe
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley B. Keller
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Xaymardan M, Cimini M, Fazel S, Weisel RD, Lu WY, Martin U, Harvey RP, Li RK. c-Kit function is necessary for in vitro myogenic differentiation of bone marrow hematopoietic cells. Stem Cells 2010; 27:1911-20. [PMID: 19544423 DOI: 10.1002/stem.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the differentiation of bone marrow cells (BMCs) into myocytes has been extensively investigated, but the findings remain inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions necessary to induce myogenic differentiation in short-term cultures of adult BMCs, and to identify the BMC subpopulation responsible for this phenomenon. We report that high-density cultures of murine hematopoietic BMCs gave rise to spontaneous beating cell clusters in the presence of vascular endothelial and fibroblast growth factors. These clusters originated from c-kit(pos) cells. The formation of the clusters could be completely blocked by adding a c-kit/tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Gleevec (imatinib mesylate; Novartis International, Basel, Switzerland, http://www.novartis.com), to the culture. Cluster formation was also blunted in BMCs from c-kit-deficient (Kit(W)/Kit(W-v)) mice. Clustered cells expressed cardiomyocyte-specific transcription factor genes Gata-4 and Nkx2.5, sarcomeric proteins beta-MHC and MLC-2v, and ANF and connexin-43. Immunostaining revealed alpha-sarcomeric actinin expression in more than 90% of clustered cells. Under electron microscopy, the clustered cells exhibited a sarcomeric myofiber arrangement and z-bands. This study defines the microenvironment required to achieve a reproducible in vitro model of beating, myogenic cell clusters. This model could be used to examine the mechanisms responsible for the postnatal myogenic differentiation of BMCs. Our results identify c-kit(pos) bone marrow hematopoietic cells as the source of the myogenic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira Xaymardan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Schimrosczyk K, Song Y, Vykoukal J, Vykoukal D, Bai X, Krohn A, Freyberg S, Alt EU. Liposome‐mediated transfection with extract from neonatal rat cardiomyocytes induces transdifferentiation of human adipose‐derived stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:464-72. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510701836907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Shafy A, Lavergne T, Latremouille C, Cortes-Morichetti M, Carpentier A, Chachques JC. Association of electrostimulation with cell transplantation in ischemic heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138:994-1001. [PMID: 19660354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until now, cell therapy has constituted a passive therapeutic approach; the only effects seem to be related to the reduction of the myocardial fibrosis and the limitation of the adverse ventricular remodeling. Cardiac resynchronization therapy is indicated in patients with heart failure to correct conduction disorders associated with chronic systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The association of electrostimulation with cellular cardiomyoplasty could be a way to transform passive cell therapy into "dynamic cellular support." Electrostimulation of ventricles following skeletal myoblast implantation should induce the contraction of the transplanted cells and a higher expression of slow myosin, which is better adapted for chronic ventricular assistance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate myogenic cell transplantation in an ischemic heart model associated with cardiac resynchronization therapy. METHODS Twenty two sheep were included. All animals underwent myocardial infarction by ligation of 2 coronary artery branches (distal left anterior descending artery and D2). After 4 weeks, autologous cultured myoblasts were injected in the infarcted areas with or without pacemaker implantation. Atrial synchronized biventricular pacing was performed using epicardial electrodes. Echocardiography was performed at 4 weeks (baseline) and 12 weeks after infarction. RESULTS Echocardiography showed a significant improvement in ejection fraction and limitation of left ventricular dilatation in cell therapy with cardiac resynchronization therapy as compared with the other groups. Viable cells were identified in the infarcted areas. Differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes and enhanced expression of slow myosin heavy chain was observed in the electrostimulated group. Transplantation of cells with cardiac resynchronization therapy caused an increase in diastolic wall thickening in the infarcted zone relative to cells-only group and cardiac resynchronization therapy-only group. CONCLUSIONS Biventricular pacing seems to induce synchronous contraction of transplanted myoblasts and the host myocardium, thus improving ventricular function. Electrostimulation was related with enhanced expression of slow myosin and the organization of myoblasts in myotubes, which are better adapted at performing cardiac work. Patients with heart failure presenting myocardial infarct scars and indication for cardiac resynchronization therapy might benefit from simultaneous cardiac pacing and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Shafy
- Laboratory of Biosurgical Research, Pompidou Hospital, University of Paris, Paris, France
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30
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Proksch S, Bel A, Puymirat E, Pidial L, Bellamy V, Peyrard S, Larghero J, Augereau-Vacher B, Menasché P. Does the human skeletal muscle harbor the murine equivalents of cardiac precursor cells? Mol Ther 2009; 17:733-41. [PMID: 19223868 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited plasticity of adult muscle- or bone marrow- derived stem cells intended for cardiac regeneration impedes their conversion into cardiomyocytes. Since murine skeletal muscle was reported to harbor cardiac precursor cells, we assessed whether similar cells exist in man. Skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from 39 patients were sorted by flow cytometry which generated three populations (CD90+/CD34(-), CD34+/CD90(-), CD90(-)/CD34(-)) expressing similar levels of cardiac (Nkx2.5, cTn-T, cTn-I, Cx43) and skeletal muscle (Myf-5, MyoD, myogenin) mRNAs, as assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. However, compared to unpurified myoblasts, CD34+/CD90(-) cells expressed greater amounts of endothelium-specific mRNAs and were, therefore, selected for transplantation experiments. Thirty immunosuppressed rats then underwent coronary artery ligation and, 4 weeks later, were intramyocardially injected with culture medium, myoblasts, or CD34+/CD90(-) cells. After 1 month, left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly higher in the CD34+/CD90(-) group than in the control and myoblast-injected hearts, which was associated with smaller fibrosis and greater angiogenesis. The low engraftment rate suggested a paracrine mechanism supported by the greater release of growth factors by CD34+/CD90(-) cells than by unsorted myoblasts. In conclusion, the human skeletal muscle does not harbor cardiac-specified cells but contains a CD34+ fraction endowed with an angiogenic potential providing superior functional and structural benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Proksch
- INSERM U 633, Laboratory of Biosurgical Research, Hôpital Broussais, Paris, France
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31
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Ko IK, Kim BS. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of myocardial infarction. Int J Stem Cells 2008; 1:49-54. [PMID: 24855508 PMCID: PMC4021775 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2008.1.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction are one of the major causes of adult mortality. Several treatments such as pharmacological therapy and heart transplantation have been used for the diseases, but the treatments have drawbacks. Therefore, cell-based myocardial therapies have received proper medical attention. Bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) including mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a potential source for cell therapy for heart diseases due to the ability of BMSC to differentiate into cell in cardiac tissue including cardiomyocyte and vascular endothelial cell. This article reviews the use of BMSCs for cardiovascular disease and the differentiation of BMSCs into cardiaomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kwon Ko
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Hida N, Nishiyama N, Miyoshi S, Kira S, Segawa K, Uyama T, Mori T, Miyado K, Ikegami Y, Cui C, Kiyono T, Kyo S, Shimizu T, Okano T, Sakamoto M, Ogawa S, Umezawa A. Novel cardiac precursor-like cells from human menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1695-704. [PMID: 18420831 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy can help repair damaged heart tissue. Yet many of the suitable cells currently identified for human use are difficult to obtain and involve invasive procedures. In our search for novel stem cells with a higher cardiomyogenic potential than those available from bone marrow, we discovered that potent cardiac precursor-like cells can be harvested from human menstrual blood. This represents a new, noninvasive, and potent source of cardiac stem cell therapeutic material. We demonstrate that menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal cells (MMCs) began beating spontaneously after induction, exhibiting cardiomyocyte-specific action potentials. Cardiac troponin-I-positive cardiomyocytes accounted for 27%-32% of the MMCs in vitro. The MMCs proliferated, on average, 28 generations without affecting cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation ability, and expressed mRNA of GATA-4 before cardiomyogenic induction. Hypothesizing that the majority of cardiomyogenic cells in MMCs originated from detached uterine endometrial glands, we established monoclonal endometrial gland-derived mesenchymal cells (EMCs), 76%-97% of which transdifferentiated into cardiac cells in vitro. Both EMCs and MMCs were positive for CD29, CD105 and negative for CD34, CD45. EMCs engrafted onto a recipient's heart using a novel 3-dimensional EMC cell sheet manipulation transdifferentiated into cardiac tissue layer in vivo. Transplanted MMCs also significantly restored impaired cardiac function, decreasing the myocardial infarction (MI) area in the nude rat model, with tissue of MMC-derived cardiomyocytes observed in the MI area in vivo. Thus, MMCs appear to be a potential novel, easily accessible source of material for cardiac stem cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Hida
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Orlandi A, Pagani F, Avitabile D, Bonanno G, Scambia G, Vigna E, Grassi F, Eusebi F, Fucile S, Pesce M, Capogrossi MC. Functional properties of cells obtained from human cord blood CD34+ stem cells and mouse cardiac myocytes in coculture. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H1541-9. [PMID: 18223188 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01285.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prior in vitro studies suggested that different types of hematopoietic stem cells may differentiate into cardiomyocytes. The present work examined whether human CD34(+) cells from the human umbilical cord blood (hUCB), cocultured with neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes, acquire the functional properties of myocardial cells and express human cardiac genes. hUCB CD34(+) cells were cocultured onto cardiomyocytes following an infection with a lentivirus-encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). After 7 days, mononucleated EGFP(+) cells were tested for their electrophysiological features by patch clamp and for cytosolic [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) homeostasis by [Ca(2+)](i) imaging of X-rhod1-loaded cells. Human Nkx2.5 and GATA-4 expression was examined in cocultured cell populations by real-time RT-PCR. EGFP(+) cells were connected to surrounding cells by gap junctions, acquired electrophysiological properties similar to those of cardiomyocytes, and showed action potential-associated [Ca(2+)](i) transients. These cells also exhibited spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations and the associated membrane potential depolarization. However, RT-PCR of both cell populations showed no upregulation of human-specific cardiac genes. In conclusion, under our experimental conditions, hUCB CD34(+) cells cocultured with murine cardiomyocytes formed cells that exhibited excitation-contraction coupling features similar to those of cardiomyocytes. However, the expression of human-specific cardiac genes was undetectable by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Orlandi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Terapia Genica, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
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Adler S, Pellizzer C, Hareng L, Hartung T, Bremer S. First steps in establishing a developmental toxicity test method based on human embryonic stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:200-11. [PMID: 17961973 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of embryonic stem cells is currently the most promising approach to assess developmental toxicity in vitro. In addition, the possibility of using human embryonic stem (hES) cells will increase safety of consumers and patients as false classification of substances due to inter-species variations can be avoided. One validated test based on murine embryonic stem cells, the embryonic stem cell test (EST), consists of following endpoints: IC(50) values of fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells as well as the inhibition of differentiation of mES cells into cardiomyocytes. As a follow up of its successful validation study we established a cytotoxicity assay based on hES cells and human fibroblasts employing two developmental toxicants: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and all-trans retinoic acid (RA). The results were compared to historical data from the EST. For 5-FU, no significant differences were obtained between the different cell lines. However, for RA, both test systems produced higher IC(50) values for the fibroblasts than for the stem cells, which is a well-known effect of developmental toxicants. Moreover, the reliability and relevance of several marker genes as possible toxicological endpoints were tested. During early differentiation Oct-4, hTert and Dusp6 showed the most reliable results. Brachyury and GATA-4 were found to be best suited to monitor cardiac differentiation. The late cardiac marker gene TNNT2 demonstrated significant results until day 18. Therefore, these marker genes have the highest potential to serve as endpoints for a developmental toxicity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adler
- ECVAM, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via E. Fermi 1, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
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Gornostaeva SN, Rzhaninova AA, Gol'dstein DV. Myogenesis in hemopoietic tissue mesenchymal stem cell culture. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 141:493-9. [PMID: 17152380 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The myogenic differentiation capacity of prenatal mesenchymal stem cells from the main sites of hemopoiesis (bone marrow, thymus, liver, and spleen) was studied. Myogenesis was observed in all studied cell cultures except splenic mesenchymal stem cells. Differentiating cells from the thymus, bone marrow, and liver were positively stained for skeletal muscle markers (myogenin and MyoD). Autonomously contracting structures positively stained for cardiotroponin I and slow muscle myosin, were detected in the same cultures. Our experiments revealed differences in differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from hemopoietic organs depending on the source of cells.
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Abstract
Cell-based therapy is emerging as an innovative approach for the treatment of degenerative diseases, and stem cells appear to be an ideal source of cells for this. In cardiology, in particular, human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiomyocytes theoretically fulfill most, if not all, of the properties of an ideal donor cell, but several critical obstacles need to be overcome. Many research projects are focusing on set-up strategies for directing hESC differentiation toward the cardiac lineage. It is one of the main difficulties in the search to provide a valuable source of cells to effect regeneration of myocardial tissue in patients with severe heart failure. To date, there are no easy and efficient protocols for the induction of hESC differentiation toward the cardiac lineage. Discovering new molecules or tools capable of doing this is imperative.
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Nishiyama N, Miyoshi S, Hida N, Uyama T, Okamoto K, Ikegami Y, Miyado K, Segawa K, Terai M, Sakamoto M, Ogawa S, Umezawa A. The significant cardiomyogenic potential of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2017-24. [PMID: 17495114 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested the cardiomyogenic potential of the human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCBMSCs). Both the number and function of stem cells may be depressed in senile patients with severe coronary risk factors. Therefore, stem cells obtained from such patients may not function well. For this reason, UCBMSCs are potentially a new cell source for stem cell-based therapy, since such cells can be obtained from younger populations and are being routinely utilized for clinical patients. The human UCBMSCs (5 x 10(3) per cm(2)) were cocultured with fetal murine cardiomyocytes ([CM] 1 x 10(5) per cm(2)). On day 5 of cocultivation, approximately half of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled UCBMSCs contracted rhythmically and synchronously, suggesting the presence of electrical communication between the UCBMSCs. The fractional shortening of the contracted UCBMSCs was 6.5% +/- 0.7% (n = 20). The UCBMSC-derived cardiomyocytes stained positive for cardiac troponin-I (clear striation +) and connexin 43 (diffuse dot-like staining at the margin of the cell) by the immunocytochemical method. Cardiac troponin-I positive cardiomyocytes accounted for 45% +/- 3% of GFP-labeled UCBMSCs. The cardiomyocyte-specific long action potential duration (186 +/- 12 milliseconds) was recorded with a glass microelectrode from the GFP-labeled UCBMSCs. CM were observed in UCBMSCs, which were cocultivated in the same dish with mouse cardiomyocytes separated by a collagen membrane. Cell fusion, therefore, was not a major cause of CM in the UCBMSCs. Approximately half of the human UCBMSCs were successfully transdifferentiated into cardiomyocytes in vitro. UCBMSCs can be a promising cellular source for cardiac stem cell-based therapy. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Cardiopulmonary Division of Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi, Tokyo, Japan
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Lyngbaek S, Schneider M, Hansen JL, Sheikh SP. Cardiac regeneration by resident stem and progenitor cells in the adult heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2007; 102:101-14. [PMID: 17216393 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-007-0638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two main pieces of data have created a new field in cardiac research. First, the traditional view on the heart as a postmitotic organ has been challenged by the finding of small dividing cells in the heart expressing cardiac contractile proteins with stem cell properties and, second, cellular therapy of the diseased heart using a variety of different cells has shown encouraging effects on cardiac function. These findings immediately raise questions like "what is the identity and origin of the cardiac progenitor cells?","which molecular factors are involved in their mobilization and differentiation?", and "can these cells repair the damaged heart?" This review will address the state of current answers to these questions. Emerging evidence suggests that several subpopulations of cardiac stem or progenitor cells (CPCs) reside within the adult heart. CPCs with the ability to differentiate into all the constituent cells in the adult heart including cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells have been identified. Valuable knowledge has been obtained from the large number of animal studies and a number of small clinical trials that have utilized a variety of adult stem cells for regenerating infarcted hearts. However, contradictory reports on the regenerative potential of the CPCs exist, and the mechanisms behind the reported hemodynamic effects are intensely debated. Besides directly replenishing cardiac tissue, CPCs could also function by stimulating angiogenesis and improving survival of existing cells by secretion of paracrine factors. With this review we suggest that a better understanding of CPC biology will be pivotal for progressing therapeutic cardiac regeneration. This includes an extended knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind their mobilization, differentiation, survival and integration in the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Lyngbaek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia (DARC), Dept. of Medicine B H:S Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Juliane Mariesvej 20, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin, function and physiology of totipotent embryonic cells are configured to construct organs and create cross-talk between cells for the biological and neurophysiologic development of organisms. Adult stem cells are involved in regenerating tissues for renewal and damage repair. FINDINGS Adult stem cells have been isolated from adult tissue, umbilical cord blood and other non-embryonic sources, and can transform into many tissues and cell types in response to pathophysiological stimuli. Clinical applications of adult stem cells and progenitor cells have potential in the regeneration of blood cells, skin, bone, cartilage and heart muscle, and may have potential in degenerative diseases. Multi-pluripotent adult stem cells can change their phenotype in response to trans-differentiation or fusion and their therapeutic potential could include therapies regulated by pharmacological modulation, for example mobilising endogenous stem cells and directing them within a tissue to stimulate regeneration. Adult stem cells could also provide a vehicle for gene therapy, and genetically-engineered human adult stem cells have shown success in treatment of genetic disease. CONCLUSION Deriving embryonic stem cells from early human embryos raises ethical, legal, religious and political questions. The potential uses of stem cells for generating human tissues are the subject of ongoing public debate. Stem cells must be used in standardised and controlled conditions in order to guarantee the best safety conditions for the patients. One critical point will be to verify the risk of tumourigenicity; this issue may be more relevant to embryonic than adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Pessina
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology, Virology, University of Milan, Italy.
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Zebedin E, Mille M, Speiser M, Zarrabi T, Sandtner W, Latzenhofer B, Todt H, Hilber K. C2C12 skeletal muscle cells adopt cardiac-like sodium current properties in a cardiac cell environment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H439-50. [PMID: 16980339 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00119.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracardiac transplantation of undifferentiated skeletal muscle cells (myoblasts) has emerged as a promising therapy for myocardial infarct repair and is already undergoing clinical trials. The fact that cells originating from skeletal muscle have different electrophysiological properties than cardiomyocytes, however, may considerably limit the success of this therapy and, in addition, cause side effects. Indeed, a major problem observed after myoblast transplantation is the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. The most often transient nature of these arrhythmias may suggest that, once transplanted into cardiac tissue, skeletal muscle cells adopt more cardiac-like electrophysiological properties. To test whether a cardiac cell environment can indeed modify electrophysiological parameters of skeletal muscle cells, we treated mouse C(2)C(12) myocytes with medium preconditioned by primary cardiocytes and compared their functional sodium current properties with those of control cells. We found this treatment to significantly alter the activation and inactivation properties of sodium currents from "skeletal muscle" to more "cardiac"-like ones. Sodium currents of cardiac-conditioned cells showed a reduced sensitivity to block by tetrodotoxin. These findings and reverse transcription PCR experiments suggest that an upregulation of the expression of the cardiac sodium channel isoform Na(v)1.5 versus the skeletal muscle isoform Na(v)1.4 is responsible for the observed changes in sodium current function. We conclude that cardiomyocytes alter sodium channel isoform expression of skeletal muscle cells via a paracrine mechanism. Thereby, skeletal muscle cells with more cardiac-like sodium current properties are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zebedin
- Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Univ. of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13A, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Dimarakis I, Levicar N, Nihoyannopoulos P, Gordon MY, Habib NA. In vitro stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jccr.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stagg MA, Coppen SR, Suzuki K, Varela-Carver A, Lee J, Brand NJ, Fukushima S, Yacoub MH, Terracciano CMN. Evaluation of frequency, type, and function of gap junctions between skeletal myoblasts overexpressing connexin43 and cardiomyocytes: relevance to cell transplantation. FASEB J 2006; 20:744-6. [PMID: 16443678 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5088fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation of skeletal myoblasts (SMs) is one possible treatment for repairing cardiac tissue after myocardial injury. However, inappropriate electrical coupling between grafted SMs and host cardiomyocytes may be responsible for the arrhythmias observed in clinical trials of SM transplantation. Whether functional gap junctions occur between the two cell types remains controversial. We have studied the ability of SMs to electrically couple with isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes (CMs) and assessed whether connexin43 (Cx43) overexpression enhanced gap junctional conductance (Gj). C2C12 myoblast lines overexpressing Cx43 were generated by gene transfection and clonal selection. CMs were cocultured with either SMs overexpressing Cx43 (CM-SM(Cx43)) or control SMs (CM-SM(WT)) in vitro. Gj between pairs of SMs and CMs was quantified with dual whole cell patch clamping. Formation of Gj occurred between 22% of CM-SM(WT) pairs (n=73) and 48% of CM-SM(Cx43) pairs (n=71, P<0.001). The Gj of CM-SM(Cx43) pairs (29.7+/-4.3 nS, n=21) was greater than that of CM-SM(WT) pairs (14.8+/-2.0 nS, n=12, P<0.05). The overexpression of Cx43 in SMs increased the formation of electrical communication and the steady-state conductance between SMs and CMs. Enhanced gap junctional conductance may be useful to promote the integration of transplanted SMs into the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Stagg
- Cellular Electrophysiology, Heart Science Centre, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Harefield Hospital, London, UK.
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Bani D, Nistri S, Sacchi TB, Bigazzi M. Basic Progress and Future Therapeutic Perspectives of Relaxin in Ischemic Heart Disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1041:423-30. [PMID: 15956740 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1282.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin has been validated as a cardiotropic hormone, being produced by the heart and acting on specific heart receptors. Evidence is accumulating that it could hamper the pathophysiologic mechanisms of ischemic heart disease. Time is ripe to study relaxin as a cardiotropic drug, as recombinant human relaxin (hrRLX) is now available and previous clinical trials have shown a virtual lack of toxicity and adverse side effects, even at high doses. Our recent observations suggest that relaxin, besides being a preventative agent, may also be effective in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction and may be an adjuvant for precursor cell grafting to repair postinfarct myocardium. In a swine model of myocardial infarction currently used to test cardiotropic drugs due to its similarities with human ischemic heart disease, hrRLX, given at reperfusion upon 30 min of ischemia, markedly reduced serum and tissue markers of myocardial injury, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and leukocyte recruitment, resulting in overall improvement in cardiac performance compared with the controls. In in vitro mixed cultures of mouse skeletal myoblasts and adult rat cardiomyocytes, relaxin increased gap junction formation and potentiated gap junction-mediated intercellular exchanges and signaling between the coupled cells. In view of the therapeutic use of myoblast grafting for cardiac repair, relaxin could hence favor the electromechanical coupling of grafted myoblasts with the resident cardiomyocytes and facilitate their transdifferentiation towards a cardiac phenotype. Relaxin, therefore, shows promising therapeutic potential in cardiology and cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bani
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, I-50139, Florence, Italy.
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44
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Oshima H, Payne TR, Urish KL, Sakai T, Ling Y, Gharaibeh B, Tobita K, Keller BB, Cummins JH, Huard J. Differential Myocardial Infarct Repair with Muscle Stem Cells Compared to Myoblasts. Mol Ther 2005; 12:1130-41. [PMID: 16125468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.07.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast transplantation for cardiac repair has generated beneficial results in both animals and humans; however, poor viability and poor engraftment of myoblasts after implantation in vivo limit their regeneration capacity. We and others have identified and isolated a subpopulation of skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) that regenerate skeletal muscle more effectively than myoblasts. Here we report that in comparison with a myoblast population, MDSCs implanted into infarcted hearts displayed greater and more persistent engraftment, induced more neoangiogenesis through graft expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, prevented cardiac remodeling, and elicited significant improvements in cardiac function. MDSCs also exhibited a greater ability to resist oxidative stress-induced apoptosis compared to myoblasts, which may partially explain the improved engraftment of MDSCs. These findings indicate that MDSCs constitute an alternative to other myogenic cells for use in cardiac repair applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Oshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
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45
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Chachques JC, Salanson-Lajos C, Lajos P, Shafy A, Alshamry A, Carpentier A. Cellular cardiomyoplasty for myocardial regeneration. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2005; 13:287-96. [PMID: 16113008 DOI: 10.1177/021849230501300322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The evolving challenge of managing patients with congestive heart failure is the need to develop new therapeutic strategies. The cellular, molecular, and genetic approaches investigated aim to reinforce the weak, failing heart muscle while restoring its functional potential. This approach is principally cellular therapy (i.e. cellular cardiomyoplasty), the preferred therapeutic choice because of its clinical applicability and regenerative capacity. Different stem cells: bone marrow cells, skeletal and smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, mesothelial cells, adipose tissue stroma cells, dental stem cells, and embryonic and fetal cells, have been proposed for regenerative medicine and biology. Stem cell mobilization with G-CSF cytokine was also proposed as a single therapy for myocardial infarction. We investigated the association of cell therapy with electrostimulation (dynamic cellular cardiomyoplasty), the use of autologous human serum for cell cultures, and a new catheter for simultaneous infarct detection and cell delivery. Our team conducted cell-based myogenic and angiogenic clinical trials for chronic ischemic heart disease. Cellular cardiomyoplasty constitutes a new approach for myocardial regeneration; the ultimate goal is to avoid the progression of ventricular remodeling and heart failure for patients presenting with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Chachques
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pompidou Hospital, 20 rue Leblanc, Paris 75015, France.
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46
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Beis D, Bartman T, Jin SW, Scott IC, D'Amico LA, Ober EA, Verkade H, Frantsve J, Field HA, Wehman A, Baier H, Tallafuss A, Bally-Cuif L, Chen JN, Stainier DYR, Jungblut B. Genetic and cellular analyses of zebrafish atrioventricular cushion and valve development. Development 2005; 132:4193-204. [PMID: 16107477 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defects in cardiac valve morphogenesis and septation of the heart chambers constitute some of the most common human congenital abnormalities. Some of these defects originate from errors in atrioventricular (AV) endocardial cushion development. Although this process is being extensively studied in mouse and chick, the zebrafish system presents several advantages over these models, including the ability to carry out forward genetic screens and study vertebrate gene function at the single cell level. In this paper, we analyze the cellular and subcellular architecture of the zebrafish heart during stages of AV cushion and valve development and gain an unprecedented level of resolution into this process. We find that endocardial cells in the AV canal differentiate morphologically before the onset of epithelial to mesenchymal transformation, thereby defining a previously unappreciated step during AV valve formation. We use a combination of novel transgenic lines and fluorescent immunohistochemistry to analyze further the role of various genetic (Notch and Calcineurin signaling) and epigenetic (heart function) pathways in this process. In addition, from a large-scale forward genetic screen we identified 55 mutants, defining 48 different genes, that exhibit defects in discrete stages of AV cushion development. This collection of mutants provides a unique set of tools to further our understanding of the genetic basis of cell behavior and differentiation during AV valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Beis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Yoon J, Shim WJ, Ro YM, Lim DS. Transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes by direct cell-to-cell contact with neonatal cardiomyocyte but not adult cardiomyocytes. Ann Hematol 2005; 84:715-21. [PMID: 16096830 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-005-1068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that direct cell-to-cell interaction is one of the microenvironment factors for transdifferentiation of adult stem cells into cardiomyocytes. We investigated whether transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into cardiomyocytes was dependent on developmental stages of cocultured cardiomyocytes, and direct cell-to-cell interaction was essential for transdifferentiation. MSCs were isolated from adult rat and cocultured in four different ways: (1) with neonatal cardiomyocytes, (2) with adult cardiomyocytes, (3) with neonatal cardiomyocytes on the cell culture inserts, and (4) with the conditioned medium from neonatal cardiomyocytes. After 5 days of coculture with neonatal cardiomyocytes, 9.40+/-1.15% of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-1-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate labeled MSCs expressed sarcomeric-alpha-actinin. Immunocytochemistry showed that only these MSCs expressed the cardiac markers and were not observed with other coculture condition as well as conditioned medium. Calcein-AM labeling of cardiomyocytes showed gap junctional communication between 56.1+/-2.0% of MSCs (24 h after labeling, n=5) and neonatal cardiomyocytes. These findings suggest that MSCs are capable of differentiating into cardiomyocytes when directly cocultured with neonatal cardiomyocytes by cell-to-cell interaction, but not with adult cardiomyocytes or conditioned medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Yoon
- Department of Cardiology, Korea University Seoul, 126-1, Anam 5 ga, Sung-buk Gu, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea
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48
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Heng BC, Haider HK, Sim EKW, Cao T, Tong GQ, Ng SC. Reprogramming autologous skeletal myoblasts to express cardiomyogenic function. Challenges and possible approaches. Int J Cardiol 2005; 100:355-62. [PMID: 15884190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation therapy is emerging as a promising mode of treatment following myocardial infarction. Of the various cell types that can potentially be used for transplantation, autologous skeletal myoblasts appear particularly attractive, because this would avoid issues of immunogenicity, tumorigenesis, ethics and donor availability. Additionally, skeletal myoblasts display much higher levels of ischemic tolerance and graft survival compared to other cell types. There is some evidence for improvement in heart function with skeletal myoblast transplantation. However, histological analysis revealed that transplanted myoblasts do not transdifferentiate into functional cardiomyocytes in situ. This is evident by the lack of expression of cardiac-specific antigens, and the absence of intercalated disc formation. Instead, there is differentiation into myotubes that are not electromechanically coupled to neighboring cardiomyocytes. This could in turn limit the clinical efficacy of treatment. This review would therefore examine the various challenges faced in attempting to reprogram autologous skeletal myoblast to express cardiomyogenic function, together with the various possible strategies that could be employed to achieve this objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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49
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Formigli L, Francini F, Tani A, Squecco R, Nosi D, Polidori L, Nistri S, Chiappini L, Cesati V, Pacini A, Perna AM, Orlandini GE, Zecchi Orlandini S, Bani D. Morphofunctional integration between skeletal myoblasts and adult cardiomyocytes in coculture is favored by direct cell-cell contacts and relaxin treatment. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 288:C795-804. [PMID: 15537709 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00345.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The success of cellular cardiomyoplasty, a novel therapy for the repair of postischemic myocardium, depends on the anatomical integration of the engrafted cells with the resident cardiomyocytes. Our aim was to investigate the interaction between undifferentiated mouse skeletal myoblasts (C2C12 cells) and adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes in an in vitro coculture model. Connexin43 (Cx43) expression, Lucifer yellow microinjection, Ca2+ transient propagation, and electrophysiological analysis demonstrated that myoblasts and cardiomyocytes were coupled by functional gap junctions. We also showed that cardiomyocytes upregulated gap junctional communication and expression of Cx43 in myoblasts. This effect required direct cell-to-cell contact between the two cell types and was potentiated by treatment with relaxin, a cardiotropic hormone with potential effects on cardiac development. Analysis of the gating properties of gap junctions by dual cell patch clamping showed that the copresence of cardiomyocytes in the cultures significantly increased the transjunctional current and conductance between myoblasts. Relaxin enhanced this effect in both the myoblast-myoblast and myoblast-cardiomyocyte cell pairs, likely acting not only on gap junction formation but also on the electrical properties of the preexisting channels. Our findings suggest that myoblasts and cardiomyocytes interact actively through gap junctions and that relaxin potentiates the intercellular coupling. A potential role for gap junctional communication in favoring the intercellular exchange of regulatory molecules, including Ca2+, in the modulation of myoblast differentiation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Formigli
- Dept. of Anatomy, Univ. of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
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50
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Matsuura K, Wada H, Nagai T, Iijima Y, Minamino T, Sano M, Akazawa H, Molkentin JD, Kasanuki H, Komuro I. Cardiomyocytes fuse with surrounding noncardiomyocytes and reenter the cell cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 167:351-63. [PMID: 15492039 PMCID: PMC2172538 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200312111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the plasticity or transdifferentiation of adult stem cells has been challenged by the phenomenon of cell fusion. In this work, we examined whether neonatal cardiomyocytes fuse with various somatic cells including endothelial cells, cardiac fibroblasts, bone marrow cells, and endothelial progenitor cells spontaneously in vitro. When cardiomyocytes were cocultured with endothelial cells or cardiac fibroblasts, they fused and showed phenotypes of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, cardiomyocytes reentered the G2-M phase in the cell cycle after fusing with proliferative noncardiomyocytes. Transplanted endothelial cells or skeletal muscle–derived cells fused with adult cardiomyocytes in vivo. In the cryoinjured heart, there were Ki67-positive cells that expressed both cardiac and endothelial lineage marker proteins. These results suggest that cardiomyocytes fuse with other cells and enter the cell cycle by maintaining their phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Matsuura
- Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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